1
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Ford ES, Li A, Laing KJ, Dong L, Diem K, Jing L, Basu K, Ott M, Tartaglia J, Gurunathan S, Reid JL, Ecsedi M, Chapuis AG, Huang ML, Magaret AS, Johnston C, Zhu J, Koelle DM, Corey L. Expansion of the HSV-2-specific T cell repertoire in skin after immunotherapeutic HSV-2 vaccine. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2022.02.04.22270210. [PMID: 38352384 PMCID: PMC10863019 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.04.22270210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The skin at the site of HSV-2 reactivation is enriched for HSV-2-specific T cells. To evaluate whether an immunotherapeutic vaccine could elicit skin-based memory T cells, we studied skin biopsies and HSV-2-reactive CD4+ T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by T cell receptor β (TRB) sequencing before and after vaccination with a replication-incompetent whole virus HSV-2 vaccine candidate (HSV529). The representation of HSV-2-reactive CD4+ TRB sequences from PBMCs in the skin TRB repertoire increased after the first vaccine dose. We found sustained expansion after vaccination of unique, skin-based T-cell clonotypes that were not detected in HSV-2-reactive CD4+ T cells isolated from PBMCs. In one participant a switch in immunodominance occurred with the emergence of a T cell receptor (TCR) αβ pair after vaccination that was not detected in blood. This TCRαβ was shown to be HSV-2-reactive by expression of a synthetic TCR in a Jurkat-based NR4A1 reporter system. The skin in areas of HSV-2 reactivation possesses an oligoclonal TRB repertoire that is distinct from the circulation. Defining the influence of therapeutic vaccination on the HSV-2-specific TRB repertoire requires tissue-based evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Ford
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Alvason Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
| | - Kerry J Laing
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Lichun Dong
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Kurt Diem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Lichen Jing
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Krithi Basu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Mariliis Ott
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | | | | | - Jack L Reid
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
| | - Matyas Ecsedi
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
| | - Aude G Chapuis
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Amalia S Magaret
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Christine Johnston
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Jia Zhu
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - David M Koelle
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle WA
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle WA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA
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2
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Wan M, Yang X, Chen Z, Su W, Cai L, Hou A, Sun B, Zhang Y, Kong W, Jiang C, Zhou Y. Comparison of Effects of Multiple Adjuvants and Immunization Routes on the Immunogenicity and Protection of HSV-2 gD Subunit Vaccine. Immunol Lett 2023:S0165-2478(23)00097-4. [PMID: 37290556 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Genital herpes caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) poses a global health issue. HSV-2 infection increases the risk of acquiring HIV infection. Studies have demonstrated that HSV-2 subunit vaccines have potential benefits, but require adjuvants to induce a balanced Th1/Th2 response. To develop a novel, effective vaccine, in this study, a truncated glycoprotein D (aa 1-285) of HSV-2 was formulated with an Al(OH)3 adjuvant, three squalene adjuvants, MF59, AS03, and AS02, or a mucosal adjuvant, bacterium-like particles (BLPs). The immunogenicity of these subunit vaccines was evaluated in mice. After three immunizations, vaccines formulated with Al(OH)3, MF59, AS03, and AS02 (intramuscularly) induced higher titers of neutralizing antibody than that formulated without adjuvant, and in particular, mice immunized with the vaccine plus AS02 had the highest neutralizing antibody titers and tended to produce a more balanced immune reaction than others. Intranasal gD2-PA-BLPs also induced excellent IgA levels and a more balanced Th1 and Th2 responses than intranasal gD2. After challenge with a lethal dose of HSV-2, all five adjuvants exhibited a positive effect in improving the survival rate. AS02 and gD2-PA-BLPs enhanced survival by 50% and 25%, respectively, when compared with the vaccine without adjuvant. AS02 was the only adjuvant that resulted in complete vaginal virus clearance and genital lesion healing within eight days. These results demonstrate the potential of using AS02 as a subunit vaccine adjuvant, and BLPs as a mucosal vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Wan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhijun Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Weiheng Su
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Linjun Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ali Hou
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bo Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yan Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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3
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Koelle DM, Dong L, Jing L, Laing KJ, Zhu J, Jin L, Selke S, Wald A, Varon D, Huang ML, Johnston C, Corey L, Posavad CM. HSV-2-Specific Human Female Reproductive Tract Tissue Resident Memory T Cells Recognize Diverse HSV Antigens. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867962. [PMID: 35432373 PMCID: PMC9009524 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific TRM persist and protect against skin or female reproductive tract (FRT) HSV infection. As the pathogenesis of HSV differs between humans and model organisms, we focus on humans with well-characterized recurrent genital HSV-2 infection. Human CD8+ TRM persisting at sites of healed human HSV-2 lesions have an activated phenotype but it is unclear if TRM can be cultivated in vitro. We recovered HSV-specific TRM from genital skin and ectocervix biopsies, obtained after recovery from recurrent genital HSV-2, using ex vivo activation by viral antigen. Up to several percent of local T cells were HSV-reactive ex vivo. CD4 and CD8 T cell lines were up to 50% HSV-2-specific after sorting-based enrichment. CD8 TRM displayed HLA-restricted reactivity to specific HSV-2 peptides with high functional avidities. Reactivity to defined peptides persisted locally over several month and was quite subject-specific. CD4 TRM derived from biopsies, and from an extended set of cervical cytobrush specimens, also recognized diverse HSV-2 antigens and peptides. Overall we found that HSV-2-specific TRM are abundant in the FRT between episodes of recurrent genital herpes and maintain competency for expansion. Mucosal sites are accessible for clinical monitoring during immune interventions such as therapeutic vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jia Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Dana Varon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Christine M Posavad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
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4
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Jing L, Wu X, Krist MP, Hsiang TY, Campbell VL, McClurkan CL, Favors SM, Hemingway LA, Godornes C, Tong DQ, Selke S, LeClair AC, Pyo CW, Geraghty DE, Laing KJ, Wald A, Gale M, Koelle DM. T cell response to intact SARS-CoV-2 includes coronavirus cross-reactive and variant-specific components. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e158126. [PMID: 35133988 PMCID: PMC8986086 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.158126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 provokes a robust T cell response. Peptide-based studies exclude antigen processing and presentation biology, which may influence T cell detection studies. To focus on responses to whole virus and complex antigens, we used intact SARS-CoV-2 and full-length proteins with DCs to activate CD8 and CD4 T cells from convalescent people. T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing showed partial repertoire preservation after expansion. Resultant CD8 T cells recognize SARS-CoV-2-infected respiratory tract cells, and CD4 T cells detect inactivated whole viral antigen. Specificity scans with proteome-covering protein/peptide arrays show that CD8 T cells are oligospecific per subject and that CD4 T cell breadth is higher. Some CD4 T cell lines enriched using SARS-CoV-2 cross-recognize whole seasonal coronavirus (sCoV) antigens, with protein, peptide, and HLA restriction validation. Conversely, recognition of some epitopes is eliminated for SARS-CoV-2 variants, including spike (S) epitopes in the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variant lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Chu-Woo Pyo
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel E. Geraghty
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, and
- Center for Innate Immunity of Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, and
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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5
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Kountouras J, Gialamprinou D, Kotronis G, Papaefthymiou A, Economidou E, Soteriades ES, Vardaka E, Chatzopoulos D, Tzitiridou-Chatzopoulou M, Papazoglou DD, Doulberis M. Ofeleein i mi Vlaptin-Volume II: Immunity Following Infection or mRNA Vaccination, Drug Therapies and Non-Pharmacological Management at Post-Two Years SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:309. [PMID: 35208631 PMCID: PMC8874934 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The persistence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has triggered research into limiting transmission, morbidity and mortality, thus warranting a comprehensive approach to guide balanced healthcare policies with respect to people's physical and mental health. The mainstay priority during COVID-19 is to achieve widespread immunity, which could be established through natural contact or vaccination. Deep knowledge of the immune response combined with recent specific data indicates the potential inferiority of induced immunity against infection. Moreover, the prevention of transmission has been founded on general non-pharmacological measures of protection, albeit debate exists considering their efficacy and, among other issues, their socio-psychological burden. The second line of defense is engaged after infection and is supported by a plethora of studied agents, such as antibiotics, steroids and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, antiviral medications and other biological agents that have been proposed, though variability in terms of benefits and adverse events has not allowed distinct solutions, albeit certain treatments might have a role in prevention and/or treatment of the disease. This narrative review summarizes the existing literature on the advantages and weaknesses of current COVID-19 management measures, thus underlining the necessity of acting based on the classical principle of "ofeleein i mi vlaptin", that is, to help or not to harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Kountouras
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Ippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54652 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece; (A.P.); (E.V.); (D.C.); (M.T.-C.); (M.D.)
| | - Dimitra Gialamprinou
- Second Neonatal Department and NICU, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 56403 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece;
| | - Georgios Kotronis
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital Aghios Pavlos of Thessaloniki, 55134 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece;
| | - Apostolis Papaefthymiou
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Ippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54652 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece; (A.P.); (E.V.); (D.C.); (M.T.-C.); (M.D.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Larisa, Mezourlo, 41110 Larisa, Thessaly, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Economidou
- School of Economics and Management, Healthcare Management Program, Open University of Cyprus, Nicosia 12794, Cyprus; (E.E.); (E.S.S.)
| | - Elpidoforos S. Soteriades
- School of Economics and Management, Healthcare Management Program, Open University of Cyprus, Nicosia 12794, Cyprus; (E.E.); (E.S.S.)
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology (EOME), Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elisabeth Vardaka
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Ippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54652 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece; (A.P.); (E.V.); (D.C.); (M.T.-C.); (M.D.)
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Chatzopoulos
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Ippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54652 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece; (A.P.); (E.V.); (D.C.); (M.T.-C.); (M.D.)
| | - Maria Tzitiridou-Chatzopoulou
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Ippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54652 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece; (A.P.); (E.V.); (D.C.); (M.T.-C.); (M.D.)
- Midwifery Department, School of Healthcare Sciences, University of West Macedonia, Koila, 50100 Kozani, Central Macedonia, Greece
| | - Dimitrios David Papazoglou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Michael Doulberis
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Ippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54652 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece; (A.P.); (E.V.); (D.C.); (M.T.-C.); (M.D.)
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Department, Kantonsspital Aarau, 5001 Aarau, Switzerland
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6
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Jing L, Wu X, Krist MP, Hsiang TY, Campbell VL, McClurkan CL, Favors SM, Hemingway LA, Godornes C, Tong DQ, Selke S, LeClair AC, Pyo CW, Geraghty DE, Laing KJ, Wald A, Gale M, Koelle DM. T cell response to intact SARS-CoV-2 includes coronavirus cross-reactive and variant-specific components. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.01.23.22269497. [PMID: 35118477 PMCID: PMC8811910 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.23.22269497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 provokes a brisk T cell response. Peptide-based studies exclude antigen processing and presentation biology and may influence T cell detection studies. To focus on responses to whole virus and complex antigens, we used intact SARS-CoV-2 and full-length proteins with DC to activate CD8 and CD4 T cells from convalescent persons. T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing showed partial repertoire preservation after expansion. Resultant CD8 T cells recognize SARS-CoV-2-infected respiratory cells, and CD4 T cells detect inactivated whole viral antigen. Specificity scans with proteome-covering protein/peptide arrays show that CD8 T cells are oligospecific per subject and that CD4 T cell breadth is higher. Some CD4 T cell lines enriched using SARS-CoV-2 cross-recognize whole seasonal coronavirus (sCoV) antigens, with protein, peptide, and HLA restriction validation. Conversely, recognition of some epitopes is eliminated for SARS-CoV-2 variants, including spike (S) epitopes in the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta variant lineages.
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7
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Abstract
Two of the most prevalent human viruses worldwide, herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively), cause a variety of diseases, including cold sores, genital herpes, herpes stromal keratitis, meningitis and encephalitis. The intrinsic, innate and adaptive immune responses are key to control HSV, and the virus has developed mechanisms to evade them. The immune response can also contribute to pathogenesis, as observed in stromal keratitis and encephalitis. The fact that certain individuals are more prone than others to suffer severe disease upon HSV infection can be partially explained by the existence of genetic polymorphisms in humans. Like all herpesviruses, HSV has two replication cycles: lytic and latent. During lytic replication HSV produces infectious viral particles to infect other cells and organisms, while during latency there is limited gene expression and lack of infectious virus particles. HSV establishes latency in neurons and can cause disease both during primary infection and upon reactivation. The mechanisms leading to latency and reactivation and which are the viral and host factors controlling these processes are not completely understood. Here we review the HSV life cycle, the interaction of HSV with the immune system and three of the best-studied pathologies: Herpes stromal keratitis, herpes simplex encephalitis and genital herpes. We also discuss the potential association between HSV-1 infection and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyong Zhu
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (Exc 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Abel Viejo-Borbolla
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (Exc 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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8
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Stryhn A, Kongsgaard M, Rasmussen M, Harndahl MN, Østerbye T, Bassi MR, Thybo S, Gabriel M, Hansen MB, Nielsen M, Christensen JP, Randrup Thomsen A, Buus S. A Systematic, Unbiased Mapping of CD8 + and CD4 + T Cell Epitopes in Yellow Fever Vaccinees. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1836. [PMID: 32983097 PMCID: PMC7489334 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Examining CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses after primary Yellow Fever vaccination in a cohort of 210 volunteers, we have identified and tetramer-validated 92 CD8+ and 50 CD4+ T cell epitopes, many inducing strong and prevalent (i.e., immunodominant) T cell responses. Restricted by 40 and 14 HLA-class I and II allotypes, respectively, these responses have wide population coverage and might be of considerable academic, diagnostic and therapeutic interest. The broad coverage of epitopes and HLA overcame the otherwise confounding effects of HLA diversity and non-HLA background providing the first evidence of T cell immunodomination in humans. Also, double-staining of CD4+ T cells with tetramers representing the same HLA-binding core, albeit with different flanking regions, demonstrated an extensive diversification of the specificities of many CD4+ T cell responses. We suggest that this could reduce the risk of pathogen escape, and that multi-tetramer staining is required to reveal the true magnitude and diversity of CD4+ T cell responses. Our T cell epitope discovery approach uses a combination of (1) overlapping peptides representing the entire Yellow Fever virus proteome to search for peptides containing CD4+ and/or CD8+ T cell epitopes, (2) predictors of peptide-HLA binding to suggest epitopes and their restricting HLA allotypes, (3) generation of peptide-HLA tetramers to identify T cell epitopes, and (4) analysis of ex vivo T cell responses to validate the same. This approach is systematic, exhaustive, and can be done in any individual of any HLA haplotype. It is all-inclusive in the sense that it includes all protein antigens and peptide epitopes, and encompasses both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes. It is efficient and, importantly, reduces the false discovery rate. The unbiased nature of the T cell epitope discovery approach presented here should support the refinement of future peptide-HLA class I and II predictors and tetramer technologies, which eventually should cover all HLA class I and II isotypes. We believe that future investigations of emerging pathogens (e.g., SARS-CoV-2) should include population-wide T cell epitope discovery using blood samples from patients, convalescents and/or long-term survivors, who might all hold important information on T cell epitopes and responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Stryhn
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Kongsgaard
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Rasmussen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Nors Harndahl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Østerbye
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Rosaria Bassi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Thybo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Morten Bagge Hansen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Nielsen
- Department of Health Technology, The Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jan Pravsgaard Christensen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Randrup Thomsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Soren Buus
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Campbell VL, Nguyen L, Snoey E, McClurkan CL, Laing KJ, Dong L, Sette A, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Altmann DM, Boyton RJ, Roby JA, Gale M, Stone M, Busch MP, Norris PJ, Koelle DM. Proteome-Wide Zika Virus CD4 T Cell Epitope and HLA Restriction Determination. Immunohorizons 2020; 4:444-453. [PMID: 32753403 PMCID: PMC7839664 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that caused an epidemic in 2015-2016. ZIKV-specific T cell responses are functional in animal infection models, and helper CD4 T cells promote avid Abs in the vaccine context. The small volumes of blood available from field research limit the determination of T cell epitopes for complex microbes such as ZIKV. The goal of this project was efficient determination of human ZIKV CD4 T cell epitopes at the whole proteome scale, including validation of reactivity to whole pathogen, using small blood samples from convalescent time points when T cell response magnitude may have waned. Polyclonal enrichment of candidate ZIKV-specific CD4 T cells used cell-associated virus, documenting that T cells in downstream peptide analyses also recognize whole virus after Ag processing. Sequential query of bulk ZIKV-reactive CD4 T cells with pooled/single ZIKV peptides and molecularly defined APC allowed precision epitope and HLA restriction assignments across the ZIKV proteome and enabled discovery of numerous novel ZIKV CD4 T cell epitopes. The research workflow is useful for the study of emerging infectious diseases with a very limited human blood sample availability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - LeAnn Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elise Snoey
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Kerry J. Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Danny M. Altmann
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary J. Boyton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Justin A. Roby
- Center for Innate Immunity of Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity of Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael P. Busch
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Phillip J. Norris
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA,Corresponding author: David Koelle MD, 750 Republican Street, Room E651, Seattle, WA, 981109, phone 206 616 1940, fax 206 616 4898,
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10
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Genome-Wide Approach to the CD4 T-Cell Response to Human Herpesvirus 6B. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00321-19. [PMID: 31043533 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00321-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) are population-prevalent betaherpesviruses with intermittent lytic replication that can be pathogenic in immunocompromised hosts. Elucidation of the adaptive immune response is valuable for understanding pathogenesis and designing novel treatments. Knowledge of T-cell antigens has reached the genome-wide level for CMV and other human herpesviruses, but study of HHV-6 is at an earlier stage. Using rare-cell enrichment combined with an HLA-agnostic, proteome-wide approach, we queried HHV-6B-specific CD4 T cells from 18 healthy donors with each known HHV-6B protein. We detected a low abundance of HHV-6-specific CD4 T cells in blood; however, the within-person CD4 T-cell response is quite broad: the median number of open reading frame (ORF) products recognized was nine per person. Overall, the data expand the number of documented HHV-6B CD4 T-cell antigens from approximately 11 to 60. Epitopes in the proteins encoded by U14, U90, and U95 were mapped with synthetic peptides, and HLA restriction was defined for some responses. Intriguingly, CD4 T-cell antigens newly described in this report are among the most population prevalent, including U73, U72, U95, and U30. Our results indicate that selection of HHV-6B ORFs for immunotherapy should consider this expanded panel of HHV-6B antigens.IMPORTANCE Human herpesvirus 6 is highly prevalent and maintains chronic infection in immunocompetent individuals, with the potential to replicate widely in settings of immunosuppression, leading to clinical disease. Antiviral compounds may be ineffective and/or pose dose-limiting toxicity, and therefore, immune-based therapies have garnered increased interest in recent years. Attempts at addressing this unmet medical need begin with understanding the cellular response to HHV-6 at the individual and population levels. The present study provides a comprehensive assessment of HHV-6-specific T-cell responses that may inform the development of cell-based therapies directed at this virus.
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11
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Hanson DJ, Hill JA, Koelle DM. Advances in the Characterization of the T-Cell Response to Human Herpesvirus-6. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1454. [PMID: 29988505 PMCID: PMC6026635 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus (HHV) 6 is thought to remain clinically latent in most individuals after primary infection and to reactivate to cause disease in persons with severe immunosuppression. In allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, reactivation of HHV-6 species B is a considerable cause of morbidity and mortality. HHV-6B reactivation is the most frequent cause of infectious meningoencephalitis in this setting and has been associated with a variety of other complications such as graft rejection and acute graft versus host disease. This has inspired efforts to develop HHV-6-targeted immunotherapies. Basic knowledge of HHV-6-specific adaptive immunity is crucial for these endeavors, but remains incomplete. Many studies have focused on specific HHV-6 antigens extrapolated from research on human cytomegalovirus, a genetically related betaherpesvirus. Challenges to the study of HHV-6-specific T-cell immunity include the very low frequency of HHV-6-specific memory T cells in chronically infected humans, the large genome size of HHV-6, and the lack of an animal model. This review will focus on emerging techniques and methodological improvements that are beginning to overcome these barriers. Population-prevalent antigens are now becoming clear for the CD4+ T-cell response, while definition and ranking of CD8+ T-cell antigens and epitopes is at an earlier stage. This review will discuss current knowledge of the T-cell response to HHV-6, new research approaches, and translation to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Hanson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Joshua A Hill
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
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12
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Hardwick NR, Frankel P, Ruel C, Kilpatrick J, Tsai W, Kos F, Kaltcheva T, Leong L, Morgan R, Chung V, Tinsley R, Eng M, Wilczynski S, Ellenhorn JDI, Diamond DJ, Cristea M. p53-Reactive T Cells Are Associated with Clinical Benefit in Patients with Platinum-Resistant Epithelial Ovarian Cancer After Treatment with a p53 Vaccine and Gemcitabine Chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:1315-1325. [PMID: 29301826 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To conduct a phase I trial of a Modified Vaccinia Ankara vaccine delivering wild-type human p53 (p53MVA) in combination with gemcitabine chemotherapy in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer.Experimental Design: Patients received gemcitabine on days 1 and 8 and p53MVA vaccine on day 15, during the first 3 cycles of chemotherapy. Toxicity was classified using the NCI Common Toxicity Criteria and clinical response assessed by CT scan. Peripheral blood samples were collected for immunophenotyping and monitoring of anti-p53 immune responses.Results: Eleven patients were evaluated for p53MVA/gemcitabine toxicity, clinical outcome, and immunologic response. TOXICITY there were no DLTs, but 3 of 11 patients came off study early due to gemcitabine-attributed adverse events (AE). Minimal AEs were attributed to p53MVA vaccination. Immunologic and clinical response: enhanced in vitro recognition of p53 peptides was detectable after immunization in both the CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments in 5 of 11 and 6 of 11 patients, respectively. Changes in peripheral T regulatory cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) did not correlate significantly with vaccine response or progression-free survival (PFS). Patients with the greatest expansion of p53-reactive T cells had significantly longer PFS than patients with lower p53-reactivity after therapy. Tumor shrinkage or disease stabilization occurred in 4 patients.Conclusions: p53MVA was well tolerated, but gemcitabine without steroid pretreatment was intolerable in some patients. However, elevated p53-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses after therapy correlated with longer PFS. Therefore, if responses to p53MVA can be enhanced with alternative agents, superior clinical responses may be achievable. Clin Cancer Res; 24(6); 1315-25. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola R Hardwick
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California
| | - Paul Frankel
- Division of Biostatistics, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California
| | - Christopher Ruel
- Division of Biostatistics, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California
| | - Julie Kilpatrick
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Weimin Tsai
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Ferdynand Kos
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California
| | - Teodora Kaltcheva
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California
| | - Lucille Leong
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Robert Morgan
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Vincent Chung
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Raechelle Tinsley
- Clinical Trials Office, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Melissa Eng
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Sharon Wilczynski
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | | | - Don J Diamond
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California.
| | - Mihaela Cristea
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
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13
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Chen L, Anthony A, Oveissi S, Huang M, Zanker D, Xiao K, Wu C, Zou Q, Chen W. Broad-Based CD4 + T Cell Responses to Influenza A Virus in a Healthy Individual Who Lacks Typical Immunodominance Hierarchy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:375. [PMID: 28421076 PMCID: PMC5377932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. CD4+ T cell responses have been shown to be important for influenza protection in mouse models and in human volunteers. IAV antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses were found to focus on matrix 1 (M1) and nucleoprotein (NP) at the protein antigen level. At the epitope level, only several epitopes within M1 and NP were recognized by CD4+ T cells. And the epitope-specific CD4+ T cell responses showed a typical immunodominance hierarchy in most of the healthy individuals studied. In this study, we reported one case of atypical immunodominance hierarchy of CD4+ T cell responses to IAV. M1 and NP were still the immunodominant targets of CD4+ T cell responses. However, CD4+ T cell responses specific to 11 epitopes derived from M1 and NP were detected and showed no significant immunodominance hierarchy. Such an atypical pattern is likely determined by the individual's HLA alleles. These findings will help us better understand the anti-IAV immunity as a whole and improve future vaccines against IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,T Cell Laboratory, School of Molecular Science, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Anjaleena Anthony
- T Cell Laboratory, School of Molecular Science, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Sara Oveissi
- T Cell Laboratory, School of Molecular Science, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Miaojuan Huang
- T Cell Laboratory, School of Molecular Science, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Damien Zanker
- T Cell Laboratory, School of Molecular Science, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Kun Xiao
- T Cell Laboratory, School of Molecular Science, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Chao Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Quanming Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weisan Chen
- T Cell Laboratory, School of Molecular Science, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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14
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Jing L, Laing KJ, Dong L, Russell RM, Barlow RS, Haas JG, Ramchandani MS, Johnston C, Buus S, Redwood AJ, White KD, Mallal SA, Phillips EJ, Posavad CM, Wald A, Koelle DM. Extensive CD4 and CD8 T Cell Cross-Reactivity between Alphaherpesviruses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2205-2218. [PMID: 26810224 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily includes HSV types 1 and 2 and the sequence-divergent pathogen varicella zoster virus (VZV). T cells, controlled by TCR and HLA molecules that tolerate limited epitope amino acid variation, might cross-react between these microbes. We show that memory PBMC expansion with either HSV or VZV enriches for CD4 T cell lines that recognize the other agent at the whole-virus, protein, and peptide levels, consistent with bidirectional cross-reactivity. HSV-specific CD4 T cells recovered from HSV-seronegative persons can be explained, in part, by such VZV cross-reactivity. HSV-1-reactive CD8 T cells also cross-react with VZV-infected cells, full-length VZV proteins, and VZV peptides, as well as kill VZV-infected dermal fibroblasts. Mono- and cross-reactive CD8 T cells use distinct TCRB CDR3 sequences. Cross-reactivity to VZV is reconstituted by cloning and expressing TCRA/TCRB receptors from T cells that are initially isolated using HSV reagents. Overall, we define 13 novel CD4 and CD8 HSV-VZV cross-reactive epitopes and strongly imply additional cross-reactive peptide sets. Viral proteins can harbor both CD4 and CD8 HSV/VZV cross-reactive epitopes. Quantitative estimates of HSV/VZV cross-reactivity for both CD4 and CD8 T cells vary from 10 to 50%. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that host herpesvirus immune history may influence the pathogenesis and clinical outcome of subsequent infections or vaccinations for related pathogens and that cross-reactive epitopes and TCRs may be useful for multi-alphaherpesvirus vaccine design and adoptive cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | | | - Russell S Barlow
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Juergen G Haas
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Munich, Germany.,Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Soren Buus
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alec J Redwood
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Katie D White
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
| | - Simon A Mallal
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Phillips
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
| | - Christine M Posavad
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, USA
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15
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Becerra-Artiles A, Dominguez-Amorocho O, Stern LJ, Calvo-Calle JM. A Simple Proteomics-Based Approach to Identification of Immunodominant Antigens from a Complex Pathogen: Application to the CD4 T Cell Response against Human Herpesvirus 6B. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142871. [PMID: 26599878 PMCID: PMC4658110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of humanity is chronically infected with human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), with viral replication controlled at least in part by a poorly characterized CD4 T cell response. Identification of viral epitopes recognized by CD4 T cells is complicated by the large size of the herpesvirus genome and a low frequency of circulating T cells responding to the virus. Here, we present an alternative to classical epitope mapping approaches used to identify major targets of the T cell response to a complex pathogen like HHV-6B. In the approach presented here, extracellular virus preparations or virus-infected cells are fractionated by SDS-PAGE, and eluted fractions are used as source of antigens to study cytokine responses in direct ex vivo T cell activation studies. Fractions inducing significant cytokine responses are analyzed by mass spectrometry to identify viral proteins, and a subset of peptides from these proteins corresponding to predicted HLA-DR binders is tested for IFN-γ production in seropositive donors with diverse HLA haplotypes. Ten HHV-6B viral proteins were identified as immunodominant antigens. The epitope-specific response to HHV-6B virus was complex and variable between individuals. We identified 107 peptides, each recognized by at least one donor, with each donor having a distinctive footprint. Fourteen peptides showed responses in the majority of donors. Responses to these epitopes were validated using in vitro expanded cells and naturally expressed viral proteins. Predicted peptide binding affinities for the eight HLA-DRB1 alleles investigated here correlated only modestly with the observed CD4 T cell responses. Overall, the response to the virus was dominated by peptides from the major capsid protein U57 and major antigenic protein U11, but responses to other proteins including glycoprotein H (U48) and tegument proteins U54 and U14 also were observed. These results provide a means to follow and potentially modulate the CD4 T-cell immune response to HHV-6B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniuska Becerra-Artiles
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Omar Dominguez-Amorocho
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Lawrence J. Stern
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - J. Mauricio Calvo-Calle
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
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16
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Pachnio A, Zuo J, Ryan GB, Begum J, Moss PAH. The Cellular Localization of Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein Expression Greatly Influences the Frequency and Functional Phenotype of Specific CD4+ T Cell Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3803-15. [PMID: 26363059 PMCID: PMC4592104 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CMV infection is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals, and the development of a vaccine is of high priority. Glycoprotein B (gB) is a leading vaccine candidate but the glycoprotein H (gH) pentameric complex is now recognized as the major target for neutralizing Abs. However, little is known about the T cell immune response against gH and glycoprotein L (gL) and this is likely to be an important attribute for vaccine immunogenicity. In this study, we examine and contrast the magnitude and phenotype of the T cell immune response against gB, gH, and gL within healthy donors. gB-specific CD4(+) T cells were found in 95% of donors, and 29 epitopes were defined with gB-specific response sizes ranging from 0.02 to 2.88% of the CD4(+) T cell pool. In contrast, only 20% of donors exhibited a T cell response against gH or gL. Additionally, gB-specific CD4(+) T cells exhibited a more cytotoxic phenotype, with high levels of granzyme B expression. Glycoproteins were effectively presented following delivery to APCs but only gB-derived epitopes were presented following endogenous synthesis. gB expression was observed exclusively within vesicular structures colocalizing with HLA-DM whereas gH was distributed evenly throughout the cytoplasm. Grafting of the C-terminal domain from gB onto gH could not transfer this pattern of presentation. These results reveal that gB is a uniquely immunogenic CMV glycoprotein and this is likely to reflect its unique pattern of endogenous Ag presentation. Consideration may be required toward mechanisms that boost cellular immunity to gH and gL within future subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Pachnio
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jianmin Zuo
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gordon B Ryan
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jusnara Begum
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Paul A H Moss
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
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17
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Nayak K, Jing L, Russell RM, Davies DH, Hermanson G, Molina DM, Liang X, Sherman DR, Kwok WW, Yang J, Kenneth J, Ahamed SF, Chandele A, Murali-Krishna K, Koelle DM. Identification of novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis CD4 T-cell antigens via high throughput proteome screening. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 95:275-87. [PMID: 25857935 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Elicitation of CD4 IFN-gamma T cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a rational vaccine strategy to prevent clinical tuberculosis. Diagnosis of MTB infection is based on T-cell immune memory to MTB antigens. The MTB proteome contains over four thousand open reading frames (ORFs). We conducted a pilot antigen identification study using 164 MTB proteins and MTB-specific T-cells expanded in vitro from 12 persons with latent MTB infection. Enrichment of MTB-reactive T-cells from PBMC used cell sorting or an alternate system compatible with limited resources. MTB proteins were used as single antigens or combinatorial matrices in proliferation and cytokine secretion readouts. Overall, our study found that 44 MTB proteins were antigenic, including 27 not previously characterized as CD4 T-cell antigens. Antigen truncation, peptide, NTM homology, and HLA class II tetramer studies confirmed malate synthase G (encoded by gene Rv1837) as a CD4 T-cell antigen. This simple, scalable system has potential utility for the identification of candidate MTB vaccine and biomarker antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustuv Nayak
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Box 358061, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Ronnie M Russell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Box 358061, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - D Huw Davies
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Room 376D Med-Surg II, Irvine, CA 92697-4068, USA; Antigen Discovery, Inc., 1 Technology Drive Suite E309, Irvine, CA 92618, USA.
| | - Gary Hermanson
- Antigen Discovery, Inc., 1 Technology Drive Suite E309, Irvine, CA 92618, USA.
| | - Douglas M Molina
- Antigen Discovery, Inc., 1 Technology Drive Suite E309, Irvine, CA 92618, USA.
| | - Xiaowu Liang
- Antigen Discovery, Inc., 1 Technology Drive Suite E309, Irvine, CA 92618, USA.
| | - David R Sherman
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave. North, No. 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Box 359931, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
| | - Junbao Yang
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
| | - John Kenneth
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Sarjapur Road, Koramangala 2 Block, Bangaluru, Karnataka 560034, India.
| | - Syed F Ahamed
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Sarjapur Road, Koramangala 2 Block, Bangaluru, Karnataka 560034, India.
| | - Anmol Chandele
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; Emory Vaccine Center, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Kaja Murali-Krishna
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; Emory Vaccine Center, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Box 358061, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Box 359931, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA, 98101, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Box 358070, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Eastlake Ave. East, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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18
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Ouwendijk WJD, Verjans GMGM. Pathogenesis of varicelloviruses in primates. J Pathol 2015; 235:298-311. [PMID: 25255989 DOI: 10.1002/path.4451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Varicelloviruses in primates comprise the prototypic human varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and its non-human primate homologue, simian varicella virus (SVV). Both viruses cause varicella as a primary infection, establish latency in ganglionic neurons and reactivate later in life to cause herpes zoster in their respective hosts. VZV is endemic worldwide and, although varicella is usually a benign disease in childhood, VZV reactivation is a significant cause of neurological disease in the elderly and in immunocompromised individuals. The pathogenesis of VZV infection remains ill-defined, mostly due to the species restriction of VZV that impedes studies in experimental animal models. SVV infection of non-human primates parallels virological, clinical, pathological and immunological features of human VZV infection, thereby providing an excellent model to study the pathogenesis of varicella and herpes zoster in its natural host. In this review, we discuss recent studies that provided novel insight in both the virus and host factors involved in the three elementary stages of Varicellovirus infection in primates: primary infection, latency and reactivation.
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19
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McAllister SC, Schleiss MR. Prospects and perspectives for development of a vaccine against herpes simplex virus infections. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:1349-60. [PMID: 25077372 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.932694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 are human pathogens that lead to significant morbidity and mortality in certain clinical settings. The development of effective antiviral medications, however, has had little discernible impact on the epidemiology of these pathogens, largely because the majority of infections are clinically silent. Decades of work have gone into various candidate HSV vaccines, but to date none has demonstrated sufficient efficacy to warrant licensure. This review examines developments in HSV immunology and vaccine development published since 2010, and assesses the prospects for improved immunization strategies that may result in an effective, licensed vaccine in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane C McAllister
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Minnesota, 3-216 McGuire Translational Research Facility, 2001 6th Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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20
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Hardwick NR, Carroll M, Kaltcheva T, Qian D, Lim D, Leong L, Chu P, Kim J, Chao J, Fakih M, Yen Y, Espenschied J, Ellenhorn JDI, Diamond DJ, Chung V. p53MVA therapy in patients with refractory gastrointestinal malignancies elevates p53-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:4459-70. [PMID: 24987057 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct a phase I trial of a modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine delivering wild-type human p53 (p53MVA) in patients with refractory gastrointestinal cancers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Three patients were vaccinated with 1.0×10(8) plaque-forming unit (pfu) p53MVA followed by nine patients at 5.6×10(8) pfu. Toxicity was classified using the NCI Common Toxicity Criteria and clinical responses were assessed by CT scan. Peripheral blood samples were collected pre- and post-immunization for immunophenotyping, monitoring of p53MVA-induced immune response, and examination of PD1 checkpoint inhibition in vitro. RESULTS p53MVA immunization was well tolerated at both doses, with no adverse events above grade 2. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells showing enhanced recognition of a p53 overlapping peptide library were detectable after the first immunization, particularly in the CD8+ T-cell compartment (P=0.03). However, in most patients, this did not expand further with the second and third immunization. The frequency of PD1+ T cells detectable in patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was significantly higher than in healthy controls. Furthermore, the frequency of PD1+ CD8+ T cells showed an inverse correlation with the peak CD8+ p53 response (P=0.02) and antibody blockade of PD1 in vitro increased the p53 immune responses detected after the second or third immunizations. Induction of strong T-cell and antibody responses to the MVA backbone were also apparent. CONCLUSION p53MVA was well tolerated and induced robust CD8+ T-cell responses. Combination of p53MVA with immune checkpoint inhibition could help sustain immune responses and lead to enhanced clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola R Hardwick
- Division of Translational Vaccine Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Mary Carroll
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Teodora Kaltcheva
- Division of Translational Vaccine Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Dajun Qian
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Dean Lim
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Lucille Leong
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Peiguo Chu
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Joseph Kim
- Department of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Joseph Chao
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Marwan Fakih
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Yun Yen
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Jonathan Espenschied
- Division of Cancer Etiology and Outcomes Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | | | - Don J Diamond
- Division of Translational Vaccine Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California.
| | - Vincent Chung
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
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21
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Ouwendijk WJD, Geluk A, Smits SL, Getu S, Osterhaus ADME, Verjans GMGM. Functional characterization of ocular-derived human alphaherpesvirus cross-reactive CD4 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3730-9. [PMID: 24623134 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intraocular varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and HSV type 1 (HSV-1) infections cause sight-threatening uveitis. The disease is characterized by an intraocular inflammatory response involving herpesvirus-specific T cells. T cell reactivity to the noncausative human alphaherpesvirus (αHHV) is commonly detected in the affected eyes of herpetic uveitis patients, suggesting the role of cross-reactive T cells in the disease. This study aimed to identify and functionally characterize intraocular human alphaherpesvirus cross-reactive T cells. VZV protein immediate early 62 (IE62), which shares extensive homology with HSV ICP4, is a previously identified T cell target in VZV uveitis. Two VZV-specific CD4 T cell clones (TCC), recovered from the eye of a VZV uveitis patient, recognized the same IE62918-927 peptide using different TCR and HLA-DR alleles. The IE62918-927 peptide bound with high affinity to multiple HLA-DR alleles and was recognized by blood-derived T cells of 5 of 17 HSV-1/VZV-seropositive healthy adults but not in cord blood donors (n = 5). Despite complete conservation of the IE62 epitope in the orthologous protein ICP4 of HSV-1 and HSV-2, the TCC recognized VZV and HSV-1- but not HSV-2-infected B cells. This was not attributed to proximal epitope-flanking amino acid polymorphisms in HSV-2 ICP4. Notably, VZV/HSV-1 cross-reactive CD4 T cells controlled VZV but not HSV-1 infection of human primary retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. In conclusion, we report on the first VZV/HSV-1 cross-reactive CD4 T cell epitope, which is HLA-DR promiscuous and immunoprevalent in coinfected individuals. Moreover, ocular-derived peptide-specific CD4 TCC controlled VZV but not HSV-1 infection of RPE cells, suggesting that HSV-1 actively inhibits CD4 T cell activation by infected human RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner J D Ouwendijk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Johnston C, Koelle DM, Wald A. Current status and prospects for development of an HSV vaccine. Vaccine 2013; 32:1553-60. [PMID: 24016811 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infects 530million people, is the leading cause of genital ulcer disease, and increases the risk of HIV-1 acquisition. Although several candidate vaccines have been promising in animal models, prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines have not been effective in clinical trials thus far. Null results from the most recent prophylactic glycoprotein D2 subunit vaccine trial suggest that we must reevaluate our approach to HSV-2 vaccine development. We discuss HSV-2 pathogenesis, immunity, and vaccine efforts to date, as well as the current pipeline of candidate vaccines and design of trials to evaluate new vaccine constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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23
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van Velzen M, Jing L, Osterhaus ADME, Sette A, Koelle DM, Verjans GMGM. Local CD4 and CD8 T-cell reactivity to HSV-1 antigens documents broad viral protein expression and immune competence in latently infected human trigeminal ganglia. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003547. [PMID: 23966859 PMCID: PMC3744444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection results in lifelong chronic infection of trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons, also referred to as neuronal HSV-1 latency, with periodic reactivation leading to recrudescent herpetic disease in some persons. HSV-1 proteins are expressed in a temporally coordinated fashion during lytic infection, but their expression pattern during latent infection is largely unknown. Selective retention of HSV-1 reactive T-cells in human TG suggests their role in controlling reactivation by recognizing locally expressed HSV-1 proteins. We characterized the HSV-1 proteins recognized by virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cells recovered from human HSV-1–infected TG. T-cell clusters, consisting of both CD4 and CD8 T-cells, surrounded neurons and expressed mRNAs and proteins consistent with in situ antigen recognition and antiviral function. HSV-1 proteome-wide scans revealed that intra-TG T-cell responses included both CD4 and CD8 T-cells directed to one to three HSV-1 proteins per person. HSV-1 protein ICP6 was targeted by CD8 T-cells in 4 of 8 HLA-discordant donors. In situ tetramer staining demonstrated HSV-1-specific CD8 T-cells juxtaposed to TG neurons. Intra-TG retention of virus-specific CD4 T-cells, validated to the HSV-1 peptide level, implies trafficking of viral proteins from neurons to HLA class II-expressing non-neuronal cells for antigen presentation. The diversity of viral proteins targeted by TG T-cells across all kinetic and functional classes of viral proteins suggests broad HSV-1 protein expression, and viral antigen processing and presentation, in latently infected human TG. Collectively, the human TG represents an immunocompetent environment for both CD4 and CD8 T-cell recognition of HSV-1 proteins expressed during latent infection. HSV-1 proteins recognized by TG-resident T-cells, particularly ICP6 and VP16, are potential HSV-1 vaccine candidates. HSV-1 is an endemic human herpesvirus worldwide that establishes a lifelong latent infection of neurons in the trigeminal ganglion (TG), allowing intermittent reactivation resulting in recurrent disease in some persons. Studies in HSV-1 models suggest a central role of TG-infiltrating virus-specific CD8 T-cells to control reactivation. In humans, however, the functional properties and fine specificity of intra-TG T-cell responses remain enigmatic. The current study used molecular, immunological and in situ analysis platforms on human cadaveric TG obtained within hours after death to characterize the local HSV-1 specific T-cell response in latently infected human TG in detail. We identified that CD4 and CD8 T-cells were juxtaposed to TG neurons and expressed host transcripts and proteins consistent with in situ antigen recognition and antiviral function. The intra-TG T-cell response, involving both CD4 and CD8 T-cells, was directed to a limited set of HSV-1 proteins per person, which was not limited to a specific kinetic or structural class of viral proteins. Collectively, the data indicate that the human TG is an immunocompetent environment for CD4 and CD8 T-cell recognition of diverse HSV-1 proteins expressed during latent infection and that the viral antigens identified herein are rational candidates for HSV-1 subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Ouwendijk WJD, Laing KJ, Verjans GMGM, Koelle DM. T-cell immunity to human alphaherpesviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:452-60. [PMID: 23664660 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Human alphaherpesviruses (αHHV) - herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) - infect mucosal epithelial cells, establish a lifelong latent infection of sensory neurons, and reactivate intermittingly to cause recrudescent disease. Although chronic αHHV infections co-exist with brisk T-cell responses, T-cell immune suppression is associated with worsened recurrent infection. Induction of αHHV-specific T-cell immunity is complex and results in poly-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses in peripheral blood. Specific T-cells are localized to ganglia during the chronic phase of HSV infection and to several infected areas during recurrences, and persist long after viral clearance. These recent advances hold promise in the design of new vaccine candidates.
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