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Mahomed S. Broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV prevention: a comprehensive review and future perspectives. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0015222. [PMID: 38687039 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00152-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic remains a formidable global health concern, with 39 million people living with the virus and 1.3 million new infections reported in 2022. Despite anti-retroviral therapy's effectiveness in pre-exposure prophylaxis, its global adoption is limited. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) offer an alternative strategy for HIV prevention through passive immunization. Historically, passive immunization has been efficacious in the treatment of various diseases ranging from oncology to infectious diseases. Early clinical trials suggest bNAbs are safe, tolerable, and capable of reducing HIV RNA levels. Although challenges such as bNAb resistance have been noted in phase I trials, ongoing research aims to assess the additive or synergistic benefits of combining multiple bNAbs. Researchers are exploring bispecific and trispecific antibodies, and fragment crystallizable region modifications to augment antibody efficacy and half-life. Moreover, the potential of other antibody isotypes like IgG3 and IgA is under investigation. While promising, the application of bNAbs faces economic and logistical barriers. High manufacturing costs, particularly in resource-limited settings, and logistical challenges like cold-chain requirements pose obstacles. Preliminary studies suggest cost-effectiveness, although this is contingent on various factors like efficacy and distribution. Technological advancements and strategic partnerships may mitigate some challenges, but issues like molecular aggregation remain. The World Health Organization has provided preferred product characteristics for bNAbs, focusing on optimizing their efficacy, safety, and accessibility. The integration of bNAbs in HIV prophylaxis necessitates a multi-faceted approach, considering economic, logistical, and scientific variables. This review comprehensively covers the historical context, current advancements, and future avenues of bNAbs in HIV prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharana Mahomed
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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2
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Ray R, Schiffner T, Wang X, Yan Y, Rantalainen K, Lee CCD, Parikh S, Reyes RA, Dale GA, Lin YC, Pecetta S, Giguere S, Swanson O, Kratochvil S, Melzi E, Phung I, Madungwe L, Kalyuzhniy O, Warner J, Weldon SR, Tingle R, Lamperti E, Kirsch KH, Phelps N, Georgeson E, Adachi Y, Kubitz M, Nair U, Crotty S, Wilson IA, Schief WR, Batista FD. Affinity gaps among B cells in germinal centers drive the selection of MPER precursors. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:1083-1096. [PMID: 38816616 PMCID: PMC11147770 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01844-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Current prophylactic human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) vaccine research aims to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). Membrane-proximal external region (MPER)-targeting bnAbs, such as 10E8, provide exceptionally broad neutralization, but some are autoreactive. Here, we generated humanized B cell antigen receptor knock-in mouse models to test whether a series of germline-targeting immunogens could drive MPER-specific precursors toward bnAbs. We found that recruitment of 10E8 precursors to germinal centers (GCs) required a minimum affinity for germline-targeting immunogens, but the GC residency of MPER precursors was brief due to displacement by higher-affinity endogenous B cell competitors. Higher-affinity germline-targeting immunogens extended the GC residency of MPER precursors, but robust long-term GC residency and maturation were only observed for MPER-HuGL18, an MPER precursor clonotype able to close the affinity gap with endogenous B cell competitors in the GC. Thus, germline-targeting immunogens could induce MPER-targeting antibodies, and B cell residency in the GC may be regulated by a precursor-competitor affinity gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Ray
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Torben Schiffner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Xuesong Wang
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yu Yan
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kimmo Rantalainen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chang-Chun David Lee
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shivang Parikh
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Raphael A Reyes
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gordon A Dale
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ying-Cing Lin
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Simone Pecetta
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sophie Giguere
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Olivia Swanson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sven Kratochvil
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eleonora Melzi
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ivy Phung
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Madungwe
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John Warner
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie R Weldon
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ryan Tingle
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Edward Lamperti
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kathrin H Kirsch
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicole Phelps
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erik Georgeson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yumiko Adachi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Kubitz
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Usha Nair
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William R Schief
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Facundo D Batista
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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3
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Wang Q, Zhang S, Nguyen HT, Sodroski J. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infectivity by expression of poorly or broadly neutralizing antibodies against Env in virus-producing cells. J Virol 2024; 98:e0159423. [PMID: 38289101 PMCID: PMC10878270 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01594-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope (Env) glycoprotein precursor (gp160) trimerizes, is modified by high-mannose glycans in the endoplasmic reticulum, and is transported via Golgi and non-Golgi secretory pathways to the infected cell surface. In the Golgi, gp160 is partially modified by complex carbohydrates and proteolytically cleaved to produce the mature functional Env trimer, which is preferentially incorporated into virions. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) generally recognize the cleaved Env trimer, whereas poorly neutralizing antibodies (pNAbs) bind the conformationally flexible gp160. We found that expression of bNAbs, pNAbs, or soluble/membrane forms of the receptor, CD4, in cells producing HIV-1 all decreased viral infectivity. Four patterns of co-expressed ligand:Env were observed: (i) ligands (CD4, soluble CD4-Ig, and some pNAbs) that specifically recognize the CD4-bound Env conformation resulted in uncleaved Envs lacking complex glycans that were not incorporated into virions; (ii) other pNAbs produced Envs with some complex carbohydrates and severe defects in cleavage, which were relieved by brefeldin A treatment; (iii) bNAbs that recognize gp160 as well as mature Envs resulted in Envs with some complex carbohydrates and moderate decreases in virion Env cleavage; and (iv) bNAbs that preferentially recognize mature Envs produced cleaved Envs with complex glycans in cells and on virions. The low infectivity observed upon co-expression of pNAbs or CD4 could be explained by disruption of Env trafficking, reducing the level of Env and/or increasing the fraction of uncleaved Env on virions. In addition to bNAb effects on virion Env cleavage, the secreted bNAbs neutralized the co-expressed viruses.IMPORTANCEThe Env trimers on the HIV-1 mediate virus entry into host cells. Env is synthesized in infected cells, modified by complex sugars, and cleaved to form a mature, functional Env, which is incorporated into virus particles. Env elicits antibodies in infected individuals, some of which can neutralize the virus. We found that antibodies co-expressed in the virus-producing cell can disrupt Env transit to the proper compartment for cleavage and sugar modification and, in some cases, block incorporation into viruses. These studies provide insights into the processes by which Env becomes functional in the virus-producing cell and may assist attempts to interfere with these events to inhibit HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shijian Zhang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hanh T. Nguyen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Griffith S, Muir L, Suchanek O, Hope J, Pade C, Gibbons JM, Tuong ZK, Fung A, Touizer E, Rees-Spear C, Nans A, Roustan C, Alguel Y, Fink D, Orkin C, Deayton J, Anderson J, Gupta RK, Doores KJ, Cherepanov P, McKnight Á, Clatworthy M, McCoy LE. Preservation of memory B cell homeostasis in an individual producing broadly neutralising antibodies against HIV-1. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.05.578789. [PMID: 38370662 PMCID: PMC10871235 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.05.578789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Immunological determinants favouring emergence of broadly neutralising antibodies are crucial to the development of HIV-1 vaccination strategies. Here, we combined RNAseq and B cell cloning approaches to isolate a broadly neutralising antibody (bnAb) ELC07 from an individual living with untreated HIV-1. Using single particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we show that the antibody recognises a conformational epitope at the gp120-gp41 interface. ELC07 binds the closed state of the viral glycoprotein causing considerable perturbations to the gp41 trimer core structure. Phenotypic analysis of memory B cell subsets from the ELC07 bnAb donor revealed a lack of expected HIV-1-associated dysfunction, specifically no increase in CD21-/CD27- cells was observed whilst the resting memory (CD21+/CD27+) population appeared preserved despite uncontrolled HIV-1 viraemia. Moreover, single cell transcriptomes of memory B cells from this bnAb donor showed a resting memory phenotype irrespective of the epitope they targeted or their ability to neutralise diverse strains of HIV-1. Strikingly, single memory B cells from the ELC07 bnAb donor were transcriptionally similar to memory B cells from HIV-negative individuals. Our results demonstrate that potent bnAbs can arise without the HIV-1-induced dysregulation of the memory B cell compartment and suggest that sufficient levels of antigenic stimulation with a strategically designed immunogen could be effective in HIV-negative vaccine recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Griffith
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Luke Muir
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ondrej Suchanek
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joshua Hope
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Corinna Pade
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Joseph M Gibbons
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Zewen Kelvin Tuong
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Ian Frazer Centre for Children's Immunotherapy Research, Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Audrey Fung
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Emma Touizer
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chloe Rees-Spear
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Nans
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Chloe Roustan
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Yilmaz Alguel
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Douglas Fink
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chloe Orkin
- SHARE collaborative, Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jane Deayton
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Jane Anderson
- Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - Ravindra K Gupta
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katie J Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease, St-Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Áine McKnight
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Menna Clatworthy
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura E McCoy
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
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5
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Paneerselvam N, Khan A, Lawson BR. Broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting HIV: Progress and challenges. Clin Immunol 2023; 257:109809. [PMID: 37852345 PMCID: PMC10872707 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) offer a novel approach to treating, preventing, or curing HIV. Pre-clinical models and clinical trials involving the passive transfer of bNAbs have demonstrated that they can control viremia and potentially serve as alternatives or complement antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, antibody decay, persistent latent reservoirs, and resistance impede bNAb treatment. This review discusses recent advancements and obstacles in applying bNAbs and proposes strategies to enhance their therapeutic potential. These strategies include multi-epitope targeting, antibody half-life extension, combining with current and newer antiretrovirals, and sustained antibody secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amber Khan
- The Scintillon Research Institute, 6868 Nancy Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Brian R Lawson
- The Scintillon Research Institute, 6868 Nancy Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Lecerf M, Lacombe RV, Dimitrov JD. Polyreactivity of antibodies from different B-cell subpopulations is determined by distinct sequence patterns of variable region. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1266668. [PMID: 38077343 PMCID: PMC10710144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1266668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An antibody molecule that can bind to multiple distinct antigens is defined as polyreactive. In the present study, we performed statistical analyses to assess sequence correlates of polyreactivity of >600 antibodies cloned from different B-cell types of healthy humans. The data revealed several sequence patterns of variable regions of heavy and light immunoglobulin chains that determine polyreactivity. The most prominent identified patterns were increased number of basic amino acid residues, reduced frequency of acidic residues, increased number of aromatic and hydrophobic residues, and longer length of CDR L1. Importantly, our study revealed that antibodies isolated from different B-cell populations used distinct sequence patterns (or combinations of them) for polyreactive antigen binding. Furthermore, we combined the data from sequence analyses with molecular modeling of selected polyreactive antibodies and demonstrated that human antibodies can use multiple pathways for achieving antigen-binding promiscuity. These data reconcile some contradictions in the literature regarding the determinants of antibody polyreactivity. Moreover, our study demonstrates that the mechanism of polyreactivity of antibodies evolves during immune response and might be tailored to specific functional properties of different B-cell compartments. Finally, these data can be of use for efforts in the development and engineering of therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jordan D. Dimitrov
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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7
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Kreer C, Lupo C, Ercanoglu MS, Gieselmann L, Spisak N, Grossbach J, Schlotz M, Schommers P, Gruell H, Dold L, Beyer A, Nourmohammad A, Mora T, Walczak AM, Klein F. Probabilities of developing HIV-1 bNAb sequence features in uninfected and chronically infected individuals. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7137. [PMID: 37932288 PMCID: PMC10628170 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42906-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are able to suppress viremia and prevent infection. Their induction by vaccination is therefore a major goal. However, in contrast to antibodies that neutralize other pathogens, HIV-1-specific bNAbs frequently carry uncommon molecular characteristics that might prevent their induction. Here, we perform unbiased sequence analyses of B cell receptor repertoires from 57 uninfected and 46 chronically HIV-1- or HCV-infected individuals and learn probabilistic models to predict the likelihood of bNAb development. We formally show that lower probabilities for bNAbs are predictive of higher HIV-1 neutralization activity. Moreover, ranking bNAbs by their probabilities allows to identify highly potent antibodies with superior generation probabilities as preferential targets for vaccination approaches. Importantly, we find equal bNAb probabilities across infected and uninfected individuals. This implies that chronic infection is not a prerequisite for the generation of bNAbs, fostering the hope that HIV-1 vaccines can induce bNAb development in uninfected people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kreer
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cosimo Lupo
- Laboratoire de physique de l'Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, and Université Paris Cité, 75005, Paris, France
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Roma I, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Meryem S Ercanoglu
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lutz Gieselmann
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Natanael Spisak
- Laboratoire de physique de l'Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, and Université Paris Cité, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jan Grossbach
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases & Institute for Genetics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maike Schlotz
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Schommers
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Henning Gruell
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Leona Dold
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Beyer
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases & Institute for Genetics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Armita Nourmohammad
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Faßberg 17, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, 3910 15th Ave Northeast, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, 4182 W Stevens Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, 85 E Stevens Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1241 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Thierry Mora
- Laboratoire de physique de l'Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, and Université Paris Cité, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Aleksandra M Walczak
- Laboratoire de physique de l'Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, and Université Paris Cité, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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8
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Chaudhary P, Proulx J, Park IW. Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) mediation of viral infection and human diseases. Virus Res 2023; 335:199191. [PMID: 37541588 PMCID: PMC10430597 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
The Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A, UBE3A, also known as E6-associated protein (E6-AP), is known to play an essential role in regulating the degradation of various proteins by transferring Ub from E2 Ub conjugating enzymes to the substrate proteins. Several studies indicate that UBE3A regulates the stabilities of key viral proteins in the virus-infected cells and, thereby, the infected virus-mediated diseases, even if it were reported that UBE3A participates in non-viral-related human diseases. Furthermore, mutations such as deletions and duplications in the maternally inherited gene in the brain cause human neurodevelopmental disorders such as Angelman syndrome (AS) and autism. It is also known that UBE3A functions as a transcriptional coactivator for the expression of steroid hormone receptors. These reports establish that UBE3A is distinguished by its multitudinous functions that are paramount to viral pathology and human diseases. This review is focused on molecular mechanisms for such intensive participation of UBE3A in disease formation and virus regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Chaudhary
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States.
| | - Jessica Proulx
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States
| | - In-Woo Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States.
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9
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Maliqi L, Friedrich N, Glögl M, Schmutz S, Schmidt D, Rusert P, Schanz M, Zaheri M, Pasin C, Niklaus C, Foulkes C, Reinberg T, Dreier B, Abela I, Peterhoff D, Hauser A, Kouyos RD, Günthard HF, van Gils MJ, Sanders RW, Wagner R, Plückthun A, Trkola A. Assessing immunogenicity barriers of the HIV-1 envelope trimer. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:148. [PMID: 37777519 PMCID: PMC10542815 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00746-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the balance between epitope shielding and accessibility on HIV-1 envelope (Env) trimers is essential to guide immunogen selection for broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) based vaccines. To investigate the antigenic space of Env immunogens, we created a strategy based on synthetic, high diversity, Designed Ankyrin Repeat Protein (DARPin) libraries. We show that DARPin Antigenicity Analysis (DANA), a purely in vitro screening tool, has the capability to extrapolate relevant information of antigenic properties of Env immunogens. DANA screens of stabilized, soluble Env trimers revealed that stronger trimer stabilization led to the selection of highly mutated DARPins with length variations and framework mutations mirroring observations made for bnAbs. By mimicking heterotypic prime-boost immunization regimens, DANA may be used to select immunogen combinations that favor the selection of trimer-reactive binders. This positions DANA as a versatile strategy for distilling fundamental antigenic features of immunogens, complementary to preclinical immunogenicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liridona Maliqi
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nikolas Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Glögl
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Schmutz
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schmidt
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Rusert
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Merle Schanz
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maryam Zaheri
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chloé Pasin
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cyrille Niklaus
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caio Foulkes
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Reinberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Dreier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irene Abela
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Peterhoff
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Hauser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Roger D Kouyos
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F Günthard
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland.
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10
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Pilewski KA, Wall S, Richardson SI, Manamela NP, Clark K, Hermanus T, Binshtein E, Venkat R, Sautto GA, Kramer KJ, Shiakolas AR, Setliff I, Salas J, Mapengo RE, Suryadevara N, Brannon JR, Beebout CJ, Parks R, Raju N, Frumento N, Walker LM, Fechter EF, Qin JS, Murji AA, Janowska K, Thakur B, Lindenberger J, May AJ, Huang X, Sammour S, Acharya P, Carnahan RH, Ross TM, Haynes BF, Hadjifrangiskou M, Crowe JE, Bailey JR, Kalams S, Morris L, Georgiev IS. Functional HIV-1/HCV cross-reactive antibodies isolated from a chronically co-infected donor. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112044. [PMID: 36708513 PMCID: PMC10372200 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite prolific efforts to characterize the antibody response to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) mono-infections, the response to chronic co-infection with these two ever-evolving viruses is poorly understood. Here, we investigate the antibody repertoire of a chronically HIV-1/HCV co-infected individual using linking B cell receptor to antigen specificity through sequencing (LIBRA-seq). We identify five HIV-1/HCV cross-reactive antibodies demonstrating binding and functional cross-reactivity between HIV-1 and HCV envelope glycoproteins. All five antibodies show exceptional HCV neutralization breadth and effector functions against both HIV-1 and HCV. One antibody, mAb688, also cross-reacts with influenza and coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We examine the development of these antibodies using next-generation sequencing analysis and lineage tracing and find that somatic hypermutation established and enhanced this reactivity. These antibodies provide a potential future direction for therapeutic and vaccine development against current and emerging infectious diseases. More broadly, chronic co-infection represents a complex immunological challenge that can provide insights into the fundamental rules that underly antibody-antigen specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A Pilewski
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Steven Wall
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Simone I Richardson
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Nelia P Manamela
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Kaitlyn Clark
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tandile Hermanus
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Elad Binshtein
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rohit Venkat
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Giuseppe A Sautto
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kevin J Kramer
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrea R Shiakolas
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ian Setliff
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jordan Salas
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rutendo E Mapengo
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Naveen Suryadevara
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John R Brannon
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Connor J Beebout
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rob Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nagarajan Raju
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nicole Frumento
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lauren M Walker
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Juliana S Qin
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Amyn A Murji
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Bhishem Thakur
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Aaron J May
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiao Huang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Salam Sammour
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Priyamvada Acharya
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Maria Hadjifrangiskou
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Justin R Bailey
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Spyros Kalams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Ivelin S Georgiev
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Program in Computational Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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11
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Li X, Liao D, Li Z, Li J, Diaz M, Verkoczy L, Gao F. Autoreactivity and broad neutralization of antibodies against HIV-1 are governed by distinct mutations: Implications for vaccine design strategies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:977630. [PMID: 36479128 PMCID: PMC9720396 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.977630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the best HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) known have poly-/autoreactive features that disfavor normal B cell development and maturation, posing a major hurdle in developing an effective HIV-1 vaccine. Key to resolving this problem is to understand if, and to what extent, neutralization breadth-conferring mutations acquired by bnAbs contribute to their autoreactivity. Here, we back-mutated all known changes made by a prototype CD4 binding site-directed bnAb lineage, CH103-106, during its later maturation steps. Strikingly, of 29 mutations examined, only four were crucial for increased autoreactivity, with minimal or no impact on neutralization. Furthermore, three of these residues were clustered in the heavy chain complementarity-determining region 2 (HCDR2). Our results demonstrate that broad neutralization activity and autoreactivity in the CH103-106 bnAb lineage can be governed by a few, distinct mutations during maturation. This provides strong rationale for developing immunogens that favor bnAb lineages bearing "neutralization-only" mutations into current HIV-1 vaccine designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Li
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Dongmei Liao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Zhengyang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jixi Li
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Marilyn Diaz
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Laurent Verkoczy
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Institute of Molecular and Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdongg, China
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12
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Young C, Lau AWY, Burnett DL. B cells in the balance: Offsetting self-reactivity avoidance with protection against foreign. Front Immunol 2022; 13:951385. [PMID: 35967439 PMCID: PMC9364820 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.951385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are theoretically limitless in their diversity and specificity to foreign antigens; however they are constrained by the need to avoid binding to self. Germinal centers (GC) allow diversification and maturation of the antibody response towards the foreign antigen. While self-tolerance mechanisms controlling self-reactivity during B cell maturation are well recognized, the mechanisms by which GCs balance self-tolerance and foreign binding especially in the face of cross-reactivity between self and foreign, remain much less well defined. In this review we explore the extent to which GC self-tolerance restricts affinity maturation. We present studies suggesting that the outcome is situationally dependent, affected by affinity and avidity to self-antigen, and the extent to which self-binding and foreign-binding are interdependent. While auto-reactive GC B cells can mutate away from self while maturing towards the foreign antigen, if no mutational trajectories allow for self-reactive redemption, self-tolerance prevails and GC responses to the foreign pathogen are restricted, except when self-tolerance checkpoints are relaxed. Finally, we consider whether polyreactivity is subject to the same level of restriction in GC responses, especially if polyreactivity is linked to an increase in foreign protection, as occurs in certain broadly neutralizing antibodies. Overall, the outcomes for GC B cells that bind self-antigen can range from redemption, transient relaxation in self-tolerance or restriction of the antibody response to the foreign pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Young
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Clara Young, ; Deborah L. Burnett,
| | - Angelica W. Y. Lau
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah L. Burnett
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Clara Young, ; Deborah L. Burnett,
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13
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Labombarde JG, Pillai MR, Wehenkel M, Lin CY, Keating R, Brown SA, Crawford JC, Brice DC, Castellaw AH, Mandarano AH, Guy CS, Mejia JR, Lewis CD, Chang TC, Oshansky CM, Wong SS, Webby RJ, Yan M, Li Q, Marion TN, Thomas PG, McGargill MA. Induction of broadly reactive influenza antibodies increases susceptibility to autoimmunity. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110482. [PMID: 35263574 PMCID: PMC9036619 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection and vaccination repeatedly expose individuals to antigens that are conserved between influenza virus subtypes. Nevertheless, antibodies recognizing variable influenza epitopes greatly outnumber antibodies reactive against conserved epitopes. Elucidating factors contributing to the paucity of broadly reactive influenza antibodies remains a major obstacle for developing a universal influenza vaccine. Here, we report that inducing broadly reactive influenza antibodies increases autoreactive antibodies in humans and mice and exacerbates disease in four distinct models of autoimmune disease. Importantly, transferring broadly reactive influenza antibodies augments disease in the presence of inflammation or autoimmune susceptibility. Further, broadly reactive influenza antibodies spontaneously arise in mice with defects in B cell tolerance. Together, these data suggest that self-tolerance mechanisms limit the prevalence of broadly reactive influenza antibodies, which can exacerbate disease in the context of additional risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn G. Labombarde
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Meenu R. Pillai
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Marie Wehenkel
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Chun-Yang Lin
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA,Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Rachael Keating
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Scott A. Brown
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jeremy Chase Crawford
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David C. Brice
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ashley H. Castellaw
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | - Clifford S. Guy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Juan R. Mejia
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Carlessia D. Lewis
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ti-Cheng Chang
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Christine M. Oshansky
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sook-San Wong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA,Present address: Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, P.R. China,Present address: State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, P.R. China,Present address: School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Mei Yan
- Department of Immunology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Quan–Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tony N. Marion
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Maureen A. McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence:
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14
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Griffith SA, McCoy LE. To bnAb or Not to bnAb: Defining Broadly Neutralising Antibodies Against HIV-1. Front Immunol 2021; 12:708227. [PMID: 34737737 PMCID: PMC8560739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.708227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery, antibodies capable of broad neutralisation have been at the forefront of HIV-1 research and are of particular interest due to in vivo passive transfer studies demonstrating their potential to provide protection. Currently an exact definition of what is required for a monoclonal antibody to be classed as a broadly neutralising antibody (bnAb) has not yet been established. This has led to hundreds of antibodies with varying neutralisation breadth being studied and has given insight into antibody maturation pathways and epitopes targeted. However, even with this knowledge, immunisation studies and vaccination trials to date have had limited success in eliciting antibodies with neutralisation breadth. For this reason there is a growing need to identify factors specifically associated with bnAb development, yet to do this a set of criteria is necessary to distinguish bnAbs from non-bnAbs. This review aims to define what it means to be a HIV-1 bnAb by comparing neutralisation breadth, genetic features and epitopes of bnAbs, and in the process highlights the challenges of comparing the array of antibodies that have been isolated over the years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Griffith
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura E McCoy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Siracusano G, Finardi A, Pastori C, Martinelli V, Furlan R, Lopalco L. HIV-1 Env Does Not Enable the Development of Protective Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies in an Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2021; 12:771359. [PMID: 34795677 PMCID: PMC8593332 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.771359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies showed that immunological tolerance may restrict the development of Env-specific autoreactive broadly neutralizing antibodies. This evidence is consistent with the finding that Env immunization of a systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) murine model produced antibodies that neutralize tier 2 HIV-1 strains. In this study, we address the possibility of eliciting neutralizing anti-Env antibodies in other autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). While, as reported for SLE, we showed for the first time that a small number of HIV-1 negative, relapsing remitting MS patients exhibited antibodies with neutralizing properties, our attempts at inducing those antibodies in a EAE mouse model of MS failed. The success in eliciting Env-specific neutralizing antibodies might be related to the specific characteristics of the autoimmune disease, or it might rely in improving the vaccination design. Studies using mouse models are useful to gain insight in how HIV-specific neutralizing antibody responses are regulated in order to develop a protective HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Siracusano
- Immunobiology of HIV, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Pastori
- Immunobiology of HIV, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Furlan
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Lopalco
- Immunobiology of HIV, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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16
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Mishra N, Kumar S, Singh S, Bansal T, Jain N, Saluja S, Kumar R, Bhattacharyya S, Palanichamy JK, Mir RA, Sinha S, Luthra K. Cross-neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by HIV-1 specific broadly neutralizing antibodies and polyclonal plasma. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009958. [PMID: 34559854 PMCID: PMC8494312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-reactive epitopes (CREs) are similar epitopes on viruses that are recognized or neutralized by same antibodies. The S protein of SARS-CoV-2, similar to type I fusion proteins of viruses such as HIV-1 envelope (Env) and influenza hemagglutinin, is heavily glycosylated. Viral Env glycans, though host derived, are distinctly processed and thereby recognized or accommodated during antibody responses. In recent years, highly potent and/or broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (bnAbs) that are generated in chronic HIV-1 infections have been defined. These bnAbs exhibit atypical features such as extensive somatic hypermutations, long complementary determining region (CDR) lengths, tyrosine sulfation and presence of insertions/deletions, enabling them to effectively neutralize diverse HIV-1 viruses despite extensive variations within the core epitopes they recognize. As some of the HIV-1 bnAbs have evolved to recognize the dense viral glycans and cross-reactive epitopes (CREs), we assessed if these bnAbs cross-react with SARS-CoV-2. Several HIV-1 bnAbs showed cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV-2 while one HIV-1 CD4 binding site bnAb, N6, neutralized SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, neutralizing plasma antibodies of chronically HIV-1 infected children showed cross neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses. Collectively, our observations suggest that human monoclonal antibodies tolerating extensive epitope variability can be leveraged to neutralize pathogens with related antigenic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Centre Program, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Swarandeep Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tanu Bansal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nishkarsh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumedha Saluja
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sankar Bhattacharyya
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | | | - Riyaz Ahmad Mir
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Subrata Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kalpana Luthra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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17
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Ding C, Patel D, Ma Y, Mann JFS, Wu J, Gao Y. Employing Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies as a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prophylactic & Therapeutic Application. Front Immunol 2021; 12:697683. [PMID: 34354709 PMCID: PMC8329590 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.697683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the discovery that the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is the pathogen of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1983, there is still no effective anti-HIV-1 vaccine. The major obstacle to the development of HIV-1 vaccine is the extreme diversity of viral genome sequences. Nonetheless, a number of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV-1 have been made and identified in this area. Novel strategies based on using these bNAbs as an efficacious preventive and/or therapeutic intervention have been applied in clinical. In this review, we summarize the recent development of bNAbs and its application in HIV-1 acquisition prevention as well as discuss the innovative approaches being used to try to convey protection within individuals at risk and being treated for HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengchao Ding
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Darshit Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Yunjing Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jamie F S Mann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jianjun Wu
- Department of AIDS Research, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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18
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Shipley MM, Mangala Prasad V, Doepker LE, Dingens A, Ralph DK, Harkins E, Dhar A, Arenz D, Chohan V, Weight H, Mandaliya K, Bloom JD, Matsen FA, Lee KK, Overbaugh JM. Functional development of a V3/glycan-specific broadly neutralizing antibody isolated from a case of HIV superinfection. eLife 2021; 10:68110. [PMID: 34263727 PMCID: PMC8376252 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulating broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) directly from germline remains a barrier for HIV vaccines. HIV superinfection elicits bnAbs more frequently than single infection, providing clues of how to elicit such responses. We used longitudinal antibody sequencing and structural studies to characterize bnAb development from a superinfection case. BnAb QA013.2 bound initial and superinfecting viral Env, despite its probable naive progenitor only recognizing the superinfecting strain, suggesting both viruses influenced this lineage. A 4.15 Å cryo-EM structure of QA013.2 bound to native-like trimer showed recognition of V3 signatures (N301/N332 and GDIR). QA013.2 relies less on CDRH3 and more on framework and CDRH1 for affinity and breadth compared to other V3/glycan-specific bnAbs. Antigenic profiling revealed that viral escape was achieved by changes in the structurally-defined epitope and by mutations in V1. These results highlight shared and novel properties of QA013.2 relative to other V3/glycan-specific bnAbs in the setting of sequential, diverse antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie M Shipley
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Vidya Mangala Prasad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Laura E Doepker
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Adam Dingens
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Duncan K Ralph
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Elias Harkins
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Amrit Dhar
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Dana Arenz
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Vrasha Chohan
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Haidyn Weight
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Kishor Mandaliya
- Coast Provincial General Hospital, Women's Health Project, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, United States
| | - Frederick A Matsen
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Kelly K Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Julie M Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
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19
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Reyes-Ruiz A, Dimitrov JD. How can polyreactive antibodies conquer rapidly evolving viruses? Trends Immunol 2021; 42:654-657. [PMID: 34246558 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies against rapidly evolving viruses (e.g., HIV-1 and influenza virus), often manifest antigen-binding promiscuity. Based on a recent study, we hypothesize on the significance of antibody polyreactivity in neutralization of rapidly evolving viruses. We propose that polyreactivity contributes to toleration of viral variants and shortens the time for generating neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Reyes-Ruiz
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Jordan D Dimitrov
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France.
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20
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Bridging the B Cell Gap: Novel Technologies to Study Antigen-Specific Human B Cell Responses. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070711. [PMID: 34358128 PMCID: PMC8310089 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of high affinity antibodies is a crucial aspect of immunity induced by vaccination or infection. Investigation into the B cells that produce these antibodies grants key insights into the effectiveness of novel immunogens to induce a lasting protective response against endemic or pandemic pathogens, such as influenza viruses, human immunodeficiency virus, or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. However, humoral immunity has largely been studied at the serological level, limiting our knowledge on the specificity and function of B cells recruited to respond to pathogens. In this review, we cover a number of recent innovations in the field that have increased our ability to connect B cell function to the B cell repertoire and antigen specificity. Moreover, we will highlight recent advances in the development of both ex vivo and in vivo models to study human B cell responses. Together, the technologies highlighted in this review can be used to help design and validate new vaccine designs and platforms.
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21
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Williams WB, Meyerhoff RR, Edwards RJ, Li H, Manne K, Nicely NI, Henderson R, Zhou Y, Janowska K, Mansouri K, Gobeil S, Evangelous T, Hora B, Berry M, Abuahmad AY, Sprenz J, Deyton M, Stalls V, Kopp M, Hsu AL, Borgnia MJ, Stewart-Jones GBE, Lee MS, Bronkema N, Moody MA, Wiehe K, Bradley T, Alam SM, Parks RJ, Foulger A, Oguin T, Sempowski GD, Bonsignori M, LaBranche CC, Montefiori DC, Seaman M, Santra S, Perfect J, Francica JR, Lynn GM, Aussedat B, Walkowicz WE, Laga R, Kelsoe G, Saunders KO, Fera D, Kwong PD, Seder RA, Bartesaghi A, Shaw GM, Acharya P, Haynes BF. Fab-dimerized glycan-reactive antibodies are a structural category of natural antibodies. Cell 2021; 184:2955-2972.e25. [PMID: 34019795 PMCID: PMC8135257 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural antibodies (Abs) can target host glycans on the surface of pathogens. We studied the evolution of glycan-reactive B cells of rhesus macaques and humans using glycosylated HIV-1 envelope (Env) as a model antigen. 2G12 is a broadly neutralizing Ab (bnAb) that targets a conserved glycan patch on Env of geographically diverse HIV-1 strains using a unique heavy-chain (VH) domain-swapped architecture that results in fragment antigen-binding (Fab) dimerization. Here, we describe HIV-1 Env Fab-dimerized glycan (FDG)-reactive bnAbs without VH-swapped domains from simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected macaques. FDG Abs also recognized cell-surface glycans on diverse pathogens, including yeast and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike. FDG precursors were expanded by glycan-bearing immunogens in macaques and were abundant in HIV-1-naive humans. Moreover, FDG precursors were predominately mutated IgM+IgD+CD27+, thus suggesting that they originated from a pool of antigen-experienced IgM+ or marginal zone B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilton B Williams
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - R Ryan Meyerhoff
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - R J Edwards
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kartik Manne
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Rory Henderson
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ye Zhou
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Bhavna Hora
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Megan Kopp
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Allen L Hsu
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, NIEHS, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Mario J Borgnia
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, NIEHS, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | - Matthew S Lee
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Naomi Bronkema
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Todd Bradley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas Oguin
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gregory D Sempowski
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michael Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sampa Santra
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - John Perfect
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Geoffrey M Lynn
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Avidea Technologies, Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Richard Laga
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Daniela Fera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alberto Bartesaghi
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Priyamvada Acharya
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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22
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Convergence of a common solution for broad ebolavirus neutralization by glycan cap-directed human antibodies. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108984. [PMID: 33852862 PMCID: PMC8133395 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that target the glycan cap epitope on the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP) are common in the adaptive response of survivors. A subset is known to be broadly neutralizing, but the details of their epitopes and basis for neutralization are not well understood. Here, we present cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of diverse glycan cap antibodies that variably synergize with GP base-binding antibodies. These structures describe a conserved site of vulnerability that anchors the mucin-like domains (MLDs) to the glycan cap, which we call the MLD anchor and cradle. Antibodies that bind to the MLD cradle share common features, including use of IGHV1–69 and IGHJ6 germline genes, which exploit hydrophobic residues and form β-hairpin structures to mimic the MLD anchor, disrupt MLD attachment, destabilize GP quaternary structure, and block cleavage events required for receptor binding. Our results provide a molecular basis for ebolavirus neutralization by broadly reactive glycan cap antibodies. A rare subset of ebolavirus antibodies targeting the glycan cap are broadly neutralizing. Murin et al. report cryo-EM structures and custom in vitro assays identifying a conserved site of vulnerability in the glycan cap and detail mechanisms of action, including structural mimicry, trimer instability, and blocking cleavage.
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23
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Bruxelle JF, Kirilenko T, Trattnig N, Yang Y, Cattin M, Kosma P, Pantophlet R. A glycoside analog of mammalian oligomannose formulated with a TLR4-stimulating adjuvant elicits HIV-1 cross-reactive antibodies. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4637. [PMID: 33633304 PMCID: PMC7907241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84116-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of oligomannose-specific broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) has spurred efforts to develop immunogens that can elicit similar antibodies. Here, we report on the antigenicity and immunogenicity of a CRM197-conjugate of a previously reported oligomannose mimetic. Oligomannose-specific bnAbs that are less dependent on interactions with the HIV envelope protein sequence showed strong binding to the glycoconjugates, with affinities approximating those reported for their cognate epitope. The glycoconjugate is also recognized by inferred germline precursors of oligomannose-specific bnAbs, albeit with the expected low avidity, supporting its potential as an immunogen. Immunization of human-antibody transgenic mice revealed that only a TLR4-stimulating adjuvant formulation resulted in antibodies able to bind a panel of recombinant HIV trimers. These antibodies bound at relatively modest levels, possibly explaining their inability to neutralize HIV infectivity. Nevertheless, these findings contribute further to understanding conditions for eliciting HIV-cross-reactive oligomannose-specific antibodies and inform on next steps for improving on the elicited response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Bruxelle
- grid.61971.380000 0004 1936 7494Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC Canada
| | - Tess Kirilenko
- grid.61971.380000 0004 1936 7494Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC Canada ,grid.479077.aPresent Address: AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Nino Trattnig
- grid.5173.00000 0001 2298 5320Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria ,grid.5477.10000000120346234Present Address: Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yiqiu Yang
- grid.61971.380000 0004 1936 7494Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC Canada
| | - Matteo Cattin
- grid.5173.00000 0001 2298 5320Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Kosma
- grid.5173.00000 0001 2298 5320Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralph Pantophlet
- grid.61971.380000 0004 1936 7494Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC Canada ,grid.61971.380000 0004 1936 7494Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC Canada
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24
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Desikan R, Antia R, Dixit NM. Physical 'strength' of the multi-protein chain connecting immune cells: Does the weakest link limit antibody affinity maturation?: The weakest link in the multi-protein chain facilitating antigen acquisition by B cells in germinal centres limits antibody affinity maturation. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2000159. [PMID: 33448042 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The affinities of antibodies (Abs) for their target antigens (Ags) gradually increase in vivo following an infection or vaccination, but reach saturation at values well below those realisable in vitro. This 'affinity ceiling' could in many cases restrict our ability to fight infections and compromise vaccines. What determines the affinity ceiling has been an unresolved question for decades. Here, we argue that it arises from the strength of the chain of protein complexes that is pulled by B cells during the process of Ag acquisition. The affinity ceiling is determined by the strength of the weakest link in the chain. We identify the weakest link and show that the resulting affinity ceiling can explain the Ab affinities realized in vivo, providing a conceptual understanding of Ab affinity maturation. We explore plausible evolutionary underpinnings of the affinity ceiling, examine supporting evidence and alternative hypotheses and discuss implications for vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Desikan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rustom Antia
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Narendra M Dixit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India.,Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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25
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Systematic Assessment of Antiviral Potency, Breadth, and Synergy of Triple Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Combinations against Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Viruses. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01667-20. [PMID: 33177194 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01667-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Daily burden and clinical toxicities associated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) emphasize the need for alternative strategies to induce long-term human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remission upon ART cessation. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) can both neutralize free virions and mediate effector functions against infected cells and therefore represent a leading immunotherapeutic approach. To increase potency and breadth, as well as to limit the development of resistant virus strains, it is likely that bNAbs will need to be administered in combination. It is therefore critical to identify bNAb combinations that can achieve robust polyfunctional antiviral activity against a high number of HIV strains. In this study, we systematically assessed the abilities of single bNAbs and triple bNAb combinations to mediate robust polyfunctional antiviral activity against a large panel of cross-clade simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs), which are commonly used as tools for validation of therapeutic strategies targeting the HIV envelope in nonhuman primate models. We demonstrate that most bNAbs are capable of mediating both neutralizing and nonneutralizing effector functions against cross-clade SHIVs, although the susceptibility to V3 glycan-specific bNAbs is highly strain dependent. Moreover, we observe a strong correlation between the neutralization potencies and nonneutralizing effector functions of bNAbs against the transmitted/founder SHIV CH505. Finally, we identify several triple bNAb combinations comprising of CD4 binding site-, V2-glycan-, and gp120-gp41 interface-targeting bNAbs that are capable of mediating synergistic polyfunctional antiviral activities against multiple clade A, B, C, and D SHIVs.IMPORTANCE Optimal bNAb immunotherapeutics will need to mediate multiple antiviral functions against a broad range of HIV strains. Our systematic assessment of triple bNAb combinations against SHIVs will identify bNAbs with synergistic, polyfunctional antiviral activity that will inform the selection of candidate bNAbs for optimal combination designs. The identified combinations can be validated in vivo in future passive immunization studies using the SHIV challenge model.
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26
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Abstract
HIV is a virus that remains a major health concern and results in an infection that has no cure even after over 30 years since its discovery. As such, HIV vaccine discovery continues to be an area of intensive research. In this review, we summarize the most recent HIV vaccine efficacy trials, clinical trials initiated within the last 3 years, and discuss prominent improvements that have been made in prophylactic HIV vaccine designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Lee
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA.
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27
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Guthmiller JJ, Lan LYL, Fernández-Quintero ML, Han J, Utset HA, Bitar DJ, Hamel NJ, Stovicek O, Li L, Tepora M, Henry C, Neu KE, Dugan HL, Borowska MT, Chen YQ, Liu STH, Stamper CT, Zheng NY, Huang M, Palm AKE, García-Sastre A, Nachbagauer R, Palese P, Coughlan L, Krammer F, Ward AB, Liedl KR, Wilson PC. Polyreactive Broadly Neutralizing B cells Are Selected to Provide Defense against Pandemic Threat Influenza Viruses. Immunity 2020; 53:1230-1244.e5. [PMID: 33096040 PMCID: PMC7772752 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polyreactivity is the ability of a single antibody to bind to multiple molecularly distinct antigens and is a common feature of antibodies induced upon pathogen exposure. However, little is known about the role of polyreactivity during anti-influenza virus antibody responses. By analyzing more than 500 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) derived from B cells induced by numerous influenza virus vaccines and infections, we found mAbs targeting conserved neutralizing influenza virus hemagglutinin epitopes were polyreactive. Polyreactive mAbs were preferentially induced by novel viral exposures due to their broad viral binding breadth. Polyreactivity augmented mAb viral binding strength by increasing antibody flexibility, allowing for adaption to imperfectly conserved epitopes. Lastly, we found affinity-matured polyreactive B cells were typically derived from germline polyreactive B cells that were preferentially selected to participate in B cell responses over time. Together, our data reveal that polyreactivity is a beneficial feature of antibodies targeting conserved epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna J Guthmiller
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Linda Yu-Ling Lan
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Monica L Fernández-Quintero
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julianna Han
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Henry A Utset
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Dalia J Bitar
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Natalie J Hamel
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Olivia Stovicek
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Micah Tepora
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Carole Henry
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Karlynn E Neu
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Haley L Dugan
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Marta T Borowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yao-Qing Chen
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sean T H Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Nai-Ying Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Anna-Karin E Palm
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Tisch Cancer Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Raffael Nachbagauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Peter Palese
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Lynda Coughlan
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Klaus R Liedl
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrick C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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28
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Caillat C, Guilligay D, Sulbaran G, Weissenhorn W. Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting HIV-1 gp41. Viruses 2020; 12:E1210. [PMID: 33114242 PMCID: PMC7690876 DOI: 10.3390/v12111210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 vaccine research has obtained an enormous boost since the discovery of many broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) targeting all accessible sites on the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env). This in turn facilitated high-resolution structures of the Env glycoprotein in complex with bnAbs. Here we focus on gp41, its highly conserved heptad repeat region 1 (HR1), the fusion peptide (FP) and the membrane-proximal external region (MPER). Notably, the broadest neutralizing antibodies target MPER. Both gp41 HR1 and MPER are only fully accessible once receptor-induced conformational changes have taken place, although some studies suggest access to MPER in the close to native Env conformation. We summarize the data on the structure and function of neutralizing antibodies targeting gp41 HR1, FP and MPER and we review their access to Env and their complex formation with gp41 HR1, MPER peptides and FP within native Env. We further discuss MPER bnAb binding to lipids and the role of somatic mutations in recognizing a bipartite epitope composed of the conserved MPER sequence and membrane components. The problematic of gp41 HR1 access and MPER bnAb auto- and polyreactivity is developed in the light of inducing such antibodies by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Caillat
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à L'énergie Atomique et Aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Delphine Guilligay
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à L'énergie Atomique et Aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Guidenn Sulbaran
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à L'énergie Atomique et Aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à L'énergie Atomique et Aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 38000 Grenoble, France
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29
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Khurana S, Hahn M, Klenow L, Golding H. Autoreactivity of Broadly Neutralizing Influenza Human Antibodies to Human Tissues and Human Proteins. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101140. [PMID: 33049994 PMCID: PMC7600923 DOI: 10.3390/v12101140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bNAbs) against conserved domains in the influenza hemagglutinin are in clinical trials. Several next generation influenza vaccines designed to elicit such bNAbs are also in clinical development. One of the common features of the isolated bNAbs is the use of restricted IgVH repertoire. More than 80% of stem-targeting bNAbs express IgVH1-69, which may indicate genetic constraints on the evolution of such antibodies. In the current study, we evaluated a panel of influenza virus bNAbs in comparison with HIV-1 MAb 4E10 and anti-RSV MAb Palivizumab (approved for human use) for autoreactivity using 30 normal human tissues microarray and human protein (>9000) arrays. We found that several human bNAbs (CR6261, CR9114, and F2603) reacted with human tissues, especially with pituitary gland tissue. Importantly, protein array analysis identified high-affinity interaction of CR6261 with the autoantigen “Enhancer of mRNA decapping 3 homolog” (EDC3), which was not previously described. Moreover, EDC3 competed with hemagglutinin for binding to bNAb CR6261. These autoreactivity findings underscores the need for careful evaluation of such bNAbs for therapeutics and stem-based vaccines against influenza virus.
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30
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Ermakov EA, Nevinsky GA, Buneva VN. Immunoglobulins with Non-Canonical Functions in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disease States. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155392. [PMID: 32751323 PMCID: PMC7432551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulins are known to combine various effector mechanisms of the adaptive and the innate immune system. Classical immunoglobulin functions are associated with antigen recognition and the initiation of innate immune responses. However, in addition to classical functions, antibodies exhibit a variety of non-canonical functions related to the destruction of various pathogens due to catalytic activity and cofactor effects, the action of antibodies as agonists/antagonists of various receptors, the control of bacterial diversity of the intestine, etc. Canonical and non-canonical functions reflect the extreme human antibody repertoire and the variety of antibody types generated in the organism: antigen-specific, natural, polyreactive, broadly neutralizing, homophilic, bispecific and catalytic. The therapeutic effects of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) are associated with both the canonical and non-canonical functions of antibodies. In this review, catalytic antibodies will be considered in more detail, since their formation is associated with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. We will systematically summarize the diversity of catalytic antibodies in normal and pathological conditions. Translational perspectives of knowledge about natural antibodies for IVIg therapy will be also discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity
- Antibodies, Bispecific/chemistry
- Antibodies, Bispecific/genetics
- Antibodies, Bispecific/metabolism
- Antibodies, Catalytic/chemistry
- Antibodies, Catalytic/genetics
- Antibodies, Catalytic/metabolism
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/metabolism
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/pathology
- Autoimmune Diseases/therapy
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Isotypes/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Isotypes/classification
- Immunoglobulin Isotypes/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Isotypes/metabolism
- Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/therapeutic use
- Immunologic Tests
- Neurodegenerative Diseases/genetics
- Neurodegenerative Diseases/immunology
- Neurodegenerative Diseases/pathology
- Neurodegenerative Diseases/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny A. Ermakov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.A.E.); (G.A.N.)
- Novosibirsk State University, Department of Natural Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Georgy A. Nevinsky
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.A.E.); (G.A.N.)
- Novosibirsk State University, Department of Natural Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentina N. Buneva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.A.E.); (G.A.N.)
- Novosibirsk State University, Department of Natural Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(383)-363-51-27; Fax: +7-(383)-363-51-53
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31
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Agazio A, Cimons J, Shotts KM, Guo K, Santiago ML, Pelanda R, Torres RM. Histone H2A-Reactive B Cells Are Functionally Anergic in Healthy Mice With Potential to Provide Humoral Protection Against HIV-1. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1565. [PMID: 32849530 PMCID: PMC7396680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral tolerance is essential for silencing weakly autoreactive B cells that have escaped central tolerance, but it is unclear why these potentially pathogenic B cells are retained rather than being eliminated entirely. Release from peripheral tolerance restraint can occur under certain circumstances (i.e., strong TLR stimulus), that are present during infection. In this regard, we hypothesized that autoreactive B cells could function as a reserve population that can be activated to contribute to the humoral immune response, particularly with pathogens, such as HIV-1, that exploit immune tolerance to avoid host defense. In this study, we identify a population of autoreactive B cells with the potential to neutralize HIV-1 and experimentally release them from the functional restrictions of peripheral tolerance. We have previously identified murine monoclonal antibodies that displayed autoreactivity against histone H2A and neutralized HIV-1 in vitro. Here, we identify additional H2A-reactive IgM monoclonal antibodies and demonstrate that they are both autoreactive and polyreactive with self and foreign antigens and are able to neutralize multiple clades of tier 2 HIV-1. Flow cytometric analysis of H2A-reactive B cells in naïve wildtype mice revealed that these B cells are present in peripheral B cell populations and we further document that murine H2A-reactive B cells are restrained by peripheral tolerance mechanisms. Specifically, we show endogenous H2A-reactive B cells display increased expression of the inhibitory mediators CD5 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) phosphatase and fail to mobilize calcium upon immunoreceptor stimulation; all characterized markers of anergy. Moreover, we show that toll-like receptor stimulation or provision of CD4 T cell help induces the in vitro production of H2A-reactive antibodies, breaking tolerance. Thus, we have identified a novel poly/autoreactive B cell population that has the potential to neutralize HIV-1 but is silenced by immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Agazio
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jennifer Cimons
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kristin M. Shotts
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kejun Guo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mario L. Santiago
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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32
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Feng F, Ataca ST, Ran M, Wang Y, Breen M, Kepler TB. Gain-Scanning for Protein Microarray Assays. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:2664-2675. [PMID: 31928020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein microarrays consist of known proteins spotted onto solid substrates and are used to perform highly multivariate assessments of protein-binding interactions. Human protein arrays are routinely applied to pathogen detection, immune response biomarker profiling, and antibody specificity profiling. Here, we describe and demonstrate a new data processing procedure, gain-scan, in which data were acquired under multiple photomultiplier tube (PMT) settings, followed by data fitting with a power function model to estimate the incident light signals of the array spots. Data acquisition under multiple PMT settings solves the difficulty of determining the single optimal PMT gain setting and allows us to maximize the detection of low-intensity signals while avoiding the saturation of high-intensity ones at the same time. The gain-scan data acquisition and fitting also significantly lower the variances over the detectable range of signals and improve the linear data normalization. The performance of the proposed procedure was verified by analyzing the profiling data of both the human polyclonal serum samples and the monoclonal antibody samples with both technical replicates and biological replicates. We showed that the multigain power function was an appropriate model for describing data acquired under multiple PMT settings. The gain-scan fitting alone or in combination with the linear normalization could effectively reduce the technical variability of the array data and lead to better sample separability and more sensitive differential analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Feng
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Sila Toksoz Ataca
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Mingxuan Ran
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Yumei Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Michael Breen
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Thomas B Kepler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States.,Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
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33
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Planchais C, Kök A, Kanyavuz A, Lorin V, Bruel T, Guivel-Benhassine F, Rollenske T, Prigent J, Hieu T, Prazuck T, Lefrou L, Wardemann H, Schwartz O, Dimitrov JD, Hocqueloux L, Mouquet H. HIV-1 Envelope Recognition by Polyreactive and Cross-Reactive Intestinal B Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 27:572-585.e7. [PMID: 30970259 PMCID: PMC6458971 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal immune responses to HIV-1 involve the recognition of the viral envelope glycoprotein (gp)160 by tissue-resident B cells and subsequent secretion of antibodies. To characterize the B cells “sensing” HIV-1 in the gut of infected individuals, we probed monoclonal antibodies produced from single intestinal B cells binding to recombinant gp140 trimers. A large fraction of mucosal B cell antibodies were polyreactive and showed only low affinity to HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins, particularly the gp41 moiety. A few high-affinity gp140 antibodies were isolated but lacked neutralizing, potent ADCC, and transcytosis-blocking capacities. Instead, they displayed cross-reactivity with defined self-antigens. Specifically, intestinal HIV-1 gp41 antibodies targeting the heptad repeat 2 region (HR2) cluster II cross-reacted with the p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14). Hence, physiologic polyreactivity of intestinal B cells and molecular mimicry-based self-reactivity of HIV-1 antibodies are two independent phenomena, possibly diverting and/or impairing mucosal humoral immunity to HIV-1. Polyreactive B cells in HIV-1+ intestinal mucosa interact with HIV-1 Env proteins High-affinity intestinal HIV-1 gp140 antibodies display poor antiviral activities Antibodies targeting the gp41 cluster II region cross-react with MAPK14
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Planchais
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Ayrin Kök
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Alexia Kanyavuz
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France; INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France
| | - Valérie Lorin
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA3015, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Florence Guivel-Benhassine
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA3015, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Tim Rollenske
- Division of B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Julie Prigent
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Thierry Hieu
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Thierry Prazuck
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHR d'Orléans-La Source, Orléans 45067, France
| | - Laurent Lefrou
- Service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, CHR d'Orléans-La Source, Orléans 45067, France
| | - Hedda Wardemann
- Division of B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA3015, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Jordan D Dimitrov
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France; INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France
| | - Laurent Hocqueloux
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHR d'Orléans-La Source, Orléans 45067, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France.
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34
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Wing JB, Lim EL, Sakaguchi S. Control of foreign Ag-specific Ab responses by Treg and Tfr. Immunol Rev 2020; 296:104-119. [PMID: 32564426 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) expressing the transcription factor Foxp3 play a critical role in the control of immune homeostasis including the regulation of humoral immunity. Recently, it has become clear that a specialized subset of Tregs, T-follicular regulatory cells (Tfr), have a particular role in the control of T-follicular helper (Tfh) cell-driven germinal center (GC) responses. Following similar differentiation signals as received by Tfh, Tfr gain expression of characteristic chemokine receptors and transcription factors such as CXCR5 and BCL6 allowing them to travel to the B-cell follicle and deliver in situ suppression. It seems clear that Tfr are critical for the prevention of autoimmune antibody induction. However, their role in the control of foreign antigen-specific antibody responses appears more complex with various reports demonstrating either increased or decreased antigen-specific antibody responses following inhibition of Tfr function. Due to their recent discovery, our understanding of Tfr formation and function still has many gaps. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge of both Tregs and Tfr in the context of humoral immunity and how these cells might be manipulated in order to better control vaccine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Wing
- Laboritory of Human Immunology (Single Cell Immunology), Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Ee Lyn Lim
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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35
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are considered a key component of an effective HIV-1 vaccine, but despite intensive efforts, induction of bnAbs by vaccination has thus far not been possible. Potent bnAb activity is rare in natural infection and a deeper understanding of factors that promote or limit bnAb evolution is critical to guide bnAb vaccine development. This review reflects on recent key discoveries on correlates of bnAb development and discusses what further insights are needed to move forward. RECENT FINDINGS An increasing number of parameters have been implicated to influence bnAb development in natural infection. Most recent findings highlight a range of immune factors linked with bnAb evolution. Novel approaches have brought exciting progress in defining signatures of the viral envelope associated with bnAb activity. SUMMARY Focused efforts of recent years have unraveled a multiply layered process of HIV-1 bnAb development. As it is understood today, bnAb evolution can be triggered and influenced by a range of factors and several different pathways may exist how bnAb induction and maturation can occur. To capitalize on the gained knowledge, future research needs to validate factors to identify independent drivers of bnAb induction to advance vaccine design.
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36
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Blazkova J, Refsland EW, Clarridge KE, Shi V, Justement JS, Huiting ED, Gittens KR, Chen X, Schmidt SD, Liu C, Doria-Rose N, Mascola JR, Heredia A, Moir S, Chun TW. Glycan-dependent HIV-specific neutralizing antibodies bind to cells of uninfected individuals. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:4832-4837. [PMID: 31589168 DOI: 10.1172/jci125955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of highly potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have recently been shown to prevent transmission of the virus, suppress viral replication, and delay plasma viral rebound following discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy in animal models and infected humans. However, the degree and extent to which such bNAbs interact with primary lymphocytes have not been fully delineated. Here, we show that certain glycan-dependent bNAbs, such as PGT121 and PGT151, bind to B, activated T, and natural killer (NK) cells of HIV-infected and -uninfected individuals. Binding of these bNAbs, particularly PGT121 and PGT151, to activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was mediated by complex-type glycans and was abrogated by enzymatic inhibition of N-linked glycosylation. In addition, a short-term incubation of PGT151 and primary NK cells led to degranulation and cellular death. Our data suggest that the propensity of certain bNAbs to bind uninfected/bystander cells has the potential for unexpected outcomes in passive-transfer studies and underscore the importance of antibody screening against primary lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Blazkova
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
| | - Eric W Refsland
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
| | - Katherine E Clarridge
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
| | - Victoria Shi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
| | - J Shawn Justement
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
| | - Erin D Huiting
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
| | | | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Cuiping Liu
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alonso Heredia
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
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37
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Malherbe DC, Wibmer CK, Nonyane M, Reed J, Sather DN, Spencer DA, Schuman JT, Guo B, Pandey S, Robins H, Park B, Fuller DH, Sacha JB, Moore PL, Hessell AJ, Haigwood NL. Rapid Induction of Multifunctional Antibodies in Rabbits and Macaques by Clade C HIV-1 CAP257 Envelopes Circulating During Epitope-Specific Neutralization Breadth Development. Front Immunol 2020; 11:984. [PMID: 32582155 PMCID: PMC7280454 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here on HIV-1 immunization results in rabbits and macaques co-immunized with clade C gp160 DNA and gp140 trimeric envelope vaccines, a strategy similar to a recent clinical trial that showed improved speed and magnitude of humoral responses. Clade C envelopes were isolated from CAP257, an individual who developed a unique temporal pattern of neutralization breadth development, comprising three separate "Waves" targeting distinct Env epitopes and different HIV clades. We used phylogeny and neutralization criteria to down-select envelope vaccine candidates, and confirmed antigenicity of our antigens by interaction with well-characterized broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Using these envelopes, we performed rabbit studies that screened for immunogenicity of CAP257 Envs from timepoints preceding peak neutralization breadth in each Wave. Selected CAP257 envelopes from Waves 1 and 2, during the first 2 years of infection that were highly immunogenic in rabbits were then tested in macaques. We found that in rabbits and macaques, co-immunization of DNA, and protein envelope-based vaccines induced maximum binding and neutralizing antibody titers with three immunizations. No further benefit was obtained with additional immunizations. The vaccine strategies recapitulated the Wave-specific epitope targeting observed in the CAP257 participant, and elicited Tier 1A, 1B, and Tier 2 heterologous neutralization. CAP257 envelope immunogens also induced the development of ADCC and TFH responses in macaques, and these responses positively correlated with heterologous neutralization. Together, the results from two animal models in this study have implications for identifying effective vaccine immunogens. We used a multi-step strategy to (1) select an Env donor with well-characterized neutralization breadth development; (2) study Env phylogeny for potential immunogens circulating near peak breadth timepoints during the first 2 years of infection; (3) test down-selected Envs for antigenicity; (4) screen down-selected Envs in an effective vaccine regimen in rabbits; and (5) advance the most immunogenic Envs to NHP studies. The results were an induction of high titers of HIV-1 envelope-specific antibodies with increasing avidity and cross-clade neutralizing antibodies with effector functions that together may improve the potential for protection in a pre-clinical SHIV model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine C Malherbe
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Constantinos Kurt Wibmer
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Molati Nonyane
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jason Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - D Noah Sather
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Center, Seattle Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David A Spencer
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | | | - Biwei Guo
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Shilpi Pandey
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Harlan Robins
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Byung Park
- Biostatistics Unit, Primate Genetic Program Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Deborah H Fuller
- AIDS Division, Department of Microbiology, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Penny L Moore
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ann J Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States.,Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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38
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Dimitrov JD. Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of 'Rogue' Antibodies. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 41:409-417. [PMID: 32334839 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies have revolutionized modern medicine. At present, antibodies are successfully used for treatment of diverse human diseases, ranging from cancer to viral infections. All clinically approved antibodies rely on highly specific recognition of their target antigen. Antigen-binding promiscuity, binding to autoantigens, and propensity for self-binding (homophilic interaction) are highly undesirable characteristics of antibody drug candidates. Nevertheless, the immune system of all healthy individuals constantly produces and uses large quantities of antibodies that can be classified as inappropriate for development as drugs. Here, I provide arguments that antibodies with 'aberrant' properties have therapeutic potential. They could be useful in certain complex pathological conditions, thus enriching our armamentarium for treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Dimitrov
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France.
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39
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Kumar R, Shrivastava T, Samal S, Ahmed S, Parray HA. Antibody-based therapeutic interventions: possible strategy to counter chikungunya viral infection. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3209-3228. [PMID: 32076776 PMCID: PMC7223553 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10437-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-transmitted disease that belongs to the genus Alphaviruses, has been emerged as an epidemic threat over the last two decades, and the recent co-emergence of this virus along with other circulating arboviruses and comorbidities has influenced atypical mortality rate up to 10%. Genetic variation in the virus has resulted in its adaptability towards the new vector Aedes albopictus other than Aedes aegypti, which has widen the horizon of distribution towards non-tropical and non-endemic areas. As of now, no licensed vaccines or therapies are available against CHIKV; the treatment regimens for CHIKV are mostly symptomatic, based on the clinical manifestations. Development of small molecule drugs and neutralizing antibodies are potential alternatives of worth investigating until an efficient or safe vaccine is approved. Neutralizing antibodies play an important role in antiviral immunity, and their presence is a hallmark of viral infection. In this review, we describe prospects for effective vaccines and highlight importance of neutralizing antibody-based therapeutic and prophylactic applications to combat CHIKV infections. We further discuss about the progress made towards CHIKV therapeutic interventions as well as challenges and limitation associated with the vaccine development. Furthermore this review describes the lesson learned from chikungunya natural infection, which could help in better understanding for future development of antibody-based therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India.
| | - Tripti Shrivastava
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Sweety Samal
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Shubbir Ahmed
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Hilal Ahmad Parray
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
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40
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Conditional antibody expression to avoid central B cell deletion in humanized HIV-1 vaccine mouse models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:7929-7940. [PMID: 32209668 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921996117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 vaccine development aims to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against diverse viral strains. In some HIV-1-infected individuals, bnAbs evolved from precursor antibodies through affinity maturation. To induce bnAbs, a vaccine must mediate a similar antibody maturation process. One way to test a vaccine is to immunize mouse models that express human bnAb precursors and assess whether the vaccine can convert precursor antibodies into bnAbs. A major problem with such mouse models is that bnAb expression often hinders B cell development. Such developmental blocks may be attributed to the unusual properties of bnAb variable regions, such as poly-reactivity and long antigen-binding loops, which are usually under negative selection during primary B cell development. To address this problem, we devised a method to circumvent such B cell developmental blocks by expressing bnAbs conditionally in mature B cells. We validated this method by expressing the unmutated common ancestor (UCA) of the human VRC26 bnAb in transgenic mice. Constitutive expression of the VRC26UCA led to developmental arrest of B cell progenitors in bone marrow; poly-reactivity of the VRC26UCA and poor pairing of the VRC26UCA heavy chain with the mouse surrogate light chain may contribute to this phenotype. The conditional expression strategy bypassed the impediment to VRC26UCA B cell development, enabling the expression of VRC26UCA in mature B cells. This approach should be generally applicable for expressing other bnAbs that are under negative selection during B cell development.
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41
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Jones LD, Moody MA, Thompson AB. Innovations in HIV-1 Vaccine Design. Clin Ther 2020; 42:499-514. [PMID: 32035643 PMCID: PMC7102617 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The field of HIV-1 vaccinology has evolved during the last 30 years from the first viral vector HIV gene insert constructs to vaccination regimens using a myriad of strategies. These strategies now include germline-targeting, lineage-based, and structure-guided immunogen design. This narrative review outlines the historical context of HIV vaccinology and subsequently highlights the scientific discoveries during the last 6 years that promise to propel the field forward. METHODS We conducted a search of 2 electronic databases, PubMed and EMBASE, for experimental studies that involved new HIV immunogen designs between 2013 and 2019. During the title and abstract reviews, publications were excluded if they were written in language other than English and/or were a letter to the editor, a commentary, or a conference-only presentation. We then used ClinicalTrials.gov to identify completed and ongoing clinical trials using these strategies. FINDINGS The HIV vaccinology field has undergone periods of significant growth during the last 3 decades. Findings elucidated in preclinical studies have revealed the importance of the interaction between the cellular and humoral immune system. As a result, several new rationally designed vaccine strategies have been developed and explored in the last 6 years, including native-like envelope trimers, nanoparticle, and mRNA vaccine design strategies among others. Several of these strategies have shown enough promise in animal models to progress toward first-in-human Phase I clinical trials. IMPLICATIONS Rapid developments in preclinical and early-phase clinical studies suggest that a tolerable and effective HIV vaccine may be on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letitia D Jones
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke University School of Medicine and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amelia B Thompson
- Duke University School of Medicine and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
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42
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Bradley T, Kuraoka M, Yeh CH, Tian M, Chen H, Cain DW, Chen X, Cheng C, Ellebedy AH, Parks R, Barr M, Sutherland LL, Scearce RM, Bowman CM, Bouton-Verville H, Santra S, Wiehe K, Lewis MG, Ogbe A, Borrow P, Montefiori D, Bonsignori M, Anthony Moody M, Verkoczy L, Saunders KO, Ahmed R, Mascola JR, Kelsoe G, Alt FW, Haynes BF. Immune checkpoint modulation enhances HIV-1 antibody induction. Nat Commun 2020; 11:948. [PMID: 32075963 PMCID: PMC7031230 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14670-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eliciting protective titers of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is a goal of HIV-1 vaccine development, but current vaccine strategies have yet to induce bnAbs in humans. Many bnAbs isolated from HIV-1-infected individuals are encoded by immunoglobulin gene rearrangments with infrequent naive B cell precursors and with unusual genetic features that may be subject to host regulatory control. Here, we administer antibodies targeting immune cell regulatory receptors CTLA-4, PD-1 or OX40 along with HIV envelope (Env) vaccines to rhesus macaques and bnAb immunoglobulin knock-in (KI) mice expressing diverse precursors of CD4 binding site HIV-1 bnAbs. CTLA-4 blockade augments HIV-1 Env antibody responses in macaques, and in a bnAb-precursor mouse model, CTLA-4 blocking or OX40 agonist antibodies increase germinal center B and T follicular helper cells and plasma neutralizing antibodies. Thus, modulation of CTLA-4 or OX40 immune checkpoints during vaccination can promote germinal center activity and enhance HIV-1 Env antibody responses. Elucidation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAb) is a goal in HIV vaccine development. Here, Bradley et al. show that administration of CTLA-4 blocking antibody with vaccine antigens increases HIV-1 envelope antibody responses in macaques and a bnAb precursor mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Bradley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
| | - Masayuki Kuraoka
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Chen-Hao Yeh
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ming Tian
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetic, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Huan Chen
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetic, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Derek W Cain
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30317, USA.,Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Maggie Barr
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Laura L Sutherland
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Richard M Scearce
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Cindy M Bowman
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Hilary Bouton-Verville
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sampa Santra
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - Ane Ogbe
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - David Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Laurent Verkoczy
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30317, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Frederick W Alt
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetic, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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Roskin KM, Jackson KJL, Lee JY, Hoh RA, Joshi SA, Hwang KK, Bonsignori M, Pedroza-Pacheco I, Liao HX, Moody MA, Fire AZ, Borrow P, Haynes BF, Boyd SD. Aberrant B cell repertoire selection associated with HIV neutralizing antibody breadth. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:199-209. [PMID: 31959979 PMCID: PMC7223457 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0581-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A goal of HIV vaccine development is to elicit antibodies with neutralizing breadth. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to HIV often have unusual sequences with long heavy-chain complementarity-determining region loops, high somatic mutation rates and polyreactivity. A subset of HIV-infected individuals develops such antibodies, but it is unclear whether this reflects systematic differences in their antibody repertoires or is a consequence of rare stochastic events involving individual clones. We sequenced antibody heavy-chain repertoires in a large cohort of HIV-infected individuals with bNAb responses or no neutralization breadth and uninfected controls, identifying consistent features of bNAb repertoires, encompassing thousands of B cell clones per individual, with correlated T cell phenotypes. These repertoire features were not observed during chronic cytomegalovirus infection in an independent cohort. Our data indicate that the development of numerous B cell lineages with antibody features associated with autoreactivity may be a key aspect in the development of HIV neutralizing antibody breadth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna M Roskin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Katherine J L Jackson
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ji-Yeun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ramona A Hoh
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shilpa A Joshi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kwan-Ki Hwang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew Z Fire
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. .,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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44
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Steach HR, DeBuysscher BL, Schwartz A, Boonyaratanakornkit J, Baker ML, Tooley MR, Pease NA, Taylor JJ. Cross-Reactivity with Self-Antigen Tunes the Functional Potential of Naive B Cells Specific for Foreign Antigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:498-509. [PMID: 31882518 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Upon Ag exposure, naive B cells expressing BCR able to bind Ag can undergo robust proliferation and differentiation that can result in the production of Ab-secreting and memory B cells. The factors determining whether an individual naive B cell will proliferate following Ag encounter remains unclear. In this study, we found that polyclonal naive murine B cell populations specific for a variety of foreign Ags express high levels of the orphan nuclear receptor Nur77, which is known to be upregulated downstream of BCR signaling as a result of cross-reactivity with self-antigens in vivo. Similarly, a fraction of naive human B cells specific for clinically-relevant Ags derived from respiratory syncytial virus and HIV-1 also exhibited an IgMLOW IgD+ phenotype, which is associated with self-antigen cross-reactivity. Functionally, naive B cells expressing moderate levels of Nur77 are most likely to proliferate in vivo following Ag injection. Together, our data indicate that BCR cross-reactivity with self-antigen is a common feature of populations of naive B cells specific for foreign Ags and a moderate level of cross-reactivity primes individual cells for optimal proliferative responses following Ag exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly R Steach
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Blair L DeBuysscher
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Allison Schwartz
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Jim Boonyaratanakornkit
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Melissa L Baker
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Marti R Tooley
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Nicholas A Pease
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; .,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
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45
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del Moral-Sánchez I, Sliepen K. Strategies for inducing effective neutralizing antibody responses against HIV-1. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:1127-1143. [PMID: 31791150 PMCID: PMC6961309 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1690458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite intensive research efforts, there is still no effective prophylactic vaccine available against HIV-1. Currently, substantial efforts are devoted to the development of vaccines aimed at inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), which are capable of neutralizing most HIV-1 strains. All bNAbs target the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env), but Env immunizations usually only induce neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against the sequence-matched virus and not against other strains.Areas covered: We describe the different strategies that have been explored to improve the breadth and potency of anti-HIV-1 NAb responses. The discussed strategies include the application of engineered Env immunogens, optimization of (bNAb) epitopes, different cocktail and sequential vaccination strategies, nanoparticles and nucleic acid-based vaccines.Expert opinion: A combination of the strategies described in this review and future approaches are probably needed to develop an effective HIV-1 vaccine that can induce broad, potent and long-lasting NAb responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván del Moral-Sánchez
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kwinten Sliepen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,CONTACT Kwinten Sliepen Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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46
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Finney J, Yang G, Kuraoka M, Song S, Nojima T, Verkoczy L, Kitamura D, Haynes BF, Kelsoe G. Cross-Reactivity to Kynureninase Tolerizes B Cells That Express the HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody 2F5. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:3268-3281. [PMID: 31732530 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
2F5 is an HIV-1 broadly neutralizing Ab that also binds the autoantigens kynureninase (KYNU) and anionic lipids. Generation of 2F5-like Abs is proscribed by immune tolerance, but it is unclear which autospecificity is responsible. We sampled the BCR repertoire of 2F5 knock-in mice before and after the first and second tolerance checkpoints. Nearly all small pre-B (precheckpoint) and 35-70% of anergic peripheral B cells (postcheckpoint) expressed the 2F5 BCR and maintained KYNU, lipid, and HIV-1 gp41 reactivity. In contrast, all postcheckpoint mature follicular (MF) B cells had undergone L chain editing that purged KYNU and gp41 binding but left lipid reactivity largely intact. We conclude that specificity for KYNU is the primary driver of tolerization of 2F5-expressing B cells. The MF and anergic B cell populations favored distinct collections of editor L chains; surprisingly, however, MF and anergic B cells also frequently expressed identical BCRs. These results imply that BCR autoreactivity is the primary determinant of whether a developing B cell enters the MF or anergic compartments, with a secondary role for stochastic factors that slightly mix the two pools. Our study provides mechanistic insights into how immunological tolerance impairs humoral responses to HIV-1 and supports activation of anergic B cells as a potential method for HIV-1 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Finney
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Shengli Song
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Takuya Nojima
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Daisuke Kitamura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan; and
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710.,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710; .,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
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47
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Prigent J, Jarossay A, Planchais C, Eden C, Dufloo J, Kök A, Lorin V, Vratskikh O, Couderc T, Bruel T, Schwartz O, Seaman MS, Ohlenschläger O, Dimitrov JD, Mouquet H. Conformational Plasticity in Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Triggers Polyreactivity. Cell Rep 2019; 23:2568-2581. [PMID: 29847789 PMCID: PMC5990490 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human high-affinity antibodies to pathogens often recognize unrelated ligands. The molecular origin and the role of this polyreactivity are largely unknown. Here, we report that HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are frequently polyreactive, cross-reacting with non-HIV-1 molecules, including self-antigens. Mutating bNAb genes to increase HIV-1 binding and neutralization also results in de novo polyreactivity. Unliganded paratopes of polyreactive bNAbs with improved HIV-1 neutralization exhibit a conformational flexibility, which contributes to enhanced affinity of bNAbs to various HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins and non-HIV antigens. Binding adaptation of polyreactive bNAbs to the divergent ligands mainly involves hydrophophic interactions. Plasticity of bNAbs' paratopes may, therefore, facilitate accommodating divergent viral variants, but it simultaneously triggers promiscuous binding to non-HIV-1 antigens. Thus, a certain level of polyreactivity can be a mark of adaptable antibodies displaying optimal pathogens' recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Prigent
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Annaëlle Jarossay
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France; INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Caroline Eden
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jérémy Dufloo
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA3015, Paris 75015, France
| | - Ayrin Kök
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Valérie Lorin
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Oxana Vratskikh
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Thérèse Couderc
- Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM U1117, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA3015, Paris 75015, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA3015, Paris 75015, France
| | | | | | - Jordan D Dimitrov
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France; INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France.
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France.
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48
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Cashman KS, Jenks SA, Woodruff MC, Tomar D, Tipton CM, Scharer CD, Lee EH, Boss JM, Sanz I. Understanding and measuring human B-cell tolerance and its breakdown in autoimmune disease. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:76-89. [PMID: 31755562 PMCID: PMC6935423 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of immunological tolerance of B lymphocytes is a complex and critical process that must be implemented as to avoid the detrimental development of autoreactivity and possible autoimmunity. Murine models have been invaluable to elucidate many of the key components in B-cell tolerance; however, translation to human homeostatic and pathogenic immune states can be difficult to assess. Functional autoreactive, flow cytometric, and single-cell cloning assays have proven to be critical in deciphering breaks in B-cell tolerance within autoimmunity; however, newer approaches to assess human B-cell tolerance may prove to be vital in the further exploration of underlying tolerance defects. In this review, we supply a comprehensive overview of human immune tolerance checkpoints with associated mechanisms of enforcement, and highlight current and future methodologies which are likely to benefit future studies into the mechanisms that become defective in human autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S. Cashman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Scott A. Jenks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew C. Woodruff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Deepak Tomar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher M. Tipton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher D. Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eun-Hyung Lee
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jeremy M. Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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49
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Finney J, Watanabe A, Kelsoe G, Kuraoka M. Minding the gap: The impact of B-cell tolerance on the microbial antibody repertoire. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:24-36. [PMID: 31559648 PMCID: PMC6935408 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes must respond to vast numbers of foreign antigens, including those of microbial pathogens. To do so, developing B cells use combinatorial joining of V-, D-, and J-gene segments to generate an extraordinarily diverse repertoire of B-cell antigen receptors (BCRs). Unsurprisingly, a large fraction of this initial BCR repertoire reacts to self-antigens, and these "forbidden" B cells are culled by immunological tolerance from mature B-cell populations. While culling of autoreactive BCRs mitigates the risk of autoimmunity, it also opens gaps in the BCR repertoire, which are exploited by pathogens that mimic the forbidden self-epitopes. Consequently, immunological tolerance, necessary for averting autoimmune disease, also acts to limit effective microbial immunity. In this brief review, we recount the evidence for the linkage of tolerance and impaired microbial immunity, consider the implications of this linkage for vaccine development, and discuss modulating tolerance as a potential strategy for strengthening humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Finney
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Akiko Watanabe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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50
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Nündel K, Mande P, Moses SL, Busto P, Cullen JL, Schmidt MR, Shlomchik MJ, Woodland RT, Marshak-Rothstein A. Cross-Reactive Antigen Expressed by B6 Splenocytes Drives Receptor Editing and Marginal Zone Differentiation of IgG2a-Reactive AM14 Vκ8 B Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:2055-2062. [PMID: 31534009 PMCID: PMC7078032 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The AM14 BCR, derived from an autoimmune MRL/lpr mouse, binds autologous IgG2aa/j with low affinity, and as a result, AM14 B cells only proliferate in response to IgG2a immune complexes that incorporate DNA, RNA, or nucleic acid-binding proteins that serve as autoadjuvants. As such, AM14 B cells have served as a useful model for demonstrating the importance of BCR/TLR coengagement in the activation of autoreactive B cells. We now show that the same receptor recognizes an additional murine-encoded Ag, expressed by B6 splenocytes, with sufficient avidity to induce a TLR-independent proliferative response of BALB/c AM14 Vκ8 B cells both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, detection of this cross-reactive Ag by B6 AM14 Vκ8 B cells promotes an anergic phenotype as reflected by suboptimal responses to BCR cross-linking and the absence of mature B cells in the bone marrow. The B6 Ag further impacts B cell development as shown by a dramatically expanded marginal zone compartment and extensive receptor editing in B6 AM14 Vκ8 mice but not BALB/c AM14 Vκ8 mice. Despite their anergic phenotypes, B6 AM14 Vκ8 B cells can respond robustly to autoantigen/autoadjuvant immune complexes and could therefore participate in both autoimmune responses and host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Nündel
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Purvi Mande
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Stephanie L. Moses
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Patricia Busto
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Jaime L. Cullen
- Dept. of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Madelyn R. Schmidt
- Dept. of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605
| | | | - Robert T. Woodland
- Dept. of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605
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