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Grunst MW, Ladd RA, Clark NM, Gil HM, Klenchin VA, Mason R, Franchini G, Roederer M, Evans DT. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, infected cell binding and neutralization by antibodies to the SIV envelope glycoprotein. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011407. [PMID: 37253062 PMCID: PMC10256149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies specific for diverse epitopes of the simian immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein (SIV Env) have been isolated from rhesus macaques to provide physiologically relevant reagents for investigating antibody-mediated protection in this species as a nonhuman primate model for HIV/AIDS. With increasing interest in the contribution of Fc-mediated effector functions to protective immunity, we selected thirty antibodies representing different classes of SIV Env epitopes for a comparison of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), binding to Env on the surface of infected cells and neutralization of viral infectivity. These activities were measured against cells infected with neutralization-sensitive (SIVmac316 and SIVsmE660-FL14) and neutralization-resistant (SIVmac239 and SIVsmE543-3) viruses representing genetically distinct isolates. Antibodies to the CD4-binding site and CD4-inducible epitopes were identified with especially potent ADCC against all four viruses. ADCC correlated well with antibody binding to virus-infected cells. ADCC also correlated with neutralization. However, several instances of ADCC without detectable neutralization or neutralization without detectable ADCC were observed. The incomplete correspondence between ADCC and neutralization shows that some antibody-Env interactions can uncouple these antiviral activities. Nevertheless, the overall correlation between neutralization and ADCC implies that most antibodies that are capable of binding to Env on the surface of virions to block infectivity are also capable of binding to Env on the surface of virus-infected cells to direct their elimination by ADCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Grunst
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ruby A. Ladd
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Natasha M. Clark
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hwi Min Gil
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Vadim A. Klenchin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Rosemarie Mason
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David T. Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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2
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Welles HC, King HAD, Nettey L, Cavett N, Gorman J, Zhou T, Tsybovsky Y, Du R, Song K, Nguyen R, Ambrozak D, Ransier A, Schramm CA, Doria-Rose NA, Swanstrom AE, Hoxie JA, LaBranche C, Montefiori DC, Douek DC, Kwong PD, Mascola JR, Roederer M, Mason RD. Broad coverage of neutralization-resistant SIV strains by second-generation SIV-specific antibodies targeting the region involved in binding CD4. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010574. [PMID: 35709309 PMCID: PMC9242510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Both SIV and SHIV are powerful tools for evaluating antibody-mediated prevention and treatment of HIV-1. However, owing to a lack of rhesus-derived SIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), testing of bnAbs for HIV-1 prevention or treatment has thus far been performed exclusively in the SHIV NHP model using bnAbs from HIV-1-infected individuals. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of multiple rhesus-derived SIV bnAbs capable of neutralizing most isolates of SIV. Eight antibodies belonging to two clonal families, ITS102 and ITS103, which target unique epitopes in the CD4 binding site (CD4bs) region, were found to be broadly neutralizing and together neutralized all SIV strains tested. A rare feature of these bnAbs and two additional antibody families, ITS92 and ITS101, which mediate strain-specific neutralizing activity against SIV from sooty mangabeys (SIVsm), was their ability to achieve near complete (i.e. 100%) neutralization of moderately and highly neutralization-resistant SIV. Overall, these newly identified SIV bnAbs highlight the potential for evaluating HIV-1 prophylactic and therapeutic interventions using fully simian, rhesus-derived bnAbs in the SIV NHP model, thereby circumventing issues related to rapid antibody clearance of human-derived antibodies, Fc mismatch and limited genetic diversity of SHIV compared to SIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh C. Welles
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hannah A. D. King
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leonard Nettey
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicole Cavett
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Vaccine Research Center Electron Microscopy Unit, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Renguang Du
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kaimei Song
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard Nguyen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Ambrozak
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amy Ransier
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chaim A. Schramm
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicole A. Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adrienne E. Swanstrom
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James A. Hoxie
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rosemarie D. Mason
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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3
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Klasse PJ, Moore JP. Reappraising the Value of HIV-1 Vaccine Correlates of Protection Analyses. J Virol 2022; 96:e0003422. [PMID: 35384694 PMCID: PMC9044961 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00034-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
With the much-debated exception of the modestly reduced acquisition reported for the RV144 efficacy trial, HIV-1 vaccines have not protected humans against infection, and a vaccine of similar design to that tested in RV144 was not protective in a later trial, HVTN 702. Similar vaccine regimens have also not consistently protected nonhuman primates (NHPs) against viral acquisition. Conversely, experimental vaccines of different designs have protected macaques from viral challenges but then failed to protect humans, while many other HIV-1 vaccine candidates have not protected NHPs. While efficacy varies more in NHPs than humans, vaccines have failed to protect in the most stringent NHP model. Intense investigations have aimed to identify correlates of protection (CoPs), even in the absence of net protection. Unvaccinated animals and humans vary vastly in their susceptibility to infection and in their innate and adaptive responses to the vaccines; hence, merely statistical associations with factors that do not protect are easily found. Systems biological analyses, including artificial intelligence, have identified numerous candidate CoPs but with no clear consistency within or between species. Proposed CoPs sometimes have only tenuous mechanistic connections to immune protection. In contrast, neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are a central mechanistic CoP for vaccines that succeed against other viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. No HIV-1 vaccine candidate has yet elicited potent and broadly active NAbs in NHPs or humans, but narrow-specificity NAbs against the HIV-1 isolate corresponding to the immunogen do protect against infection by the autologous virus. Here, we analyze why so many HIV-1 vaccines have failed, summarize the outcomes of vaccination in NHPs and humans, and discuss the value and pitfalls of hunting for CoPs other than NAbs. We contrast the failure to find a consistent CoP for HIV-1 vaccines with the identification of NAbs as the principal CoP for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. J. Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - John P. Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Current advances in HIV vaccine preclinical studies using Macaque models. Vaccine 2019; 37:3388-3399. [PMID: 31088747 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The macaque simian or simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SIV/SHIV) challenge model has been widely used to inform and guide human vaccine trials. Substantial advances have been made recently in the application of repeated-low-dose challenge (RLD) approach to assess SIV/SHIV vaccine efficacies (VE). Some candidate HIV vaccines have shown protective effects in preclinical studies using the macaque SIV/SHIV model but the model's true predictive value for screening potential HIV vaccine candidates needs to be evaluated further. Here, we review key parameters used in the RLD approach and discuss their relevance for evaluating VE to improve preclinical studies of candidate HIV vaccines.
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Rahman MA, Robert-Guroff M. Accelerating HIV vaccine development using non-human primate models. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 18:61-73. [PMID: 30526159 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1557521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The search for a preventative HIV vaccine is ongoing after three decades of research. Contributions of non-human primate (NHP) models to this research are irrefutable, however interpreting data obtained for translation to humans has been problematic. As knowledge concerning NHP models has accumulated, their utility and value in assessing immunogenicity and efficacy of novel vaccines have become apparent. NHP models have become a critical component of vaccine design. AREAS COVERED Beginning with early vaccine studies, we trace the development and evolution of NHP models concurrent with changes in HIV vaccine concepts and in response to their ability to predict clinical trial efficacy. The value of NHP studies in guiding vaccine design is highlighted along with their importance in opening new areas of investigation and facilitating movement of promising approaches into the clinic. EXPERT COMMENTARY Due to their close relatedness to humans, NHPs are an excellent choice for immunogenicity studies. The ability of NHP models to predict clinical efficacy has improved with the introduction of low-dose challenge viruses and recognition of confounding variables in study outcomes. Use of NHP models has opened new research areas with outstanding potential for generating vaccine efficacy against HIV and other infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Arif Rahman
- a Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- a Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
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6
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Martins MA, Watkins DI. What Is the Predictive Value of Animal Models for Vaccine Efficacy in Humans? Rigorous Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine Trials Can Be Instructive. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a029504. [PMID: 28348034 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenge of rhesus macaques provides an invaluable tool to evaluate the clinical prospects of HIV-1 vaccine concepts. However, as with any animal model of human disease, it is crucial to understand the advantages and limitations of this system to maximize the translational value of SIV vaccine studies. Here, we discuss the importance of assessing the efficacy of vaccine prototypes using stringent SIV challenge regimens that mimic HIV-1 transmission and pathogenesis. We also review some of the cautionary tales of HIV-1 vaccine research because they provide general lessons for the preclinical assessment of vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David I Watkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136
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7
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White E, Wu F, Chertova E, Bess J, Roser JD, Lifson JD, Hirsch VM. Truncating the gp41 Cytoplasmic Tail of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Decreases Sensitivity to Neutralizing Antibodies without Increasing the Envelope Content of Virions. J Virol 2018; 92:e01688-17. [PMID: 29142124 PMCID: PMC5774881 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01688-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An incomplete understanding of native human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) envelope glycoproteins (Envs) impedes the development of structural models of Env and vaccine design. This shortcoming is due in part to the low number of Env trimers on virus particles. For SIV, this low expression level can be counteracted by truncating the cytoplasmic tail (CT) of Env. CT truncation has been shown to increase Env incorporation into the virion and is commonly used in vaccine and imaging studies, but its effects on viral antigenicity have not been fully elucidated. To study the effects of a CT truncation of Env in viruses in similar genetic contexts, we introduced stop codons into the CT of a SIVsmE660 molecular clone and two neutralizing antibody (NAb) escape variants. These viruses shared 98% sequence identity in Env but were characterized as either tier 1 (sensitive to neutralization), tier 2 (moderately resistant to neutralization), or tier 3 (resistant to neutralization). However, the introduction of premature stop codons in Env at position Q741/Q742 converted all three transfection-derived viruses to a tier 3-like phenotype, and these viruses were uniformly resistant to neutralization by sera from infected macaques and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). These changes in neutralization sensitivity were not accompanied by an increase in either the virion Env content of infection-derived viruses or the infectivity of transfection-derived viruses in human cells, suggesting that CT mutations may result in global changes to the Env conformation. Our results demonstrate that some CT truncations can affect viral antigenicity and, as such, may not be suitable surrogate models of native HIV/SIV Env.IMPORTANCE Modifications to the SIV envelope protein (Env) are commonly used in structural and vaccine studies to stabilize and increase the expression of Env, often without consideration of effects on antigenicity. One such widespread modification is the truncation of the Env C-terminal tail. Here, we studied the effects of a particular cytoplasmic tail truncation in three SIVsm strains that have highly similar Env sequences but exhibit different sensitivities to neutralizing antibodies. After truncation of the Env CT, these viruses were all very resistant to neutralization by sera from infected macaques and monoclonal antibodies. The viruses with a truncated Env CT also did not exhibit the desired and typical increase in Env expression. These results underscore the importance of carefully evaluating the use of truncated Env as a model in HIV/SIV vaccine and imaging studies and of the continued need to find better models of native Env that contain fewer modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen White
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fan Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elena Chertova
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Julian Bess
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - James D Roser
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Vanessa M Hirsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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8
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Keele BF, Li W, Borducchi EN, Nkolola JP, Abbink P, Chen B, Seaman MS, Barouch DH. Adenovirus prime, Env protein boost vaccine protects against neutralization-resistant SIVsmE660 variants in rhesus monkeys. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15740. [PMID: 28580942 PMCID: PMC5465370 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that DNA prime, Ad5 boost vaccines protect against neutralization-sensitive but not neutralization-resistant virus variants within the SIVsmE660 swarm. Here we show that Ad prime, Env protein boost vaccines protect against neutralization-resistant SIVsmE660 variants. We perform two studies in rhesus monkeys with Ad35/Ad26 vectors expressing SIVmac239 Gag/Pol/Env with or without an AS01B-adjuvanted SIVmac32H gp140 protein boost. In a repetitive, low-dose challenge study, we observe robust protection against acquisition of infection by both Ad Alone and Ad/Env vaccines. In a single, high-dose challenge study, only the Ad/Env vaccine affords significant protection against acquisition of infection. Analysis of transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses from this study demonstrates that the Ad/Env vaccine blocks both neutralization-sensitive and neutralization-resistant SIVsmE660 variants in rhesus monkeys with restrictive TRIM5α alleles. These data demonstrate that the adjuvanted Env protein boost is critical for protecting against high-dose SIVsmE660 challenge and for blocking neutralization-resistant viruses within the SIVsmE660 swarm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Wenjun Li
- Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Erica N. Borducchi
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Joseph P. Nkolola
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Peter Abbink
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Bing Chen
- Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Nonhuman Primate Models for Studies of AIDS Virus Persistence During Suppressive Combination Antiretroviral Therapy. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 417:69-109. [PMID: 29026923 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nonhuman primate (NHP) models of AIDS represent a potentially powerful component of the effort to understand in vivo sources of AIDS virus that persist in the setting of suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and to develop and evaluate novel strategies for more definitive treatment of HIV infection (i.e., viral eradication "cure", or sustained off-cART remission). Multiple different NHP models are available, each characterized by a particular NHP species, infecting virus, and cART regimen, and each with a distinct capacity to recapitulate different aspects of HIV infection. Given these different biological characteristics, and their associated strengths and limitations, different models may be preferred to address different questions pertaining to virus persistence and cure research, or to evaluate different candidate intervention approaches. Recent developments in improved cART regimens for use in NHPs, new viruses, a wider array of sensitive virologic assay approaches, and a better understanding of pathogenesis should allow even greater contributions from NHP models to this important area of HIV research in the future.
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10
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TRIM5α Resistance Escape Mutations in the Capsid Are Transferable between Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Strains. J Virol 2016; 90:11087-11095. [PMID: 27681142 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01620-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TRIM5α polymorphism limits and complicates the use of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) for evaluation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine strategies in rhesus macaques. We previously reported that the TRIM5α-sensitive SIV from sooty mangabeys (SIVsm) clone SIVsmE543-3 acquired amino acid substitutions in the capsid that overcame TRIM5α restriction when it was passaged in rhesus macaques expressing restrictive TRIM5α alleles. Here we generated TRIM5α-resistant clones of the related SIVsmE660 strain without animal passage by introducing the same amino acid capsid substitutions. We evaluated one of the variants in rhesus macaques expressing permissive and restrictive TRIM5α alleles. The SIVsmE660 variant infected and replicated in macaques with restrictive TRIM5α genotypes as efficiently as in macaques with permissive TRIM5α genotypes. These results demonstrated that mutations in the SIV capsid can confer SIV resistance to TRIM5α restriction without animal passage, suggesting an applicable method to generate more diverse SIV strains for HIV vaccine studies. IMPORTANCE Many strains of SIV from sooty mangabey monkeys are susceptible to resistance by common rhesus macaque TRIM5α alleles and result in reduced virus acquisition and replication in macaques that express these restrictive alleles. We previously observed that spontaneous variations in the capsid gene were associated with improved replication in macaques, and the introduction of two amino acid changes in the capsid transfers this improved replication to the parent clone. In the present study, we introduced these mutations into a related but distinct strain of SIV that is commonly used for challenge studies for vaccine trials. These mutations also improved the replication of this strain in macaques with the restrictive TRIM5α genotype and thus will eliminate the confounding effects of TRIM5α in vaccine studies.
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11
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Del Prete GQ, Lifson JD, Keele BF. Nonhuman primate models for the evaluation of HIV-1 preventive vaccine strategies: model parameter considerations and consequences. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2016; 11:546-554. [PMID: 27559710 PMCID: PMC5100008 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Nonhuman primate (NHP) models of AIDS are powerful systems for evaluating HIV vaccine approaches in vivo. Authentic features of HIV-1 transmission, dissemination, target cell tropism, and pathogenesis, and aspects of anti-HIV-1 immune responses, can be recapitulated in NHPs provided the appropriate, specific model parameters are considered. Here, we discuss key model parameter options and their implications for HIV-1 vaccine evaluation. RECENT FINDINGS With the availability of several different NHP host species/subspecies, different challenge viruses and challenge stock production methods, and various challenge routes and schemata, multiple NHP models of AIDS exist for HIV vaccine evaluation. The recent development of multiple new challenge viruses, including chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency viruses and simian immunodeficiency virus clones, improved characterization of challenge stocks and production methods, and increased insight into specific challenge parameters have resulted in an increase in the number of available models and a better understanding of the implications of specific study design choices. SUMMARY Recent progress and technical developments promise new insights into basic disease mechanisms and improved models for better preclinical evaluation of interventions to prevent HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Q. Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
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12
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Lopker MJ, Del Prete GQ, Estes JD, Li H, Reid C, Newman L, Lipkey L, Camus C, Easlick JL, Wang S, Decker JM, Bar KJ, Learn G, Pal R, Weiss DE, Hahn BH, Lifson JD, Shaw GM, Keele BF. Derivation and Characterization of Pathogenic Transmitted/Founder Molecular Clones from Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVsmE660 and SIVmac251 following Mucosal Infection. J Virol 2016; 90:8435-53. [PMID: 27412591 PMCID: PMC5021393 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00718-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Currently available simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infectious molecular clones (IMCs) and isolates used in nonhuman primate (NHP) models of AIDS were originally derived from infected macaques during chronic infection or end stage disease and may not authentically recapitulate features of transmitted/founder (T/F) genomes that are of particular interest in transmission, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment studies. We therefore generated and characterized T/F IMCs from genetically and biologically heterogeneous challenge stocks of SIVmac251 and SIVsmE660. Single-genome amplification (SGA) was used to identify full-length T/F genomes present in plasma during acute infection resulting from atraumatic rectal inoculation of Indian rhesus macaques with low doses of SIVmac251 or SIVsmE660. All 8 T/F clones yielded viruses that were infectious and replication competent in vitro, with replication kinetics similar to those of the widely used chronic-infection-derived IMCs SIVmac239 and SIVsmE543. Phenotypically, the new T/F virus strains exhibited a range of neutralization sensitivity profiles. Four T/F virus strains were inoculated into rhesus macaques, and each exhibited typical SIV replication kinetics. The SIVsm T/F viruses were sensitive to TRIM5α restriction. All T/F viruses were pathogenic in rhesus macaques, resulting in progressive CD4(+) T cell loss in gastrointestinal tissues, peripheral blood, and lymphatic tissues. The animals developed pathological immune activation; lymphoid tissue damage, including fibrosis; and clinically significant immunodeficiency leading to AIDS-defining clinical endpoints. These T/F clones represent a new molecular platform for the analysis of virus transmission and immunopathogenesis and for the generation of novel "bar-coded" challenge viruses and next-generation simian-human immunodeficiency viruses that may advance the HIV/AIDS vaccine agenda. IMPORTANCE Nonhuman primate research has relied on only a few infectious molecular clones for a myriad of diverse research projects, including pathogenesis, preclinical vaccine evaluations, transmission, and host-versus-pathogen interactions. With new data suggesting a selected phenotype of the virus that causes infection (i.e., the transmitted/founder virus), we sought to generate and characterize infectious molecular clones from two widely used simian immunodeficiency virus lineages (SIVmac251 and SIVsmE660). Although the exact requirements necessary to be a T/F virus are not yet fully understood, we generated cloned viruses with all the necessary characteristic of a successful T/F virus. The cloned viruses revealed typical acute and set point viral-load dynamics with pathological immune activation, lymphoid tissue damage progressing to significant immunodeficiency, and AIDS-defining clinical endpoints in some animals. These T/F clones represent a new molecular platform for studies requiring authentic T/F viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory Q Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carolyn Reid
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura Newman
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Leslie Lipkey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Celine Camus
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Shuyi Wang
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julie M Decker
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gerald Learn
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ranajit Pal
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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13
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Gordon SN, Liyanage NPM, Doster MN, Vaccari M, Vargas-Inchaustegui DA, Pegu P, Schifanella L, Shen X, Tomaras GD, Rao M, Billings EA, Schwartz J, Prado I, Bobb K, Zhang W, Montefiori DC, Foulds KE, Ferrari G, Robert-Guroff M, Roederer M, Phan TB, Forthal DN, Stablein DM, Phogat S, Venzon DJ, Fouts T, Franchini G. Boosting of ALVAC-SIV Vaccine-Primed Macaques with the CD4-SIVgp120 Fusion Protein Elicits Antibodies to V2 Associated with a Decreased Risk of SIVmac251 Acquisition. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2726-37. [PMID: 27591322 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The recombinant ALVAC vaccine coupled with the monomeric gp120/alum protein have decreased the risk of HIV and SIV acquisition. Ab responses to the V1/V2 regions have correlated with a decreased risk of virus acquisition in both humans and macaques. We hypothesized that the breadth and functional profile of Abs induced by an ALVAC/envelope protein regimen could be improved by substituting the monomeric gp120 boost, with the full-length single-chain (FLSC) protein. FLSC is a CD4-gp120 fusion immunogen that exposes cryptic gp120 epitopes to the immune system. We compared the immunogenicity and relative efficiency of an ALVAC-SIV vaccine boosted either with bivalent FLSC proteins or with monomeric gp120 in alum. FLSC was superior to monomeric gp120 in directing Abs to the C3 α2 helix, the V5 loop, and the V3 region that contains the putative CCR5 binding site. In addition, FLSC boosting elicited significantly higher binding Abs to V2 and increased both the Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activity and the breadth of neutralizing Abs. However, the FLSC vaccine regimen demonstrated only a trend in vaccine efficacy, whereas the monomeric gp120 regimen significantly decreased the risk of SIVmac251 acquisition. In both vaccine regimens, anti-V2 Abs correlated with a decreased risk of virus acquisition but differed with regard to systemic or mucosal origin. In the FLSC regimen, serum Abs to V2 correlated, whereas in the monomeric gp120 regimen, V2 Abs in rectal secretions, the site of viral challenge, were associated with efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shari N Gordon
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Namal P M Liyanage
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Melvin N Doster
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Diego A Vargas-Inchaustegui
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Poonam Pegu
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Luca Schifanella
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | | - Mangala Rao
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910
| | - Erik A Billings
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910
| | | | - Ilia Prado
- Profectus BioSciences Inc., Baltimore, MD 21224
| | | | | | | | - Kathryn E Foulds
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tran B Phan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92868
| | - Donald N Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92868
| | | | | | - David J Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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14
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Mason RD, Welles HC, Adams C, Chakrabarti BK, Gorman J, Zhou T, Nguyen R, O’Dell S, Lusvarghi S, Bewley CA, Li H, Shaw GM, Sheng Z, Shapiro L, Wyatt R, Kwong PD, Mascola JR, Roederer M. Targeted Isolation of Antibodies Directed against Major Sites of SIV Env Vulnerability. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005537. [PMID: 27064278 PMCID: PMC4827850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenge model of lentiviral infection is often used as a model to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) for studying vaccine mediated and immune correlates of protection. However, knowledge of the structure of the SIV envelope (Env) glycoprotein is limited, as is knowledge of binding specificity, function and potential efficacy of SIV antibody responses. In this study we describe the use of a competitive probe binding sort strategy as well as scaffolded probes for targeted isolation of SIV Env-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). We isolated nearly 70 SIV-specific mAbs directed against major sites of SIV Env vulnerability analogous to broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) targets of HIV-1, namely, the CD4 binding site (CD4bs), CD4-induced (CD4i)-site, peptide epitopes in variable loops 1, 2 and 3 (V1, V2, V3) and potentially glycan targets of SIV Env. The range of SIV mAbs isolated includes those exhibiting varying degrees of neutralization breadth and potency as well as others that demonstrated binding but not neutralization. Several SIV mAbs displayed broad and potent neutralization of a diverse panel of 20 SIV viral isolates with some also neutralizing HIV-27312A. This extensive panel of SIV mAbs will facilitate more effective use of the SIV non-human primate (NHP) model for understanding the variables in development of a HIV vaccine or immunotherapy. An antibody-based approach targeting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope (Env) protein may eventually prove to be effective in treating or preventing HIV infection. However, before any candidate HIV treatment or vaccine can be tested in humans, it must first be evaluated in nonhuman primates (NHPs)–the closest living relatives to humans. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is the closest available non-chimeric virus—NHP model for studying and testing HIV vaccines or therapies. The SIV model complements the simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) model in distinctive ways, although less is known about SIV Env-specific antibody responses in NHPs. There are several sites on HIV Env that are vulnerable to antibody-mediated protection, and here we isolated and analyzed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from NHPs targeting analogous sites on SIV Env. In particular, we studied mAbs for their ability to bind the viral Env protein and to block infection of cells by widely divergent strains of SIV. These well-characterized SIV Env-specific antibodies will allow for more thorough NHP pre-clinical testing of various antibody-based SIV/HIV vaccine and immunotherapeutic strategies before proceeding to human clinical trials and may yield unanticipated findings relating to molecular mechanisms underlying the unusual breadth of neutralization observed in HIV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemarie D. Mason
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RDM); (MR)
| | - Hugh C. Welles
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cameron Adams
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bimal K. Chakrabarti
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Haryana, India
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard Nguyen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sijy O’Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sabrina Lusvarghi
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carole A. Bewley
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hui Li
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - George M. Shaw
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard Wyatt
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RDM); (MR)
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15
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Smith SA, Kilgore KM, Kasturi SP, Pulendran B, Hunter E, Amara RR, Derdeyn CA. Signatures in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVsmE660 Envelope gp120 Are Associated with Mucosal Transmission but Not Vaccination Breakthrough in Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2016; 90:1880-7. [PMID: 26676777 PMCID: PMC4734005 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02711-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mucosal surfaces are vulnerable to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection and thus are key sites for eliciting vaccine-mediated protection. Vaccine protocols carried out at the Yerkes Primate Research Center utilized SIVmac239-based immunization strategies with intrarectal and intravaginal SIVsmE660 challenge of rhesus macaques. We investigated whether there were genetic signatures associated with SIVsmE660 intrarectal and intravaginal transmissions in vaccinated and unvaccinated monkeys. When transmitted/founder (T/F) envelope (Env) sequences from 49 vaccinated and 15 unvaccinated macaques were compared to each other, we were unable to identify any vaccine breakthrough signatures. In contrast, when the vaccinated and control T/F Envs were combined and compared to the challenge stock, residues at gp120 positions 23, 45, 47, and 70 (Ile-Ala-Lys-Asn [I-A-K-N]) emerged as signatures of mucosal transmission. However, T/F Envs derived from intrarectal and intravaginal infections were not different. Our data suggest that the vaginal and rectal mucosal environments both imposed a strong selection bias for SIVsmE660 variants carrying I-A-K-N that was not further enhanced by immunization. These findings, combined with the strong conservation of A-K-N in most HIV-2/SIVsmm isolates and the analogous residues in HIV-1/SIVcpz isolates, suggest that these residues confer increased transmission fitness to SIVsmE660. IMPORTANCE Most HIV-1 infections occur across a mucosal barrier, and it is therefore important to understand why these sites are vulnerable and how to protect them with a vaccine. To gain insight into these questions, we studied rhesus macaques that were vaccinated with SIVmac239 and unvaccinated controls to determine whether the SIVsmE660 viral variants that infected these two groups were different. We did not find differences between viral variants in the absence versus presence of vaccination-induced immunity, but we did find that the SIVsmE660 viral variants that infected the monkeys, regardless of vaccination, were different from the dominant population found in the viral challenge inoculum. Our data suggest that the mucosal environments of the vagina and rectum both impose a strong selection for the SIVsmE660 variants in the challenge inoculum that are most like SIV and HIVs that circulate in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Abigail Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Katie M Kilgore
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sudhir Pai Kasturi
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric Hunter
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rama R Amara
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cynthia A Derdeyn
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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16
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Lee FH, Mason R, Welles H, Learn GH, Keele BF, Roederer M, Bar KJ. Breakthrough Virus Neutralization Resistance as a Correlate of Protection in a Nonhuman Primate Heterologous Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine Challenge Study. J Virol 2015; 89:12388-400. [PMID: 26423953 PMCID: PMC4665252 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01531-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Comprehensive assessments of immune correlates of protection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine trials are essential to vaccine design. Neutralization sieve analysis compares the neutralization sensitivity of the breakthrough transmitted/founder (TF) viruses from vaccinated and control animals to infer the molecular mechanisms of vaccine protection. Here, we report a robust neutralization sieve effect in a nonhuman primate simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccine trial (DNA prime/recombinant adenovirus type 5 [rAd5] boost) (VRC-10-332) that demonstrated substantial protective efficacy and revealed a genetic signature of neutralization resistance in the C1 region of env. We found significant enrichment for neutralization resistance in the vaccine compared to control breakthrough TF viruses when tested with plasma from vaccinated study animals, plasma from chronically SIV-infected animals, and a panel of SIV-specific monoclonal antibodies targeting six discrete Env epitopes (P < 0.008 for all comparisons). Neutralization resistance was significantly associated with the previously identified genetic signature of resistance (P < 0.0001), and together, the results identify virus neutralization as a correlate of protection. These findings further demonstrate the in vivo relevance of our previous in vitro analyses of the SIVsmE660 challenge stock, which revealed a broad range of neutralization sensitivities of its component viruses. In sum, this report demonstrates proof-of-concept that phenotypic sieve analyses can elucidate mechanistic correlates of immune protection following vaccination and raises a cautionary note for SIV and SHIV (simian-human immunodeficiency virus) vaccine studies that employ challenge strains with envelope glycoproteins that fail to exhibit neutralization resistance profiles typical of TF viruses. IMPORTANCE With more than 2 million new infections annually, the development of an effective vaccine against HIV-1 is a global health priority. Understanding immunologic correlates of protection generated in vaccine trials is critical to advance vaccine development. Here, we assessed the role of vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibodies in a recent nonhuman primate study of a vaccine that showed significant protection against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenge and suggested a genetic signature of neutralization sensitivity. We found that breakthrough viruses able to establish infection in vaccinated animals were substantially more resistant to antibody-mediated neutralization than were viruses from controls. These findings suggest that vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibodies selectively blocked the transmission of more sensitive challenge viruses. Sieve analysis also corroborated a genetic signature of neutralization sensitivity and highlighted the impact of challenge swarm diversity. Our findings suggest an important role for neutralization sieve analyses as an informative component of comprehensive immune-correlates analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Hua Lee
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rosemarie Mason
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hugh Welles
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gerald H Learn
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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17
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Breakthrough of SIV strain smE660 challenge in SIV strain mac239-vaccinated rhesus macaques despite potent autologous neutralizing antibody responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:10780-5. [PMID: 26261312 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1509731112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the correlates of immunological protection from human immunodeficiency virus or simian immunodeficiency virus infection remain incompletely understood, it is generally believed that medium to high titers of serum neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against the challenge virus will prevent infection. This paradigm is based on a series of studies in which passive transfer of HIV-specific nAbs protected rhesus macaques (RMs) from subsequent mucosal challenge with a chimeric human/simian immunodeficiency virus. However, it is unknown whether nAb titers define protection in the setting of active immunization. Here we determined serum nAb titers against breakthrough transmitted/founder (T/F) SIVsmE660-derived envelope glycoprotein (Env) variants from 14 RMs immunized with SIVmac239-based DNA-prime/modified vaccinia virus Ankara-boost vaccine regimens that included GM-CSF or CD40L adjuvants and conferred significant but incomplete protection against repeated low-dose intrarectal challenge. A single Env variant established infection in all RMs except one, with no identifiable genetic signature associated with vaccination breakthrough compared with T/F Envs from four unvaccinated monkeys. Breakthrough T/F Env pseudoviruses were potently neutralized in vitro by heterologous pooled serum from chronically SIVsmE660-infected monkeys at IC50 titers exceeding 1:1,000,000. Remarkably, the T/F Env pseudoviruses from 13 of 14 monkeys were also susceptible to neutralization by autologous prechallenge serum at in vitro IC50 titers ranging from 1:742-1:10,832. These titers were similar to those observed in vaccinated RMs that remained uninfected. These data suggest that the relationship between serum nAb titers and protection from mucosal SIV challenge in the setting of active immunization is more complex than previously recognized, warranting further studies into the balance between immune activation, target cell availability, and protective antibody responses.
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18
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Characterization and Implementation of a Diverse Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVsm Envelope Panel in the Assessment of Neutralizing Antibody Breadth Elicited in Rhesus Macaques by Multimodal Vaccines Expressing the SIVmac239 Envelope. J Virol 2015; 89:8130-51. [PMID: 26018167 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01221-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Antibodies that can neutralize diverse viral strains are likely to be an important component of a protective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine. To this end, preclinical simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-based nonhuman primate immunization regimens have been designed to evaluate and enhance antibody-mediated protection. However, these trials often rely on a limited selection of SIV strains with extreme neutralization phenotypes to assess vaccine-elicited antibody activity. To mirror the viral panels used to assess HIV-1 antibody breadth, we created and characterized a novel panel of 14 genetically and phenotypically diverse SIVsm envelope (Env) glycoproteins. To assess the utility of this panel, we characterized the neutralizing activity elicited by four SIVmac239 envelope-expressing DNA/modified vaccinia virus Ankara vector- and protein-based vaccination regimens that included the immunomodulatory adjuvants granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, and CD40 ligand. The SIVsm Env panel exhibited a spectrum of neutralization sensitivity to SIV-infected plasma pools and monoclonal antibodies, allowing categorization into three tiers. Pooled sera from 91 rhesus macaques immunized in the four trials consistently neutralized only the highly sensitive tier 1a SIVsm Envs, regardless of the immunization regimen. The inability of vaccine-mediated antibodies to neutralize the moderately resistant tier 1b and tier 2 SIVsm Envs defined here suggests that those antibodies were directed toward epitopes that are not accessible on most SIVsm Envs. To achieve a broader and more effective neutralization profile in preclinical vaccine studies that is relevant to known features of HIV-1 neutralization, more emphasis should be placed on optimizing the Env immunogen, as the neutralization profile achieved by the addition of adjuvants does not appear to supersede the neutralizing antibody profile determined by the immunogen. IMPORTANCE Many in the HIV/AIDS vaccine field believe that the ability to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies capable of blocking genetically diverse HIV-1 variants is a critical component of a protective vaccine. Various SIV-based nonhuman primate vaccine studies have investigated ways to improve antibody-mediated protection against a heterologous SIV challenge, including administering adjuvants that might stimulate a greater neutralization breadth. Using a novel SIV neutralization panel and samples from four rhesus macaque vaccine trials designed for cross comparison, we show that different regimens expressing the same SIV envelope immunogen consistently elicit antibodies that neutralize only the very sensitive tier 1a SIV variants. The results argue that the neutralizing antibody profile elicited by a vaccine is primarily determined by the envelope immunogen and is not substantially broadened by including adjuvants, resulting in the conclusion that the envelope immunogen itself should be the primary consideration in efforts to elicit antibodies with greater neutralization breadth.
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19
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Amedee AM, Nichols WA, Robichaux S, Bagby GJ, Nelson S. Chronic alcohol abuse and HIV disease progression: studies with the non-human primate model. Curr HIV Res 2015; 12:243-53. [PMID: 25053367 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x12666140721115717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The populations at risk for HIV infection, as well as those living with HIV, overlap with populations that engage in heavy alcohol consumption. Alcohol use has been associated with high-risk sexual behavior and an increased likelihood of acquiring HIV, as well as poor outcome measures of disease such as increased viral loads and declines in CD4+ T lymphocytes among those living with HIV-infections. It is difficult to discern the biological mechanisms by which alcohol use affects the virus:host interaction in human populations due to the numerous variables introduced by human behavior. The rhesus macaque infected with simian immunodeficiency virus has served as an invaluable model for understanding HIV disease and transmission, and thus, provides an ideal model to evaluate the effects of chronic alcohol use on viral infection and disease progression in a controlled environment. In this review, we describe the different macaque models of chronic alcohol consumption and summarize the studies conducted with SIV and alcohol. Collectively, they have shown that chronic alcohol consumption results in higher levels of plasma virus and alterations in immune cell populations that potentiate SIV replication. They also demonstrate a significant impact of chronic alcohol use on SIV-disease progression and survival. These studies highlight the utility of the rhesus macaque in deciphering the biological effects of alcohol on HIV disease. Future studies with this well-established model will address the biological influence of alcohol use on susceptibility to HIV, as well as the efficacy of anti-retroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Steve Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, LSUHSC, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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20
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Barbian HJ, Decker JM, Bibollet-Ruche F, Galimidi RP, West AP, Learn GH, Parrish NF, Iyer SS, Li Y, Pace CS, Song R, Huang Y, Denny TN, Mouquet H, Martin L, Acharya P, Zhang B, Kwong PD, Mascola JR, Verrips CT, Strokappe NM, Rutten L, McCoy LE, Weiss RA, Brown CS, Jackson R, Silvestri G, Connors M, Burton DR, Shaw GM, Nussenzweig MC, Bjorkman PJ, Ho DD, Farzan M, Hahn BH. Neutralization properties of simian immunodeficiency viruses infecting chimpanzees and gorillas. mBio 2015; 6:e00296-15. [PMID: 25900654 PMCID: PMC4453581 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00296-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies (bNabs) represent powerful tools to combat human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Here, we examined whether HIV-1-specific bNabs are capable of cross-neutralizing distantly related simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) infecting central (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) (SIVcpzPtt) and eastern (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) (SIVcpzPts) chimpanzees (n = 11) as well as western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) (SIVgor) (n = 1). We found that bNabs directed against the CD4 binding site (n = 10), peptidoglycans at the base of variable loop 3 (V3) (n = 5), and epitopes at the interface of surface (gp120) and membrane-bound (gp41) envelope glycoproteins (n = 5) failed to neutralize SIVcpz and SIVgor strains. In addition, apex V2-directed bNabs (n = 3) as well as llama-derived (heavy chain only) antibodies (n = 6) recognizing both the CD4 binding site and gp41 epitopes were either completely inactive or neutralized only a fraction of SIVcpzPtt strains. In contrast, one antibody targeting the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of gp41 (10E8), functional CD4 and CCR5 receptor mimetics (eCD4-Ig, eCD4-Ig(mim2), CD4-218.3-E51, and CD4-218.3-E51-mim2), as well as mono- and bispecific anti-human CD4 (iMab and LM52) and CCR5 (PRO140, PRO140-10E8) receptor antibodies neutralized >90% of SIVcpz and SIVgor strains with low-nanomolar (0.13 to 8.4 nM) potency. Importantly, the latter antibodies blocked virus entry not only in TZM-bl cells but also in Cf2Th cells expressing chimpanzee CD4 and CCR5 and neutralized SIVcpz in chimpanzee CD4(+) T cells, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) ranging from 3.6 to 40.5 nM. These findings provide new insight into the protective capacity of anti-HIV-1 bNabs and identify candidates for further development to combat SIVcpz infection. IMPORTANCE SIVcpz is widespread in wild-living chimpanzees and can cause AIDS-like immunopathology and clinical disease. HIV-1 infection of humans can be controlled by antiretroviral therapy; however, treatment of wild-living African apes with current drug regimens is not feasible. Nonetheless, it may be possible to curb the spread of SIVcpz in select ape communities using vectored immunoprophylaxis and/or therapy. Here, we show that antibodies and antibody-like inhibitors developed to combat HIV-1 infection in humans are capable of neutralizing genetically diverse SIVcpz and SIVgor strains with considerable breadth and potency, including in primary chimpanzee CD4(+) T cells. These reagents provide an important first step toward translating intervention strategies currently developed to treat and prevent AIDS in humans to SIV-infected apes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Barbian
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julie M Decker
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Frederic Bibollet-Ruche
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rachel P Galimidi
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Anthony P West
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Gerald H Learn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas F Parrish
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shilpa S Iyer
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yingying Li
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Ruijiang Song
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yaoxing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas N Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Loic Martin
- CEA, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Priyamvada Acharya
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Nika M Strokappe
- Biomolecular Imaging (BMI), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lucy Rutten
- Biomolecular Imaging (BMI), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Laura E McCoy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin A Weiss
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Guido Silvestri
- Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mark Connors
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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21
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Balance of cellular and humoral immunity determines the level of protection by HIV vaccines in rhesus macaque models of HIV infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E992-9. [PMID: 25681373 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1423669112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A guiding principle for HIV vaccine design has been that cellular and humoral immunity work together to provide the strongest degree of efficacy. However, three efficacy trials of Ad5-vectored HIV vaccines showed no protection. Transmission was increased in two of the trials, suggesting that this vaccine strategy elicited CD4+ T-cell responses that provide more targets for infection, attenuating protection or increasing transmission. The degree to which this problem extends to other HIV vaccine candidates is not known. Here, we show that a gp120-CD4 chimeric subunit protein vaccine (full-length single chain) elicits heterologous protection against simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) acquisition in three independent rhesus macaque repeated low-dose rectal challenge studies with SHIV162P3 or SIVmac251. Protection against acquisition was observed with multiple formulations and challenges. In each study, protection correlated with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity specific for CD4-induced epitopes, provided that the concurrent antivaccine T-cell responses were minimal. Protection was lost in instances when T-cell responses were high or when the requisite antibody titers had declined. Our studies suggest that balance between a protective antibody response and antigen-specific T-cell activation is the critical element to vaccine-mediated protection against HIV. Achieving and sustaining such a balance, while enhancing antibody durability, is the major challenge for HIV vaccine development, regardless of the immunogen or vaccine formulation.
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22
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CD40L-adjuvanted DNA/modified vaccinia virus Ankara simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccine enhances protection against neutralization-resistant mucosal SIV infection. J Virol 2015; 89:4690-5. [PMID: 25653428 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03527-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we show that a CD40L-adjuvanted DNA/modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccine enhances protection against a pathogenic neutralization-resistant mucosal SIV infection, improves long-term viral control, and prevents AIDS. Analyses of serum IgG antibodies to linear peptides of SIV Env revealed a strong response to V2, with targeting of fewer epitopes in the immunodominant region of gp41 (gp41-ID) and the V1 region as a correlate for enhanced protection. Greater expansion of antiviral CD8 T cells in the gut correlated with long-term viral control.
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23
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Abstract
The ultimate solution to the global HIV-1 epidemic will probably require the development of a safe and effective vaccine. Multiple vaccine platforms have been evaluated in preclinical and clinical trials, but given the disappointing results of clinical efficacy studies so far, novel vaccine approaches are needed. In this Opinion article, we discuss the scientific basis and clinical potential of novel adenovirus and cytomegalovirus vaccine vectors for HIV-1 as two contrasting but potentially complementary vector approaches. Both of these vector platforms have demonstrated partial protection against stringent simian immunodeficiency virus challenges in rhesus monkeys using different immunological mechanisms.
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24
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Del Prete GQ, Park H, Fennessey CM, Reid C, Lipkey L, Newman L, Oswald K, Kahl C, Piatak M, Quiñones OA, Alvord WG, Smedley J, Estes JD, Lifson JD, Picker LJ, Keele BF. Molecularly tagged simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239 synthetic swarm for tracking independent infection events. J Virol 2014; 88:8077-90. [PMID: 24807714 PMCID: PMC4097795 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01026-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Following mucosal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission, systemic infection is established by one or only a few viral variants. Modeling single-variant, mucosal transmission in nonhuman primates using limiting-dose inoculations with a diverse simian immunodeficiency virus isolate stock may increase variability between animals since individual variants within the stock may have substantial functional differences. To decrease variability between animals while retaining the ability to enumerate transmitted/founder variants by sequence analysis, we modified the SIVmac239 clone to generate 10 unique clones that differ by two or three synonymous mutations (molecular tags). Transfection- and infection-derived virus stocks containing all 10 variants showed limited phenotypic differences in 9 of the 10 clones. Twenty-nine rhesus macaques were challenged intrarectally or intravenously with either a single dose or repeated, limiting doses of either stock. The proportion of each variant within each inoculum and in plasma from infected animals was determined by using a novel real-time single-genome amplification assay. Each animal was infected with one to five variants, the number correlating with the dose. Longitudinal sequence analysis revealed that the molecular tags are highly stable with no reversion to the parental sequence detected in >2 years of follow-up. Overall, the viral stocks are functional and mucosally transmissible and the number of variants is conveniently discernible by sequence analysis of a small amplicon. This approach should be useful for tracking individual infection events in preclinical vaccine evaluations, long-term viral reservoir establishment/clearance research, and transmission/early-event studies. Importance: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission is established by one or only a few viral variants. Modeling of limited variant transmission in nonhuman primates with a diverse simian immunodeficiency virus isolate stock may increase the variability between animals because of functional differences in the individual variants within the stock. To decrease such variability while retaining the ability to distinguish and enumerate transmitted/founder variants by sequence analysis, we generated a viral stock with 10 sequence-identifiable but otherwise genetically identical variants. This virus was characterized in vitro and in vivo and shown to allow discrimination of distinct transmission events. This approach provides a novel nonhuman primate challenge system for the study of viral transmission, evaluation of vaccines and other prevention approaches, and characterization of viral reservoirs and strategies to target them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Q Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Haesun Park
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Christine M Fennessey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Carolyn Reid
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Leslie Lipkey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura Newman
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelli Oswald
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Christoph Kahl
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Octavio A Quiñones
- Statistical Consulting, Data Management Services, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - W Gregory Alvord
- Statistical Consulting, Data Management Services, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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25
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26
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Local control of repeated-dose rectal challenges in DNA/MVA-vaccinated macaques protected against a first series of simian immunodeficiency virus challenges. J Virol 2014; 88:5864-9. [PMID: 24574408 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00145-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the results of a late boost and three additional series of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenges in seven DNA/modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-vaccinated rhesus macaques who resisted a first series of rectal challenges. During 29 additional challenges delivered over 2.3 years, all animals became infected. However, 13 blips of virus in six macaques and anamnestic Env-specific rectal IgA responses in three of the six suggested that local control of infections was occurring during the serial challenge.
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27
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Roederer M, Keele BF, Schmidt SD, Mason RD, Welles HC, Fischer W, Labranche C, Foulds KE, Louder MK, Yang ZY, Todd JPM, Buzby AP, Mach LV, Shen L, Seaton KE, Ward BM, Bailer RT, Gottardo R, Gu W, Ferrari G, Alam SM, Denny TN, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD, Korber BT, Nason MC, Seder RA, Koup RA, Letvin NL, Rao SS, Nabel GJ, Mascola JR. Immunological and virological mechanisms of vaccine-mediated protection against SIV and HIV. Nature 2014; 505:502-8. [PMID: 24352234 PMCID: PMC3946913 DOI: 10.1038/nature12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge for the development of a highly effective AIDS vaccine is the identification of mechanisms of protective immunity. To address this question, we used a nonhuman primate challenge model with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). We show that antibodies to the SIV envelope are necessary and sufficient to prevent infection. Moreover, sequencing of viruses from breakthrough infections revealed selective pressure against neutralization-sensitive viruses; we identified a two-amino-acid signature that alters antigenicity and confers neutralization resistance. A similar signature confers resistance of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 to neutralization by monoclonal antibodies against variable regions 1 and 2 (V1V2), suggesting that SIV and HIV share a fundamental mechanism of immune escape from vaccine-elicited or naturally elicited antibodies. These analyses provide insight into the limited efficacy seen in HIV vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory, NIH, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | | | | | - Hugh C Welles
- 1] Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA [2] George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA
| | - Will Fischer
- Los Alamos National Laboratories, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Celia Labranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Kathryn E Foulds
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Mark K Louder
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Zhi-Yong Yang
- 1] Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA [2] Sanofi-Pasteur, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - John-Paul M Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Adam P Buzby
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Linh V Mach
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ling Shen
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kelly E Seaton
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Brandy M Ward
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Robert T Bailer
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Wenjuan Gu
- Biostatistics Research Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Thomas N Denny
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Bette T Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratories, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Martha C Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Norman L Letvin
- 1] Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2]
| | - Srinivas S Rao
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Gary J Nabel
- 1] Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA [2] Sanofi-Pasteur, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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HIV vaccine research and discovery in the nonhuman primates model: a unified theory in acquisition prevention and control of SIV infection. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2013; 8:288-94. [PMID: 23666390 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e328361cfe8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Here we highlight the latest advances in HIV vaccine concepts that will expand our knowledge on how to elicit effective acquisition-prevention and/or control of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication in the nonhuman primate (NHP) model. RECENT FINDINGS In the context of the promising analyses from the RV144 Thai Trial and the effective control of SIV replication exerted by rhCMV-(SIV) elicited EM CD8 T cells, the HIV field has recently shifted toward vaccine concepts that combine protection from acquisition with effective control of SIV replication. Current studies in the NHP model have demonstrated the efficacy of HIV-neutralizing antibodies via passive transfer, the potential importance of the CD4 Tfh subset, the ability to effectively model the RV144 vaccine trial and the capacity of an Ad26 prime and modified vaccinia Ankara virus boost to elicit Env-specific antibody and cellular responses that both limit acquisition and control heterologous SIVmac251 challenge. SUMMARY The latest work in the NHP model suggests that the next generation HIV-1 vaccines should aim to provoke a comprehensive adaptive immune response for both prevention of SIV acquisition as well as control of replication in breakthrough infection.
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Zhang X, Wallace O, Wright KJ, Backer M, Coleman JW, Koehnke R, Frenk E, Domi A, Chiuchiolo MJ, DeStefano J, Narpala S, Powell R, Morrow G, Boggiano C, Zamb TJ, Richter King C, Parks CL. Membrane-bound SIV envelope trimers are immunogenic in ferrets after intranasal vaccination with a replication-competent canine distemper virus vector. Virology 2013; 446:25-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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