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Symmonds J, Gaufin T, Xu C, Raehtz KD, Ribeiro RM, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. Making a Monkey out of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Pathogenesis: Immune Cell Depletion Experiments as a Tool to Understand the Immune Correlates of Protection and Pathogenicity in HIV Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:972. [PMID: 38932264 PMCID: PMC11209256 DOI: 10.3390/v16060972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the underlying mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis is critical for designing successful HIV vaccines and cure strategies. However, achieving this goal is complicated by the virus's direct interactions with immune cells, the induction of persistent reservoirs in the immune system cells, and multiple strategies developed by the virus for immune evasion. Meanwhile, HIV and SIV infections induce a pandysfunction of the immune cell populations, making it difficult to untangle the various concurrent mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis. Over the years, one of the most successful approaches for dissecting the immune correlates of protection in HIV/SIV infection has been the in vivo depletion of various immune cell populations and assessment of the impact of these depletions on the outcome of infection in non-human primate models. Here, we present a detailed analysis of the strategies and results of manipulating SIV pathogenesis through in vivo depletions of key immune cells populations. Although each of these methods has its limitations, they have all contributed to our understanding of key pathogenic pathways in HIV/SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen Symmonds
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (J.S.); (C.X.); (K.D.R.); (I.P.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Thaidra Gaufin
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
| | - Cuiling Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (J.S.); (C.X.); (K.D.R.); (I.P.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Kevin D. Raehtz
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (J.S.); (C.X.); (K.D.R.); (I.P.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ruy M. Ribeiro
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (J.S.); (C.X.); (K.D.R.); (I.P.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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2
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Basu M, Fucile C, Piepenbrink MS, Bunce CA, Man LX, Liesveld J, Rosenberg AF, Keefer MC, Kobie JJ. Mixed Origins: HIV gp120-Specific Memory Develops from Pre-Existing Memory and Naive B Cells Following Vaccination in Humans. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2023; 39:350-366. [PMID: 36762930 PMCID: PMC10398743 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2022.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The most potent and broad HIV envelope (Env)-specific antibodies often when reverted to their inferred germline versions representing the naive B cell receptor, fail to bind Env, suggesting that the initial responding B cell population not only exclusively comprises a naive population, but also a pre-existing cross-reactive antigen-experienced B cell pool that expands following Env exposure. Previously we isolated gp120-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from participants in HVTN 105, an HIV vaccine trial. Using deep sequencing, focused on immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, and IgM, VH-lineage tracking, we identified four of these mAb lineages in pre-immune peripheral blood. We also looked through the ∼7 month postvaccination bone marrow, and interestingly, several of these lineages that were found in prevaccination blood were still persistent in the postvaccination bone marrow, including the CD138+ long-lived plasma cell compartment. The majority of the pre-immune lineage members included IgM, however, IgG and IgA members were also prevalent and exhibited somatic hypermutation. These results suggest that vaccine-induced gp120-specific antibody lineages originate from both naive and cross-reactive memory B cells. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02207920.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhubanti Basu
- Infectious Diseases Division and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Christopher Fucile
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael S. Piepenbrink
- Infectious Diseases Division and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Catherine A. Bunce
- Infectious Diseases Division, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Li-Xing Man
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, and University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jane Liesveld
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Alexander F. Rosenberg
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael C. Keefer
- Infectious Diseases Division, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - James J. Kobie
- Infectious Diseases Division and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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3
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Adeoye B, Nakiyingi L, Moreau Y, Nankya E, Olson AJ, Zhang M, Jacobson KR, Gupta A, Manabe YC, Hosseinipour MC, Kumwenda J, Sagar M. Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease associates with higher HIV-1-specific antibody responses. iScience 2023; 26:106631. [PMID: 37168567 PMCID: PMC10165194 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the most common infection among people with HIV (PWH). Mtb disease-associated inflammation could affect HIV-directed immune responses in PWH. We show that HIV antibodies are broader and more potent in PWH in the presence as compared to the absence of Mtb disease. With co-existing Mtb disease, the virus in PWH also encounters unique antibody selection pressure. The Mtb-linked HIV antibody enhancement associates with specific mediators important for B cell and antibody development. This Mtb humoral augmentation does not occur due to cross-reactivity, a generalized increase in all antibodies, or differences in duration or amount of antigen exposure. We speculate that the co-localization of Mtb and HIV in lymphatic tissues leads to the emergence of potent HIV antibodies. PWH's Mtb disease status has implications for the future use of HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies as prophylaxis or treatment and the induction of better humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bukola Adeoye
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Lydia Nakiyingi
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Yvetane Moreau
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ethel Nankya
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Alex J. Olson
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Mo Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Karen R. Jacobson
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Amita Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yukari C. Manabe
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Manish Sagar
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5274 (REMEMBER) Study Team
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
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4
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Leffler J, Trend S, Hart PH, French MA. Epstein-Barr virus infection, B-cell dysfunction and other risk factors converge in gut-associated lymphoid tissue to drive the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: a hypothesis. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1418. [PMID: 36325491 PMCID: PMC9621333 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, B-cell dysfunction, gut dysbiosis, and environmental and genetic risk factors, including female sex. A disease model incorporating all these factors remains elusive. Here, we hypothesise that EBV-infected memory B cells (MBCs) migrate to gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) through EBV-induced expression of LPAM-1, where they are subsequently activated by gut microbes and/or their products resulting in EBV reactivation and compartmentalised anti-EBV immune responses. These responses involve marginal zone (MZ) B cells that activate CD4+ T-cell responses, via HLA-DRB1, which promote downstream B-cell differentiation towards CD11c+/T-bet+ MBCs, as well as conventional MBCs. Intrinsic expression of low-affinity B-cell receptors (BCRs) by MZ B cells and CD11c+/T-bet+ MBCs promotes polyreactive BCR/antibody responses against EBV proteins (e.g. EBNA-1) that cross-react with central nervous system (CNS) autoantigens (e.g. GlialCAM). EBV protein/autoantigen-specific CD11c+/T-bet+ MBCs migrate to the meningeal immune system and CNS, facilitated by their expression of CXCR3, and induce cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell responses against CNS autoantigens amplified by BAFF, released from EBV-infected MBCs. An increased abundance of circulating IgA+ MBCs, observed in MS patients, might also reflect GALT-derived immune responses, including disease-enhancing IgA antibody responses against EBV and gut microbiota-specific regulatory IgA+ plasma cells. Female sex increases MZ B-cell and CD11c+/T-bet+ MBC activity while environmental risk factors affect gut dysbiosis. Thus, EBV infection, B-cell dysfunction and other risk factors converge in GALT to generate aberrant B-cell responses that drive pathogenic T-cell responses in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Leffler
- Telethon Kids InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Stephanie Trend
- Telethon Kids InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational ScienceUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Martyn A French
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia,Immunology DivisionPathWest Laboratory MedicinePerthWAAustralia
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5
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Trifone C, Baquero L, Czernikier A, Benencio P, Leng L, Laufer N, Quiroga MF, Bucala R, Ghiglione Y, Turk G. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) Promotes Increased Proportions of the Highly Permissive Th17-like Cell Profile during HIV Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102218. [PMID: 36298774 PMCID: PMC9611675 DOI: 10.3390/v14102218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluate the role of the MIF/CD74 axis in the functionality of CD4+ T lymphocytes (CD4TL) during HIV infection. MDMs from healthy donors were infected with a R5-tropic or Transmitted/Founder (T/F) HIV strain. At day 11 post-MDM infection, allogeneic co-cultures with uninfected CD4TLs plus MIF stimulus were performed. Cytokine production was evaluated by ELISA. MIF plasma levels of people with HIV (PWH) were evaluated by ELISA. The phenotype and infection rate of CD4TLs from PWH were analyzed after MIF stimulus. Intracellular cytokines and transcription factors were evaluated by flow cytometry. Data were analyzed by parametric or non-parametric methods. The MIF stimulation of HIV-infected MDMs induced an increased expression of IL-6, IL-1β and IL-8. In CD4TL/MDM co-cultures, the MIF treatment increased IL-17A/RORγt-expressing CD4TLs. Higher concentrations of IL-17A in supernatants were also observed. These results were recapitulated using transmitted/founder (T/F) HIV-1 strains. The MIF treatment appeared to affect memory CD4TLs more than naïve CD4TLs. MIF blocking showed a negative impact on IL17A+CD4TL proportions. Higher MIF concentrations in PWH-derived plasma were correlated with higher IL-17A+CD4TL percentages. Finally, MIF stimulation in PWH-derived PBMCs led to an increase in Th17-like population. MIF may contribute to viral pathogenesis by generating a microenvironment enriched in activating mediators and Th17-like CD4TLs, which are known to be highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection and relevant to viral persistence. These observations establish a basis for considering MIF as a possible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Trifone
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Lucía Baquero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Czernikier
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Paula Benencio
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Lin Leng
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Natalia Laufer
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Quiroga
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yanina Ghiglione
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Turk
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +54-11-4508-3689 (ext. 130); Fax: +54-11-4508-3705
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6
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Thomas AS, Coote C, Moreau Y, Isaac JE, Ewing AC, Kourtis AP, Sagar M. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses along with ADCC susceptibility influence HIV-1 mother to child transmission. JCI Insight 2022; 7:159435. [PMID: 35324477 PMCID: PMC9090239 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.159435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 vaccine efforts are primarily directed towards eliciting neutralizing antibodies (nAbs). However, vaccine trials and mother to child natural history cohort investigations indicate that antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), not nAbs, correlate with prevention. The ADCC characteristics associated with lack of HIV-1 acquisition remain unclear. METHODS Here we examine ADCC and nAb properties in pre-transmission plasma from HIV-1 exposed infants and from the corresponding transmitting and non-transmitting mothers' breast milk and plasma. Breadth and potency (BP) is assessed against a panel of heterologous, non-maternal, variants. ADCC and neutralization sensitivity is estimated for the strains present in the infected mothers. RESULTS Infants that eventually acquire HIV-1 and those that remain uninfected have similar pre-transmission ADCC BP. The viruses circulating in the transmitting and the non-transmitting mothers also have similar ADCC susceptibility. Infants with a combination of higher pre-transmission ADCC BP and exposure to more ADCC susceptible strains are less likely to acquire HIV-1. In contrast, higher pre-existing infant neutralization BP and greater maternal virus neutralization sensitivity does not associate with transmission. Infants have higher ADCC BP closer to birth and in the presence of high plasma IgG relative to IgA levels. Mothers with potent humoral responses against their autologous viruses harbor more ADCC sensitive strains. CONCLUSION ADCC sensitivity of the exposure variants along with preexisting ADCC BP influence mother to child HIV-1 transmission during breastfeeding. Vaccination strategies that enhance ADCC responses are likely not sufficient to prevent HIV-1 transmission because strains present in chronically infected individuals can have low ADCC susceptibility. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT00164736 for BAN study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison S Thomas
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, United States of America
| | - Carolyn Coote
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, United States of America
| | - Yvetane Moreau
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, United States of America
| | - John E Isaac
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, United States of America
| | - Alexander C Ewing
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Athena P Kourtis
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Manish Sagar
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, United States of America
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7
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Klingler J, Paul N, Laumond G, Schmidt S, Mayr LM, Decoville T, Lambotte O, Autran B, Bahram S, Moog C. Distinct antibody profiles in HLA-B∗57+, HLA-B∗57- HIV controllers and chronic progressors. AIDS 2022; 36:487-499. [PMID: 34581307 PMCID: PMC8876439 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Spontaneous control of HIV replication without treatment in HIV-1 controllers (HICs) was associated with the development of an efficient T-cell response. In addition, increasing data suggest that the humoral response participates in viral clearance. DESIGN In-depth characterization of Ab response in HICs may help to define new parameters associated with this control. METHODS We assessed the levels of total and HIV-specific IgA and IgG subtypes induction and their functional potencies - that is, neutralization, phagocytosis, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), according to the individual's major histocompatibility complex class I (HLA)-B∗57 status, and compared it with nontreated chronic progressors. RESULTS We found that despite an undetectable viral load, HICs displayed HIV-specific IgG levels similar to those of chronic progressors. Interestingly, our compelling multifunctional analysis demonstrates that the functional Ab profile, by itself, allowed to discriminate HLA-B∗57+ HICs from HLA-B∗57- HICs and chronic progressors. CONCLUSION These results show that HICs display a particular HIV-specific antibody (Ab) profile that may participate in HIV control and emphasize the relevance of multifunctional Ab response analysis in future Ab-driven vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéromine Klingler
- INSERM UMR_S 1109, Centre de Recherche en Immunologie et Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), LabEx Transplantex, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg
| | - Nicodème Paul
- INSERM UMR_S 1109, Centre de Recherche en Immunologie et Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), LabEx Transplantex, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg
| | - Géraldine Laumond
- INSERM UMR_S 1109, Centre de Recherche en Immunologie et Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), LabEx Transplantex, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg
| | - Sylvie Schmidt
- INSERM UMR_S 1109, Centre de Recherche en Immunologie et Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), LabEx Transplantex, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg
| | - Luzia M. Mayr
- INSERM UMR_S 1109, Centre de Recherche en Immunologie et Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), LabEx Transplantex, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg
| | - Thomas Decoville
- INSERM UMR_S 1109, Centre de Recherche en Immunologie et Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), LabEx Transplantex, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Université Paris Sud
- INSERM UMR-1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Le Kremlin Bicêtre
- CEA, DSV/iMETI, Division of Immuno-Virology, IDMIT, Fontenay-aux-Roses
- AP-HP, Service de Méecine Interne-Immunologie Clinique, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre
| | - Brigitte Autran
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections – CIMI-Paris
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtière, Department of Immunology, Paris, France
| | - Seiamak Bahram
- INSERM UMR_S 1109, Centre de Recherche en Immunologie et Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), LabEx Transplantex, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg
| | - Christiane Moog
- INSERM UMR_S 1109, Centre de Recherche en Immunologie et Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), LabEx Transplantex, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil
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8
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Lorin V, Fernández I, Masse-Ranson G, Bouvin-Pley M, Molinos-Albert LM, Planchais C, Hieu T, Péhau-Arnaudet G, Hrebík D, Girelli-Zubani G, Fiquet O, Guivel-Benhassine F, Sanders RW, Walker BD, Schwartz O, Scheid JF, Dimitrov JD, Plevka P, Braibant M, Seaman MS, Bontems F, Di Santo JP, Rey FA, Mouquet H. Epitope convergence of broadly HIV-1 neutralizing IgA and IgG antibody lineages in a viremic controller. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213042. [PMID: 35230385 PMCID: PMC8932546 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20212045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Decrypting the B cell ontogeny of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is paramount for vaccine design. Here, we characterized IgA and IgG bNAbs of three distinct B cell lineages in a viremic controller, two of which comprised only IgG+ or IgA+ blood memory B cells; the third combined both IgG and IgA clonal variants. 7-269 bNAb in the IgA-only lineage displayed the highest neutralizing capacity despite limited somatic mutation, and delayed viral rebound in humanized mice. bNAbs in all three lineages targeted the N332 glycan supersite. The 2.8-Å resolution cryo-EM structure of 7-269-BG505 SOSIP.664 complex showed a similar pose as 2G12, on an epitope mainly composed of sugar residues comprising the N332 and N295 glycans. Binding and cryo-EM structural analyses showed that antibodies from the two other lineages interact mostly with glycans N332 and N386. Hence, multiple B cell lineages of IgG and IgA bNAbs focused on a unique HIV-1 site of vulnerability can codevelop in HIV-1 viremic controllers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Lorin
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1222, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Fernández
- Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Centre national de la recherche scientifique URA3015, Paris, France
| | - Guillemette Masse-Ranson
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1223, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Bouvin-Pley
- Université de Tours, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1259, Tours, France
| | - Luis M Molinos-Albert
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1222, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1222, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Hieu
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1222, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Péhau-Arnaudet
- Imagopole, Plate-Forme de Microscopie Ultrastructurale and UMR 3528, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Dominik Hrebík
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Giulia Girelli-Zubani
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1223, Paris, France
| | - Oriane Fiquet
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1223, Paris, France
| | - Florence Guivel-Benhassine
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique URA3015, Paris, France.,Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique URA3015, Paris, France.,Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Johannes F Scheid
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Jordan D Dimitrov
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pavel Plevka
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martine Braibant
- Université de Tours, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1259, Tours, France
| | | | - François Bontems
- Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - James P Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1223, Paris, France
| | - Félix A Rey
- Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Centre national de la recherche scientifique URA3015, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1222, Paris, France
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9
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Thomas AS, Moreau Y, Jiang W, Isaac JE, Ewing A, White LF, Kourtis AP, Sagar M. Pre-existing infant antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity associates with reduced HIV-1 acquisition and lower morbidity. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100412. [PMID: 34755132 PMCID: PMC8561235 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In humans, pre-existing anti-HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) have not been associated with decreased HIV-1 acquisition. Here, we evaluate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) present in pre-transmission infant and maternal plasma and breast milk (BM) against the contemporaneous maternal HIV-1 variants. HIV-1-exposed uninfected compared with HIV-1-exposed infected infants have higher ADCC and a combination of ADCC and nAb responses against their corresponding mother's strains. ADCC does not correlate with nAbs, suggesting they are independent activities. The infected infants with high ADCC compared with low ADCC, but not those with higher ADCC plus nAbs, have lower morbidity up to 1 year after birth. A higher IgA to IgG ratio, observed in BM supernatants and in a higher proportion of the infected compared with the uninfected infants, associates with lower ADCC. Against the exposure strains, ADCC, more than nAbs, associates with both lower mother-to-child transmission and decreased post-infection infant morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison S. Thomas
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yvetane Moreau
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wenqing Jiang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John E. Isaac
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Ewing
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Laura F. White
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Athena P. Kourtis
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Manish Sagar
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Hvilsom CT, Søgaard OS. TLR-Agonist Mediated Enhancement of Antibody-Dependent Effector Functions as Strategy For an HIV-1 Cure. Front Immunol 2021; 12:704617. [PMID: 34630386 PMCID: PMC8495198 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.704617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The current treatment for HIV-1 is based on blocking various stages in the viral replication cycle using combination antiretroviral therapy (ART). Even though ART effectively controls the infection, it is not curative, and patients must therefore continue treatment life-long. Aim Here we review recent literature investigating the single or combined effect of toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists and broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) with the objective to evaluate the evidence for this combination as a means towards an HIV-1 cure. Results Multiple preclinical studies found significantly enhanced killing of HIV-1 infected cells by TLR agonist-induced innate immune activation or by Fc-mediated effector functions following bNAb administration. However, monotherapy with either agent did not lead to sustained HIV-1 remission in clinical trials among individuals on long-term ART. Notably, findings in non-human primates suggest that a combination of TLR agonists and bNAbs may be able to induce long-term remission after ART cessation and this approach is currently being further investigated in clinical trials. Conclusion Preclinical findings show beneficial effects of either TLR agonist or bNAb administration for enhancing the elimination of HIV-1 infected cells. Further, TLR agonist-mediated stimulation of innate effector functions in combination with bNAbs may enhance antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and non-human primate studies have shown promising results for this combination strategy. Factors such as immune exhaustion, proviral bNAb sensitivity and time of intervention might impact the clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ole Schmeltz Søgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Disease, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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11
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Frenkel LM, Kuller L, Beck IA, Tsai CC, Joy JP, Mulvania TM, Hu SL, Montefiori DC, Anderson DM. Immunization by exposure to live virus (SIVmne/HIV-2287) during antiretroviral drug prophylaxis may reduce risk of subsequent viral challenge. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0240495. [PMID: 33914754 PMCID: PMC8084236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale/Study design A major challenge in the development of HIV vaccines is finding immunogens that elicit protection against a broad range of viral strains. Immunity to a narrow range of viral strains may protect infants of HIV-infected women or partners discordant for HIV. We hypothesized that immunization to the relevant viral variants could be achieved by exposure to infectious virus during prophylaxis with antiretroviral drugs. To explore this approach in an animal model, macaques were exposed to live virus (SIVmne or HIV-2287) during prophylaxis with parenteral tenofovir and humoral and cellular immune responses were quantified. Subsequently, experimental animals were challenged with homologous virus to evaluate protection from infection, and if infection occurred, the course of disease was compared to control animals. Experimental animals uninfected with SIVmne were challenged with heterologous HIV-2287 to assess resistance to retroviral infection. Methodology/Principal findings Juvenile female Macaca nemestrina (N = 8) were given ten weekly intravaginal exposures with either moderately (SIVmne) or highly (HIV-2287) pathogenic virus during tenofovir prophylaxis. Tenofovir protected all 8 experimental animals from infection, while all untreated control animals became infected. Specific non-neutralizing antibodies were elicited in blood and vaginal secretions of experimental animals, but no ELISPOT responses were detected. Six weeks following the cessation of tenofovir, intravaginal challenge with homologous virus infected 2/4 (50%) of the SIVmne-immunized animals and 4/4 (100%) of the HIV-2287-immunized animals. The two SIVmne-infected and 3 (75%) HIV-2287-infected had attenuated disease, suggesting partial protection. Conclusions/Significance Repeated exposure to SIVmne or HIV-2287, during antiretroviral prophylaxis that blocked infection, induced binding antibodies in the blood and mucosa, but not neutralizing antibodies or specific cellular immune responses. Studies to determine whether antibodies are similarly induced in breastfeeding infants and sexual partners discordant for HIV infection and receiving pre-exposure antiretroviral prophylaxis are warranted, including whether these antibodies appear to confer partial or complete protection from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Frenkel
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - LaRene Kuller
- Washington National Primate Research Center (WaNPRC), Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ingrid A. Beck
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Che-Chung Tsai
- Washington National Primate Research Center (WaNPRC), Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jaimy P. Joy
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Thera M. Mulvania
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Shiu-Lok Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David M. Anderson
- Washington National Primate Research Center (WaNPRC), Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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12
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Sterlin D, Gorochov G. When Therapeutic IgA Antibodies Might Come of Age. Pharmacology 2020; 106:9-19. [PMID: 32950975 DOI: 10.1159/000510251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive efforts have been made in optimizing monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibodies for use in clinical practice. Accumulating evidence suggests that IgA or anti-FcαRI could also represent an exciting avenue toward novel therapeutic strategies. SUMMARY Here, we underline that IgA is more effective in recruiting neutrophils for tumor cell killing and is potently active against several pathogens, including rotavirus, poliovirus, influenza virus, and SARS-CoV-2. IgA could also be used to modulate excessive immune responses in inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, secretory IgA is emerging as a major regulator of gut microbiota, which impacts intestinal homeostasis and global health as well. As such, IgA could be used to promote a healthy microbiota in a therapeutic setting. Key messages: IgA combines multifaceted functions that can be desirable for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Sterlin
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Institut Pasteur, UMR1222 Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Guy Gorochov
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France,
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13
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Duchemin M, Tudor D, Cottignies-Calamarte A, Bomsel M. Antibody-Dependent Cellular Phagocytosis of HIV-1-Infected Cells Is Efficiently Triggered by IgA Targeting HIV-1 Envelope Subunit gp41. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1141. [PMID: 32582208 PMCID: PMC7296124 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies mediate a broad array of non-neutralizing Fc-mediated functions against HIV-1 including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). Accordingly, ADCC and ADCP induced by anti-HIV envelope gp120 IgG have been correlated to the limited success of the HIV-1 phase III vaccine trial RV144. It remains elusive whether ADCP can also be triggered by IgA, the isotype predominant at mucosal surfaces through which HIV-1 is mainly transmitted. Yet, we have previously shown that the HIV envelope subunit gp41-specific broadly neutralizing antibody 2F5 under the IgA isotype (2F5-IgA) triggers ADCC and cooperates with 2F5-IgG to increase HIV-1-infected cell lysis. Here, we now demonstrate that 2F5-IgA, more efficiently than 2F5-IgG, induces ADCP not only of gp41-coated beads but also of primary HIV-1-infected cells in a FcαRI-dependent manner. Both primary monocytes and neutrophils can act as effector cells of 2F5-IgA-mediated ADCP, although with different kinetics with faster neutrophil phagocytosis. However, unlike for ADCC, 2F5-IgA and 2F5-IgG do not cooperate to increase ADCP. Altogether, our results reveal that gp41-specific IgA mediate the efficient phagocytosis of HIV-1-infected cells. Inducing such ADCC and ADCP-prone IgA response by vaccination in addition to anti-HIV envelope IgG, might increase the protection against HIV acquisition at mucosal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Duchemin
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, Paris, France.,Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Daniela Tudor
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, Paris, France.,Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Andréa Cottignies-Calamarte
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, Paris, France.,Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Morgane Bomsel
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, Paris, France.,Université Paris, Paris, France
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14
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PD-1 Expression in HIV-Specific CD8+ T cells Before Antiretroviral Therapy Is Associated With HIV Persistence. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019; 80:1-6. [PMID: 30399040 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The persistence of latently infected T cells remains the principal barrier to HIV cure. Understanding how the early immune responses shape persistence of HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART) will be fundamental for potential eradication. Here, we aimed to determine the relationship between CD8 T-cell function and phenotype before therapy and HIV persistence on ART. METHODS Blood samples from 29 individuals enrolled during primary HIV infection (at baseline and every 3 months up to 2 years post-ART initiation) were obtained. HIV-specific T-cell function and expression of the activation markers were evaluated before ART by flow cytometry. Cell-associated HIV DNA and unspliced (US)-RNA were quantified in purified CD4 T cells by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Data were analyzed using nonparametric statistics. RESULTS Elevated immune activation, dominance of monofunctional CD8 T cells, and skewed distribution of memory profile were observed before ART. After ART initiation, HIV DNA and US-RNA levels rapidly diminished, reaching a plateau by 30 weeks after ART. The proportion of baseline HIV-specific effector memory and terminal effector CD8 T cells directly correlated with HIV DNA levels at 1 year after ART. A strong positive correlation was observed between the proportion of bulk and HIV-specific PD-1 CD8 T cells measured before ART and HIV DNA at 1 year after ART. CONCLUSIONS A higher proportion of terminally differentiated CD8 T cells and increased PD1 expression were associated with HIV persistence on ART after treatment of primary infection. Thus, the quality of the early CD8 T-cell immune response may serve as a predictor of HIV persistence on ART.
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15
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Lewis GK, Ackerman ME, Scarlatti G, Moog C, Robert-Guroff M, Kent SJ, Overbaugh J, Reeves RK, Ferrari G, Thyagarajan B. Knowns and Unknowns of Assaying Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Against HIV-1. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1025. [PMID: 31134085 PMCID: PMC6522882 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well-accepted that Fc-mediated effector functions, including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), can contribute to vaccine-elicited protection as well as post-infection control of HIV viremia. This picture was derived using a wide array of ADCC assays, no two of which are strictly comparable, and none of which is qualified at the clinical laboratory level. An earlier comparative study of assay protocols showed that while data from different ADCC assay formats were often correlated, they remained distinct in terms of target cells and the epitopes and antigen(s) available for recognition by antibodies, the effector cells, and the readout of cytotoxicity. This initial study warrants expanded analyses of the relationships among all current assay formats to determine where they detect overlapping activities and where they do not. Here we summarize knowns and unknowns of assaying ADCC against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K. Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Department of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Christiane Moog
- INSERM U1109, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institues of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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16
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Abuharfeil NM, Yaseen MM, Alsheyab FM. Harnessing Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity To Control HIV-1 Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:158-176. [PMID: 30525453 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Passive administration of broadly neutralizing anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antibodies (bNAbs) has been recently suggested as a promising alternative therapeutic approach for HIV-1 infection. Although the success behind the studies that used this approach has been attributed to the potency and neutralization breadth of anti-HIV-1 antibodies, several lines of evidence support the idea that specific antibody-dependent effector functions, particularly antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), play a critical role in controlling HIV-1 infection. In this review, we showed that there is a direct association between the activation of ADCC and better clinical outcomes. This, in turn, suggests that ADCC could be harnessed to control HIV-1 infection. To this end, we addressed the passive administration of bNAbs capable of selectively activating ADCC responses to HIV-1 patients. Finally, we summarized the potential barriers that may impede the optimal activation of ADCC during HIV-1 infection and provided strategic solutions to overcome these barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nizar Mohammad Abuharfeil
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, College of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mahmoud Mohammad Yaseen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110. Jordan
| | - Fawzi M. Alsheyab
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, College of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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17
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Lopez E, Shattock RJ, Kent SJ, Chung AW. The Multifaceted Nature of Immunoglobulin A and Its Complex Role in HIV. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:727-738. [PMID: 30056749 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA is the most abundant immunoglobulin in mucosal secretions, and understanding the role of IgA in both protection from HIV acquisition and modulation of HIV disease progression is a field of considerable controversy and renewed research interest. Analysis of the RV144 clinical trial associated plasma HIV envelope-specific monomeric IgA from vaccines with reduced vaccine efficacy. The RV144 trial, however, only assessed for plasma IgA, which was not further subclassed, and the role of mucosal IgA was not addressed as mucosal samples were not collected. On the other hand, several studies have detected envelope-specific IgA in mucosal secretions of highly exposed persistently seronegative cohorts, while recent macaque simian-HIV passive immunization studies have suggested a potentially protective role for mucosal IgA. It is well established that total IgA in serum appears to correlate with HIV disease progression. In contrast, a selective deficit of anti-HIV IgA responses in HIV infection is apparent, with a number of recent studies beginning to elucidate the mechanisms behind these dysfunctional IgA responses. In this review, we highlight the dichotomy that exists in the literature as to whether anti-HIV IgA is protective or harmful to the host. Herein, we emphasize the importance of distinguishing between monomeric, multimeric, and isoforms of IgA and review what is known about the complex and diverse interactions of various molecular forms of IgA with HIV in both the systemic circulation and mucosal compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Lopez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Department, Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amy W. Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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18
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Trifone C, Salido J, Ruiz MJ, Leng L, Quiroga MF, Salomón H, Bucala R, Ghiglione Y, Turk G. Interaction Between Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor and CD74 in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I Infected Primary Monocyte-Derived Macrophages Triggers the Production of Proinflammatory Mediators and Enhances Infection of Unactivated CD4 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1494. [PMID: 29997630 PMCID: PMC6030361 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) pathogenesis would facilitate the identification of new therapeutic targets to control the infection in face of current antiretroviral therapy limitations. CD74 membrane expression is upregulated in HIV-1-infected cells and the magnitude of its modulation correlates with immune hyperactivation in HIV-infected individuals. In addition, plasma level of the CD74 activating ligand macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is increased in infected subjects. However, the role played by MIF/CD74 interaction in HIV pathogenesis remains unexplored. Here, we studied the effect of MIF/CD74 interaction on primary HIV-infected monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and its implications for HIV immunopathogenesis. Confocal immunofluorescence analysis of CD74 and CD44 (the MIF signal transduction co-receptor) expression indicated that both molecules colocalized at the plasma membrane specifically in wild-type HIV-infected MDMs. Treatment of infected MDMs with MIF resulted in an MIF-dependent increase in TLR4 expression. Similarly, there was a dose-dependent increase in the production of IL-6, IL-8, TNFα, IL-1β, and sICAM compared to the no-MIF condition, specifically from infected MDMs. Importantly, the effect observed on IL-6, IL-8, TNFα, and IL-1β was abrogated by impeding MIF interaction with CD74. Moreover, the use of a neutralizing αMIF antibody or an MIF antagonist reverted these effects, supporting the specificity of the results. Treatment of unactivated CD4+ T-cells with MIF-treated HIV-infected MDM-derived culture supernatants led to enhanced permissiveness to HIV-1 infection. This effect was lost when CD4+ T-cells were treated with supernatants derived from infected MDMs in which CD74/MIF interaction had been blocked. Moreover, the enhanced permissiveness of unactivated CD4+ T-cells was recapitulated by exogenous addition of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and TNFα, or abrogated by neutralizing its biological activity using specific antibodies. Results obtained with BAL and NL4-3 HIV laboratory strains were reproduced using transmitted/founder primary isolates. This evidence indicated that MIF/CD74 interaction resulted in a higher production of proinflammatory cytokines from HIV-infected MDMs. This caused the generation of an inflammatory microenvironment which predisposed unactivated CD4+ T-cells to HIV-1 infection, which might contribute to viral spreading and reservoir seeding. Overall, these results support a novel role of the MIF/CD74 axis in HIV pathogenesis that deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Trifone
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jimena Salido
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Julia Ruiz
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lin Leng
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - María Florencia Quiroga
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Horacio Salomón
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Yanina Ghiglione
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Turk
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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19
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Duchemin M, Khamassi M, Xu L, Tudor D, Bomsel M. IgA Targeting Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Envelope gp41 Triggers Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Cross-Clade and Cooperates with gp41-Specific IgG to Increase Cell Lysis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:244. [PMID: 29651286 PMCID: PMC5884934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective efficacy of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) antibodies (Abs) remains mostly correlated with their in vitro neutralizing activity engaging their Fab region. However, anti-HIV-1 Abs also mediate a broad array of Fc-mediated effector functions including Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), which depend primarily on the Ab isotype. While ADCC is commonly associated with HIV-1 gp120 envelope-specific IgGs, whether IgAs, especially those targeting the HIV-1 gp41 envelope, also mediate ADCC remains elusive. Therefore, to assess the capacity of IgA specific for HIV-1 to induce Fcα-mediated ADCC, we used the gp41 envelope-specific IgA transformed from the broadly neutralizing 2F5-IgG we have previously reported to induce ADCC. We demonstrate that 2F5-IgA engages FcαRI (CD89), expressed on human monocytes used as effector cells, to induce the lysis of HIV-1 Clade A- and B-infected target cells by ADCC. Furthermore, the 2F5-IgA and 2F5-IgG cooperate to enhance target cells lysis by ADCC. Cooperation in ADCC is also observed between 2F5-IgA and the broadly neutralizing 10E8-IgG. These results provide a new perspective for IgA in protection against HIV-1 acquisition or reservoir eradication and suggest that inducing IgA by vaccination, in particular when targeting gp41, in combination with IgG could strengthen protection by complementary and cooperative activities with IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Duchemin
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marwa Khamassi
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Lin Xu
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Daniela Tudor
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Morgane Bomsel
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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20
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Worley MJ, Fei K, Lopez-Denman AJ, Kelleher AD, Kent SJ, Chung AW. Neutrophils mediate HIV-specific antibody-dependent phagocytosis and ADCC. J Immunol Methods 2018; 457:41-52. [PMID: 29605231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence to support the role of Fc-mediated effector functions, such as Antibody-Dependent Cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and Antibody-Dependent Phagocytosis (ADP) in the protection and control of HIV. The RV144 trial and other recent HIV vaccine studies have highlighted the importance of ADCC responses in protection against HIV. The role of neutrophils, the most abundant leukocyte in the blood, has not been thoroughly evaluated for Fc-mediated effector functions to HIV. We optimized HIV-specific neutrophil ADCC and Antibody-Dependent Neutrophil Phagocytosis (ADNP) assays using freshly isolated primary human neutrophils from blood. We also developed methods to study ADP using the neutrophil-like HL-60 cell line. We found that neutrophils mediate both HIV-specific ADP and ADCC responses. In vitro, neutrophil-mediated ADCC responses peaked at 4 h, much faster than primary NK cell or monocyte-mediated responses. We detected a wide range of responses in the ADNP, HL-60 mediated ADP and ADCC across a cohort of 41 viremic antiretroviral therapy naïve HIV positive subjects. HL-60 and Neutrophil-mediated ADP and ADCC responses correlated well with each other, suggesting that they measure overlapping functions. The ADNP and HL-60 ADP inversely correlated with HIV viral load, suggesting that these antibody-mediated neutrophil-based assays should prove useful in dissecting HIV-specific immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Worley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kuangyu Fei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Adam J Lopez-Denman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amy W Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Uninfected Bystander Cells Impact the Measurement of HIV-Specific Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Responses. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.00358-18. [PMID: 29559570 PMCID: PMC5874913 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00358-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The conformation of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) substantially impacts antibody recognition and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses. In the absence of the CD4 receptor at the cell surface, primary Envs sample a “closed” conformation that occludes CD4-induced (CD4i) epitopes. The virus controls CD4 expression through the actions of Nef and Vpu accessory proteins, thus protecting infected cells from ADCC responses. However, gp120 shed from infected cells can bind to CD4 present on uninfected bystander cells, sensitizing them to ADCC mediated by CD4i antibodies (Abs). Therefore, we hypothesized that these bystander cells could impact the interpretation of ADCC measurements. To investigate this, we evaluated the ability of antibodies to CD4i epitopes and broadly neutralizing Abs (bNAbs) to mediate ADCC measured by five ADCC assays commonly used in the field. Our results indicate that the uninfected bystander cells coated with gp120 are efficiently recognized by the CD4i ligands but not the bNabs. Consequently, the uninfected bystander cells substantially affect in vitro measurements made with ADCC assays that fail to identify responses against infected versus uninfected cells. Moreover, using an mRNA flow technique that detects productively infected cells, we found that the vast majority of HIV-1-infected cells in in vitro cultures or ex vivo samples from HIV-1-infected individuals are CD4 negative and therefore do not expose significant levels of CD4i epitopes. Altogether, our results indicate that ADCC assays unable to differentiate responses against infected versus uninfected cells overestimate responses mediated by CD4i ligands. Emerging evidence supports a role for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in protection against HIV-1 transmission and disease progression. However, there are conflicting reports regarding the ability of nonneutralizing antibodies targeting CD4-inducible (CD4i) Env epitopes to mediate ADCC. Here, we performed a side-by-side comparison of different methods currently being used in the field to measure ADCC responses to HIV-1. We found that assays which are unable to differentiate virus-infected from uninfected cells greatly overestimate ADCC responses mediated by antibodies to CD4i epitopes and underestimate responses mediated by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Our results strongly argue for the use of assays that measure ADCC against HIV-1-infected cells expressing physiologically relevant conformations of Env to evaluate correlates of protection in vaccine trials.
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22
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HIV-1-Specific IgA Monoclonal Antibodies from an HIV-1 Vaccinee Mediate Galactosylceramide Blocking and Phagocytosis. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01552-17. [PMID: 29321320 PMCID: PMC5972890 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01552-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-elicited humoral immune responses comprise an array of antibody forms and specificities, with only a fraction contributing to protective host immunity. Elucidation of antibody effector functions responsible for protective immunity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) acquisition is a major goal for the HIV-1 vaccine field. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an important part of the host defense against pathogens; however, little is known about the role of vaccine-elicited IgA and its capacity to mediate antiviral functions. To identify the antiviral functions of HIV-1-specific IgA elicited by vaccination, we cloned HIV-1 envelope-specific IgA monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) by memory B cell cultures from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from an RV144 vaccinee and produced two IgA clonal cell lines (HG129 and HG130) producing native, nonrecombinant IgA MAbs. The HG129 and HG130 MAbs mediated phagocytosis by monocytes, and HG129 blocked HIV-1 Env glycoprotein binding to galactosylceramide, an alternative HIV-1 receptor. These findings elucidate potential antiviral functions of vaccine-elicited HIV-1 envelope-specific IgA that may act to block HIV-1 acquisition at the portal of entry by preventing HIV-1 binding to galactosylceramide and mediating antibody Fc receptor-mediated virion phagocytosis. Furthermore, these findings highlight the complex and diverse interactions of vaccine-elicited IgA with pathogens that depend on IgA fine specificity and form (e.g., multimeric or monomeric) in the systemic circulation and mucosal compartments. IMPORTANCE Host-pathogen interactions in vivo involve numerous immune mechanisms that can lead to pathogen clearance. Understanding the nature of antiviral immune mechanisms can inform the design of efficacious HIV-1 vaccine strategies. Evidence suggests that both neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibodies can mediate some protection against HIV in animal models. Although numerous studies have characterized the functional properties of HIV-1-specific IgG, more studies are needed on the functional attributes of HIV-1-specific IgA, specifically for vaccine-elicited IgA. Characterization of the functional properties of HIV-1 Env-specific IgA monoclonal antibodies from human vaccine clinical trials are critical toward understanding the capacity of the host immune response to block HIV-1 acquisition.
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23
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Turk G, Ghiglione Y, Hormanstorfer M, Laufer N, Coloccini R, Salido J, Trifone C, Ruiz MJ, Falivene J, Holgado MP, Caruso MP, Figueroa MI, Salomón H, Giavedoni LD, Pando MDLÁ, Gherardi MM, Rabinovich RD, Pury PA, Sued O. Biomarkers of Progression after HIV Acute/Early Infection: Nothing Compares to CD4⁺ T-cell Count? Viruses 2018; 10:E34. [PMID: 29342870 PMCID: PMC5795447 DOI: 10.3390/v10010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression of HIV infection is variable among individuals, and definition disease progression biomarkers is still needed. Here, we aimed to categorize the predictive potential of several variables using feature selection methods and decision trees. A total of seventy-five treatment-naïve subjects were enrolled during acute/early HIV infection. CD4⁺ T-cell counts (CD4TC) and viral load (VL) levels were determined at enrollment and for one year. Immune activation, HIV-specific immune response, Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) and C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) genotypes, and plasma levels of 39 cytokines were determined. Data were analyzed by machine learning and non-parametric methods. Variable hierarchization was performed by Weka correlation-based feature selection and J48 decision tree. Plasma interleukin (IL)-10, interferon gamma-induced protein (IP)-10, soluble IL-2 receptor alpha (sIL-2Rα) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels correlated directly with baseline VL, whereas IL-2, TNF-α, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β correlated directly with CD4⁺ T-cell activation (p < 0.05). However, none of these cytokines had good predictive values to distinguish "progressors" from "non-progressors". Similarly, immune activation, HIV-specific immune responses and HLA/CCR5 genotypes had low discrimination power. Baseline CD4TC was the most potent discerning variable with a cut-off of 438 cells/μL (accuracy = 0.93, κ-Cohen = 0.85). Limited discerning power of the other factors might be related to frequency, variability and/or sampling time. Future studies based on decision trees to identify biomarkers of post-treatment control are warrantied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Turk
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires- CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina.
| | - Yanina Ghiglione
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires- CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina.
| | | | - Natalia Laufer
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires- CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina.
- Hospital Juan A. Fernández, Unidad Enfermedades Infecciosas, Buenos Aires C1425AGP, Argentina.
| | - Romina Coloccini
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires- CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina.
| | - Jimena Salido
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires- CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina.
| | - César Trifone
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires- CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina.
| | - María Julia Ruiz
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires- CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina.
| | - Juliana Falivene
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires- CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina.
| | - María Pía Holgado
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires- CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina.
| | - María Paula Caruso
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires- CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina.
| | - María Inés Figueroa
- Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires C1202ABB, Argentina.
- Hospital Juan A. Fernández, Unidad Enfermedades Infecciosas, Buenos Aires C1425AGP, Argentina.
| | - Horacio Salomón
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires- CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina.
| | - Luis D Giavedoni
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.
| | - María de Los Ángeles Pando
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires- CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina.
| | - María Magdalena Gherardi
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires- CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina.
| | - Roberto Daniel Rabinovich
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires- CONICET, Paraguay 2155 Piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina.
| | - Pedro A Pury
- Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina.
| | - Omar Sued
- Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires C1202ABB, Argentina.
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Ruiz MJ, Salido J, Abusamra L, Ghiglione Y, Cevallos C, Damilano G, Rodriguez AM, Trifone C, Laufer N, Giavedoni LD, Sued O, Salomón H, Gherardi MM, Turk G. Evaluation of Different Parameters of Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in HIV Serodiscordant Heterosexual Couples: Humoral Response Potentially Implicated in Modulating Transmission Rates. EBioMedicine 2017; 26:25-37. [PMID: 29129698 PMCID: PMC5832641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As the HIV/AIDS pandemic still progresses, understanding the mechanisms governing viral transmission as well as protection from HIV acquisition is fundamental. In this context, cohorts of HIV serodiscordant heterosexual couples (SDC) represent a unique tool. The present study was aimed to evaluate specific parameters of innate, cellular and humoral immune responses in SDC. Specifically, plasma levels of cytokines and chemokines, HIV-specific T-cell responses, gp120-specific IgG and IgA antibodies, and HIV-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity were assessed in nine HIV-exposed seronegative individuals (ESN) and their corresponding HIV seropositive partners (HIV+-P), in eighteen chronically infected HIV subjects (C), nine chronically infected subjects known to be HIV transmitters (CT) and ten healthy HIV− donors (HD). Very low magnitude HIV-specific cellular responses were found in two out of six ESN. Interestingly, HIV+-P had the highest ADCC magnitude, the lowest IgA levels and the highest IgG/IgA ratio, all compared to CT. Positive correlations between CD4+ T-cell counts and both IgG/IgA ratios and %ADCC killing uniquely distinguished HIV+-P. Additionally, evidence of IgA interference with ADCC responses from HIV+-P and CT is provided. These data suggest for the first time a potential role of ADCC and/or gp120-specific IgG/IgA balance in modulating heterosexual transmission. In sum, this study provides key information to understand the host factors that influence viral transmission, which should be considered in both the development of prophylactic vaccines and novel immunotherapies for HIV-1 infection. The evaluation of different immune parameters in HIV serodiscordant couples helped identify factors shaping transmission. Innate and cellular immune responses were apparently not involved in this scenario. HIV-specific ADCC, IgA titer and IgG/IgA balance were identified as factors involved in modulating viral transmission.
The existence of individuals that remain HIV negative despite being repeatedly exposed to the virus has long been described. To date, only homozygosis for a 32-base pair deletion in the ccr5 gene has been consistently shown to be a determinant of HIV resistance. Still, subjects bearing the WT ccr5 gene have also been described as resistant or less susceptible to HIV. Thus, other mechanisms must be involved in this phenomenon. The results presented here postulate ADCC and IgG/IgA ratio as potential mechanisms involved in modulating HIV transmission in the context of serodiscordant couples and inspire further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Julia Ruiz
- CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jimena Salido
- CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Yanina Ghiglione
- CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cintia Cevallos
- CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Damilano
- CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana María Rodriguez
- CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - César Trifone
- CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Laufer
- CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital Juan A. Fernández, Unidad Enfermedades Infecciosas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis D Giavedoni
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Omar Sued
- Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital Juan A. Fernández, Unidad Enfermedades Infecciosas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Horacio Salomón
- CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Magdalena Gherardi
- CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Turk
- CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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25
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Tomaras GD, Plotkin SA. Complex immune correlates of protection in HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials. Immunol Rev 2017; 275:245-261. [PMID: 28133811 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Development of an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine is a major priority for improving human health worldwide. Vaccine-mediated protection against human pathogens can be achieved through elicitation of protective innate, humoral, and cellular responses. Identification of specific immune responses responsible for pathogen protection enables vaccine development and provides insights into host defenses against pathogens and the immunological mechanisms that most effectively fight infection. Defining immunological correlates of transmission risk in preclinical and clinical HIV-1 vaccine trials has moved the HIV-1 vaccine development field forward and directed new candidate vaccine development. Immune correlate studies are providing novel hypotheses about immunological mechanisms that may be responsible for preventing HIV-1 acquisition. Recent results from HIV-1 immune correlates work has demonstrated that there are multiple types of immune responses that together, comprise an immune correlate-thus implicating polyfunctional immune control of HIV-1 transmission. An in depth understanding of these complex immunological mechanisms of protection against HIV-1 will accelerate the development of an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia D Tomaras
- Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stanley A Plotkin
- Vaxconsult, Doylestown, PA, USA.,University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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26
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although approximately 90% of all HIV transmissions in humans occur through mucosal contact, the induction of mucosal anti-HIV immune responses has remained understudied. Here we summarize data demonstrating the powerful protection that is achievable at mucosal frontlines through virus-specific mucosal IgA alone or combined with IgG. RECENT FINDINGS Passive immunization with different monoclonal antibody subclasses but identical epitope specificity (the conserved V3-loop crown of HIV gp120) has revealed that the dimeric IgA1 (dIgA1) form with its open hinge can prevent simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) acquisition in rhesus macaques at a higher rate than dIgA2. Both dIgAs neutralized the challenge SHIV equally well. Protection was linked to better virion capture and inhibition of cell-free virus transcytosis by dIgA1. Synergistic interactions at the mucosal level between the IgG1 and dIgA2 versions of this monoclonal antibody yielded complete protection. Active vaccine strategies designed to induce mucosal IgA and systemic/mucosal IgG have given promising data. SUMMARY This review seeks to highlight the importance of mucosal IgAs in preventing virus acquisition. Passive immunization gave proof-of-concept for immune exclusion by mucosally administered monoclonal dIgAs. Unanswered questions remain regarding the interplay between mucosal IgA and other host immune defenses, including their induction with active immunization.
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27
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Nabi R, Moldoveanu Z, Wei Q, Golub ET, Durkin HG, Greenblatt RM, Herold BC, Nowicki MJ, Kassaye S, Cho MW, Pinter A, Landay AL, Mestecky J, Kozlowski PA. Differences in serum IgA responses to HIV-1 gp41 in elite controllers compared to viral suppressors on highly active antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180245. [PMID: 28671952 PMCID: PMC5495342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms responsible for natural control of human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV) replication in elite controllers (EC) remain incompletely defined. To determine if EC generate high quality HIV-specific IgA responses, we used Western blotting to compare the specificities and frequencies of IgA to HIV antigens in serum of gender-, age- and race-matched EC and aviremic controllers (HC) and viremic noncontrollers (HN) on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Concentrations and avidity of IgA to HIV antigens were measured using ELISA or multiplex assays. Measurements for IgG were performed in parallel. EC were found to have stronger p24- and V1V2-specific IgG responses than HN, but there were no IgG differences for EC and HC. In contrast, IgA in EC serum bound more frequently to gp160 and gag proteins than IgA in HC or HN. The avidity of anti-gp41 IgA was also greater in EC, and these subjects had stronger IgA responses to the gp41 heptad repeat region 1 (HR1), a reported target of anti-bacterial RNA polymerase antibodies that cross react with gp41. However, EC did not demonstrate greater IgA responses to E. coli RNA polymerase or to peptides containing the shared LRAI sequence, suggesting that most of their HR1-specific IgA antibodies were not induced by intestinal microbiota. In both EC and HAART recipients, the concentrations of HIV-specific IgG were greater than HIV-specific IgA, but their avidities were comparable, implying that they could compete for antigen. Exceptions were C1 peptides and V1V2 loops. IgG and IgA responses to these antigens were discordant, with IgG reacting to V1V2, and IgA reacting to C1, especially in EC. Interestingly, EC with IgG hypergammaglobulinemia had greater HIV-specific IgA and IgG responses than EC with normal total IgG levels. Heterogeneity in EC antibody responses may therefore be due to a more focused HIV-specific B cell response in some of these individuals. Overall, these data suggest that development of HIV-specific IgA responses and affinity maturation of anti-gp41 IgA antibodies occurs to a greater extent in EC than in subjects on HAART. Future studies will be required to determine if IgA antibodies in EC may contribute in control of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiq Nabi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Zina Moldoveanu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Qing Wei
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth T. Golub
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Helen G. Durkin
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, SUNY Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America
| | - Ruth M. Greenblatt
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology/Biostastistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Betsy C. Herold
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Marek J. Nowicki
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Seble Kassaye
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Michael W. Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Abraham Pinter
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Immunity and Emerging Pathogens, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
- Institute of immunology and Microbiology 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
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Fink E, Fuller K, Agan B, Berger EA, Saphire A, Quinnan GV, Elder JH. Humoral Antibody Responses to HIV Viral Proteins and to CD4 Among HIV Controllers, Rapid and Typical Progressors in an HIV-Positive Patient Cohort. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:1187-1197. [PMID: 27771962 PMCID: PMC5175433 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess humoral antibody responses as a function of disease progression (DP) in a well-defined HIV+ cohort. We quantified antibodies to HIV-1 gp120, Gag, and CD4 receptor by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in sera from a cohort of 97 HIV+ subjects at defined stages of DP. We also measured antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) as a function of the clinical status of the patients. We purified antibodies to CD4 and gp120 and assessed them for specificity, ability to block gp120 binding to target cells, ability to block virus infection, and ability to facilitate ADCC. All of the HIV+ patient samples were positive for antibodies to HIV gp120 and p24 and 80% showed evidence of hypergammaglobulinemia. Approximately 10% of cohort members were positive for antibodies to CD4, but we noted no significant correlation relevant to DP. There were statistically significant differences between the groups concerning the level of humoral response to gp120 and Gag. However, we observed no distinction in ability of anti-gp120 antibodies purified from each group to neutralize infection. In addition, there was a statistically significant difference in ADCC, with elite controllers exhibiting significantly lower levels of ADCC than the other five groups. We detected IgA anti-gp120 antibodies, but did not correlate their presence with either DP or ADCC levels. The results are consistent with the interpretation that the humoral antibody response to the antigens assessed here represents a signature of the level of viremia but does not correlate with clinical status of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Fink
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Katherine Fuller
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Brian Agan
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Edward A. Berger
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Andrew Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Gerald V. Quinnan
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John H. Elder
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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Modification of the HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell response in an HIV elite controller after chikungunya virus infection. AIDS 2016; 30:1905-11. [PMID: 27124898 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection on the quality of the HIV-specific CD8 T-cell (CTL) response in an HIV elite controller. DESIGN Three blood samples were obtained from an elite controller at 27 days (EC-CHIKV, Sample 1, S1), 41 days (S2) and 1 year (S3) after CHIKV infection. Additionally, samples from another nine elite controllers and nine viremic chronics were obtained. METHODS CD4 T-cell counts, viral load and immune activation were recorded. Natural killer (NK) cells and HIV-specific CTL quality were evaluated. Data were analyzed using nonparametric statistics. RESULTS A male HIV elite controller was confirmed for CHIKV infection. At S1, he presented 211 cells/μl CD4 T-cell count, a HIV viral load blip (145 copies/ml) and high T-cell activation. NK cell percentage and activation were higher at S2. All parameters were recovered by S3. CTLs at S1 were exclusively monofunctional with a high proportion (>80%) of degranulating CTLs. By S3, CTL polyfunctionality was more similar to that of a typical elite controller. The distribution of CTL memory subsets also displayed altered profiles. CONCLUSION The results showed that the phenotype and function of HIV-specific CTLs were modified in temporal association with an HIV viral load blip that followed CHIKV infection. This might have helped to control the transient HIV rebound. Additionally, NK cells could have been involved in this control. These results provide useful information to help understand how elite controllers maintain their status, control HIV infection and alert about the negative impact to the immune function of HIV-infected individuals living in CHIKV endemic areas.
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