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Yang Y, Li F, Du L. Therapeutic nanobodies against SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogenic human coronaviruses. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:304. [PMID: 38822339 PMCID: PMC11140877 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02573-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanobodies, single-domain antibodies derived from variable domain of camelid or shark heavy-chain antibodies, have unique properties with small size, strong binding affinity, easy construction in versatile formats, high neutralizing activity, protective efficacy, and manufactural capacity on a large-scale. Nanobodies have been arisen as an effective research tool for development of nanobiotechnologies with a variety of applications. Three highly pathogenic coronaviruses (CoVs), SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV, have caused serious outbreaks or a global pandemic, and continue to post a threat to public health worldwide. The viral spike (S) protein and its cognate receptor-binding domain (RBD), which initiate viral entry and play a critical role in virus pathogenesis, are important therapeutic targets. This review describes pathogenic human CoVs, including viral structures and proteins, and S protein-mediated viral entry process. It also summarizes recent advances in development of nanobodies targeting these CoVs, focusing on those targeting the S protein and RBD. Finally, we discuss potential strategies to improve the efficacy of nanobodies against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and other CoVs with pandemic potential. It will provide important information for rational design and evaluation of therapeutic agents against emerging and reemerging pathogens.
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MESH Headings
- Single-Domain Antibodies/immunology
- Single-Domain Antibodies/pharmacology
- Single-Domain Antibodies/therapeutic use
- Single-Domain Antibodies/chemistry
- Humans
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Animals
- COVID-19/virology
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/immunology
- Virus Internalization/drug effects
- Pandemics
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Center for Coronavirus Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Lanying Du
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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2
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Rizk SS, Moustafa DM, ElBanna SA, Nour El-Din HT, Attia AS. Nanobodies in the fight against infectious diseases: repurposing nature's tiny weapons. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:209. [PMID: 38771414 PMCID: PMC11108896 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Nanobodies are the smallest known antigen-binding molecules to date. Their small size, good tissue penetration, high stability and solubility, ease of expression, refolding ability, and negligible immunogenicity in the human body have granted them excellence over conventional antibodies. Those exceptional attributes of nanobodies make them promising candidates for various applications in biotechnology, medicine, protein engineering, structural biology, food, and agriculture. This review presents an overview of their structure, development methods, advantages, possible challenges, and applications with special emphasis on infectious diseases-related ones. A showcase of how nanobodies can be harnessed for applications including neutralization of viruses and combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria is detailed. Overall, the impact of nanobodies in vaccine design, rapid diagnostics, and targeted therapies, besides exploring their role in deciphering microbial structures and virulence mechanisms are highlighted. Indeed, nanobodies are reshaping the future of infectious disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha S Rizk
- Microbiology and Immunology Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Dina M Moustafa
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The British University in Egypt, El Sherouk City, Cairo, 11837, Egypt
| | - Shahira A ElBanna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Hanzada T Nour El-Din
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Attia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
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3
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De Greve H, Fioravanti A. Single domain antibodies from camelids in the treatment of microbial infections. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1334829. [PMID: 38827746 PMCID: PMC11140111 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1334829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases continue to pose significant global health challenges. In addition to the enduring burdens of ailments like malaria and HIV, the emergence of nosocomial outbreaks driven by antibiotic-resistant pathogens underscores the ongoing threats. Furthermore, recent infectious disease crises, exemplified by the Ebola and SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks, have intensified the pursuit of more effective and efficient diagnostic and therapeutic solutions. Among the promising options, antibodies have garnered significant attention due to their favorable structural characteristics and versatile applications. Notably, nanobodies (Nbs), the smallest functional single-domain antibodies of heavy-chain only antibodies produced by camelids, exhibit remarkable capabilities in stable antigen binding. They offer unique advantages such as ease of expression and modification and enhanced stability, as well as improved hydrophilicity compared to conventional antibody fragments (antigen-binding fragments (Fab) or single-chain variable fragments (scFv)) that can aggregate due to their low solubility. Nanobodies directly target antigen epitopes or can be engineered into multivalent Nbs and Nb-fusion proteins, expanding their therapeutic potential. This review is dedicated to charting the progress in Nb research, particularly those derived from camelids, and highlighting their diverse applications in treating infectious diseases, spanning both human and animal contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri De Greve
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antonella Fioravanti
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Fondazione ParSeC – Parco delle Scienze e della Cultura, Prato, Italy
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4
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Swart IC, Van Gelder W, De Haan CAM, Bosch BJ, Oliveira S. Next generation single-domain antibodies against respiratory zoonotic RNA viruses. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1389548. [PMID: 38784667 PMCID: PMC11111979 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1389548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The global impact of zoonotic viral outbreaks underscores the pressing need for innovative antiviral strategies, particularly against respiratory zoonotic RNA viruses. These viruses possess a high potential to trigger future epidemics and pandemics due to their high mutation rate, broad host range and efficient spread through airborne transmission. Recent pandemics caused by coronaviruses and influenza A viruses underscore the importance of developing targeted antiviral strategies. Single-domain antibodies (sdAbs), originating from camelids, also known as nanobodies or VHHs (Variable Heavy domain of Heavy chain antibodies), have emerged as promising tools to combat current and impending zoonotic viral threats. Their unique structure, coupled with attributes like robustness, compact size, and cost-effectiveness, positions them as strong alternatives to traditional monoclonal antibodies. This review describes the pivotal role of sdAbs in combating respiratory zoonotic viruses, with a primary focus on enhancing sdAb antiviral potency through optimization techniques and diverse administration strategies. We discuss both the promises and challenges within this dynamically growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris C. Swart
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Willem Van Gelder
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A. M. De Haan
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Berend-Jan Bosch
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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5
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Jiang Y, Cai L, Jia S, Xie W, Wang X, Li J, Cui W, Li G, Xia X, Tang L. Guanylate-binding protein 1 inhibits inflammatory factors produced by H5N1 virus through Its GTPase activity. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103800. [PMID: 38743966 PMCID: PMC11108968 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The combination of inflammatory factors resulting from an influenza A virus infection is one of the main causes of death in host animals. Studies have shown that guinea pig guanosine monophosphate binding protein 1 (guanylate-binding protein 1, gGBP1) can downregulate cytokine production induced by the influenza virus. Therefore, exploring the innate immune defense mechanism of GBP1 in the process of H5N1 influenza virus infection has important implications for understanding the pathogenic mechanism, disease prevention, and the control of influenza A virus infections. We found that, in addition to inhibiting the early replication of influenza virus, gGBP1 also inhibited the production of CCL2 and CXCL10 cytokines induced by the influenza virus as well as the proliferation of mononuclear macrophages induced by these cytokines. These findings further confirmed that gGBP1 inhibited the production of cytokines through its GTPase activity and cell proliferation through its C-terminal α-helix structure. This study revealed the effect of gGBP1 on the production of cellular inflammatory factors during influenza virus infection and determined the key amino acid residues that assist in the inhibitory processes mediated by gGBP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Jiang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Limeng Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shuo Jia
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Weichun Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wen Cui
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Guiwei Li
- Institute of Rural Revitalization Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Harbin 150023, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Lijie Tang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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6
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Matthys A, Saelens X. Promises and challenges of single-domain antibodies to control influenza. Antiviral Res 2024; 222:105807. [PMID: 38219914 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The World Health Organization advices the use of a quadrivalent vaccine as prophylaxis against influenza, to prevent severe influenza-associated disease and -mortality, and to keep up with influenza antigenic diversity. Different small molecule antivirals to treat influenza have become available. However, emergence of drug resistant influenza viruses has been observed upon use of these antivirals. An appealing alternative approach to prevent or treat influenza is the use of antibody-based antivirals, such as conventional monoclonal antibodies and single-domain antibodies (sdAbs). The surface of the influenza A and B virion is decorated with hemagglutinin molecules, which act as receptor-binding and membrane fusion proteins and represent the main target of neutralizing antibodies. SdAbs that target influenza A and B hemagglutinin have been described. In addition, sdAbs directed against the influenza A virus neuraminidase have been reported, whereas no sdAbs targeting influenza B neuraminidase have been described to date. SdAbs directed against influenza A matrix protein 2 or its ectodomain have been reported, while no sdAbs have been described targeting the influenza B matrix protein 2. Known for their high specificity, ease of production and formatting, sdAb-based antivirals could be a major leap forward in influenza control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Matthys
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Prado NDR, Brilhante-Da-Silva N, Sousa RMO, Morais MSDS, Roberto SA, Luiz MB, Assis LCD, Marinho ACM, Araujo LFLD, Pontes RDS, Stabeli RG, Fernandes CFC, Pereira SDS. Single-domain antibodies applied as antiviral immunotherapeutics. J Virol Methods 2023; 320:114787. [PMID: 37516366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections have been the cause of high mortality rates throughout different periods in history. Over the last two decades, outbreaks caused by zoonotic diseases and transmitted by arboviruses have had a significant impact on human health. The emergence of viral infections in different parts of the world encourages the search for new inputs to fight pathologies of viral origin. Antibodies represent the predominant class of new drugs developed in recent years and approved for the treatment of various human diseases, including cancer, autoimmune and infectious diseases. A promising group of antibodies are single-domain antibodies derived from camelid heavy chain immunoglobulins, or VHHs, are biomolecules with nanometric dimensions and unique pharmaceutical and biophysical properties that can be used in the diagnosis and immunotherapy of viral infections. For viral neutralization to occur, VHHs can act in different stages of the viral cycle, including the actual inhibition of infection, to hindering viral replication or assembly. This review article addresses advances involving the use of VHHs in therapeutic propositions aimed to battle different viruses that affect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidiane Dantas Reis Prado
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Nairo Brilhante-Da-Silva
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Oliveira Sousa
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | | | - Sibele Andrade Roberto
- Plataforma Bi-institucional de Medicina Translacional, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Barros Luiz
- Instituto Federal de Rondônia Campus Guajará-Mirim, IFRO, Guajará-Mirim, RO, Brazil
| | - Livia Coelho de Assis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório Multiusuário de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz unidade Ceará, Eusebio, CE, Brazil
| | - Anna Carolina M Marinho
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz unidade Ceará, Eusebio, CE, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Lemes de Araujo
- Plataforma Bi-institucional de Medicina Translacional, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Souza Pontes
- Plataforma Bi-institucional de Medicina Translacional, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Guerino Stabeli
- Plataforma Bi-institucional de Medicina Translacional, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Freire Celedonio Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório Multiusuário de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz unidade Ceará, Eusebio, CE, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Soraya Dos Santos Pereira
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.
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Thran M, Pönisch M, Danz H, Horscroft N, Ichtchenko K, Tzipori S, Shoemaker CB. Co-administration of an effector antibody enhances the half-life and therapeutic potential of RNA-encoded nanobodies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14632. [PMID: 37670025 PMCID: PMC10480410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) and associated mortality have increased rapidly worldwide in recent years. Therefore, it is critical to develop new therapies for CDI. Here we report on the development of mRNA-LNPs encoding camelid-derived VHH-based neutralizing agents (VNAs) targeting toxins A and/or B of C. difficile. In preclinical models, intravenous administration of the mRNA-LNPs provided serum VNA levels sufficient to confer protection of mice against severe disease progression following toxin challenge. Furthermore, we employed an mRNA-LNP encoded effector antibody, a molecular tool designed to specifically bind an epitopic tag linked to the VNAs, to prolong VNA serum half-life. Co-administration of VNA-encoding mRNA-LNPs and an effector antibody, either provided as recombinant protein or encoded by mRNA-LNP, increased serum VNA half-life in mice and in gnotobiotic piglets. Prolonged serum half-life was associated with higher concentrations of serum VNA and enhanced prophylactic protection of mice in challenge models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hillary Danz
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | | | - Konstantin Ichtchenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Saul Tzipori
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - Charles B Shoemaker
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA.
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Yong Joon Kim J, Sang Z, Xiang Y, Shen Z, Shi Y. Nanobodies: Robust miniprotein binders in biomedicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 195:114726. [PMID: 36754285 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Variable domains of heavy chain-only antibodies (VHH), also known as nanobodies (Nbs), are monomeric antigen-binding domains derived from the camelid heavy chain-only antibodies. Nbs are characterized by small size, high target selectivity, and marked solubility and stability, which collectively facilitate high-quality drug development. In addition, Nbs are readily expressed from various expression systems, including E. coli and yeast cells. For these reasons, Nbs have emerged as preferred antibody fragments for protein engineering, disease diagnosis, and treatment. To date, two Nb-based therapies have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Numerous candidates spanning a wide spectrum of diseases such as cancer, immune disorders, infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders are under preclinical and clinical investigation. Here, we discuss the structural features of Nbs that allow for specific, versatile, and strong target binding. We also summarize emerging technologies for identification, structural analysis, and humanization of Nbs. Our main focus is to review recent advances in using Nbs as a modular scaffold to facilitate the engineering of multivalent polymers for cutting-edge applications. Finally, we discuss remaining challenges for Nb development and envision new opportunities in Nb-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Yong Joon Kim
- Center of Protein Engineering and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1, Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhe Sang
- Center of Protein Engineering and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1, Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yufei Xiang
- Center of Protein Engineering and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1, Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zhuolun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Center of Protein Engineering and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1, Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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10
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Bhattacharya M, Chatterjee S, Lee SS, Chakraborty C. Therapeutic applications of nanobodies against SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections: Current update. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:70-80. [PMID: 36586649 PMCID: PMC9797221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the last two years, the world encountered the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is still dominating the population due to the absence of a viable treatment. To eradicate the global pandemic, scientists, doctors, and researchers took an exceptionally significant initiative towards the development of effective therapeutics to save many lifes. This review discusses about the single-domain antibodies (sdAbs), also called nanobodies, their structure, and their types against the infections of dreadful SARS-CoV-2 virus. A precise description highlights the nanobodies and their therapeutic application against the other selected viruses. It aims to focus on the extraordinary features of these antibodies compared to the conventional therapeutics like mAbs, convalescent plasma therapy, and vaccines. The stable structure of these nanobodies along with the suitable mechanism of action also confers greater resistance to the evolving variants with numerous mutations. The nanobodies developed against SARS-CoV-2 and its mutant variants have shown the greater neutralization potential than the primitive ones. Engineering of these specialized antibodies by modern biotechnological approaches will surely be more beneficial in treating this COVID-19 pandemic along with certain other viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manojit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Balasore 756020, Odisha, India
| | - Srijan Chatterjee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopaedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si 24252, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopaedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si 24252, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700126, India.
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11
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Voronina DV, Shcheblyakov DV, Favorskaya IA, Esmagambetov IB, Dzharullaeva AS, Tukhvatulin AI, Zubkova OV, Popova O, Kan VY, Bandelyuk AS, Shmarov MM, Logunov DY, Naroditskiy BS, Gintsburg AL. Cross-Reactive Fc-Fused Single-Domain Antibodies to Hemagglutinin Stem Region Protect Mice from Group 1 Influenza a Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112485. [PMID: 36366583 PMCID: PMC9698552 DOI: 10.3390/v14112485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The continued evolution of influenza viruses reduces the effectiveness of vaccination and antiviral drugs. The identification of novel and universal agents for influenza prophylaxis and treatment is an urgent need. We have previously described two potent single-domain antibodies (VHH), G2.3 and H1.2, which bind to the stem domain of hemagglutinin and efficiently neutralize H1N1 and H5N2 influenza viruses in vivo. In this study, we modified these VHHs with Fc-fragment to enhance their antiviral activity. Reformatting of G2.3 into bivalent Fc-fusion molecule increased its in vitro neutralizing activity against H1N1 and H2N3 viruses up to 80-fold and, moreover, resulted in obtaining the ability to neutralize H5N2 and H9N2 subtypes. We demonstrated that a dose as low as 0.6 mg/kg of G2.3-Fc or H1.2-Fc administered systemically or locally before infection could protect mice from lethal challenges with both H1N1 and H5N2 viruses. Furthermore, G2.3-Fc reduced the lung viral load to an undetectable level. Both VHH-Fc antibodies showed in vivo therapeutic efficacy when delivered via systemic or local route. The findings support G2.3-Fc as a potential therapeutic agent for both prophylaxis and therapy of Group 1 influenza A infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria V. Voronina
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology of Bacteria, National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, 123098 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Dmitry V. Shcheblyakov
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology of Bacteria, National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina A. Favorskaya
- Medical Microbiology Department, National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilias B. Esmagambetov
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology of Bacteria, National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alina S. Dzharullaeva
- Medical Microbiology Department, National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Amir I. Tukhvatulin
- Medical Microbiology Department, National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V. Zubkova
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology of Bacteria, National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Popova
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology of Bacteria, National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladislav Y. Kan
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology of Bacteria, National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alina S. Bandelyuk
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology of Bacteria, National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim M. Shmarov
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology of Bacteria, National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis Y. Logunov
- Medical Microbiology Department, National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris S. Naroditskiy
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology of Bacteria, National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandr L. Gintsburg
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology of Bacteria, National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, 123098 Moscow, Russia
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12
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Huang K, Ying T, Wu Y. Single-Domain Antibodies as Therapeutics for Respiratory RNA Virus Infections. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061162. [PMID: 35746634 PMCID: PMC9230756 DOI: 10.3390/v14061162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, infectious diseases with high morbidity and mortality disrupted human healthcare systems and devastated economies globally. Respiratory viruses, especially emerging or re-emerging RNA viruses, including influenza and human coronavirus, are the main pathogens of acute respiratory diseases that cause epidemics or even global pandemics. Importantly, due to the rapid mutation of viruses, there are few effective drugs and vaccines for the treatment and prevention of these RNA virus infections. Of note, a class of antibodies derived from camelid and shark, named nanobody or single-domain antibody (sdAb), was characterized by smaller size, lower production costs, more accessible binding epitopes, and inhalable properties, which have advantages in the treatment of respiratory diseases compared to conventional antibodies. Currently, a number of sdAbs have been developed against various respiratory RNA viruses and demonstrated potent therapeutic efficacy in mouse models. Here, we review the current status of the development of antiviral sdAb and discuss their potential as therapeutics for respiratory RNA viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Huang
- MOE/NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Tianlei Ying
- MOE/NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic Immunology, Shanghai 200032, China
- Correspondence: (T.Y.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yanling Wu
- MOE/NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic Immunology, Shanghai 200032, China
- Correspondence: (T.Y.); (Y.W.)
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13
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Moliner-Morro A, McInerney GM, Hanke L. Nanobodies in the limelight: Multifunctional tools in the fight against viruses. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35579613 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are natural antivirals generated by the vertebrate immune system in response to viral infection or vaccination. Unsurprisingly, they are also key molecules in the virologist's molecular toolbox. With new developments in methods for protein engineering, protein functionalization and application, smaller antibody-derived fragments are moving in focus. Among these, camelid-derived nanobodies play a prominent role. Nanobodies can replace full-sized antibodies in most applications and enable new possible applications for which conventional antibodies are challenging to use. Here we review the versatile nature of nanobodies, discuss their promise as antiviral therapeutics, for diagnostics, and their suitability as research tools to uncover novel aspects of viral infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Moliner-Morro
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerald M McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Ge J, Lin X, Guo J, Liu L, Li Z, Lan Y, Liu L, Guo J, Lu J, Huang W, Xin L, Wang D, Qin K, Xu C, Zhou J. The Antibody Response Against Neuraminidase in Human Influenza A (H3N2) Virus Infections During 2018/2019 Flu Season: Focusing on the Epitopes of 329- N-Glycosylation and E344 in N2. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:845088. [PMID: 35387078 PMCID: PMC8978628 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.845088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza A (H3N2) virus has been a concern since its first introduction in humans in 1968. Accumulating antigenic changes in viral hemagglutinin (HA), particularly recent cocirculations of multiple HA genetic clades, allow H3N2 virus evade into humans annually. From 2010, the binding of neuraminidase (NA) to sialic acid made the traditional assay for HA inhibition antibodies (Abs) unsuitable for antigenicity characterization. Here, we investigated the serum anti-NA response in a cohort with a seroconversion of microneutralizing (MN) Abs targeting the circulating strain, A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 (H3N2, 3C.2a1)-like, a virus during 2018/2019 flu seasons. We discovered that MN Ab titers show no difference between children and adults. Nevertheless, higher titers of Abs with NA activity inhibition (NI) activity of 129 and seroconversion rate of 68.42% are presented in children aged 7-17 years (n = 19) and 73.47 and 41.17% in adults aged 21-59 years (n = 17), respectively. The MN Abs generated in children display direct correlations with HA- and NA-binding Abs or NI Abs. The NI activity exhibited cross-reactivity to N2 of H3N2 viruses of 2007 and 2013, commonly with 329-N-glycosylation and E344 in N2, a characteristic of earlier 3C.2a H3N2 virus in 2014. The percentage of such viruses pronouncedly decreased and was even replaced by those dominant H3N2 viruses with E344K and 329 non-glycosylation, which have a significantly low activity to the tested antisera. Our findings suggest that NI assay is a testable assay applied in H3N2 infection in children, and the antigenic drift of current N2 should be considered for vaccine selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ge
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health, and Family Planning Commission, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Lin
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health, and Family Planning Commission, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlei Guo
- The Disease Control and Prevention of Qinhuai District, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Qinhuai District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi Li
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health, and Family Planning Commission, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Lan
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health, and Family Planning Commission, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Liqi Liu
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health, and Family Planning Commission, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Junfeng Guo
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health, and Family Planning Commission, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health, and Family Planning Commission, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Weijuan Huang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health, and Family Planning Commission, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xin
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health, and Family Planning Commission, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dayan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health, and Family Planning Commission, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Qin
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health, and Family Planning Commission, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Cuiling Xu
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health, and Family Planning Commission, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health, and Family Planning Commission, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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15
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Wang J, Kang G, Yuan H, Cao X, Huang H, de Marco A. Research Progress and Applications of Multivalent, Multispecific and Modified Nanobodies for Disease Treatment. Front Immunol 2022; 12:838082. [PMID: 35116045 PMCID: PMC8804282 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.838082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies such as nanobodies are progressively demonstrating to be a valid alternative to conventional monoclonal antibodies also for clinical applications. Furthermore, they do not solely represent a substitute for monoclonal antibodies but their unique features allow expanding the applications of biotherapeutics and changes the pattern of disease treatment. Nanobodies possess the double advantage of being small and simple to engineer. This combination has promoted extremely diversified approaches to design nanobody-based constructs suitable for particular applications. Both the format geometry possibilities and the functionalization strategies have been widely explored to provide macromolecules with better efficacy with respect to single nanobodies or their combination. Nanobody multimers and nanobody-derived reagents were developed to image and contrast several cancer diseases and have shown their effectiveness in animal models. Their capacity to block more independent signaling pathways simultaneously is considered a critical advantage to avoid tumor resistance, whereas the mass of these multimeric compounds still remains significantly smaller than that of an IgG, enabling deeper penetration in solid tumors. When applied to CAR-T cell therapy, nanobodies can effectively improve the specificity by targeting multiple epitopes and consequently reduce the side effects. This represents a great potential in treating malignant lymphomas, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, multiple myeloma and solid tumors. Apart from cancer treatment, multispecific drugs and imaging reagents built with nanobody blocks have demonstrated their value also for detecting and tackling neurodegenerative, autoimmune, metabolic, and infectious diseases and as antidotes for toxins. In particular, multi-paratopic nanobody-based constructs have been developed recently as drugs for passive immunization against SARS-CoV-2 with the goal of impairing variant survival due to resistance to antibodies targeting single epitopes. Given the enormous research activity in the field, it can be expected that more and more multimeric nanobody molecules will undergo late clinical trials in the next future. Systematic Review Registration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewen Wang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Shaoxing, Tianjin University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangbo Kang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Shaoxing, Tianjin University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haibin Yuan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Shaoxing, Tianjin University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaocang Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Shaoxing, Tianjin University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ario de Marco
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
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16
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Hanke L, Das H, Sheward DJ, Perez Vidakovics L, Urgard E, Moliner-Morro A, Kim C, Karl V, Pankow A, Smith NL, Porebski B, Fernandez-Capetillo O, Sezgin E, Pedersen GK, Coquet JM, Hällberg BM, Murrell B, McInerney GM. A bispecific monomeric nanobody induces spike trimer dimers and neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 in vivo. Nat Commun 2022; 13:155. [PMID: 35013189 PMCID: PMC8748511 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27610-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies binding to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike have therapeutic promise, but emerging variants show the potential for virus escape. This emphasizes the need for therapeutic molecules with distinct and novel neutralization mechanisms. Here we describe the isolation of a nanobody that interacts simultaneously with two RBDs from different spike trimers of SARS-CoV-2, rapidly inducing the formation of spike trimer-dimers leading to the loss of their ability to attach to the host cell receptor, ACE2. We show that this nanobody potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2, including the beta and delta variants, and cross-neutralizes SARS-CoV. Furthermore, we demonstrate the therapeutic potential of the nanobody against SARS-CoV-2 and the beta variant in a human ACE2 transgenic mouse model. This naturally elicited bispecific monomeric nanobody establishes an uncommon strategy for potent inactivation of viral antigens and represents a promising antiviral against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Hanke
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hrishikesh Das
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel J Sheward
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Laura Perez Vidakovics
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Egon Urgard
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ainhoa Moliner-Morro
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Changil Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivien Karl
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alec Pankow
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natalie L Smith
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bartlomiej Porebski
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oscar Fernandez-Capetillo
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Erdinc Sezgin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriel K Pedersen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan M Coquet
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B Martin Hällberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Karolinska Institutet VR-RÅC, Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ben Murrell
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Gerald M McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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17
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Hanke L, Das H, Sheward DJ, Perez Vidakovics L, Urgard E, Moliner-Morro A, Kim C, Karl V, Pankow A, Smith NL, Porebski B, Fernandez-Capetillo O, Sezgin E, Pedersen GK, Coquet JM, Hällberg BM, Murrell B, McInerney GM. A bispecific monomeric nanobody induces spike trimer dimers and neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 in vivo. Nat Commun 2022. [PMID: 35013189 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.20.436243v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies binding to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike have therapeutic promise, but emerging variants show the potential for virus escape. This emphasizes the need for therapeutic molecules with distinct and novel neutralization mechanisms. Here we describe the isolation of a nanobody that interacts simultaneously with two RBDs from different spike trimers of SARS-CoV-2, rapidly inducing the formation of spike trimer-dimers leading to the loss of their ability to attach to the host cell receptor, ACE2. We show that this nanobody potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2, including the beta and delta variants, and cross-neutralizes SARS-CoV. Furthermore, we demonstrate the therapeutic potential of the nanobody against SARS-CoV-2 and the beta variant in a human ACE2 transgenic mouse model. This naturally elicited bispecific monomeric nanobody establishes an uncommon strategy for potent inactivation of viral antigens and represents a promising antiviral against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Hanke
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hrishikesh Das
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel J Sheward
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Laura Perez Vidakovics
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Egon Urgard
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ainhoa Moliner-Morro
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Changil Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivien Karl
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alec Pankow
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natalie L Smith
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bartlomiej Porebski
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oscar Fernandez-Capetillo
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Erdinc Sezgin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriel K Pedersen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan M Coquet
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B Martin Hällberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Karolinska Institutet VR-RÅC, Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ben Murrell
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Gerald M McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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18
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Malaquias ADM, Marques LEC, Pereira SS, de Freitas Fernandes C, Maranhão AQ, Stabeli RG, Florean EOPT, Guedes MIF, Fernandes CFC. A review of plant-based expression systems as a platform for single-domain recombinant antibody production. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1130-1137. [PMID: 34699899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have contributed to improving the treatment of several diseases. However, limitations related to pharmacokinetic parameters and production costs have instigated the search for alternative products. Camelids produce functional immunoglobulins G devoid of light chains and CH1 domains, in which the antigenic recognition site is formed by a single domain called VHH or nanobody. VHHs' small size and similarity to the human VH domain contribute to high tissue penetration and low immunogenicity. In addition, VHHs provide superior antigen recognition compared to human antibodies, better solubility and stability. Due to these characteristics and the possibility of obtaining gene-encoding VHHs, applications of this biological tool, whether as a monomer or in related recombinant constructs, have been reported. To ensure antibody efficacy and cost-effectiveness, strategies for their expression, either using prokaryotic or eukaryotic systems, have been utilized. Plant-based expression systems are useful for VHH related constructs that require post-translational modifications. This system has exhibited versatility, low-cost upstream production, and safety. This article presents the main advances associated to the heterologous expression of VHHs in plant systems. Besides, we show insights related to the use of VHHs as a strategy for plant pathogen control and a tool for genomic manipulation in plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Soraya S Pereira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
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19
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Creytens S, Pascha MN, Ballegeer M, Saelens X, de Haan CAM. Influenza Neuraminidase Characteristics and Potential as a Vaccine Target. Front Immunol 2021; 12:786617. [PMID: 34868073 PMCID: PMC8635103 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.786617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase of influenza A and B viruses plays a critical role in the virus life cycle and is an important target of the host immune system. Here, we highlight the current understanding of influenza neuraminidase structure, function, antigenicity, immunogenicity, and immune protective potential. Neuraminidase inhibiting antibodies have been recognized as correlates of protection against disease caused by natural or experimental influenza A virus infection in humans. In the past years, we have witnessed an increasing interest in the use of influenza neuraminidase to improve the protective potential of currently used influenza vaccines. A number of well-characterized influenza neuraminidase-specific monoclonal antibodies have been described recently, most of which can protect in experimental challenge models by inhibiting the neuraminidase activity or by Fc receptor-dependent mechanisms. The relative instability of the neuraminidase poses a challenge for protein-based antigen design. We critically review the different solutions that have been proposed to solve this problem, ranging from the inclusion of stabilizing heterologous tetramerizing zippers to the introduction of inter-protomer stabilizing mutations. Computationally engineered neuraminidase antigens have been generated that offer broad, within subtype protection in animal challenge models. We also provide an overview of modern vaccine technology platforms that are compatible with the induction of robust neuraminidase-specific immune responses. In the near future, we will likely see the implementation of influenza vaccines that confront the influenza virus with a double punch: targeting both the hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigenic Drift and Shift
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/ultrastructure
- Catalytic Domain/genetics
- Catalytic Domain/immunology
- Cross Protection
- Evolution, Molecular
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Alphainfluenzavirus/enzymology
- Alphainfluenzavirus/genetics
- Alphainfluenzavirus/immunology
- Betainfluenzavirus/enzymology
- Betainfluenzavirus/genetics
- Betainfluenzavirus/immunology
- Mutation
- Nanoparticles
- Neuraminidase/administration & dosage
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Neuraminidase/immunology
- Neuraminidase/ultrastructure
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/ultrastructure
- Viral Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Proteins/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Creytens
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB)-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mirte N. Pascha
- Section Virology, Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marlies Ballegeer
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB)-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB)-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cornelis A. M. de Haan
- Section Virology, Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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20
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Tang Q, Owens RJ, Naismith JH. Structural Biology of Nanobodies against the Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112214. [PMID: 34835020 PMCID: PMC8625641 DOI: 10.3390/v13112214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanobodies are 130 amino acid single-domain antibodies (VHH) derived from the unique heavy-chain-only subclass of Camelid immunogloblins. Their small molecular size, facile expression, high affinity and stability have combined to make them unique targeting reagents with numerous applications in the biomedical sciences. The first nanobody agent has now entered the clinic as a treatment against a blood disorder. The spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has seen the global scientific endeavour work to accelerate the development of technologies to try to defeat a pandemic that has now killed over four million people. In a remarkably short period of time, multiple studies have reported nanobodies directed against the viral Spike protein. Several agents have been tested in culture and demonstrate potent neutralisation of the virus or pseudovirus. A few agents have completed animal trials with very encouraging results showing their potential for treating infection. Here, we discuss the structural features that guide the nanobody recognition of the receptor binding domain of the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilong Tang
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK;
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Raymond J. Owens
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK;
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Correspondence: (R.J.O.); (J.H.N.)
| | - James H. Naismith
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK;
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Correspondence: (R.J.O.); (J.H.N.)
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21
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Huo J, Mikolajek H, Le Bas A, Clark JJ, Sharma P, Kipar A, Dormon J, Norman C, Weckener M, Clare DK, Harrison PJ, Tree JA, Buttigieg KR, Salguero FJ, Watson R, Knott D, Carnell O, Ngabo D, Elmore MJ, Fotheringham S, Harding A, Moynié L, Ward PN, Dumoux M, Prince T, Hall Y, Hiscox JA, Owen A, James W, Carroll MW, Stewart JP, Naismith JH, Owens RJ. A potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralising nanobody shows therapeutic efficacy in the Syrian golden hamster model of COVID-19. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5469. [PMID: 34552091 PMCID: PMC8458290 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25480-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 remains a global threat to human health particularly as escape mutants emerge. There is an unmet need for effective treatments against COVID-19 for which neutralizing single domain antibodies (nanobodies) have significant potential. Their small size and stability mean that nanobodies are compatible with respiratory administration. We report four nanobodies (C5, H3, C1, F2) engineered as homotrimers with pmolar affinity for the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Crystal structures show C5 and H3 overlap the ACE2 epitope, whilst C1 and F2 bind to a different epitope. Cryo Electron Microscopy shows C5 binding results in an all down arrangement of the Spike protein. C1, H3 and C5 all neutralize the Victoria strain, and the highly transmissible Alpha (B.1.1.7 first identified in Kent, UK) strain and C1 also neutralizes the Beta (B.1.35, first identified in South Africa). Administration of C5-trimer via the respiratory route showed potent therapeutic efficacy in the Syrian hamster model of COVID-19 and separately, effective prophylaxis. The molecule was similarly potent by intraperitoneal injection.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/metabolism
- Female
- Male
- Mesocricetus
- Neutralization Tests
- SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
- Single-Domain Antibodies/administration & dosage
- Single-Domain Antibodies/immunology
- Single-Domain Antibodies/metabolism
- Single-Domain Antibodies/pharmacology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- COVID-19 Drug Treatment
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Huo
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Protein Production UK, The Rosalind Franklin Institute - Diamond Light Source, The Research Complex at Harwell, Science Campus, Didcot, UK
| | | | - Audrey Le Bas
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Protein Production UK, The Rosalind Franklin Institute - Diamond Light Source, The Research Complex at Harwell, Science Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Jordan J Clark
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Parul Sharma
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anja Kipar
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joshua Dormon
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK
- Protein Production UK, The Rosalind Franklin Institute - Diamond Light Source, The Research Complex at Harwell, Science Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Chelsea Norman
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK
- Protein Production UK, The Rosalind Franklin Institute - Diamond Light Source, The Research Complex at Harwell, Science Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Miriam Weckener
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Daniel K Clare
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Peter J Harrison
- Protein Production UK, The Rosalind Franklin Institute - Diamond Light Source, The Research Complex at Harwell, Science Campus, Didcot, UK
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Julia A Tree
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Karen R Buttigieg
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | | | - Robert Watson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Daniel Knott
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Oliver Carnell
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Didier Ngabo
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Michael J Elmore
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Susan Fotheringham
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Adam Harding
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucile Moynié
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Philip N Ward
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Protein Production UK, The Rosalind Franklin Institute - Diamond Light Source, The Research Complex at Harwell, Science Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Maud Dumoux
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Tessa Prince
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Yper Hall
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Julian A Hiscox
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Infectious Diseases Horizontal Technology Centre (ID HTC), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - William James
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Miles W Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James P Stewart
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Georgia, USA
| | - James H Naismith
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK.
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Protein Production UK, The Rosalind Franklin Institute - Diamond Light Source, The Research Complex at Harwell, Science Campus, Didcot, UK.
| | - Raymond J Owens
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK.
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Protein Production UK, The Rosalind Franklin Institute - Diamond Light Source, The Research Complex at Harwell, Science Campus, Didcot, UK.
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22
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Dietsch F, Nominé Y, Stoessel A, Kostmann C, Bonhoure A, Chatton B, Donzeau M. Small p53 derived peptide suitable for robust nanobodies dimerization. J Immunol Methods 2021; 498:113144. [PMID: 34481824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bivalent VHHs have been shown to display better functional affinity compared with their monovalent counterparts. Bivalency can be achieved either by inserting a hinge region between both VHHs units or by using modules that lead to dimerization. In this report, a small self-associating peptide originating from the tetramerization domain of p53 was developed as a tool for devicing nanobody dimerization. This E3 peptide was evaluated for the dimerization of an anti-eGFP nanobody (nano-eGFP-E3) whose activity was compared to a bivalent anti-eGFP constructed in tandem using GS rich linker. The benefit of bivalency in terms of avidity and specificity was assessed in different in vitro and in cellulo assays. In ELISA and SPR, the dimeric and tandem formats were nearly equivalent in terms of gain of avidity compared to the monovalent counterpart. However, in cellulo, the nano-eGFP-E3 construct showed its superiority over the tandem format in terms of specificity with a highest and better ratio signal-to-noise. All together, the E3 peptide provides a universal suitable tool for the construction of dimeric biomolecules, in particular antibody fragments with improved functional affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Dietsch
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie Strasbourg, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Yves Nominé
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Audrey Stoessel
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie Strasbourg, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Camille Kostmann
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Anna Bonhoure
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Bruno Chatton
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie Strasbourg, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Mariel Donzeau
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie Strasbourg, F-67412 Illkirch, France.
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23
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Zupancic JM, Schardt JS, Desai AA, Makowski EK, Smith MD, Pornnoppadol G, Garcia de Mattos Barbosa M, Cascalho M, Lanigan TM, Tessier PM. Engineered Multivalent Nanobodies Potently and Broadly Neutralize SARS-CoV-2 Variants. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021; 4:2100099. [PMID: 34514086 PMCID: PMC8420545 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to be a severe threat to human health, especially due to current and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants with potential to escape humoral immunity developed after vaccination or infection. The development of broadly neutralizing antibodies that engage evolutionarily conserved epitopes on coronavirus spike proteins represents a promising strategy to improve therapy and prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2 and variants thereof. Herein, a facile multivalent engineering approach is employed to achieve large synergistic improvements in the neutralizing activity of a SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive nanobody (VHH-72) initially generated against SARS-CoV. This synergy is epitope specific and is not observed for a second high-affinity nanobody against a non-conserved epitope in the receptor-binding domain. Importantly, a hexavalent VHH-72 nanobody retains binding to spike proteins from multiple highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants (B.1.1.7 and B.1.351) and potently neutralizes them. Multivalent VHH-72 nanobodies also display drug-like biophysical properties, including high stability, high solubility, and low levels of non-specific binding. The unique neutralizing and biophysical properties of VHH-72 multivalent nanobodies make them attractive as therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Zupancic
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Biointerfaces InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - John S. Schardt
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Biointerfaces InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Alec A. Desai
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Biointerfaces InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Emily K. Makowski
- Biointerfaces InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Matthew D. Smith
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Biointerfaces InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Ghasidit Pornnoppadol
- Biointerfaces InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | | | - Marilia Cascalho
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Thomas M. Lanigan
- Division of RheumatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Peter M. Tessier
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Biointerfaces InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
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24
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Maity S, Saha A. Therapeutic Potential of Exploiting Autophagy Cascade Against Coronavirus Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:675419. [PMID: 34054782 PMCID: PMC8160449 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.675419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) created a worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) with nearly 136 million cases and approximately 3 million deaths. Recent studies indicate that like other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 also hijacks or usurps various host cell machineries including autophagy for its replication and disease pathogenesis. Double membrane vesicles generated during initiation of autophagy cascade act as a scaffold for the assembly of viral replication complexes and facilitate RNA synthesis. The use of autophagy inhibitors - chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine initially appeared to be as a potential treatment strategy of COVID-19 patients but later remained at the center of debate due to high cytotoxic effects. In the absence of a specific drug or vaccine, there is an urgent need for a safe, potent as well as affordable drug to control the disease spread. Given the intricate connection between autophagy machinery and viral pathogenesis, the question arises whether targeting autophagy pathway might show a path to fight against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review we will discuss about our current knowledge linking autophagy to coronaviruses and how that is being utilized to repurpose autophagy modulators as potential COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhik Saha
- School of Biotechnology, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
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25
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Analysis of the Evolution of Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) Virus Neuraminidase Reveals Entanglement of Different Phenotypic Characteristics. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.00287-21. [PMID: 33975931 PMCID: PMC8262965 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00287-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus (IAV) neuraminidase (NA) is essential for virion release from cells and decoy receptors and an important target of antiviral drugs and antibodies. Adaptation to a new host sialome and escape from the host immune system are forces driving the selection of mutations in the NA gene. Phylogenetic analysis shows that until 2015, 16 amino acid substitutions in NA became fixed in the virus population after introduction in the human population of the pandemic IAV H1N1 (H1N1pdm09) in 2009. The accumulative effect of these substitutions, in the order in which they appeared, was analyzed using recombinant proteins and viruses in combination with different functional assays. The results indicate that NA activity did not evolve to a single optimum but rather fluctuated within a certain bandwidth. Furthermore, antigenic and enzymatic properties of NA were intertwined, with several residues affecting multiple properties. For example, the substitution K432E in the second sialic acid binding site, next to the catalytic site, was shown to affect catalytic activity, substrate specificity, and the pH optimum for maximum activity. This substitution also altered antigenicity of NA, which may explain its selection. We propose that the entanglement of NA phenotypes may be an important determining factor in the evolution of NA.IMPORTANCE Since its emergence in 2009, the pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus (IAV) has caused significant disease and mortality in humans. IAVs contain two envelope glycoproteins, the receptor-binding hemagglutinin (HA) and the receptor-destroying neuraminidase (NA). NA is essential for virion release from cells and decoy receptors, is an important target of antiviral drugs, and is increasingly being recognized as an important vaccine antigen. Not much is known, however, about the evolution of this protein upon the emergence of the novel pandemic H1N1 virus, with respect to its enzymatic activity and antigenicity. By reconstructing the evolutionary path of NA, we show that antigenic and enzymatic properties of NA are intertwined, with several residues affecting multiple properties. Understanding the entanglement of NA phenotypes will lead to better comprehension of IAV evolution and may help the development of NA-based vaccines.
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26
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Tung Yep A, Takeuchi Y, Engelhardt OG, Hufton SE. Broad Reactivity Single Domain Antibodies against Influenza Virus and Their Applications to Vaccine Potency Testing and Immunotherapy. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030407. [PMID: 33802072 PMCID: PMC8001348 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigenic variability of influenza presents many challenges to the development of vaccines and immunotherapeutics. However, it is apparent that there are epitopes on the virus that have evolved to remain largely constant due to their functional importance. These more conserved regions are often hidden and difficult to access by the human immune system but recent efforts have shown that these may be the Achilles heel of the virus through development and delivery of appropriate biological drugs. Amongst these, single domain antibodies (sdAbs) are equipped to target these vulnerabilities of the influenza virus due to their preference for concave epitopes on protein surfaces, their small size, flexible reformatting and high stability. Single domain antibodies are well placed to provide a new generation of robust analytical reagents and therapeutics to support the constant efforts to keep influenza in check.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tung Yep
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK;
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Yasu Takeuchi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
- Advanced Therapies Division, NIBSC, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | | | - Simon E. Hufton
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK;
- Correspondence:
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27
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Bessalah S, Jebahi S, Mejri N, Salhi I, Khorchani T, Hammadi M. Perspective on therapeutic and diagnostic potential of camel nanobodies for coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). 3 Biotech 2021; 11:89. [PMID: 33500874 PMCID: PMC7820838 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02647-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we focus on the camelid nanobodies as a revolutionary therapy that can guide efforts to discover new drugs for Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The small size property makes nanobodies capable of penetrating efficiently into tissues and recognizing cryptic antigens. Strong antigen affinity and stability in the gastrointestinal tract allow them to be used via oral administration. In fact, the use of nanobodies as inhalant can be directly delivered to the target organ, conferring high pulmonary drug concentrations and low systemic drug concentrations and minimal systemic side effects. For that, nanobodies are referred as a class of next-generation antibodies. Nanobodies permit the construction of multivalent formats that may achieve ultra-high neutralization potency and then may prevent mutational escape and can neutralize a wide range of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Due to their distinctive characteristics, nanobodies can be of great use in the development of promising treatment or preventive strategies against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, the state-of-the-art of camel nanobodies design strategies against the virus including SARS-CoV-2 are critically summarized. The application of general nanotechnology was also discussed to mitigate and control emerging SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Bessalah
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory, Arid Lands Institute (I.R.A), University of Gabès, 4119 Médenine, Tunisia
| | - Samira Jebahi
- Laboratory on Energy and Matter for Nuclear Sciences Development (LR16CNSTN02), National Centre for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Thabet Technopark, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia, Pole technologique, BP 72, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Naceur Mejri
- Laboratory on Energy and Matter for Nuclear Sciences Development (LR16CNSTN02), National Centre for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Thabet Technopark, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia, Pole technologique, BP 72, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Imed Salhi
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory, Arid Lands Institute (I.R.A), University of Gabès, 4119 Médenine, Tunisia
| | - Touhami Khorchani
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory, Arid Lands Institute (I.R.A), University of Gabès, 4119 Médenine, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Hammadi
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory, Arid Lands Institute (I.R.A), University of Gabès, 4119 Médenine, Tunisia
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28
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McMillan CL, Young PR, Watterson D, Chappell KJ. The Next Generation of Influenza Vaccines: Towards a Universal Solution. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9010026. [PMID: 33430278 PMCID: PMC7825669 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses remain a constant burden in humans, causing millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths each year. Current influenza virus vaccine modalities primarily induce antibodies directed towards the highly variable head domain of the hemagglutinin protein on the virus surface. Such antibodies are often strain-specific, meaning limited cross-protection against divergent influenza viruses is induced, resulting in poor vaccine efficacy. To attempt to counteract this, yearly influenza vaccination with updated formulations containing antigens from more recently circulating viruses is required. This is an expensive and time-consuming exercise, and the constant arms race between host immunity and virus evolution presents an ongoing challenge for effective vaccine development. Furthermore, there exists the constant pandemic threat of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses with high fatality rates (~30–50%) or the emergence of new, pathogenic reassortants. Current vaccines would likely offer little to no protection from such viruses in the event of an epidemic or pandemic. This highlights the urgent need for improved influenza virus vaccines capable of providing long-lasting, robust protection from both seasonal influenza virus infections as well as potential pandemic threats. In this narrative review, we examine the next generation of influenza virus vaccines for human use and the steps being taken to achieve universal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L.D. McMillan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.D.M.); (K.J.C.)
| | - Paul R. Young
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
- The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- The Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel Watterson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
- The Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Keith J. Chappell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
- The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- The Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence: (C.L.D.M.); (K.J.C.)
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Maciorowski D, Ogaugwu C, Durvasula SR, Durvasula R, Kunamneni A. Therapeutic and Vaccine Options for COVID-19: Status after Six Months of the Disease Outbreak. SLAS DISCOVERY 2020; 26:311-329. [PMID: 33319627 PMCID: PMC8940856 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220979579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by an infection of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) occurred in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. This new virus belongs to the group of enveloped RNA beta-coronaviruses. Symptoms may differ in various infected persons, but major presentations include dry cough, nasal congestion, shortness of breath, fever, and general malaise. The disease appears to be more severe in patients above the age of 60 years and those with underlying conditions such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory disease, and hypertension. There is still no approved vaccine against COVID-19, but more than a hundred are at different stages of development. It is known that the development of new drugs takes a relatively long time, so several known and already-approved drugs are being repurposed for the treatment of this disease. In this review, we explore the therapeutic and vaccine options that are available for COVID-19 6 months after its outbreak. Most noteworthy among the therapeutic options are dexamethasone, remdesivir, Avigan (favipiravir) and convalescent plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Maciorowski
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Christian Ogaugwu
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | | | - Ravi Durvasula
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
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Moliner-Morro A, J. Sheward D, Karl V, Perez Vidakovics L, Murrell B, McInerney GM, Hanke L. Picomolar SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Using Multi-Arm PEG Nanobody Constructs. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121661. [PMID: 33322557 PMCID: PMC7764822 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multivalent antibody constructs have a broad range of clinical and biotechnological applications. Nanobodies are especially useful as components for multivalent constructs as they allow increased valency while maintaining a small molecule size. We here describe a novel, rapid method for the generation of bi- and multivalent nanobody constructs with oriented assembly by Cu-free strain promoted azide-alkyne click chemistry (SPAAC). We used sortase A for ligation of click chemistry functional groups site-specifically to the C-terminus of nanobodies before creating C-to-C-terminal nanobody fusions and 4-arm polyethylene glycol (PEG) tetrameric nanobody constructs. We demonstrated the viability of this approach by generating constructs with the SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing nanobody Ty1. We compared the ability of the different constructs to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped virus and infectious virus in neutralization assays. The generated dimers neutralized the virus similarly to a nanobody-Fc fusion variant, while a 4-arm PEG based tetrameric Ty1 construct dramatically enhanced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2, with an IC50 in the low picomolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Moliner-Morro
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.M.-M.); (D.J.S.); (V.K.); (L.P.V.); (B.M.); (G.M.M.)
| | - Daniel J. Sheward
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.M.-M.); (D.J.S.); (V.K.); (L.P.V.); (B.M.); (G.M.M.)
- Division of Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Vivien Karl
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.M.-M.); (D.J.S.); (V.K.); (L.P.V.); (B.M.); (G.M.M.)
| | - Laura Perez Vidakovics
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.M.-M.); (D.J.S.); (V.K.); (L.P.V.); (B.M.); (G.M.M.)
| | - Ben Murrell
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.M.-M.); (D.J.S.); (V.K.); (L.P.V.); (B.M.); (G.M.M.)
| | - Gerald M. McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.M.-M.); (D.J.S.); (V.K.); (L.P.V.); (B.M.); (G.M.M.)
| | - Leo Hanke
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.M.-M.); (D.J.S.); (V.K.); (L.P.V.); (B.M.); (G.M.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Hanke L, Vidakovics Perez L, Sheward DJ, Das H, Schulte T, Moliner-Morro A, Corcoran M, Achour A, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Hällberg BM, Murrell B, McInerney GM. An alpaca nanobody neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 by blocking receptor interaction. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4420. [PMID: 32887876 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.02.130161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 enters host cells through an interaction between the spike glycoprotein and the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Directly preventing this interaction presents an attractive possibility for suppressing SARS-CoV-2 replication. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of an alpaca-derived single domain antibody fragment, Ty1, that specifically targets the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike, directly preventing ACE2 engagement. Ty1 binds the RBD with high affinity, occluding ACE2. A cryo-electron microscopy structure of the bound complex at 2.9 Å resolution reveals that Ty1 binds to an epitope on the RBD accessible in both the 'up' and 'down' conformations, sterically hindering RBD-ACE2 binding. While fusion to an Fc domain renders Ty1 extremely potent, Ty1 neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudovirus as a 12.8 kDa nanobody, which can be expressed in high quantities in bacteria, presenting opportunities for manufacturing at scale. Ty1 is therefore an excellent candidate as an intervention against COVID-19.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/drug effects
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- COVID-19
- Camelids, New World/immunology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epitopes/metabolism
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Male
- Models, Molecular
- Pandemics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/chemistry
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Protein Binding
- SARS-CoV-2
- Single-Domain Antibodies/immunology
- Single-Domain Antibodies/isolation & purification
- Single-Domain Antibodies/pharmacology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/antagonists & inhibitors
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Hanke
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Vidakovics Perez
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel J Sheward
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hrishikesh Das
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim Schulte
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ainhoa Moliner-Morro
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - B Martin Hällberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Karolinska Institutet VR-RÅC, Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ben Murrell
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Gerald M McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Hanke L, Vidakovics Perez L, Sheward DJ, Das H, Schulte T, Moliner-Morro A, Corcoran M, Achour A, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Hällberg BM, Murrell B, McInerney GM. An alpaca nanobody neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 by blocking receptor interaction. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4420. [PMID: 32887876 PMCID: PMC7473855 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 enters host cells through an interaction between the spike glycoprotein and the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Directly preventing this interaction presents an attractive possibility for suppressing SARS-CoV-2 replication. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of an alpaca-derived single domain antibody fragment, Ty1, that specifically targets the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike, directly preventing ACE2 engagement. Ty1 binds the RBD with high affinity, occluding ACE2. A cryo-electron microscopy structure of the bound complex at 2.9 Å resolution reveals that Ty1 binds to an epitope on the RBD accessible in both the 'up' and 'down' conformations, sterically hindering RBD-ACE2 binding. While fusion to an Fc domain renders Ty1 extremely potent, Ty1 neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudovirus as a 12.8 kDa nanobody, which can be expressed in high quantities in bacteria, presenting opportunities for manufacturing at scale. Ty1 is therefore an excellent candidate as an intervention against COVID-19.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/drug effects
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- COVID-19
- Camelids, New World/immunology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epitopes/metabolism
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Male
- Models, Molecular
- Pandemics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/chemistry
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Protein Binding
- SARS-CoV-2
- Single-Domain Antibodies/immunology
- Single-Domain Antibodies/isolation & purification
- Single-Domain Antibodies/pharmacology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/antagonists & inhibitors
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Hanke
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Vidakovics Perez
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel J Sheward
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hrishikesh Das
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim Schulte
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ainhoa Moliner-Morro
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - B Martin Hällberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Karolinska Institutet VR-RÅC, Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ben Murrell
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Gerald M McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Biswas M, Yamazaki T, Chiba J, Akashi-Takamura S. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for Influenza: Passive Immunotherapy and Intranasal Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030424. [PMID: 32751206 PMCID: PMC7565570 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause annual epidemics and occasional pandemics. The high diversity of viral envelope proteins permits viruses to escape host immunity. Therefore, the development of a universal vaccine and broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is essential for controlling various mutant viruses. Here, we review some potentially valuable bnAbs for influenza; one is a novel passive immunotherapy using a variable domain of heavy chain-only antibody (VHH), and the other is polymeric immunoglobulin A (pIgA) induced by intranasal vaccination. Recently, it was reported that a tetravalent multidomain antibody (MDAb) was developed by genetic fusion of four VHHs, which are bnAbs against the influenza A or B viruses. The transfer of a gene encoding the MDAb–Fc fusion protein provided cross-protection against both influenza A and B viruses in vivo. An intranasal universal influenza vaccine, which can induce neutralizing pIgAs in the upper respiratory tract, is currently undergoing clinical studies. A recent study has revealed that tetrameric IgAs formed in nasal mucosa are more broadly protective against influenza than the monomeric and dimeric forms. These broadly neutralizing antibodies have high potential to control the currently circulating influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrityunjoy Biswas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan; (M.B.); (S.A.-T.)
| | - Tatsuya Yamazaki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan; (M.B.); (S.A.-T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-56-162-3311
| | - Joe Chiba
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan;
| | - Sachiko Akashi-Takamura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan; (M.B.); (S.A.-T.)
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Hoey RJ, Eom H, Horn JR. Structure and development of single domain antibodies as modules for therapeutics and diagnostics. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:1568-1576. [PMID: 31594404 PMCID: PMC6920669 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219881129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery just over 25 years ago, the single variable domain from heavy-chain-only antibodies plays a role in an increasing number of antibody-based applications. Structural and biophysical studies have revealed that the small, ∼15 kDa, single variable domain found in camelids displays versatility in target recognition. Such insight has served as the foundation to develop and engineer VHH domains with enhanced properties capable of targeting a range of therapeutically relevant protein antigens or low-molecular weight haptens. Furthermore, the modular nature of VHH domains allows them to be introduced into constructs that are simply not possible with conventional antibodies. Here, we review the structural and biophysical properties of VHH domains, highlight recent VHH-based therapeutics and diagnostics, and provide insight into VHH engineering that may pave the way to next-generation single domain antibody applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Hoey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Northern
Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115,
USA
| | - Hyeyoung Eom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Northern
Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115,
USA
| | - James R Horn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Northern
Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115,
USA
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Schlake T, Thess A, Thran M, Jordan I. mRNA as novel technology for passive immunotherapy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:301-328. [PMID: 30334070 PMCID: PMC6339677 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2935-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While active immunization elicits a lasting immune response by the body, passive immunotherapy transiently equips the body with exogenously generated immunological effectors in the form of either target-specific antibodies or lymphocytes functionalized with target-specific receptors. In either case, administration or expression of recombinant proteins plays a fundamental role. mRNA prepared by in vitro transcription (IVT) is increasingly appreciated as a drug substance for delivery of recombinant proteins. With its biological role as transient carrier of genetic information translated into protein in the cytoplasm, therapeutic application of mRNA combines several advantages. For example, compared to transfected DNA, mRNA harbors inherent safety features. It is not associated with the risk of inducing genomic changes and potential adverse effects are only temporary due to its transient nature. Compared to the administration of recombinant proteins produced in bioreactors, mRNA allows supplying proteins that are difficult to manufacture and offers extended pharmacokinetics for short-lived proteins. Based on great progress in understanding and manipulating mRNA properties, efficacy data in various models have now demonstrated that IVT mRNA constitutes a potent and flexible platform technology. Starting with an introduction into passive immunotherapy, this review summarizes the current status of IVT mRNA technology and its application to such immunological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schlake
- CureVac AG, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Thess
- CureVac AG, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moritz Thran
- CureVac AG, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingo Jordan
- CureVac AG, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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36
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Single-Domain Antibodies and Their Formatting to Combat Viral Infections. Antibodies (Basel) 2018; 8:antib8010001. [PMID: 31544807 PMCID: PMC6640686 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery in the 1990s, single-domain antibodies (VHHs), also known as Nanobodies®, have changed the landscape of affinity reagents. The outstanding solubility, stability, and specificity of VHHs, as well as their small size, ease of production and formatting flexibility favor VHHs over conventional antibody formats for many applications. The exceptional ease by which it is possible to fuse VHHs with different molecular modules has been particularly explored in the context of viral infections. In this review, we focus on VHH formats that have been developed to combat viruses including influenza viruses, human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), and human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Such formats may significantly increase the affinity, half-life, breadth of protection of an antiviral VHH and reduce the risk of viral escape. In addition, VHHs can be equipped with effector functions, for example to guide components of the immune system with high precision to sites of viral infection.
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Influenza A Virus Utilizes Low-Affinity, High-Avidity Interactions with the Nuclear Import Machinery To Ensure Infection and Immune Evasion. J Virol 2018; 93:JVI.01046-18. [PMID: 30305352 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01046-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The incoming influenza A virus (IAV) genome must pass through two distinct barriers in order to establish infection in the cell: the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane. A precise understanding of the challenges imposed by the nuclear barrier remains outstanding. Passage across is mediated by host karyopherins (KPNAs), which bind to the viral nucleoprotein (NP) via its N-terminal nuclear localization sequence (NLS). The binding affinity between the two molecules is low, but NP is present in a high copy number, which suggests that binding avidity plays a compensatory role during import. Using nanobody-based technology, we demonstrate that a high binding avidity is required for infection, though the absolute value differs between cell types and correlates with their relative susceptibility to infection. In addition, we demonstrate that increasing the affinity level caused a decrease in avidity requirements for some cell types but blocked infection in others. Finally, we show that genomes that become frustrated by low avidity and remain cytoplasmic trigger the type I interferon response. Based on these results, we conclude that IAV balances affinity and avidity considerations in order to overcome the nuclear barrier across a broad range of cell types. Furthermore, these results provide evidence to support the long-standing hypothesis that IAV's strategy of import and replication in the nucleus facilitates immune evasion.IMPORTANCE We used intracellular nanobodies to block influenza virus infection at the step prior to nuclear import of its ribonucleoproteins. By doing so, we were able to answer an important but outstanding question that could not be addressed with conventional tools: how many of the ∼500 available NLS motifs are needed to establish infection? Furthermore, by controlling the subcellular localization of the incoming viral ribonucleoproteins and measuring the cell's antiviral response, we were able to provide direct evidence for the long-standing hypothesis that influenza virus exploits nuclear localization to delay activation of the innate immune response.
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Mohseni A, Molakarimi M, Taghdir M, Sajedi RH, Hasannia S. Exploring single-domain antibody thermostability by molecular dynamics simulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:3686-3696. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1526116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Mohseni
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Molakarimi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Taghdir
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza H. Sajedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Hasannia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Lafaye P, Li T. Use of camel single-domain antibodies for the diagnosis and treatment of zoonotic diseases. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 60:17-22. [PMID: 30396425 PMCID: PMC7112682 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
VHHs provide many advantages over complete IgG in diagnostics and therapy. Toxins and viruses are more efficiently neutralized by multivalent VHHs. Camelids could be a source of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to treat zoonotic diseases.
Camelids produce both conventional heterotetrameric antibodies and homodimeric heavy-chain only antibodies. The antigen-binding region of such homodimeric heavy-chain only antibodies consists of one single domain, called VHH. VHHs provide many advantages over conventional full-sized antibodies and currently used antibody-based fragments (Fab, scFv), including high specificity, stability and solubility, and small size, allowing them to recognize unusual antigenic sites and deeply penetrate tissues. Since their discovery, VHHs have been used extensively in diagnostics and therapy. In recent decades, the number of outbreaks of diseases transmissible from animals to humans has been on the rise. In this review, we evaluate the status of VHHs as diagnostic and therapeutic biomolecular agents for the detection and treatment of zoonotic diseases, such as bacterial, parasitic, and viral zoonosis. VHHs show great adaptability to inhibit or neutralize pathogenic agents for the creation of multifunctional VHH-based diagnostic and therapeutic molecules against zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lafaye
- Institut Pasteur, Plate forme d'Ingénierie des Anticorps, C2RT, Paris, France.
| | - Tengfei Li
- Université Paris Diderot, Paris 7, France
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Khoshtinat Nikkhoi S, Rahbarizadeh F, Ahmadvand D, Moghimi SM. Multivalent targeting and killing of HER2 overexpressing breast carcinoma cells with methotrexate-encapsulated tetra-specific non-overlapping variable domain heavy chain anti-HER2 antibody-PEG-liposomes: In vitro proof-of-concept. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 122:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Linero F, Sepúlveda C, Christopoulou I, Hulpiau P, Scolaro L, Saelens X. Neutralization of Junín virus by single domain antibodies targeted against the nucleoprotein. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11451. [PMID: 30061671 PMCID: PMC6065417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The syndrome viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) designates a broad range of diseases that are caused by different viruses including members of the family Arenaviridae. Prophylaxis for Argentine Haemorrhagic Fever (AHF), caused by the arenavirus Junín (JUNV), has been achieved by the use of a live attenuated vaccine, named Candid#1. The standard treatment of AHF is transfusion of convalescent human plasma. Our aim was to develop an alternative and safer treatment for AHF based on the use of virus-neutralizing single domain antibodies (VHHs). We describe the first reported VHHs directed against an arenavirus. These VHHs could neutralize Candid#1 by altering virion binding/fusion. Surprisingly, the neutralizing VHHs appeared to be specific for the viral nucleoprotein (N) that is not known to be involved in arenavirus entry. Candid#1 VHH-escape viruses had acquired a predicted N-glycosylation site in the surface glycoprotein GP1 that is present in highly pathogenic JUNV strains. Accordingly, the Candid#1-neutralizing VHHs could not neutralize pathogenic JUNV strains, but they could still bind to cells infected with a pathogenic strain or the escape mutant viruses. These results show that the attenuated strains of JUNV can be potently neutralized by nucleoprotein-specific VHHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Linero
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Claudia Sepúlveda
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Caba, Argentina
| | - Ioanna Christopoulou
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Paco Hulpiau
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium.,VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Luis Scolaro
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Caba, Argentina
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium.
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Kumar A, Meldgaard TS, Bertholet S. Novel Platforms for the Development of a Universal Influenza Vaccine. Front Immunol 2018; 9:600. [PMID: 29628926 PMCID: PMC5877485 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advancements in immunotherapeutic approaches, influenza continues to cause severe illness, particularly among immunocompromised individuals, young children, and elderly adults. Vaccination is the most effective way to reduce rates of morbidity and mortality caused by influenza viruses. Frequent genetic shift and drift among influenza-virus strains with the resultant disparity between circulating and vaccine virus strains limits the effectiveness of the available conventional influenza vaccines. One approach to overcome this limitation is to develop a universal influenza vaccine that could provide protection against all subtypes of influenza viruses. Moreover, the development of a novel or improved universal influenza vaccines may be greatly facilitated by new technologies including virus-like particles, T-cell-inducing peptides and recombinant proteins, synthetic viruses, broadly neutralizing antibodies, and nucleic acid-based vaccines. This review discusses recent scientific advances in the development of next-generation universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar
- GSK, Research and Development Center, Siena, Italy.,Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Trine Sundebo Meldgaard
- GSK, Research and Development Center, Siena, Italy.,DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sylvie Bertholet
- GSK, Research and Development Center, Siena, Italy.,GSK, Research and Development Center, Rockville, MD, United States
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Antibodies Directed toward Neuraminidase N1 Control Disease in a Mouse Model of Influenza. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01584-17. [PMID: 29167342 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01584-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence to suggest that antibodies directed toward influenza A virus (IAV) neuraminidase (NA) are an important correlate of protection against influenza in humans. Moreover, the potential of NA-specific antibodies to provide broader protection than conventional hemagglutinin (HA) antibodies has been recognized. Here, we describe the isolation of two monoclonal antibodies, N1-7D3 and N1-C4, directed toward the N1 NA. N1-7D3 binds to a conserved linear epitope in the membrane-distal, carboxy-terminal part of the NA and reacted with the NA of seasonal H1N1 isolates ranging from 1977 to 2007 and the 2009 H1N1pdm virus, as well as A/Vietnam/1194/04 (H5N1). However, N1-7D3 lacked NA inhibition (NI) activity and the ability to protect BALB/c mice against a lethal challenge with a range of H1N1 viruses. Conversely, N1-C4 bound to a conformational epitope that is conserved between two influenza virus subtypes, 2009 H1N1pdm and H5N1 IAV, and displayed potent in vitro antiviral activity mediating both NI and plaque size reduction. Moreover, N1-C4 could provide heterosubtypic protection in BALB/c mice against a lethal challenge with 2009 H1N1pdm or H5N1 virus. Glutamic acid residue 311 in the NA was found to be critical for the NA binding and antiviral activity of monoclonal antibody N1-C4. Our data provide further evidence for cross-protective epitopes within the N1 subtype and highlight the potential of NA as an important target for vaccine and therapeutic approaches.IMPORTANCE Influenza remains a worldwide burden on public health. As such, the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics against influenza virus is crucial. Human challenge studies have recently highlighted the importance of antibodies directed toward the viral neuraminidase (NA) as an important correlate of reduced influenza-associated disease severity. Furthermore, there is evidence that anti-NA antibodies can provide broader protection than antibodies toward the viral hemagglutinin. Here, we describe the isolation and detailed characterization of two N1 NA-specific monoclonal antibodies. One of these monoclonal antibodies broadly binds N1-type NAs, and the second displays NA inhibition and in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity against 2009 H1N1pdm and H5N1 influenza viruses. These two new anti-NA antibodies contribute to our understanding of the antigenic properties and protective potential of the influenza virus NA antigen.
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Comparison of the Efficacy of N9 Neuraminidase-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies against Influenza A(H7N9) Virus Infection. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01588-17. [PMID: 29167344 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01588-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The fifth wave of A(H7N9) virus infection in China from 2016 to 2017 caused great concern due to the large number of individuals infected, the isolation of drug-resistant viruses, and the emergence of highly pathogenic strains. Antibodies against neuraminidase (NA) provide added benefit to hemagglutinin-specific immunity and may be important contributors to the effectiveness of A(H7N9) vaccines. We generated a panel of mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to identify antigenic domains on NA of the novel A(H7N9) virus and compared their functional properties. The loop formed in the region of residue 250 (250 loop) and the domain formed by the loops containing residues 370, 400, and 430 were identified as major antigenic regions. MAbs 1E8, 2F6, 10F4, and 11B2, which recognize these two antigenic domains, were characterized in depth. These four MAbs differ in their abilities to inhibit cleavage of small and large substrates (methyl-umbelliferyl-acetyl neuraminic acid [MU-NANA] and fetuin, respectively) in NA inhibition assays. 1E8 and 11B2 did not inhibit NA cleavage of either MU-NANA or fetuin, and 2F6 inhibited cleavage of fetuin alone, whereas 10F4 inhibited cleavage of both substrates. All four MAbs reduced the in vitro spread of viruses carrying either the wild-type N9 or N9 with antiviral-resistant mutations but to different degrees. These MAbs have different in vivo levels of effectiveness: 10F4 was the most effective in protecting mice against challenge with A(H7N9) virus, 2F6 was less effective, and 11B2 failed to protect BALB/c mice at the doses tested. Our study confirms that NA-specific antibodies can protect against A(H7N9) infection and suggests that in vitro properties can be used to rank antibodies with therapeutic potential.IMPORTANCE The novel A(H7N9) viruses that emerged in China in 2013 continue to infect humans, with a high fatality rate. The most recent outbreak resulted in a larger number of human cases than previous epidemic waves. Due to the absence of a licensed vaccine and the emergence of drug-resistant viruses, there is a need to develop alternative approaches to prevent or treat A(H7N9) infection. We have made a panel of mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for neuraminidase (NA) of A(H7N9) viruses; some of these MAbs are effective in inhibiting viruses that are resistant to antivirals used to treat A(H7N9) patients. Binding avidity, inhibition of NA activity, and plaque formation correlated with the effectiveness of these MAbs to protect mice against lethal A(H7N9) virus challenge. This study identifies in vitro measures that can be used to predict the in vivo efficacy of NA-specific antibodies, providing a way to select MAbs for further therapeutic development.
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Wu Y, Jiang S, Ying T. Single-Domain Antibodies As Therapeutics against Human Viral Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1802. [PMID: 29326699 PMCID: PMC5733491 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In full-size formats, monoclonal antibodies have been highly successful as therapeutics against cancer and immune diseases. However, their large size leads to inaccessibility of some epitopes and relatively high production costs. As an alternative, single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) offer special advantages compared to full-size antibodies, including smaller size, larger number of accessible epitopes, relatively low production costs and improved robustness. Currently, sdAbs are being developed against a number of viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), influenza viruses, hepatitis C virus (HCV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and enteric viruses. Although sdAbs are very potent inhibitors of viral infections, no sdAbs have been approved for clinical use against virial infection or any other diseases. In this review, we discuss the current state of research on sdAbs against viruses and their potential as therapeutics against human viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Ceballo Y, Tiel K, López A, Cabrera G, Pérez M, Ramos O, Rosabal Y, Montero C, Menassa R, Depicker A, Hernández A. High accumulation in tobacco seeds of hemagglutinin antigen from avian (H5N1) influenza. Transgenic Res 2017; 26:775-789. [PMID: 28986672 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-017-0047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco seeds can be used as a cost effective system for production of recombinant vaccines. Avian influenza is an important respiratory pathogen that causes a high degree of mortality and becomes a serious threat for the poultry industry. A safe vaccine against avian flu produced at low cost could help to prevent future outbreaks. We have genetically engineered tobacco plants to express extracellular domain of hemagglutinin protein from H5N1 avian influenza virus as an inexpensive alternative for production purposes. Two regulatory sequences of seed storage protein genes from Phaseolus vulgaris L. were used to direct the expression, yielding 3.0 mg of the viral antigen per g of seeds. The production and stability of seed-produced recombinant HA protein was characterized by different molecular techniques. The aqueous extract of tobacco seed proteins was used for subcutaneous immunization of chickens, which developed antibodies that inhibited the agglutination of erythrocytes after the second application of the antigen. The feasibility of using tobacco seeds as a vaccine carrier is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanaysi Ceballo
- Plant Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), PO Box 6162, 10600, Havana, Havana, Cuba.
| | - Kenia Tiel
- Plant Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), PO Box 6162, 10600, Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Alina López
- Plant Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), PO Box 6162, 10600, Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Gleysin Cabrera
- Department of Carbohydrate Chemistry, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Marlene Pérez
- Plant Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), PO Box 6162, 10600, Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Osmany Ramos
- Plant Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), PO Box 6162, 10600, Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Yamilka Rosabal
- Plant Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), PO Box 6162, 10600, Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Carlos Montero
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Rima Menassa
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ann Depicker
- Department Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department Plant Systems Biologie, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Abel Hernández
- Plant Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), PO Box 6162, 10600, Havana, Havana, Cuba
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Noël F, Malpertuy A, de Brevern AG. Global analysis of VHHs framework regions with a structural alphabet. Biochimie 2016; 131:11-19. [PMID: 27613403 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The VHHs are antigen-binding region/domain of camelid heavy chain antibodies (HCAb). They have many interesting biotechnological and biomedical properties due to their small size, high solubility and stability, and high affinity and specificity for their antigens. HCAb and classical IgGs are evolutionary related and share a common fold. VHHs are composed of regions considered as constant, called the frameworks (FRs) connected by Complementarity Determining Regions (CDRs), a highly variable region that provide interaction with the epitope. Actually, no systematic structural analyses had been performed on VHH structures despite a significant number of structures. This work is the first study to analyse the structural diversity of FRs of VHHs. Using a structural alphabet that allows approximating the local conformation, we show that each of the four FRs do not have a unique structure but exhibit many structural variant patterns. Moreover, no direct simple link between the local conformational change and amino acid composition can be detected. These results indicate that long-range interactions affect the local conformation of FRs and impact the building of structural models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriane Noël
- INSERM, U 1134, DSIMB, F-75739 Paris, France; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1134, F-75739 Paris, France; Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), F-75739 Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, F-75739 Paris, France
| | | | - Alexandre G de Brevern
- INSERM, U 1134, DSIMB, F-75739 Paris, France; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1134, F-75739 Paris, France; Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), F-75739 Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, F-75739 Paris, France.
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Kamthan A, Chaudhuri A, Kamthan M, Datta A. Genetically modified (GM) crops: milestones and new advances in crop improvement. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2016; 129:1639-55. [PMID: 27381849 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-016-2747-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
New advances in crop genetic engineering can significantly pace up the development of genetically improved varieties with enhanced yield, nutrition and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Genetically modified (GM) crops can act as powerful complement to the crops produced by laborious and time consuming conventional breeding methods to meet the worldwide demand for quality foods. GM crops can help fight malnutrition due to enhanced yield, nutritional quality and increased resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses. However, several biosafety issues and public concerns are associated with cultivation of GM crops developed by transgenesis, i.e., introduction of genes from distantly related organism. To meet these concerns, researchers have developed alternative concepts of cisgenesis and intragenesis which involve transformation of plants with genetic material derived from the species itself or from closely related species capable of sexual hybridization, respectively. Recombinase technology aimed at site-specific integration of transgene can help to overcome limitations of traditional genetic engineering methods based on random integration of multiple copy of transgene into plant genome leading to gene silencing and unpredictable expression pattern. Besides, recently developed technology of genome editing using engineered nucleases, permit the modification or mutation of genes of interest without involving foreign DNA, and as a result, plants developed with this technology might be considered as non-transgenic genetically altered plants. This would open the doors for the development and commercialization of transgenic plants with superior phenotypes even in countries where GM crops are poorly accepted. This review is an attempt to summarize various past achievements of GM technology in crop improvement, recent progress and new advances in the field to develop improved varieties aimed for better consumer acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Kamthan
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Abira Chaudhuri
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Mohan Kamthan
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - Asis Datta
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Jullien D, Vignard J, Fedor Y, Béry N, Olichon A, Crozatier M, Erard M, Cassard H, Ducommun B, Salles B, Mirey G. Chromatibody, a novel non-invasive molecular tool to explore and manipulate chromatin in living cells. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2673-83. [PMID: 27206857 PMCID: PMC4958301 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.183103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin function is involved in many cellular processes, its visualization or modification being essential in many developmental or cellular studies. Here, we present the characterization of chromatibody, a chromatin-binding single-domain, and explore its use in living cells. This non-intercalating tool specifically binds the heterodimer of H2A–H2B histones and displays a versatile reactivity, specifically labeling chromatin from yeast to mammals. We show that this genetically encoded probe, when fused to fluorescent proteins, allows non-invasive real-time chromatin imaging. Chromatibody is a dynamic chromatin probe that can be modulated. Finally, chromatibody is an efficient tool to target an enzymatic activity to the nucleosome, such as the DNA damage-dependent H2A ubiquitylation, which can modify this epigenetic mark at the scale of the genome and result in DNA damage signaling and repair defects. Taken together, these results identify chromatibody as a universal non-invasive tool for either in vivo chromatin imaging or to manipulate the chromatin landscape. Summary: Chromatibody is a chromatin-binding single-domain antibody, derived from llama nanobodies, that can be used as a novel non-invasive molecular tool to explore and manipulate chromatin in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Jullien
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, 31027 Toulouse, France ITAV, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31106 Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Vignard
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, 31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Yoann Fedor
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, 31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Béry
- CRCT-UMR1037, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | - Aurélien Olichon
- CRCT-UMR1037, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Monique Erard
- IPBS-UMR5089, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Hervé Cassard
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Ducommun
- ITAV, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31106 Toulouse, France CHU de Toulouse, 31106 Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Salles
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, 31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Gladys Mirey
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, 31027 Toulouse, France
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de Marco A. Recombinant antibody production evolves into multiple options aimed at yielding reagents suitable for application-specific needs. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:125. [PMID: 26330219 PMCID: PMC4557595 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies have been a pillar of basic research, while their relevance in clinical diagnostics and therapy is constantly growing. Consequently, the production of both conventional and fragment antibodies constantly faces more demanding challenges for the improvement of their quantity and quality. The answer to such an increasing need has been the development of a wide array of formats and alternative production platforms. This review offers a critical comparison and evaluation of the different options to help the researchers interested in expressing recombinant antibodies in their choice. RESULTS Rather than the compilation of an exhaustive list of the recent publications in the field, this review intendeds to analyze the development of the most innovative or fast-growing strategies. These have been illustrated with some significant examples and, when possible, compared with the existing alternatives. Space has also been given to those solutions that might represent interesting opportunities or that investigate critical aspects of the production optimization but for which the available data as yet do not allow for a definitive judgment. CONCLUSIONS The take-home message is that there is a clear process of progressive diversification concerning the antibody expression platforms and an effort to yield directly application-adapted immune-reagents rather than generic naked antibodies that need further in vitro modification steps before becoming usable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ario de Marco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Nova Gorica, Glavni Trg 9, 5261, Vipava, Slovenia.
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