1
|
Müller M, Fischer K, Woehnke E, Zaeck LM, Prönnecke C, Knittler MR, Karger A, Diederich S, Finke S. Analysis of Nipah Virus Replication and Host Proteome Response Patterns in Differentiated Porcine Airway Epithelial Cells Cultured at the Air-Liquid Interface. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040961. [PMID: 37112941 PMCID: PMC10143807 DOI: 10.3390/v15040961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract epithelium infection plays a primary role in Nipah virus (NiV) pathogenesis and transmission. Knowledge about infection dynamics and host responses to NiV infection in respiratory tract epithelia is scarce. Studies in non-differentiated primary respiratory tract cells or cell lines indicate insufficient interferon (IFN) responses. However, studies are lacking in the determination of complex host response patterns in differentiated respiratory tract epithelia for the understanding of NiV replication and spread in swine. Here we characterized infection and spread of NiV in differentiated primary porcine bronchial epithelial cells (PBEC) cultivated at the air-liquid interface (ALI). After the initial infection of only a few apical cells, lateral spread for 12 days with epithelium disruption was observed without releasing substantial amounts of infectious virus from the apical or basal sides. Deep time course proteomics revealed pronounced upregulation of genes related to type I/II IFN, immunoproteasomal subunits, transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)-mediated peptide transport, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I antigen presentation. Spliceosomal factors were downregulated. We propose a model in which NiV replication in PBEC is slowed by a potent and broad type I/II IFN host response with conversion from 26S proteasomes to immunoproteasomal antigen processing and improved MHC I presentation for adaptive immunity priming. NiV induced cytopathic effects could reflect the focal release of cell-associated NiV, which may contribute to efficient airborne viral spread between pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kerstin Fischer
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Woehnke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Luca M Zaeck
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christoph Prönnecke
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael R Knittler
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sandra Diederich
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang K, Cui P, Ni R, Gong H, Li H, Yan W, Fu X, Chen L, Lei C, Wang H, Yang X. Chicken-Derived Pattern Recognition Receptor chLGP2 Inhibits the Replication and Proliferation of Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:810215. [PMID: 35145497 PMCID: PMC8824401 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.810215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread nature and economic importance of Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and interactions between IBV and the host immune response remain poorly understood. Understanding the mechanism of virus recognition via innate immunity can help resist IBV invasion. Retinoic acid-induced gene I-like receptor (RLRs) recognize virus RNA in virus infection, and LGP2 is a member of RLRs. According to the current studies, LGP2 exhibited certain inhibition in the virus, and there is a lack of investigation for chicken’s LGP2. It is important to figure out the role of chLGP2 in host immune recognition of IBV. Our results showed that chLGP2 inhibited the proliferation of IBV Beaudette in cells. Also, chLGP2 can identify and combine with IBV RNA. The domains of chLGP2 were separately expressed and inspired by related literature, and the chLGP2 K30A mutant was constructed. Our results suggested its structural integrity and the adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity are critical for IBV inhibiting activity. chTRBP was selected after CO-IP and Mass spectrometry test. We found chTRBP and chLGP2 are the interacting partners and promote mutual expression. Our study showed that chTRBP could also suppress IBV infections via chLGP2, which provided a basis for future innate immunity research for IBV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kailu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengfei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruiqi Ni
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Huiling Gong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Fu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Deyang Animal Disease Control Center, Deyang, China
| | - Changwei Lei
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Yang,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wagner ND, Liu H, Rohrs HW, Amarasinghe GK, Gross ML, Leung DW. Nipah Virus V Protein Binding Alters MDA5 Helicase Folding Dynamics. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:118-128. [PMID: 35026950 PMCID: PMC8762660 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging and deadly zoonotic paramyxovirus that is responsible for periodic epidemics of acute respiratory illness and encephalitis in humans. Previous studies have shown that the NiV V protein antagonizes host antiviral immunity, but the molecular mechanism is incompletely understood. To address this gap, we biochemically characterized NiV V binding to the host pattern recognition receptor MDA5. We find that the C-terminal domain of NiV V (VCTD) is sufficient to bind the MDA5SF2 domain when recombinantly co-expressed in bacteria. Analysis by hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) studies revealed that NiV VCTD is conformationally dynamic, and binding to MDA5 reduces the dynamics of VCTD. Our results also suggest that the β-sheet region in between the MDA5 Hel1, Hel2, and Hel2i domains exhibits rapid HDX. Upon VCTD binding, these β-sheet and adjacent residues show significant protection. Collectively, our findings suggest that NiV V binding disrupts the helicase fold and dynamics of MDA5 to antagonize host antiviral immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D. Wagner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Hejun Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Henry W. Rohrs
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Gaya K. Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Michael L. Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Daisy W. Leung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pei J, Wagner ND, Zou AJ, Chatterjee S, Borek D, Cole AR, Kim PJ, Basler CF, Otwinowski Z, Gross ML, Amarasinghe GK, Leung DW. Structural basis for IFN antagonism by human respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural protein 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2020587118. [PMID: 33649232 PMCID: PMC7958447 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020587118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) nonstructural protein 2 (NS2) inhibits host interferon (IFN) responses stimulated by RSV infection by targeting early steps in the IFN-signaling pathway. But the molecular mechanisms related to how NS2 regulates these processes remain incompletely understood. To address this gap, here we solved the X-ray crystal structure of NS2. This structure revealed a unique fold that is distinct from other known viral IFN antagonists, including RSV NS1. We also show that NS2 directly interacts with an inactive conformation of the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) RIG-I and MDA5. NS2 binding prevents RLR ubiquitination, a process critical for prolonged activation of downstream signaling. Structural analysis, including by hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry, revealed that the N terminus of NS2 is essential for binding to the RIG-I caspase activation and recruitment domains. N-terminal mutations significantly diminish RIG-I interactions and result in increased IFNβ messenger RNA levels. Collectively, our studies uncover a previously unappreciated regulatory mechanism by which NS2 further modulates host responses and define an approach for targeting host responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Pei
- John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Nicole D Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Angela J Zou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Srirupa Chatterjee
- John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Dominika Borek
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Aidan R Cole
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Preston J Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Zbyszek Otwinowski
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Daisy W Leung
- John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110;
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chiang C, Liu G, Gack MU. Viral Evasion of RIG-I-Like Receptor-Mediated Immunity through Dysregulation of Ubiquitination and ISGylation. Viruses 2021; 13:182. [PMID: 33530371 PMCID: PMC7910861 DOI: 10.3390/v13020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral dysregulation or suppression of innate immune responses is a key determinant of virus-induced pathogenesis. Important sensors for the detection of virus infection are the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), which, in turn, are antagonized by many RNA viruses and DNA viruses. Among the different escape strategies are viral mechanisms to dysregulate the post-translational modifications (PTMs) that play pivotal roles in RLR regulation. In this review, we present the current knowledge of immune evasion by viral pathogens that manipulate ubiquitin- or ISG15-dependent mechanisms of RLR activation. Key viral strategies to evade RLR signaling include direct targeting of ubiquitin E3 ligases, active deubiquitination using viral deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), and the upregulation of cellular DUBs that regulate RLR signaling. Additionally, we summarize emerging new evidence that shows that enzymes of certain coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the current COVID-19 pandemic, actively deISGylate key molecules in the RLR pathway to escape type I interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral responses. Finally, we discuss the possibility of targeting virally-encoded proteins that manipulate ubiquitin- or ISG15-mediated innate immune responses for the development of new antivirals and vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michaela U. Gack
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA; (C.C.); (G.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pelissier R, Iampietro M, Horvat B. Recent advances in the understanding of Nipah virus immunopathogenesis and anti-viral approaches. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31656582 PMCID: PMC6798321 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.19975.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly lethal zoonotic paramyxovirus that emerged at the end of last century as a human pathogen capable of causing severe acute respiratory infection and encephalitis. Although NiV provokes serious diseases in numerous mammalian species, the infection seems to be asymptomatic in NiV natural hosts, the fruit bats, which provide a continuous virus source for further outbreaks. Consecutive human-to-human transmission has been frequently observed during outbreaks in Bangladesh and India. NiV was shown to interfere with the innate immune response and interferon type I signaling, restraining the anti-viral response and permitting viral spread. Studies of adaptive immunity in infected patients and animal models have suggested an unbalanced immune response during NiV infection. Here, we summarize some of the recent studies of NiV pathogenesis and NiV-induced modulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as the development of novel prophylactic and therapeutic approaches, necessary to control this highly lethal emerging infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Pelissier
- International Center for Infectiology Research-CIRI, Immunobiology of Viral Infections team, Inserm U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, University of Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France
| | - Mathieu Iampietro
- International Center for Infectiology Research-CIRI, Immunobiology of Viral Infections team, Inserm U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, University of Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France
| | - Branka Horvat
- International Center for Infectiology Research-CIRI, Immunobiology of Viral Infections team, Inserm U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, University of Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mandhana R, Qian LK, Horvath CM. Constitutively Active MDA5 Proteins Are Inhibited by Paramyxovirus V Proteins. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2019; 38:319-332. [PMID: 30130154 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2018.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive interferon (IFN) production and signaling can lead to immunological and developmental defects giving rise to autoimmune diseases referred to collectively as "type I interferonopathies." A subset of these diseases is caused by monogenic mutations affecting proteins involved in nucleic acid sensing, homeostasis, and metabolism. Interferonopathic mutations in the cytosolic antiviral sensor MDA5 render it constitutively hyperactive, resulting in chronic IFN production and IFN-stimulated gene expression. Few therapeutic options are available for patients with interferonopathic diseases, but a large number of IFN evasion and antagonism strategies have evolved in viral pathogens that can counteract IFN production and signaling to enhance virus replication. To test the hypothesis that these natural IFN suppressors could be used to subdue the activity of interferonopathic signaling proteins, hyperactive MDA5 variants were assessed for susceptibility to a family of viral MDA5 inhibitors. In this study, Paramyxovirus V proteins were tested for their ability to counteract constitutively active MDA5 proteins. Results indicate that the V proteins are able to bind to and disrupt the signaling activity of these MDA5 proteins, irrespective of their specific mutations, reducing IFN production and IFN-stimulated gene expression to effectively suppress the hyperactive antiviral response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roli Mandhana
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois
| | - Lily K Qian
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois
| | - Curt M Horvath
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cadena C, Ahmad S, Xavier A, Willemsen J, Park S, Park JW, Oh SW, Fujita T, Hou F, Binder M, Hur S. Ubiquitin-Dependent and -Independent Roles of E3 Ligase RIPLET in Innate Immunity. Cell 2019; 177:1187-1200.e16. [PMID: 31006531 PMCID: PMC6525047 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The conventional view posits that E3 ligases function primarily through conjugating ubiquitin (Ub) to their substrate molecules. We report here that RIPLET, an essential E3 ligase in antiviral immunity, promotes the antiviral signaling activity of the viral RNA receptor RIG-I through both Ub-dependent and -independent manners. RIPLET uses its dimeric structure and a bivalent binding mode to preferentially recognize and ubiquitinate RIG-I pre-oligomerized on dsRNA. In addition, RIPLET can cross-bridge RIG-I filaments on longer dsRNAs, inducing aggregate-like RIG-I assemblies. The consequent receptor clustering synergizes with the Ub-dependent mechanism to amplify RIG-I-mediated antiviral signaling in an RNA-length dependent manner. These observations show the unexpected role of an E3 ligase as a co-receptor that directly participates in receptor oligomerization and ligand discrimination. It also highlights a previously unrecognized mechanism by which the innate immune system measures foreign nucleic acid length, a common criterion for self versus non-self nucleic acid discrimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristhian Cadena
- Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sadeem Ahmad
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA 02115, USA
| | - Audrey Xavier
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA 02115, USA; Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Germany
| | - Joschka Willemsen
- Research Group "Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response" (division F170), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sehoon Park
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ji Woo Park
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA 02115, USA; Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Seong-Wook Oh
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Fajian Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Marco Binder
- Research Group "Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response" (division F170), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sun Hur
- Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bloyet LM, Schramm A, Lazert C, Raynal B, Hologne M, Walker O, Longhi S, Gerlier D. Regulation of measles virus gene expression by P protein coiled-coil properties. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw3702. [PMID: 31086822 PMCID: PMC6506246 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw3702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The polymerase of negative-stranded RNA viruses consists of the large protein (L) and the phosphoprotein (P), the latter serving both as a chaperon and a cofactor for L. We mapped within measles virus (MeV) P the regions responsible for binding and stabilizing L and showed that the coiled-coil multimerization domain (MD) of P is required for gene expression. MeV MD is kinked as a result of the presence of a stammer. Both restoration of the heptad regularity and displacement of the stammer strongly decrease or abrogate activity in a minigenome assay. By contrast, P activity is rather tolerant of substitutions within the stammer. Single substitutions at the "a" or "d" hydrophobic anchor positions with residues of variable hydrophobicity revealed that P functionality requires a narrow range of cohesiveness of its MD. Results collectively indicate that, beyond merely ensuring P oligomerization, the MD finely tunes viral gene expression through its cohesiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Marie Bloyet
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Schramm
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| | - Carine Lazert
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Bertrand Raynal
- Institut Pasteur, Plateforme de Biophysique Moléculaire, Paris, France
| | - Maggy Hologne
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques (ISA), Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR5280, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon France
| | - Olivier Walker
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques (ISA), Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR5280, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon France
| | - Sonia Longhi
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| | - Denis Gerlier
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Raghuraman P, Sudandiradoss C. R516Q mutation in Melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) and its pathogenic role towards rare Singleton-Merten syndrome; a signature associated molecular dynamics study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:750-765. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1439770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Raghuraman
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioscience and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
| | - C. Sudandiradoss
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioscience and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Uchikawa E, Lethier M, Malet H, Brunel J, Gerlier D, Cusack S. Structural Analysis of dsRNA Binding to Anti-viral Pattern Recognition Receptors LGP2 and MDA5. Mol Cell 2017; 62:586-602. [PMID: 27203181 PMCID: PMC4885022 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RIG-I and MDA5 sense virus-derived short 5′ppp blunt-ended or long dsRNA, respectively, causing interferon production. Non-signaling LGP2 appears to positively and negatively regulate MDA5 and RIG-I signaling, respectively. Co-crystal structures of chicken (ch) LGP2 with dsRNA display a fully or semi-closed conformation depending on the presence or absence of nucleotide. LGP2 caps blunt, 3′ or 5′ overhang dsRNA ends with 1 bp longer overall footprint than RIG-I. Structures of 1:1 and 2:1 complexes of chMDA5 with short dsRNA reveal head-to-head packing rather than the polar head-to-tail orientation described for long filaments. chLGP2 and chMDA5 make filaments with a similar axial repeat, although less co-operatively for chLGP2. Overall, LGP2 resembles a chimera combining a MDA5-like helicase domain and RIG-I like CTD supporting both stem and end binding. Functionally, RNA binding is required for LGP2-mediated enhancement of MDA5 activation. We propose that LGP2 end-binding may promote nucleation of MDA5 oligomerization on dsRNA. chLPG2-dsRNA structures reveal RIG-I like end binding, but overhangs are possible chMDA5-dsRNA complex structures show head-to-head packing on short dsRNAs LGP2 also has MDA5-like behavior, coating dsRNA but with less cooperativity Both human and chicken LGP2 enhance MDA5 signaling in an RNA-dependent manner
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenosine Diphosphate/metabolism
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/chemistry
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/genetics
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Animals
- Avian Proteins/chemistry
- Avian Proteins/genetics
- Avian Proteins/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- Cell Line
- Chickens
- DEAD Box Protein 58/chemistry
- DEAD Box Protein 58/genetics
- DEAD Box Protein 58/metabolism
- Humans
- Hydrolysis
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/chemistry
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/genetics
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Protein Binding
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- RNA, Double-Stranded/chemistry
- RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics
- RNA, Double-Stranded/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/chemistry
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/genetics
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Transfection
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Uchikawa
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, EMBL Unit of Virus Host-Cell Interactions, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Mathilde Lethier
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, EMBL Unit of Virus Host-Cell Interactions, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Hélène Malet
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, EMBL Unit of Virus Host-Cell Interactions, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Joanna Brunel
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; Inserm, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France; CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Denis Gerlier
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; Inserm, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France; CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Stephen Cusack
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, EMBL Unit of Virus Host-Cell Interactions, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sanz Bernardo B, Goodbourn S, Baron MD. Control of the induction of type I interferon by Peste des petits ruminants virus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177300. [PMID: 28475628 PMCID: PMC5419582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a morbillivirus that produces clinical disease in goats and sheep. We have studied the induction of interferon-β (IFN-β) following infection of cultured cells with wild-type and vaccine strains of PPRV, and the effects of such infection with PPRV on the induction of IFN-β through both MDA-5 and RIG-I mediated pathways. Using both reporter assays and direct measurement of IFN-β mRNA, we have found that PPRV infection induces IFN-β only weakly and transiently, and the virus can actively block the induction of IFN-β. We have also generated mutant PPRV that lack expression of either of the viral accessory proteins (V&C) to characterize the role of these proteins in IFN-β induction during virus infection. Both PPRV_ΔV and PPRV_ΔC were defective in growth in cell culture, although in different ways. While the PPRV V protein bound to MDA-5 and, to a lesser extent, RIG-I, and over-expression of the V protein inhibited both IFN-β induction pathways, PPRV lacking V protein expression can still block IFN-β induction. In contrast, PPRV C bound to neither MDA-5 nor RIG-I, but PPRV lacking C protein expression lost the ability to block both MDA-5 and RIG-I mediated activation of IFN-β. These results shed new light on the inhibition of the induction of IFN-β by PPRV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen Goodbourn
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Horie R, Yoneda M, Uchida S, Sato H, Kai C. Region of Nipah virus C protein responsible for shuttling between the cytoplasm and nucleus. Virology 2016; 497:294-304. [PMID: 27501340 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) causes severe encephalitis in humans, with high mortality. NiV nonstructural C protein (NiV-C) is essential for its pathogenicity, but its functions are unclear. In this study, we focused on NiV-C trafficking in cells and found that it localizes predominantly in the cytoplasm but partly in the nucleus. An analysis of NiV-C mutants showed that amino acids 2, 21-24 and 110-139 of NiV-C are important for its localization in the cytoplasm. Inhibitor treatment indicates that the nuclear export determinant is not a classical CRM1-dependent nuclear export signal. We also determined that amino acids 60-75 and 72-75 were important for nuclear localization of NiV-C. Furthermore, NiV-C mutants that had lost their capacity for nuclear localization inhibited the interferon (IFN) response more strongly than complete NiV-C. These results indicate that the IFN-antagonist activity of NiV-C occurs in the cytoplasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Horie
- Laboratory Animal Research Center and International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misako Yoneda
- Laboratory Animal Research Center and International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shotaro Uchida
- Laboratory Animal Research Center and International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Laboratory Animal Research Center and International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chieko Kai
- Laboratory Animal Research Center and International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The co-evolution of viruses with their hosts has led to the emergence of viral pathogens that are adept at evading or actively suppressing host immunity. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are key components of antiviral immunity that detect conserved molecular features of viral pathogens and initiate signalling that results in the expression of antiviral genes. In this Review, we discuss the strategies that viruses use to escape immune surveillance by key intracellular sensors of viral RNA or DNA, with a focus on RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and interferon-γ (IFNγ)-inducible protein 16 (IFI16). Such viral strategies include the sequestration or modification of viral nucleic acids, interference with specific post-translational modifications of PRRs or their adaptor proteins, the degradation or cleavage of PRRs or their adaptors, and the sequestration or relocalization of PRRs. An understanding of viral immune-evasion mechanisms at the molecular level may guide the development of vaccines and antivirals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kai Chan
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115 Massachusetts USA
| | - Michaela U. Gack
- grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637 Illinois USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ma X, Yang X, Nian X, Zhang Z, Dou Y, Zhang X, Luo X, Su J, Zhu Q, Cai X. Identification of amino-acid residues in the V protein of peste des petits ruminants essential for interference and suppression of STAT-mediated interferon signaling. Virology 2015; 483:54-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
16
|
Davis ME, Wang MK, Rennick LJ, Full F, Gableske S, Mesman AW, Gringhuis SI, Geijtenbeek TBH, Duprex WP, Gack MU. Antagonism of the phosphatase PP1 by the measles virus V protein is required for innate immune escape of MDA5. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 16:19-30. [PMID: 25011105 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The cytosolic sensor MDA5 is crucial for antiviral innate immune defense against various RNA viruses including measles virus; as such, many viruses have evolved strategies to antagonize the antiviral activity of MDA5. Here, we show that measles virus escapes MDA5 detection by targeting the phosphatases PP1α and PP1γ, which regulate MDA5 activity by removing an inhibitory phosphorylation mark. The V proteins of measles virus and the related paramyxovirus Nipah virus interact with PP1α/γ, preventing PP1-mediated dephosphorylation of MDA5 and thereby its activation. The PP1 interaction with the measles V protein is mediated by a conserved PP1-binding motif in the C-terminal region of the V protein. A recombinant measles virus expressing a mutant V protein deficient in PP1 binding is unable to antagonize MDA5 and is growth impaired due to its inability to suppress interferon induction. This identifies PP1 antagonism as a mechanism employed by paramyxoviruses for evading innate immune recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith E Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Microbiology Division, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - May K Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Microbiology Division, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Linda J Rennick
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Florian Full
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sebastian Gableske
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Annelies W Mesman
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sonja I Gringhuis
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Teunis B H Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W Paul Duprex
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Microbiology Division, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bruns AM, Horvath CM. LGP2 synergy with MDA5 in RLR-mediated RNA recognition and antiviral signaling. Cytokine 2015; 74:198-206. [PMID: 25794939 PMCID: PMC4475439 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells have the ability to recognize virus infection and mount a powerful antiviral response. Pattern recognition receptor proteins detect molecular signatures of virus infection and activate antiviral signaling. The RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) proteins are expressed in the cytoplasm of nearly all cells and specifically recognize virus-derived RNA species as a molecular feature discriminating the pathogen from the host. The RLR family is composed of three homologous proteins, RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2. All RLRs have the ability to detect virus-derived dsRNA and hydrolyze ATP, but display individual differences in enzymatic activity, intrinsic ability to recognize RNA, and mechanisms of activation. Emerging evidence suggests that MDA5 and RIG-I utilize distinct mechanisms to form oligomeric complexes along dsRNA. Aligning of their signaling domains creates a platform capable of propagating and amplifying antiviral signaling responses. LGP2 with intact ATP hydrolysis is critical for the MDA5-mediated antiviral response, but LGP2 lacks the domains essential for activation of antiviral signaling, leaving the role of LGP2 in antiviral signaling unclear. Recent studies revealed a mechanistic basis of synergy between LGP2 and MDA5 leading to enhanced antiviral signaling. This review briefly summarizes the RLR system, and focuses on the relationship between LGP2 and MDA5, describing in detail how these two proteins work together to detect foreign RNA and generate a fully functional antiviral response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annie M Bruns
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Curt M Horvath
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chan YK, Gack MU. RIG-I-like receptor regulation in virus infection and immunity. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 12:7-14. [PMID: 25644461 PMCID: PMC5076476 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells have the intrinsic capacity to detect viral pathogens and to initiate an antiviral response that is characterized by the induction of interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines. A delicate regulation of the signaling pathways that lead to cytokine production is needed to ensure effective clearance of the virus, while preventing tissue damage caused by excessive cytokine release. Here, we focus on the mechanisms that modulate the signal transduction triggered by RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) and their adaptor protein MAVS, key components of the host machinery for sensing foreign RNA. Specifically, we summarize recent advances in understanding how RLR signaling is regulated by posttranslational and posttranscriptional mechanisms, microRNAs (miRNAs) and autophagy. We further discuss how viruses target these regulatory mechanisms for immune evasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kai Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Antiviral immunity is initiated upon host recognition of viral products via non-self molecular patterns known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Such recognition initiates signaling cascades that induce intracellular innate immune defenses and an inflammatory response that facilitates development of the acquired immune response. The retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) protein family are key cytoplasmic pathogen recognition receptors that are implicated in the recognition of viruses across genera and virus families, including functioning as major sensors of RNA viruses, and promoting recognition of some DNA viruses. RIG-I, the charter member of the RLR family, is activated upon binding to PAMP RNA. Activated RIG-I signals by interacting with the adapter protein MAVS leading to a signaling cascade that activates the transcription factors IRF3 and NF-κB. These actions induce the expression of antiviral gene products and the production of type I and III interferons that lead to an antiviral state in the infected cell and surrounding tissue. RIG-I signaling is essential for the control of infection by many RNA viruses. Recently, RIG-I crosstalk with other pathogen recognition receptors and components of the inflammasome has been described. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the role of RIG-I in recognition of a variety of virus families and its role in programming the adaptive immune response through cross-talk with parallel arms of the innate immune system, including how RIG-I can be leveraged for antiviral therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Kell
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen X, Yang C, Su J, Rao Y, Gu T. LGP2 plays extensive roles in modulating innate immune responses in Ctenopharyngodon idella kidney (CIK) cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 49:138-148. [PMID: 25450904 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
LGP2 (laboratory of genetics and physiology 2), RIG-I (retinoic acid inducible gene-I) and MDA5 (melanoma differentiation associated gene 5) constitute the RLR (RIG-I-like receptor) family. LGP2 plays a pivotal role in modulating signaling of RIG-I and MDA5 in innate immune responses. In this study, three representative overexpression vectors were constructed and transfected into C. idella kidney (CIK) cell line to research functional characterizations of CiLGP2 (C. idella LGP2). CiLGP2 overexpression led to the induction of CiRIG-I transcripts. After GCRV challenge, CiLGP2 enhanced CiMDA5 and CiIPS-1 to reinforce the immune response, however, impaired the expression of CiRIG-I. Meanwhile, antiviral activity assays showed that overexpression of CiLGP2 or its domains could inhibit GCRV replication and protect cells from death. Besides, CiLGP2 lingeringly induced CiRIG-I mRNA expression and inhibited CiMDA5 transcripts post poly(I:C) simulation. As a result, CiLGP2 suppressed the RLR-mediated signaling pathway against poly(I:C). Furthermore, CiLGP2 played active roles in RLR signaling response to bacterial PAMPs (LPS and PGN) stimulation. CiLGP2 altered the expression pattern of CiIPS-1 after LPS treatment, while it significantly enhanced the RLR signaling pathway against PGN stimulation. These results collectively suggested that CiLGP2 played a strikingly broad regulation in RLR mediated innate immune responses in C. idella, responding to not only the dsRNA virus or synthetic dsRNA but also bacterial PAMPs, which contribute to the understanding of C. idella LGP2 and RLR signaling pathways. In addition, these results lay a foundation for the further functional mechanism research of LGP2 in fishes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chunrong Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jianguo Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Youliang Rao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Tianle Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chiang JJ, Davis ME, Gack MU. Regulation of RIG-I-like receptor signaling by host and viral proteins. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:491-505. [PMID: 25023063 PMCID: PMC7108356 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate innate immunity is characterized by an effective immune surveillance apparatus, evolved to sense foreign structures, such as proteins or nucleic acids of invading microbes. RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are key sensors of viral RNA species in the host cell cytoplasm. Activation of RLRs in response to viral RNA triggers an antiviral defense program through the production of hundreds of antiviral effector proteins including cytokines, chemokines, and host restriction factors that directly interfere with distinct steps in the virus life cycle. To avoid premature or abnormal antiviral and proinflammatory responses, which could have harmful consequences for the host, the signaling activities of RLRs and their common adaptor molecule, MAVS, are delicately controlled by cell-intrinsic regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, viruses have evolved multiple strategies to modulate RLR-MAVS signal transduction to escape from immune surveillance. Here, we summarize recent progress in our understanding of the regulation of RLR signaling through host factors and viral antagonistic proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Chiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Meredith E Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Paramyxovirus V protein interaction with the antiviral sensor LGP2 disrupts MDA5 signaling enhancement but is not relevant to LGP2-mediated RLR signaling inhibition. J Virol 2014; 88:8180-8. [PMID: 24829334 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00737-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon antiviral system is a primary barrier to virus replication triggered upon recognition of nonself RNAs by the cytoplasmic sensors encoded by retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), and laboratory of genetics and physiology gene 2 (LGP2). Paramyxovirus V proteins are interferon antagonists that can selectively interact with MDA5 and LGP2 through contact with a discrete helicase domain region. Interaction with MDA5, an activator of antiviral signaling, disrupts interferon gene expression and antiviral responses. LGP2 has more diverse reported roles as both a coactivator of MDA5 and a negative regulator of both RIG-I and MDA5. This functional dichotomy, along with the concurrent interference with both cellular targets, has made it difficult to assess the unique consequences of V protein interaction with LGP2. To directly evaluate the impact of LGP2 interference, MDA5 and LGP2 variants unable to be recognized by measles virus and parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) V proteins were tested in signaling assays. Results indicate that interaction with LGP2 specifically prevents coactivation of MDA5 signaling and that LGP2's negative regulatory capacity was not affected. V proteins only partially antagonize RIG-I at high concentrations, and their expression had no additive effects on LGP2-mediated negative regulation. However, conversion of RIG-I to a direct V protein target was accomplished by only two amino acid substitutions that allowed both V protein interaction and efficient interference. These results clarify the unique consequences of MDA5 and LGP2 interference by paramyxovirus V proteins and help resolve the distinct roles of LGP2 in both activation and inhibition of antiviral signal transduction. Importance: Paramyxovirus V proteins interact with two innate immune receptors, MDA5 and LGP2, but not RIG-I. V proteins prevent MDA5 from signaling to the beta interferon promoter, but the consequences of LGP2 targeting are poorly understood. As the V protein targets MDA5 and LGP2 simultaneously, and LGP2 is both a positive and negative regulator of both MDA5 and RIG-I, it has been difficult to evaluate the specific advantages conferred by LGP2 targeting. Experiments with V-insensitive proteins revealed that the primary outcome of LGP2 interference is suppression of its ability to synergize with MDA5. LGP2's negative regulation of MDA5 and RIG-I remains intact irrespective of V protein interaction. Complementary experiments demonstrate that RIG-I can be converted to V protein sensitivity by two amino acid substitutions. These findings clarify the functions of LGP2 as a positive regulator of MDA5 signaling, demonstrate the basis for V-mediated LGP2 targeting, and broaden our understanding of paramyxovirus-host interactions.
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhu Z, Zhang X, Wang G, Zheng H. The laboratory of genetics and physiology 2: emerging insights into the controversial functions of this RIG-I-like receptor. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:960190. [PMID: 24551857 PMCID: PMC3914343 DOI: 10.1155/2014/960190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (LGP2) is a key component of the RNA helicase family of retinoic acid-inducible gene 1- (RIG-I-) like receptors (RLRs) and is widely involved in viral RNA recognition and regulation during innate immune responses. Unlike RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated 5, both RLR members, LGP2 lacks the caspase-recruitment domain (CARD), which is required for recruiting and interacting with downstream signaling proteins to activate a cascade of downstream signaling events. The absence of the CARD results in divergent functional performance for LGP2 compared to these other RLR members. Both negative and positive regulatory roles have been reported for LGP2 in antiviral immune responses. It is currently unclear how the unusual properties of LGP2 mediate opposing roles. Future studies should elucidate the molecular mechanism(s) of LGP2 action. This minireview provides a brief overview of LGP2 structure and functions, with an expanded discussion on the regulation mechanisms in response to viral infection, hopefully stimulating insight into the divergent roles of LGP2 in the regulation of antiviral immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1, Xujiaping Road, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Xiangle Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1, Xujiaping Road, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1, Xujiaping Road, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1, Xujiaping Road, Lanzhou 730046, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zinzula L, Tramontano E. Strategies of highly pathogenic RNA viruses to block dsRNA detection by RIG-I-like receptors: hide, mask, hit. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:615-35. [PMID: 24129118 PMCID: PMC7113674 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
dsRNA species are byproducts of RNA virus replication and/or transcription. Prompt detection of dsRNA by RIG-I like receptors (RLRs) is a hallmark of the innate immune response. RLRs activation triggers production of the type I interferon (IFN)-based antiviral response. Highly pathogenic RNA viruses encode proteins that block the RLRs pathway. Hide, mask and hit are 3 strategies of RNA viruses to avoid immune system activation.
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is synthesized during the course of infection by RNA viruses as a byproduct of replication and transcription and acts as a potent trigger of the host innate antiviral response. In the cytoplasm of the infected cell, recognition of the presence of viral dsRNA as a signature of “non-self” nucleic acid is carried out by RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), a set of dedicated helicases whose activation leads to the production of type I interferon α/β (IFN-α/β). To overcome the innate antiviral response, RNA viruses encode suppressors of IFN-α/β induction, which block RLRs recognition of dsRNA by means of different mechanisms that can be categorized into: (i) dsRNA binding and/or shielding (“hide”), (ii) dsRNA termini processing (“mask”) and (iii) direct interaction with components of the RLRs pathway (“hit”). In light of recent functional, biochemical and structural findings, we review the inhibition mechanisms of RLRs recognition of dsRNA displayed by a number of highly pathogenic RNA viruses with different disease phenotypes such as haemorrhagic fever (Ebola, Marburg, Lassa fever, Lujo, Machupo, Junin, Guanarito, Crimean-Congo, Rift Valley fever, dengue), severe respiratory disease (influenza, SARS, Hendra, Hantaan, Sin Nombre, Andes) and encephalitis (Nipah, West Nile).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Zinzula
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella di Monserrato, SS554, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses evade antiviral immune response using a small nonstructural protein, V, which binds to the host dsRNA sensor MDA5 and prevents it from activating the interferon signaling pathway. A recent crystal structure of the V protein in complex with MDA5, published in Science, revealed that V disrupts the structure of MDA5 and is integrated into the MDA5 protein fold, providing an intriguing new example of viral mimicry as a countermeasure against the host immune system.
Collapse
|