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Zhang R, Fu H, Luo C, Huang Z, Pei R, Di Y, Zhu C, Peng J, Hu H, Chen S, Chen J, Chen L, Xu M, Yang X, Yang R. Chlamydia psittaci detected at a live poultry wholesale market in central China. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:585. [PMID: 38867171 PMCID: PMC11170795 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09478-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the presence of Chlamydia psittaci in poultry and the environment in live poultry wholesale markets in Changsha during 2021-2022 and conducted a phylogenetic analysis to understand its distribution in this market. METHODS In total, 483 samples were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction and 17 C. psittaci-positive samples using high-throughput sequencing, BLAST similarity, and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS Twenty-two out of 483 poultry and environmental samples were positive for C. psittaci (overall positivity rate: 4.55%) with no difference in positivity rates over 12 months. Chlamydia psittaci was detected at 11 sampling points (overall positivity rate: 27.5%), including chicken, duck, and pigeon/chicken/duck/goose shops, with pigeon shops having the highest positivity rate (46.67%). The highest positivity rates were found in sewage (12.5%), poultry fecal (7.43%), cage swab (6.59%), avian pharyngeal/cloacal swab (3.33%), and air (2.29%) samples. The ompA sequences were identified in two strains of C. psittaci, which were determined to bear genotype B using phylogenetic analysis. Thus, during monitoring, C. psittaci genotype B was detected in the poultry and environmental samples from the poultry wholesale market in Changsha. CONCLUSIONS To address the potential zoonotic threat, C. psittaci monitoring programs in live poultry markets should be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusheng Zhang
- Changsha Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Huiyuan Fu
- Changsha Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Can Luo
- Changsha Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Changsha Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Ruiqing Pei
- Changsha Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Yu Di
- Changsha Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Caiying Zhu
- Changsha Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Jiayi Peng
- Public Health College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Huiqi Hu
- Public Health College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Shan Chen
- Changsha Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Jingfang Chen
- Changsha Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Lamei Chen
- Changsha Kaifu Disease Prevention and Control Center, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Mingzhong Xu
- Changsha Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Xuewen Yang
- Changsha Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Rengui Yang
- Changsha Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China.
- Changsha Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Changsha Eighth Hospital), Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China.
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2
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Galindo-González J. Avoiding novel, unwanted interactions among species to decrease risk of zoonoses. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2024; 38:e14232. [PMID: 38111356 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Circumstances that precipitate interactions among species that have never interacted during their evolutionary histories create ideal conditions for the generation of zoonoses. Zoonotic diseases have caused some of the most devastating epidemics in human history. Contact among species that come from different ecosystems or regions creates the risk of zoonoses. In certain situations, humans are generating and promoting conditions that contribute to the creation of infectious diseases and zoonoses. These conditions lead to interactions between wildlife species that have hitherto not interacted under normal circumstances. I call for recognition of the zoonotic potential that novel and unwanted interactions have; identification of these new interactions that are occurring among wild animals, domestic animals, and humans; and efforts to stop these kinds of interactions because they can give rise to zoonotic outbreaks. Live animal markets, the exotic pet trade, illegal wildlife trade, human use and consumption of wild animals, invasive non-native species, releasing of exotic pets, and human encroachment in natural areas are among the activities that cause the most interactions among wild species, domestic species, and humans. These activities should not occur and must be controlled efficiently to prevent future epidemic zoonoses. Society must develop a keen ability to identify these unnatural interactions and prevent them. Controlling these interactions and efficiently addressing their causal factors will benefit human health and, in some cases, lead to positive environmental, ethical, and socioeconomic outcomes. Until these actions are taken, humanity will face future zoonoses and zoonotic pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Galindo-González
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, México
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3
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Wen F, Wang C, Guo J, Yu H, Yuan S, Li Y, Li Z, Huang S, Liang Z. Development and application of a triplex real-time PCR assay for the detection of H3, H4, and H5 subtypes of avian influenza virus. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103333. [PMID: 38113705 PMCID: PMC10770746 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) poses a significant threat to the poultry industry and public health. Among the diverse AIV subtypes, H3, H4, and H5 are frequently detected in waterfowl and live poultry markets (LPM). The expeditious and precise identification of these subtypes is imperative in impeding the dissemination of the disease. In this study, we have developed a triplex real-time PCR assay endowed with the capacity to simultaneously discriminate AIV subtypes H3, H4, and H5. This method showcases remarkable specificity, selectively amplifying H3, H4, and H5 AIV subtypes sans any cross-reactivity with other subtypes or common avian pathogens. Furthermore, this method exhibits high sensitivity, with a detection threshold of 2.1 × 102 copies/μL for H3, H4, and H5 AIV subtypes. Additionally, the assay demonstrates reproducibility, as evidenced by intra- and interassay variability, with a coefficient of variation below 1.5%. A total of 338 cloacal swabs were collected from LPM to evaluate the performance of our assay. The obtained results evinced a high level of concordance with the sequencing data. In summary, our study has developed a triplex real-time PCR method that can be employed in laboratory-based testing and surveillance of AIV. This assay holds promise in augmenting our ability to detect and monitor AIV subtypes, thereby facilitating timely interventions and safeguarding both the poultry industry and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Congying Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinyue Guo
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Sheng Yuan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhili Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaoping Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.
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4
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Islam A, Rahman MZ, Hassan MM, Epstein JH, Klaassen M. Determinants for the presence of avian influenza virus in live bird markets in Bangladesh: Towards an easy fix of a looming one health issue. One Health 2023; 17:100643. [PMID: 38024264 PMCID: PMC10665153 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 endangers poultry, wildlife, and human health and is enzootic in large parts of Asia, with live bird markets (LBMs) as putative hotspots for their maintenance, amplification, and spread. To mitigate the extent of these and other avian influenza viruses (AIV) of concern, we aimed to increase our quantitative understanding of the factors determining the presence of avian influenza virus in LBM stalls. Between 2016 and 2017, we collected fecal or offal samples from 1008 stalls in 113 LBMs across the Dhaka and Rajshahi districts in Bangladesh. For each stall, samples were pooled and tested for the AIV matrix gene, followed by H5 and H9 subtyping using rRT-PCR. We detected Influenza A viral RNA in 49% of the stalls. Of the AIV positive samples, 52% and 24% were determined to be H5 and H9 viruses, respectively, which are both subtypes of considerable health concern. We used generalized linear mixed effect modelling to study AIV presence in individual stalls within LBMs as a function of 13 out of the 20 risk factors identified by FAO. We found that small and feasible improvements in cleaning and disinfection frequency, installing running water in stalls, and not mixing different breeds of chicken in the same cages had large impacts on the presence of AIV in stalls (Odds ratios 0.03-0.05). Next, cleaning vehicles used in poultry transport, not selling waterfowl with chickens in the same stall, buying stock directly from commercial farms, separating sick birds from healthy ones, and avoiding access by wild birds like house crows, also had major effects on lowering the risk of stalls having AIV (Odds ratios 0.16-0.33). These findings can be directly used in developing practical and affordable measures to reduce the prevalence of AIV in LBMs. Also, in settings with limited resources like Bangladesh, such mitigation may significantly contribute to reducing AIV circulation amongst poultry and spillover to wildlife and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | | | - Marcel Klaassen
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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5
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Fearnley L, Zheng Z. Live poultry markets beyond health risks: Understanding consumer preferences for live poultry in South China. Prev Vet Med 2023; 221:106060. [PMID: 37926060 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Live poultry markets (LPMs) are veterinary and public health risks because of potential for zoonotic spillover of pathogens from diseased animals to humans. To control these health risks, veterinary and public health authorities in Asia, including China, have closed or restricted LPMs. In south China, however, LPM closure has been opposed or rendered infeasible by consumers who prefer to purchase live poultry. Previous scholarship has suggested this preference is due to cultural values of freshness. In this study, we present results from detailed interviews with shoppers in south China, including those who prefer live poultry and those who prefer pre-slaughtered poultry. We argue that broader concerns about food safety and quality, rather than freshness alone, drive the demand for LPMs. Live poultry provide sensory information that enable shoppers to evaluate safety and quality in ways that are not possible with pre-slaughtered, refrigerated meat. Based on these findings, we suggest that hygienic interventions into LPMs should recognize that not only freshness, but also trust, must be constructed and maintained in any intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyle Fearnley
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore.
| | - Zhang Zheng
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore
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6
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Gao J, Wei J, Qin S, Liu S, Mo S, Long Q, Tan S, Lu N, Xie Z, Lin J. Exploring the global immune landscape of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in H5N6-infected patient with single-cell transcriptomics. BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:249. [PMID: 37853397 PMCID: PMC10585775 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01693-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian influenza viruses (AIV), particularly H5N6, have risen in infection frequency, prompting major concerns. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) can illustrate the immune cell landscape present in the peripheral circulation of influenza H5N6-infected individuals at the single-cell level. This study attempted to employ scRNA-seq technology to map the potentially hidden single cell landscape of influenza H5N6. METHODS High-quality transcriptomes were generated from scRNA-seq data of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which were taken from a critically-ill child diagnosed with H5N6 avian influenza infection and one healthy control donor. Cluster analysis was then performed on the scRNA-seq data to identify the different cell types. The pathways, pseudotime developmental trajectories and gene regulatory networks involved in different cell subpopulations were also explored. RESULTS In total, 3,248 single cell transcriptomes were captured by scRNA-seq from PBMC of the child infected with H5N6 avian influenza and the healthy control donor and further identified seven immune microenvironment cell types. In addition, a subsequent subpopulation analysis of innate lymphoid cells (ILC) and CD4+ T cells revealed that subpopulations of ILC and CD4+ T cells were involved in cytokine and inflammation-related pathways and had significant involvement in the biological processes of oxidative stress and cell death. CONCLUSION In conclusion, characterizing the overall immune cell composition of H5N6-infected individuals by assessing the immune cell landscape in the peripheral circulation of H5N6 avian influenza-infected and healthy control donors at single-cell resolution provides key information for understanding H5N6 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Gao
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, HIV/AIDS Clinical Treatment Center of Guangxi (Nanning), The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, HIV/AIDS Clinical Treatment Center of Guangxi (Nanning) and The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, 530023, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Simei Qin
- Department of Pediatrics, HIV/AIDS Clinical Treatment Center of Guangxi (Nanning) and The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, HIV/AIDS Clinical Treatment Center of Guangxi (Nanning) and The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, 530023, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Shuangyan Mo
- Department of Pediatrics, HIV/AIDS Clinical Treatment Center of Guangxi (Nanning) and The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Qian Long
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, HIV/AIDS Clinical Treatment Center of Guangxi (Nanning), The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, 530023, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Shiji Tan
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, HIV/AIDS Clinical Treatment Center of Guangxi (Nanning) and The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, 530023, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ning Lu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, HIV/AIDS Clinical Treatment Center of Guangxi (Nanning) and The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, 530023, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhouhua Xie
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, HIV/AIDS Clinical Treatment Center of Guangxi (Nanning), The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530023, China.
- Department of Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS Clinical Treatment Center of Guangxi (Nanning), The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530023, China.
| | - Jianyan Lin
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, HIV/AIDS Clinical Treatment Center of Guangxi (Nanning), The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530023, China.
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7
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Griffin EF, Tompkins SM. Fitness Determinants of Influenza A Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:1959. [PMID: 37766365 PMCID: PMC10535923 DOI: 10.3390/v15091959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A (IAV) is a major human respiratory pathogen that causes illness, hospitalizations, and mortality annually worldwide. IAV is also a zoonotic pathogen with a multitude of hosts, allowing for interspecies transmission, reassortment events, and the emergence of novel pandemics, as was seen in 2009 with the emergence of a swine-origin H1N1 (pdmH1N1) virus into humans, causing the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. While the 2009 pandemic was considered to have high morbidity and low mortality, studies have linked the pdmH1N1 virus and its gene segments to increased disease in humans and animal models. Genetic components of the pdmH1N1 virus currently circulate in the swine population, reassorting with endemic swine viruses that co-circulate and occasionally spillover into humans. This is evidenced by the regular detection of variant swine IAVs in humans associated with state fairs and other intersections of humans and swine. Defining genetic changes that support species adaptation, virulence, and cross-species transmission, as well as mutations that enhance or attenuate these features, will improve our understanding of influenza biology. It aids in surveillance and virus risk assessment and guides the establishment of counter measures for emerging viruses. Here, we review the current understanding of the determinants of specific IAV phenotypes, focusing on the fitness, transmission, and virulence determinants that have been identified in swine IAVs and/or in relation to the 2009 pdmH1N1 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Fate Griffin
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Stephen Mark Tompkins
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Center for Influenza Disease and Emergence Response (CIDER), Athens, GA 30602, USA
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8
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Wang Z, Li H, Li Y, Wu Z, Ai H, Zhang M, Rong L, Blinov ML, Tong Q, Liu L, Sun H, Pu J, Feng W, Liu J, Sun Y. Mixed selling of different poultry species facilitates emergence of public-health-threating avian influenza viruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2214255. [PMID: 37191631 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2214255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Live poultry markets (LPMs) are regarded as hubs for avian influenza virus (AIV) transmission in poultry and are a major risk factor in human AIV infections. We performed an AIV surveillance study at a wholesale LPM, where different poultry species were sold in separate stalls, and nine retail LPMs, which received poultry from the wholesale LPM but where different poultry species were sold in one stall, in Guangdong province from 2017 to 2019. A higher AIV isolation rate was observed at the retail LPMs than the wholesale LPM. H9N2 was the dominant AIV subtype and was mainly present in chickens and quails. The genetic diversity of H9N2 viruses was greater at the retail LPMs, where a complex system of two-way transmission between different poultry species had formed. The isolated H9N2 viruses could be classed into four genotypes: G57 and the three novel genotypes, NG164, NG165, and NG166. The H9N2 AIVs isolated from chickens and quails at the wholesale LPM only belonged to the G57 and NG164 genotypes, respectively. However, the G57, NG164, and NG165 genotypes were identified in both chickens and quails at the retail LPMs. We found that the replication and transmission of the NG165 genotype were more adaptive to both poultry and mammalian models than those of its precursor genotype, NG164. Our findings revealed that mixed poultry selling at retail LPMs has increased the genetic diversity of AIVs, which might facilitate the emergence of novel viruses that threaten public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongkui Li
- Liaoning Agricultural Development Service Center, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuanli Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Ai
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Libin Rong
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael L Blinov
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Qi Tong
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Litao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Pu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhai Feng
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Guan L, Zhong G, Fan S, Plisch EM, Presler R, Gu C, Babujee L, Pattinson D, Le Khanh Nguyen H, Hoang VMP, Le MQ, van Bakel H, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y. Highly Pathogenic H5 Influenza Viruses Isolated between 2016 and 2017 in Vietnamese Live Bird Markets. Viruses 2023; 15:1093. [PMID: 37243179 PMCID: PMC10223276 DOI: 10.3390/v15051093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Routine surveillance in live poultry markets in the northern regions of Vietnam from 2016 to 2017 resulted in the isolation of 27 highly pathogenic avian H5N1 and H5N6 viruses of 3 different clades (2.3.2.1c, 2.3.4.4f, and 2.3.4.4g). Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of these viruses revealed reassortment with various subtypes of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Deep-sequencing identified minor viral subpopulations encoding variants that may affect pathogenicity and sensitivity to antiviral drugs. Interestingly, mice infected with two different clade 2.3.2.1c viruses lost body weight rapidly and succumbed to virus infection, whereas mice infected with clade 2.3.4.4f or 2.3.4.4g viruses experienced non-lethal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizheng Guan
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Gongxun Zhong
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Shufang Fan
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Erin M. Plisch
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Robert Presler
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Chunyang Gu
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Lavanya Babujee
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - David Pattinson
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | | | | | - Mai Quynh Le
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
- Infection and Advanced Research (UTOPIA) Center, The University of Tokyo, Pandemic Preparedness, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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Mahmoud SIA, Zyan KA, Hamoud MM, Khalifa E, Dardir S, Khalifa R, Kilany WH, Elfeil WK. Effect of Co-infection of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza H9N2 Virus and Avian Pathogenic E. coli on H9N2-Vaccinated Commercial Broiler Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:918440. [PMID: 35836502 PMCID: PMC9274096 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.918440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 40 years, low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) subtype H9N2 has been endemic in most Middle Eastern countries and of course Egypt which is one of the biggest poultry producers in the middle east region. The major losses with the H9N2 virus infections come from complicated infections in commercial broiler chickens, especially E. coli infection. In this work, 2,36,345 Arbor acres broiler chickens from the same breeder flock were placed equally in four pens, where two pens were vaccinated against LPAIV of subtype H9N2 virus, and the other two pens served as non-vaccinated controls. All were placed on the same farm under the same management conditions. A total of twenty birds from each pen were moved to biosafety level−3 chicken isolators (BSL-3) on days 21 and 28 of life and challenged with LPAIV-H9N2 or E. coli. Seroconversion for H9N2 was evaluated before and after the challenge. The recorded results revealed a significant decrease in clinical manifestations and virus shedding in terms of titers of shedding virus and number of shedders in vaccinated compared to non-vaccinated chickens. In groups early infected with LPAIV-H9N2 virus either vaccinated or not vaccinated, there was no significant difference in clinical sickness or mortalities in both groups, but in late infection groups with H9N2 alone, non-vaccinated infected group showed significantly higher clinical sickness in comparison with infected vaccinated group but also without mortality. In groups co-infected with E. coli (I/M) and H9N2, it showed 100% mortalities either in vaccinated or non-vaccinated H9N2 groups and thus reflect the high pathogenicity of used E. coli isolates, whereas in groups co-infected with E. coli (per os to mimic the natural route of infection) and LPAIV-H9N2, mortality rates were significantly higher in non-vaccinated groups than those vaccinated with H9N2 vaccine (15 vs. 5%). In conclusion, the use of the LPAIV H9N2 vaccine has significantly impacted the health status, amount of virus shed, and mortality of challenged commercial broilers, as it can minimize the losses and risks after co-infection with E. coli (orally) and LPAIV-H9N2 virus under similar natural route of infection in commercial broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif I. A. Mahmoud
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Kamel A. Zyan
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Hamoud
- Department of Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Mohamed M. Hamoud
| | - Eman Khalifa
- Department Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, Egypt
| | - Shahin Dardir
- Department Veterinary Care and Laboratories Department, Cairo Poultry Corporate, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rabab Khalifa
- Department Veterinary Care and Laboratories Department, Cairo Poultry Corporate, Giza, Egypt
| | - Walid H. Kilany
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wael K. Elfeil
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Wael K. Elfeil
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Abstract
The H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) has become endemic in poultry globally; however due to its low pathogenicity, it is not under primary surveillance and control in many countries. Recent reports of human infection caused by H9N2 AIV has increased public concern. This study investigated the genetic and antigenic characteristics of H9N2 AIV isolated from local markets in nine provinces in Southern China from 2013 to 2018. We detected an increasing annual isolation rate of H9N2 AIV. Phylogenetic analyses of hemagglutinin (HA) genes suggests that isolated strains were rooted in BJ94 lineage but have evolved into new subgroups (II and III), which derived from subgroup I. The estimated substitution rate of the subgroup III strains was 6.23 × 10−3 substitutions/site/year, which was 1.5-fold faster than that of the average H9N2 HA rate (3.95 × 10−3 substitutions/site/year). Based on the antigenic distances, subgroup II and III strains resulted in two clear antigenic clusters 2 and 3, separated from the vaccine strain F98, cluster 1. New antigenic properties of subgroup III viruses were associated with 11 amino acid changes in the HA protein, suggesting antigenic drift in H9N2 viruses. Our phylogenetic and antigenic analyses of the H9N2 strains circulating in local markets in Southern China provide new insights on the antigenic diversification of H9N2 viruses. IMPORTANCE The H9N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus has become endemic in poultry globally. In several Asian countries, vaccination against H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) was approved to reduce economic losses in the poultry industry. However, surveillance programs initiated after the introduction of vaccination identified the persistence of H9N2 AIV in poultry (especially in chicken in South Korea and China). Recent reports of human infection caused by H9N2 AIV has increased public concern. Surveillance of H9N2 circulating in poultry in the fields or markets was essential to update the vaccination strategies. This study investigated the genetic and antigenic characteristics of H9N2 AIVs isolated from local markets in nine provinces in Southern China from 2013 to 2018. The discovery of mutations in the hemagglutinin (HA) gene that result in antigenic changes provides a baseline reference for evolutionary studies of H9N2 viruses and vaccination strategies in poultry.
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12
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Galindo-González J. Live animal markets: Identifying the origins of emerging infectious diseases. CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & HEALTH 2022; 25:100310. [PMID: 34931177 PMCID: PMC8674032 DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2021.100310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) of zoonotic origin appear, affect a population and can spread rapidly. At the beginning of 2020, the World Health Organization pronounced an emergency public health advisory because of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus outbreak, and declared that COVID-19 had reached the level of a pandemic, rapidly spreading around the world. In order to identify one of the origins of EIDs, and propose some control alternatives, an extensive review was conducted of the available literature. The problem can originate in live animal markets, where animal species of all kinds, from different origins, ecosystems, and taxonomic groups are caged and crowded together, sharing the same unsanitary and unnatural space, food, water, and also the ecto- and endoparasitic vectors of disease. They defecate on each other, leading to the exchange of pathogenic and parasitic microorganisms, forcing interactions among species that should never happen. This is the ideal scenario for causing zoonoses and outbreaks of EIDs. We must start by stopping the illegal collection and sale of wild animals in markets. The destruction of ecosystems and forests also promote zoonoses and outbreaks of EIDs. Science and knowledge should be the basis of the decisions and policies for the development of management strategies. Wildlife belongs in its natural habitat, which must be defended, conserved, and restored at all costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Galindo-González
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Culturas Veracruzanas # 101, Zona Universitaria C.P. 91090, Xalapa, Ver., Mexico
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13
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Ramey AM, Hill NJ, DeLiberto TJ, Gibbs SEJ, Camille Hopkins M, Lang AS, Poulson RL, Prosser DJ, Sleeman JM, Stallknecht DE, Wan X. Highly pathogenic avian influenza is an emerging disease threat to wild birds in North America. J Wildl Manage 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Ramey
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center 4210 University Drive Anchorage AK 99508 USA
| | - Nichola J. Hill
- Department of Infectious Disease & Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University 200 Westboro Road North Grafton MA 01536 USA
| | - Thomas J. DeLiberto
- National Wildlife Disease Program, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service U.S. Department of Agriculture 4101 LaPorte Avenue Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
| | - Samantha E. J. Gibbs
- Wildlife Health Office Natural Resource Program Center, National Wildlife Refuge System, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 16450 NW 31st Place Chiefland FL 32626 USA
| | - M. Camille Hopkins
- U.S. Geological Survey Ecosystems Mission Area 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, MS 300 (Room 4A100F) Reston VA 20192 USA
| | - Andrew S. Lang
- Department of Biology Memorial University of Newfoundland 232 Elizabeth Avenue St. John's Newfoundland A1B 3X9 Canada
| | - Rebecca L. Poulson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia 589 D.W. Brooks Drive Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Diann J. Prosser
- U.S. Geological Survey Eastern Ecological Science Center at the Patuxent Research Refuge 12100 Beech Forest Road Laurel MD 20708 USA
| | - Jonathan M. Sleeman
- U.S. Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center 6006 Schroeder Road Madison WI 53711 USA
| | - David E. Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia 589 D.W. Brooks Drive Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Xiu‐Feng Wan
- Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science University of Missouri Columbia MO 65211 USA
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Lysholm S, Fischer K, Lindahl JF, Munyeme M, Wensman JJ. Seropositivity rates of zoonotic pathogens in small ruminants and associated public health risks at informal urban markets in Zambia. Acta Trop 2022; 225:106217. [PMID: 34751139 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Informal livestock markets are an important source of animal-derived proteins for growing urban populations in countries such as Zambia. In parallel, they can also constitute pathways of zoonotic pathogen transmission to humans. This risk is aggravated by limited disease monitoring and poor control systems with regards to biosecurity and public health. The aim of this study was to investigate the risks for spread of zoonotic diseases in Zambia's two largest informal small ruminant markets, located in Lusaka and Kasumbalesa, through combining seroepidemiology with interviews and observations. In April, May and September 2018, serum samples (n = 237) were collected and analysed for antibodies for the zoonotic pathogens Brucella spp., Coxiella (C.) burnetii and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), using commercially available enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). In addition, slaughterhouse activities were observed and semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions held with slaughterhouse workers and small ruminant traders, focusing on the handling of animals and meat, and the perceptions of zoonotic disease risks at slaughter and consumption. The study found seropositivity rates of 10.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.60-14.7) for Brucella spp., 5.9% (95% CI 3.27-9.71) for C. burnetii, and 0.8% (95% CI 0.10-3.01) for RVFV. Interviews with value chain members and observations at the slaughterhouse revealed unsanitary procedures and multiple occupational hazards for slaughterhouse workers. This study showed that the Zambian informal small ruminant trade system poses risks to public health, and that these risks are exacerbated by a lack of information about food-borne diseases and how associated risks can be mitigated amongst value chain actors. The results of this study can be used to formulate preventive measures to improve informal meat markets and reduce the risks to public health.
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Dupré G, Hoede C, Figueroa T, Bessière P, Bertagnoli S, Ducatez M, Gaspin C, Volmer R. Phylodynamic Study of the Conserved RNA Structure Encompassing the Hemagglutinin Cleavage Site Encoding Region of H5 and H7 Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab093. [PMID: 35299790 PMCID: PMC8923263 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses (HPAIV) evolve from Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses (LPAIV) of the H5 and H7 subtypes. This evolution is characterized by the acquisition of a multi-basic cleavage site (MBCS) motif in the hemagglutinin (HA) that leads to an extended viral tropism and severe disease in poultry. One key unanswered question is whether the risk of transition to HPAIV is similar for all LPAIV H5 or H7 strains, or whether specific determinants in the HA sequence of some H5 or H7 LPAIV strains correlate with a higher risk of transition to HPAIV. Here we determined if specific features of the conserved RNA stem loop located at the hemagglutinin cleavage site-encoding region could be detected along the LPAIV to HPAIV evolutionary pathway. Analysis of the thermodynamic stability of the predicted RNA structures showed no specific patterns common to HA sequences leading to HPAIV and distinct from those remaining LPAIV. However, RNA structure clustering analysis revealed that most of the American lineage ancestors leading to H7 emergences via recombination shared the same vRNA structure topology at the HA1/HA2 boundary region. Our study thus identified predicted secondary RNA structures present in the HA of H7 viruses, which could promote genetic recombination and acquisition of a MBCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Dupré
- Ecole nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Hoede
- INRAE, UR875 Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées Toulouse, Plateforme GenoToul BioInfo, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Thomas Figueroa
- Ecole nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Bessière
- Ecole nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Bertagnoli
- Ecole nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
| | - Mariette Ducatez
- Ecole nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Gaspin
- INRAE, UR875 Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées Toulouse, Plateforme GenoToul BioInfo, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Romain Volmer
- Ecole nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
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16
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Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viruses have posed a substantial pandemic threat through repeated human infection since their emergence in China in 1996. Nationwide control measures, including vaccination of poultry, were implemented in 2005, leading to a sharp reduction in H5N1 virus outbreaks. In 2008, novel non-N1 subtype (H5Nx) viruses emerged, gradually replacing the dominant H5N1 subtype and causing global outbreaks. The cause of this major shift in the ecology of HPAI H5 viruses remains unknown. Here, we show that major H5N1 virus lineages underwent population bottlenecks in 2006, followed by a recovery in virus populations between 2007 and 2009. Our analyses indicate that control measures, not competition from H5Nx viruses, were responsible for the H5N1 decline, with an H5N1 lineage capable of infecting poultry and wild birds experiencing a less severe population bottleneck due to circulation in unaffected wild birds. We show that H5Nx viruses emerged during the successful suppression of H5N1 virus populations in poultry, providing an opportunity for antigenically distinct H5Nx viruses to propagate. Avian influenza vaccination programs would benefit from universal vaccines targeting a wider diversity of influenza viruses to prevent the emergence of novel subtypes. IMPORTANCE A major shift in the ecology of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viruses occurred from 2008 to 2014, when viruses with non-N1 neuraminidase genes (termed H5Nx viruses) emerged and caused global H5 virus outbreaks. Here, we demonstrate that nationwide control measures, including vaccination in China, successfully suppressed H5N1 populations in poultry, providing an opportunity for antigenically distinct H5Nx viruses to emerge. In particular, we show that the widespread use of H5N1 vaccines likely conferred a fitness advantage to H5Nx viruses due to the antigenic mismatch of the neuraminidase genes. These results indicate that avian influenza vaccination programs would benefit from universal vaccines that target a wider diversity of influenza viruses to prevent potential emergence of novel subtypes.
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17
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Chowdhury S, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Kile JC, Hoque MA, Rahman MZ, Hossain ME, Ghosh PK, Ahmed SSU, Kennedy ED, Sturm-Ramirez K, Gurley ES. Association of Biosecurity and Hygiene Practices with Environmental Contamination with Influenza A Viruses in Live Bird Markets, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:2087-2096. [PMID: 32818393 PMCID: PMC7454050 DOI: 10.3201/eid2609.191029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Bangladesh, live bird market environments are frequently contaminated with avian influenza viruses. Shop-level biosecurity practices might increase risk for environmental contamination. We sought to determine which shop-level biosecurity practices were associated with environmental contamination. We surveyed 800 poultry shops to describe biosecurity practices and collect environmental samples. Samples from 205 (26%) shops were positive for influenza A viral RNA, 108 (14%) for H9, and 60 (8%) for H5. Shops that slaughtered poultry, kept poultry overnight, remained open without rest days, had uneven muddy floors, held poultry on the floor, and housed sick and healthy poultry together were more frequently positive for influenza A viruses. Reported monthly cleaning seemed protective, but disinfection practices were not otherwise associated with influenza A virus detection. Slaughtering, keeping poultry overnight, weekly rest days, infrastructure, and disinfection practices could be targets for interventions to reduce environmental contamination.
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18
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Live poultry feeding and trading network and the transmission of avian influenza A(H5N6) virus in a large city in China, 2014-2015. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 108:72-80. [PMID: 34000420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To understand the transmission mechanisms of the avian influenza A(H5N6) virus. METHODS This study explored the live poultry feeding and trading network (LPFTN) around Changsha city, China. Field epidemiological investigations were performed in Changsha to investigate the LPFTN with the environmental samples systematically collected during 2014-2015 to monitor and analyze the spread of the A(H5N6) virus. Two surveillance systems were also applied to find possible human cases of A(H5N6) infection. RESULT The information of all the 665 live poultry farming sites, five wholesale markets, and 223 retail markets in Changsha was collected to investigate the LPFTN. Moreover, about 840 environmental samples were systematically collected from the LPFTN during 2014-2015 to monitor the spread of the A(H5N6) virus, with 8.45% (71/840) positive for the N6 subtype. Furthermore, the full genome sequences of 10 A(H5N6) viruses detected from the environmental samples were obtained, which were then characterized and phylogenetically analyzed with the corresponding gene segments of the A(H5N6) virus obtained from GenBank, to determine the source of human infection. CONCLUSION It was demonstrated that the LPFTN provided a platform for the H5N6 transmission, and formed an infectious pool for the spread of the virus to humans.
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19
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Wang D, Zhu W, Yang L, Shu Y. The Epidemiology, Virology, and Pathogenicity of Human Infections with Avian Influenza Viruses. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a038620. [PMID: 31964651 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Influenza is a global challenge, and future pandemics of influenza are inevitable. One of the lessons learned from past pandemics is that all pandemic influenza viruses characterized to date possess viral genes originating from avian influenza viruses (AIVs). During the past decades, a wide range of AIVs have overcome the species barrier and infected humans with different clinical manifestations ranging from mild illness to severe disease and even death. Understanding the mechanisms of infection in the context of clinical outcomes, the mechanism of interspecies transmission, and the molecular determinants that confer interspecies transmission is important for pandemic preparedness. Here, we summarize the epidemiology, virology, and pathogenicity of human infections with AIVs to further our understanding of interspecies transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Wenfei Zhu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102206, P.R. China.,School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 510275, P.R. China
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20
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Dharmayanti NLPI, Hewajuli DA, Ratnawati A, Hartawan R. Genetic diversity of the H5N1 viruses in live bird markets, Indonesia. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e56. [PMID: 32735094 PMCID: PMC7402941 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The live bird market (LBM) plays an important role in the dynamic evolution of the avian influenza H5N1 virus. Objectives The main objective of this study was to monitor the genetic diversity of the H5N1 viruses in LBMs in Indonesia. Methods Therefore, the disease surveillance was conducted in the area of Banten, West Java, Central Java, East Java, and Jakarta Province, Indonesia from 2014 to 2019. Subsequently, the genetic characterization of the H5N1 viruses was performed by sequencing all 8 segments of the viral genome. Results As a result, the H5N1 viruses were detected in most of LBMs in both bird' cloacal and environmental samples, in which about 35% of all samples were positive for influenza A and, subsequently, about 52% of these samples were positive for H5 subtyping. Based on the genetic analyses of 14 viruses isolated from LBMs, genetic diversities of the H5N1 viruses were identified including clades 2.1.3 and 2.3.2 as typical predominant groups as well as reassortant viruses between these 2 clades. Conclusions As a consequence, zoonotic transmission to humans in the market could be occurred from the exposure of infected birds and/or contaminated environments. Moreover, new virus variants could emerge from the LBM environment. Therefore, improving pandemic preparedness raised great concerns related to the zoonotic aspect of new influenza variants because of its high adaptivity and efficiency for human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dyah Ayu Hewajuli
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Bogor 16114, Indonesia
| | - Atik Ratnawati
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Bogor 16114, Indonesia
| | - Risza Hartawan
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Bogor 16114, Indonesia.
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21
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Nadimpalli ML, Pickering AJ. A call for global monitoring of WASH in wet markets. Lancet Planet Health 2020; 4:e439-e440. [PMID: 33038315 PMCID: PMC7541042 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(20)30204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maya L Nadimpalli
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA; Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy J Pickering
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA; Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
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22
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Alyas K, Wajid A, Dundon WG, Ather S, Batool T, Babar ME. Isolation and Characterization of Avian Influenza H9N2 Viruses from Different Avian Species in Pakistan 2016-17. Avian Dis 2020; 63:721-726. [PMID: 31865688 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-19-00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) virus (AIV) subtype H9N2 continues to cause significant outbreaks among commercial and backyard poultry in Pakistan. Despite this, the characterization of H9N2 viruses in avian hosts other than chickens in Pakistan has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, 12 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses subtype H9N2 were isolated from peacocks (n = 4), ducks (n = 4), pheasants (n = 2), geese (n = 1), and black swans (n = 1) in Pakistan during 2016 and were characterized on the basis of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase genes. All of the viruses possessed an amino acid substitution Q226L in the receptor-binding site of the HA protein, which is known to contribute to increased viral replication and virulence in mammals. In addition, phylogenetic studies showed that these H9N2 AIVs belonged to the Middle East B genetic group of sublineage G1 and were very similar to viruses isolated from an outbreak in chickens in Pakistan in 2017. This demonstrates an epidemiologic link between poultry and other avian species, which is a fact to consider in future H9N2 disease management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashaf Alyas
- Department of Biotechnology, Virtual University of Pakistan, 1-Davis Road, Lahore, Pakistan 54000.,The first two authors contributed equally to this work.,A. W. and K. A. conceived and designed the experiments. K. A., S. A., and T. B. performed the experiments. A. W., W. G. D., and M. E. B. analyzed the data. A. W. and W. G. D. wrote the paper that was approved by all authors
| | - Abdul Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, Virtual University of Pakistan, 1-Davis Road, Lahore, Pakistan 54000, ; .,The first two authors contributed equally to this work.,A. W. and K. A. conceived and designed the experiments. K. A., S. A., and T. B. performed the experiments. A. W., W. G. D., and M. E. B. analyzed the data. A. W. and W. G. D. wrote the paper that was approved by all authors
| | - William G Dundon
- Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria 2444.,A. W. and K. A. conceived and designed the experiments. K. A., S. A., and T. B. performed the experiments. A. W., W. G. D., and M. E. B. analyzed the data. A. W. and W. G. D. wrote the paper that was approved by all authors
| | - Safa Ather
- Department of Molecular Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, 1-Davis Road Lahore, Pakistan 54000.,A. W. and K. A. conceived and designed the experiments. K. A., S. A., and T. B. performed the experiments. A. W., W. G. D., and M. E. B. analyzed the data. A. W. and W. G. D. wrote the paper that was approved by all authors
| | - Tayyeba Batool
- Department of Molecular Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, 1-Davis Road Lahore, Pakistan 54000.,A. W. and K. A. conceived and designed the experiments. K. A., S. A., and T. B. performed the experiments. A. W., W. G. D., and M. E. B. analyzed the data. A. W. and W. G. D. wrote the paper that was approved by all authors
| | - Masroor Ellahi Babar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, 1-Davis Road Lahore, Pakistan 54000.,A. W. and K. A. conceived and designed the experiments. K. A., S. A., and T. B. performed the experiments. A. W., W. G. D., and M. E. B. analyzed the data. A. W. and W. G. D. wrote the paper that was approved by all authors
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The Presence of Poultry Influenza Strains in Two Live Bird Markets near the East-West Boundary of Vietnam. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1487651. [PMID: 32566655 PMCID: PMC7293723 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1487651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The spread of avian influenza virus among Asian countries is becoming a concern after influenza epidemics in recent years. This study is aimed at identifying the subtypes of avian influenza viruses collected from healthy chickens and ducks at two live bird markets in a border province of Vietnam and the Lao People Democratic Republic. Cloacal and tracheal swab samples from 100 chickens and 101 ducks were collected in May 2017. All samples were screened to detect avian influenza virus by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. Samples that are avian influenza virus-positive were isolated in embryonated chicken eggs, and the subtypes were identified by RT-PCR with the specific primers. The samples positive for influenza virus H5 were sequenced to identify HA and NA genes. The prevalence of avian influenza virus (AIV) among chicken and duck samples was 27.5% (55/200) and 24.8% (50/202), respectively. AIV subtypes identified among 17 samples positive with the hemagglutination test include H3N6, H6N6, and H9N2. Of these 17 samples, 7 duck samples were found to be H6N6, 4 duck samples were infected with both subtypes of H3N6 and H6N6, and two chicken samples were recorded as H9N2. A positive chicken sample with A/H5 contains 99% similarity nucleotide with H5N6 reference strain. Results suggested that while the presence of low pathogenic avian influenza virus is predominant, potential risks of the appearance of high pathogen avian influenza virus in the east-west boundary in Vietnam should be concerned and studied further. Furthermore, prevention activities are needed to reduce such biosecurity threats in Vietnam and other Asian countries.
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Wang X, Bailey ES, Qi X, Yu H, Bao C, Gray GC. Bioaerosol Sampling at a Live Animal Market in Kunshan, China: A Noninvasive Approach for Detecting Emergent Viruses. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa134. [PMID: 32462044 PMCID: PMC7240344 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Wang
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
| | - Emily S Bailey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Julia Jones Matthews Department of Public Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, Texas, USA
| | - Xian Qi
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiyan Yu
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Changjun Bao
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Nicholas School, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Emerging Infectious Diseases Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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25
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Shi N, Huang J, Zhang X, Bao C, Yue N, Wang Q, Cui T, Zheng M, Huo X, Jin H. Interventions in Live Poultry Markets for the Control of Avian Influenza: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:553-560. [PMID: 31323094 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This review aimed to provide constructive suggestions for the control and management of avian influenza through quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the impact of different live poultry market (LPM) interventions. METHODS Both English and Chinese language databases were searched for articles that were published on or before 9 November 2018. After extraction and assessment of the included literature, Stata14.0 was applied to perform a meta-analysis to explore the impacts of LPM interventions. RESULTS A total of 19 studies were identified. In total, 224 human, 3550 poultry, and 13 773 environment samples were collected before the intervention; 181 people, 4519 poultry, and 9562 environments were sampled after LPM interventions. Avian influenza virus (AIV) detection rates in the LPM environment (odds ratio [OR], 0.393; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.262-0.589) and the incidence of AIV infection (OR, 0.045; 95% CI, 0.025-0.079) were significantly lower after LPM interventions, while interventions were not significantly effective in reducing AIV detection in poultry samples (OR, 0.803; 95% CI, 0.403-1.597). CONCLUSIONS LPM interventions can reduce AIV human infections and the detection rate of AIV in market environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiyang Shi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinxin Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Changjun Bao
- Jiangsu Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Yue
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Cui
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengyun Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Huo
- Jiangsu Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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26
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Nirmala J, Bender JB, Lynfield R, Yang M, Rene Culhane M, Nelson MI, Sreevatsan S, Torremorell M. Genetic diversity of influenza A viruses circulating in pigs between winter and summer in a Minnesota live animal market. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 67:243-250. [PMID: 31868300 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There has been little surveillance of influenza A viruses (IAVs) circulating in swine at live animal markets, particularly in the United States. To address this gap, we conducted active surveillance of IAVs in pigs, the air, and the environment during a summer and winter season in a live animal market in St. Paul, Minnesota, that had been epidemiologically associated with swine-origin influenza cases in humans previously. High rates of IAV were detected by PCR in swine lungs and oral fluids during both summer and winter seasons. Rates of IAV detection by PCR in the air were similar during summer and winter, although rates of successful virus isolation in the air were lower during summer than in winter (26% and 67%, respectively). H3N2 was the most prevalent subtype in both seasons, followed by H1N2. Genetically diverse viruses with multiple gene constellations were isolated from both winter and summer, with a total of 19 distinct genotypes identified. Comparative phylogenetic analysis of all eight segments of 40 virus isolates from summer and 122 isolates from winter revealed that the summer and winter isolates were genetically distinct, indicating IAVs are not maintained in the market, but rather are re-introduced, likely from commercial swine. These findings highlight the extent of IAV genetic diversity circulating in swine in live animal markets, even during summer months, and the ongoing risk to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaveeramuthu Nirmala
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jeff B Bender
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,School of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ruth Lynfield
- Minnesota State Health Department, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - My Yang
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Marie Rene Culhane
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Martha Irene Nelson
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Montserrat Torremorell
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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28
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A Global Perspective on H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070620. [PMID: 31284485 PMCID: PMC6669617 DOI: 10.3390/v11070620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses have become globally widespread in poultry over the last two decades and represent a genuine threat both to the global poultry industry but also humans through their high rates of zoonotic infection and pandemic potential. H9N2 viruses are generally hyperendemic in affected countries and have been found in poultry in many new regions in recent years. In this review, we examine the current global spread of H9N2 avian influenza viruses as well as their host range, tropism, transmission routes and the risk posed by these viruses to human health.
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29
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Zhang W, Zhao K, Jin J, He J, Zhou W, Wu J, Tang R, Ma W, Ding C, Liu W, Zhang L, Gao R. A hospital cluster combined with a family cluster of avian influenza H7N9 infection in Anhui Province, China. J Infect 2019; 79:49-55. [PMID: 31100362 PMCID: PMC7112695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
We reported a hospital cluster combined with family cluster of H7N9 infection. A poultry farm was the initially infectious source of the H7N9 virus infection. Airborne transmission may result in the hospital cluster.
Objectives To identify human-to-human transmission of H7N9 avian influenza virus, we investigated a hospital cluster combined with family cluster in this study. Methods We obtained and analyzed clinical, epidemiological and virological data from the three patients. RT-PCR, viral culture and sequencing were conducted for determination of causative pathogen. Results The index case presented developed pneumonia with fever after exposure to chicken in a poultry farm. Case A presented pneumonia with high fever on day 3 after she shared a hospital room with the index case. Case B, the father of the index case, presented pneumonia with high fever on day 15 after he took care of the index case. H7N9 virus circulated in the local farm to which the index case was exposed. Full genomic sequence of virus showed 99.8–100% identity shared between the index case and case A or case B. Compared to the earliest virus of Anhui, a total of 29 amino acid variation sites were observed in the 8 segments. Conclusions A hospital cluster combined with family cluster of H7N9 avian influenza infection was identified. Air transmission resulted in the hospital cluster possibly. A poultry farm was the initially infectious source of the cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Zhang
- Hefei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Heifei, Anhui Province, 230061, China
| | - Kefu Zhao
- Hefei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Heifei, Anhui Province, 230061, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Hefei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Heifei, Anhui Province, 230061, China
| | - Jun He
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Heifei, Anhui Province, 230601, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Hefei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Heifei, Anhui Province, 230061, China
| | - Jinju Wu
- Hefei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Heifei, Anhui Province, 230061, China
| | - Renshu Tang
- Hefei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Heifei, Anhui Province, 230061, China
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Lujiang County People's Hospital, Heifei, Anhui Province, 231501, China
| | - Caiyu Ding
- The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Heifei, Anhui Province, 230601, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Hefei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Heifei, Anhui Province, 230061, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Hefei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Heifei, Anhui Province, 230061, China
| | - Rongbao Gao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Health Commission of People's Republic of China, Beijing, 102206, China.
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30
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Optimising the detectability of H5N1 and H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in Vietnamese live-bird markets. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1031. [PMID: 30705346 PMCID: PMC6355762 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Live bird markets (LBMs) are major targets for avian influenza virus (AIV) surveillance programmes. While sampling the LBM environment has become a widely used alternative to the labour-intensive sampling of live poultry, the design of surveillance programmes and the interpretation of their results are compromised by the lack of knowledge about the effectiveness of these sampling strategies. We used latent class models and a unique empirical dataset collated in Vietnamese LBMs to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of five different sample types for detecting AIVs subtypes H5N1 and H5N6: oropharyngeal duck samples, solid and liquid wastes, poultry drinking water and faeces. Results suggest that the sensitivity of environmental samples for detecting H5N1 viruses is equivalent to that of oropharyngeal duck samples; however, taking oropharyngeal duck samples was estimated to be more effective in detecting H5N6 viruses than taking any of the four environmental samples. This study also stressed that the specificity of the current surveillance strategy in LBMs was not optimal leading to some false positive LBMs. Using simulations, we identified 42 sampling strategies more parsimonious than the current strategy and expected to be highly sensitive for both viruses at the LBM level. All of these strategies involved the collection of both environmental and oropharyngeal duck samples.
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31
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Arai Y, Kawashita N, Hotta K, Hoang PVM, Nguyen HLK, Nguyen TC, Vuong CD, Le TT, Le MTQ, Soda K, Ibrahim MS, Daidoji T, Takagi T, Shioda T, Nakaya T, Ito T, Hasebe F, Watanabe Y. Multiple polymerase gene mutations for human adaptation occurring in Asian H5N1 influenza virus clinical isolates. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13066. [PMID: 30166556 PMCID: PMC6117316 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the influenza virus polymerase complex in host range restriction has been well-studied and several host range determinants, such as the polymerase PB2-E627K and PB2-D701N mutations, have been identified. However, there may be additional, currently unknown, human adaptation polymerase mutations. Here, we used a database search of influenza virus H5N1 clade 1.1, clade 2.3.2.1 and clade 2.3.4 strains isolated from 2008-2012 in Southern China, Vietnam and Cambodia to identify polymerase adaptation mutations that had been selected in infected patients. Several of these mutations acted either alone or together to increase viral polymerase activity in human airway cells to levels similar to the PB2-D701N and PB2-E627K single mutations and to increase progeny virus yields in infected mouse lungs to levels similar to the PB2-D701N single mutation. In particular, specific mutations acted synergistically with the PB2-D701N mutation and showed synergistic effects on viral replication both in human airway cells and mice compared with the corresponding single mutations. Thus, H5N1 viruses in infected patients were able to acquire multiple polymerase mutations that acted cooperatively for human adaptation. Our findings give new insight into the human adaptation of AI viruses and help in avian influenza virus risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuha Arai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norihito Kawashita
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kozue Hotta
- Vietnam Research Station, Center for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Phuong Vu Mai Hoang
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hang Le Khanh Nguyen
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thach Co Nguyen
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Cuong Duc Vuong
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Thi Le
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Mai Thi Quynh Le
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Kosuke Soda
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Madiha S Ibrahim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Tomo Daidoji
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Takagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Nakaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Futoshi Hasebe
- Vietnam Research Station, Center for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Yohei Watanabe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. .,Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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32
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Structural Basis for the Broad, Antibody-Mediated Neutralization of H5N1 Influenza Virus. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00547-18. [PMID: 29925655 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00547-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses causes severe disease and fatalities. We previously identified a potent and broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb), 13D4, against the H5N1 virus. Here, we report the co-crystal structure of 13D4 in complex with the hemagglutinin (HA) of A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1). We show that heavy-chain complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3) of 13D4 confers broad yet specific neutralization against H5N1, undergoing conformational rearrangement to bind to the receptor binding site (RBS). Further, we show that mutating four critical residues within the RBS-Trp153, Lys156, Lys193, and Leu194-disrupts the binding between 13D4 and HA. Viruses bearing Asn193 instead of Lys/Arg can evade 13D4 neutralization, indicating that Lys193 polymorphism might be, at least in part, involved in the antigenicity of recent H5 genotypes (such as H5N6 and H5N8) as distinguished from H5N1. BnAb 13D4 may offers a template for therapeutic RBS inhibitor design and serve as an indicator of antigenic change for current H5 viruses.IMPORTANCE Infection by highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus remains a threat to public health. Our broadly neutralizing antibody, 13D4, is capable of neutralizing all representative H5N1 viruses and protecting mice against lethal challenge. Structural analysis revealed that 13D4 uses heavy-chain complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3) to fit the receptor binding site (RBS) via conformational rearrangement. Four conserved residues within the RBS are critical for the broad potency of 13D4. Importantly, polymorphism of Lys193 on the RBS may be associated with the antigenicity shift from H5N1 to other newly emerging viruses, such as H5N6 and H5N8. Our findings may pave the way for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus vaccine development and therapeutic RBS inhibitor design.
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Horman WSJ, Nguyen THO, Kedzierska K, Bean AGD, Layton DS. The Drivers of Pathology in Zoonotic Avian Influenza: The Interplay Between Host and Pathogen. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1812. [PMID: 30135686 PMCID: PMC6092596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of zoonotic strains of avian influenza (AI) that cause high rates of mortality in people has caused significant global concern, with a looming threat that one of these strains may develop sustained human-to-human transmission and cause a pandemic outbreak. Most notable of these viral strains are the H5N1 highly pathogenic AI and the H7N9 low pathogenicity AI viruses, both of which have mortality rates above 30%. Understanding of their mechanisms of infection and pathobiology is key to our preparation for these and future viral strains of high consequence. AI viruses typically circulate in wild bird populations, commonly infecting waterfowl and also regularly entering commercial poultry flocks. Live poultry markets provide an ideal environment for the spread AI and potentially the selection of mutants with a greater propensity for infecting humans because of the potential for spill over from birds to humans. Pathology from these AI virus infections is associated with a dysregulated immune response, which is characterized by systemic spread of the virus, lymphopenia, and hypercytokinemia. It has been well documented that host/pathogen interactions, particularly molecules of the immune system, play a significant role in both disease susceptibility as well as disease outcome. Here, we review the immune/virus interactions in both avian and mammalian species, and provide an overview or our understanding of how immune dysregulation is driven. Understanding these susceptibility factors is critical for the development of new vaccines and therapeutics to combat the next pandemic influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S J Horman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew G D Bean
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel S Layton
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), East Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Carnero AM, Kitayama K, Diaz DA, Garvich M, Angulo N, Cama VA, Gilman RH, Bayer AM. Risk for interspecies transmission of zoonotic pathogens during poultry processing and pork production in Peru: A qualitative study. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:528-539. [PMID: 29602269 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interspecies transmission of pathogens is an unfrequent but naturally occurring event and human activities may favour opportunities not previously reported. Reassortment of zoonotic pathogens like influenza A virus can result from these activities. Recently, swine and birds have played a central role as "mixing vessels" for epidemic and pandemic events related to strains like H1N1 and H5N1. Unsafe practices in poultry markets and swine farms can lead to interspecies transmission, favouring the emergence of novel strains. Thus, understanding practices that lead to interspecies interactions is crucial. This qualitative study aimed to evaluate poultry processing practices in formal and informal markets and the use of leftovers by swine farmers in three Peruvian cities: Lima (capital), Tumbes (coastal) and Tarapoto (jungle). We conducted 80 direct observations at formal and informal markets and interviewed 15 swine farmers. Processors slaughter and pluck chickens and vendors and/or processors eviscerate chickens. Food safety and hygiene practices were suboptimal or absent, although some heterogeneity was observed between cities and chicken vendors versus processors. Both vendors (76%) and processors (100%) sold the chicken viscera leftovers to swine farmers, representing the main source of chicken viscera for swine farms (53%). Swine farmers fed the chicken viscera to their swine. Chicken viscera cooking times varied widely and were insufficient in some cases. Non-abattoired poultry leads to the sale of poultry leftovers to small-scale swine farms, resulting in indirect but frequent interspecies contacts that can lead to interspecies transmission of bacterial pathogens or the reassortment of influenza A viruses. These interactions are exacerbated by suboptimal safety and hygiene conditions. People involved in these activities constitute an at-risk population who could play a central role in preventing the transmission of pathogens between species. Educational interventions on hygiene and food safety practices will be important for reducing the risk of interspecies influenza transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Carnero
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - K Kitayama
- Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - D A Diaz
- Asociación Benéfica Proyectos en Informática, Salud, Medicina y Agricultura (AB PRISMA), Lima, Peru
| | - M Garvich
- Asociación Benéfica Proyectos en Informática, Salud, Medicina y Agricultura (AB PRISMA), Lima, Peru
| | - N Angulo
- Asociación Benéfica Proyectos en Informática, Salud, Medicina y Agricultura (AB PRISMA), Lima, Peru
| | - V A Cama
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - R H Gilman
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A M Bayer
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Ma M, Sun J, Chen Y, Wen K, Wang Z, Shen J, Zhang S, Ke Y, Wang Z. Highly sensitive SERS immunosensor for the detection of amantadine in chicken based on flower-like gold nanoparticles and magnetic bead separation. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:589-594. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hassan MM, Hoque MA, Ujvari B, Klaassen M. Live bird markets in Bangladesh as a potentially important source for Avian Influenza Virus transmission. Prev Vet Med 2018; 156:22-27. [PMID: 29891142 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Live bird markets (LBM) are important for trading poultry in many developing countries where they are being considered hotspots of Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) prevalence and contamination. An active surveillance for Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) was conducted on four species of LBM birds (chickens, ducks, quails and pigeons) from 10 of the largest LBM in Chittagong, Bangladesh, and two species of peri-domestic wild birds (house crow and Asian pied starling) in their direct vicinity from November 2012 until September 2016. Our aim was to identify the scale and annual pattern of AIV circulation in both the LBM birds and the two per-domestic wild bird species living in close proximity of the LBM. In the latter two species, the annual pattern in AIV antibody prevalence was additionally investigated. A total of 4770 LBM birds and 1119 peri-domestic wild birds were sampled. We used rt-PCR for detection of the AIV M-gene and AIV subtypes H5, H7 and H9 from swab samples. We used c-ELISA for AIV antibody detection from serum samples of peri-domestic wild birds. Average AIV prevalence among the four LBM species varied between 16 and 28%, whereas no AIV was detected in peri-domestic wild birds by rt-PCR. In all LBM species we found significantly higher AIV prevalence in winter compared to summer. A similar pattern was found in AIV antibody prevalence in peri-domestic wild birds feeding in the direct vicinity of LBM. For the subtypes of AIV investigated, we found a significantly higher proportion of AIV H5 in LBM chickens and H9 in LBM ducks. No H7 was detected in any of the investigated samples. We conclude that AIV and notably AIV H5 and H9 were circulating in the investigated LBM of Bangladesh with clear seasonality that matched the prevalence of AIV antibodies of peri-domestic wild birds. These patterns show great resemblance to the annual outbreak patterns in Bangladeshi poultry industry. Our data suggest considerable exchange of AIV within and among the four LBM bird species and peri-domestic wild birds, which likely contributes to the maintenance of the AIV problems in Bangladesh. Increasing biosecurity and notably reducing the direct and indirect mixing of various domestic bird species and peri-domestic wild birds and developing all-in-all-out selling systems with regular use of disinfectant are likely to reduce the risk of transmission and spread of AIV, including HPAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chittagong, 4225, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Ahasanul Hoque
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chittagong, 4225, Bangladesh.
| | - Beata Ujvari
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
| | - Marcel Klaassen
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
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Risk Factors for Avian Influenza H9 Infection of Chickens in Live Bird Retail Stalls of Lahore District, Pakistan 2009-2010. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5634. [PMID: 29618780 PMCID: PMC5884806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to identify risk factors associated with AIV infections in live bird retail stalls (LBRS) in Lahore District, Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey of LBRS was conducted from December 2009-February 2010 using two-stage cluster sampling based on probability proportional to size. A total of 280 oropharyngeal swab sample pools were collected from 1400 birds in 8 clusters and tested by qRT-PCR for the matrix (M) gene of type A influenza virus and HA gene subtypes H9, H5 and H7. Thirty-four (34) samples were positive for the M gene, of which 28 were also positive for H9. No sample was found positive for H5 or H7. Data for 36 potential risk factors, collected by questionnaire, were analyzed by survey-weighted logistic regression and prevalence odds ratios (OR) for associated risk factors were calculated. A final multivariable model identified three risk factors for H9 infection in LRBS, namely obtaining birds from mixed sources (OR 2.28, CI95%: 1.4–3.7), keeping birds outside cages (OR 3.10, CI95%: 1.4–7.0) and keeping chicken breeds other than broilers (OR 6.27, CI95%: 1.7–23.2). Sourcing birds from dealers/wholesalers, keeping birds inside cages and avoiding mixing different breeds in cages could reduce the risk of H9 infections in LRBS.
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Voorhees IEH, Glaser AL, Toohey-Kurth K, Newbury S, Dalziel BD, Dubovi EJ, Poulsen K, Leutenegger C, Willgert KJE, Brisbane-Cohen L, Richardson-Lopez J, Holmes EC, Parrish CR. Spread of Canine Influenza A(H3N2) Virus, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:1950-1957. [PMID: 28858604 PMCID: PMC5708240 DOI: 10.3201/eid2312.170246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A canine influenza A(H3N2) virus emerged in the United States in February–March 2015, causing respiratory disease in dogs. The virus had previously been circulating among dogs in Asia, where it originated through the transfer of an avian-origin influenza virus around 2005 and continues to circulate. Sequence analysis suggests the US outbreak was initiated by a single introduction, in Chicago, of an H3N2 canine influenza virus circulating among dogs in South Korea in 2015. Despite local control measures, the virus has continued circulating among dogs in and around Chicago and has spread to several other areas of the country, particularly Georgia and North Carolina, although these secondary outbreaks appear to have ended within a few months. Some genetic variation has accumulated among the US viruses, with the appearance of regional-temporal lineages. The potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic events involving this newly emerged influenza A virus is currently unknown.
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Fasanmi OG, Odetokun IA, Balogun FA, Fasina FO. Public health concerns of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 endemicity in Africa. Vet World 2017; 10:1194-1204. [PMID: 29184365 PMCID: PMC5682264 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.1194-1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 was first officially reported in Africa in 2006; thereafter this virus has spread rapidly from Nigeria to 11 other African countries. This study was aimed at utilizing data from confirmed laboratory reports to carry out a qualitative evaluation of the factors responsible for HPAI H5N1 persistence in Africa and the public health implications; and to suggest appropriate control measures. Relevant publications were sought from data banks and repositories of FAO, OIE, WHO, and Google scholars. Substantiated data on HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry in Africa and in humans across the world were mined. HPAI H5N1 affects poultry and human populations, with Egypt having highest human cases (346) globally. Nigeria had a reinfection from 2014 to 2015, with outbreaks in Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Niger, Nigeria, and Burkina Faso throughout 2016 unabated. The persistence of this virus in Africa is attributed to the survivability of HPAIV, ability to evolve other subtypes through genetic reassortment, poor biosecurity compliance at the live bird markets and poultry farms, husbandry methods and multispecies livestock farming, poultry vaccinations, and continuous shedding of HPAIV, transboundary transmission of HPAIV through poultry trades; and transcontinental migratory birds. There is, therefore, the need for African nations to realistically reassess their status, through regular surveillance and be transparent with HPAI H5N1 outbreak data. Also, it is important to have an understanding of HPAIV migration dynamics which will be helpful in epidemiological modeling, disease prevention, control and eradication measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olubunmi Gabriel Fasanmi
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Animal Health, Federal Colleges of Animal Health and Production Technology, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ismail Ayoade Odetokun
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Fatima Adeola Balogun
- Department of Animal Health, Federal Colleges of Animal Health and Production Technology, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Folorunso Oludayo Fasina
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases – Food and Agriculture Organisation, Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Hwang J, Lee K, Walsh D, Kim SW, Sleeman JM, Lee H. Semi-quantitative assessment of disease risks at the human, livestock, wildlife interface for the Republic of Korea using a nationwide survey of experts: A model for other countries. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:e155-e164. [PMID: 28941164 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Wildlife-associated diseases and pathogens have increased in importance; however, management of a large number of diseases and diversity of hosts is prohibitively expensive. Thus, the determination of priority wildlife pathogens and risk factors for disease emergence is warranted. We used an online questionnaire survey to assess release and exposure risks, and consequences of wildlife-associated diseases and pathogens in the Republic of Korea (ROK). We also surveyed opinions on pathways for disease exposure, and risk factors for disease emergence and spread. For the assessment of risk, we employed a two-tiered, statistical K-means clustering algorithm to group diseases into three levels (high, medium and low) of perceived risk based on release and exposure risks, societal consequences and the level of uncertainty of the experts' opinions. To examine the experts' perceived risk of routes of introduction of pathogens and disease amplification and spread, we used a Bayesian, multivariate normal order-statistics model. Six diseases or pathogens, including four livestock and two wildlife diseases, were identified as having high risk with low uncertainty. Similarly, 13 diseases were characterized as having high risk with medium uncertainty with three of these attributed to livestock, six associated with human disease, and the remainder having the potential to affect human, livestock and wildlife (i.e., One Health). Lastly, four diseases were described as high risk with high certainty, and were associated solely with fish diseases. Experts identified migration of wildlife, international human movement and illegal importation of wildlife as the three routes posing the greatest risk of pathogen introduction into ROK. Proximity of humans, livestock and wildlife was the most significant risk factor for promoting the spread of wildlife-associated diseases and pathogens, followed by high density of livestock populations, habitat loss and environmental degradation, and climate change. This study provides useful information to decision makers responsible for allocating resources to address disease risks. This approach provided a rapid, cost-effective method of risk assessment of wildlife-associated diseases and pathogens for which the published literature is sparse.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hwang
- Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - K Lee
- Cetacean Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Nam-gu, Ulsan, Korea
| | - D Walsh
- USGS National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - S W Kim
- Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J M Sleeman
- Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,USGS National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - H Lee
- Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Sleeman JM, DeLiberto T, Nguyen N. Optimization of human, animal, and environmental health by using the One Health approach. J Vet Sci 2017; 18:263-268. [PMID: 28859266 PMCID: PMC5583413 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.s1.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging diseases are increasing burdens on public health, negatively affecting the world economy, causing extinction of species, and disrupting ecological integrity. One Health recognizes that human, domestic animal, and wildlife health are interconnected within ecosystem health and provides a framework for the development of multidisciplinary solutions to global health challenges. To date, most health-promoting interventions have focused largely on single-sector outcomes. For example, risk for transmission of zoonotic pathogens from bush-meat hunting is primarily focused on human hygiene and personal protection. However, bush-meat hunting is a complex issue promoting the need for holistic strategies to reduce transmission of zoonotic disease while addressing food security and wildlife conservation issues. Temporal and spatial separation of humans and wildlife, risk communication, and other preventative strategies should allow wildlife and humans to co-exist. Upstream surveillance, vaccination, and other tools to prevent pathogen spillover are also needed. Clear multi-sector outcomes should be defined, and a systems-based approach is needed to develop interventions that reduce risks and balance the needs of humans, wildlife, and the environment. The ultimate goal is long-term action to reduce forces driving emerging diseases and provide interdisciplinary scientific approaches to management of risks, thereby achieving optimal outcomes for human, animal, and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas DeLiberto
- USDA APHIS Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO 80521-2154, USA
| | - Natalie Nguyen
- USGS National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
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Nguyen TTT, Fearnley L, Dinh XT, Tran TTA, Tran TT, Nguyen VT, Tago D, Padungtod P, Newman SH, Tripodi A. A Stakeholder Survey on Live Bird Market Closures Policy for Controlling Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Vietnam. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:136. [PMID: 28879203 PMCID: PMC5572285 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research in Vietnam and elsewhere has shown that live bird markets (LBMs) play a significant role in the ecology and zoonotic transmission of avian influenzas (AIs) including H5N1 and H7N9. Vietnam has a large number of LBMs reflecting the consumer preferences for live poultry. Under pressure to mitigate risks for H7N9 and other zoonotic AIs, Vietnam is considering, among other mitigation measures, temporary closures of LBMs as a policy to reduce risk of AI outbreaks. However, the efficacy of market closure is debated, particularly because little is known about how poultry traders may react, and whether trading may emerge outside formal marketplaces. Combining efforts of anthropologists, economists, sociologists, and veterinarians can be useful to elucidate the drivers behind poultry traders’ reactions and better understanding the barriers to implementing risk mitigation measures. In this paper, we present results from a stakeholder survey of LBM stakeholders in Vietnam. Our qualitative data show that trading outside formal markets is very likely to occur in the event of a temporary LBM market closure. Our data show that the poultry value chain in Vietnam remains highly flexible, with traders willing and able to trade poultry in many possible locations. Our results indicate that simplification of the poultry value chain along with strict enforcement, engagement of stakeholders, and adequate communication would be a necessary prerequisite before market closure could be an effective policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thanh Thuy Nguyen
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Lyle Fearnley
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Trong Tung Tran
- Department of Livestock Production, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Van Trong Nguyen
- Department of Livestock Production, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Damian Tago
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pawin Padungtod
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Scott H Newman
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Astrid Tripodi
- Animal Health Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
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Root ED, Agustian D, Kartasasmita C, Uyeki TM, Simões EAF. Demographic and ecological risk factors for human influenza A virus infections in rural Indonesia. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2017; 11:425-433. [PMID: 28715152 PMCID: PMC5596523 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Indonesia has the world's highest reported mortality for human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus. Indonesia is an agriculturally driven country where human‐animal mixing is common and provides a unique environment for zoonotic influenza A virus transmission. Objectives To identify potential demographic and ecological risk factors for human infection with seasonal influenza A viruses in rural Indonesia, a population‐based study was conducted in Cileunyi and Soreang subdistricts near Bandung in western Java from 2008 to 2011. Methods Passive influenza surveillance with RT‐PCR confirmation of influenza A viral RNA in respiratory specimens was utilized for case ascertainment. A population census and mapping were utilized for population data collection. The presence of influenza A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infections in a household was modeled using Generalized Estimating Equations. Results Each additional child aged <5 years in a household increased the odds of H3N2 approximately 5 times (OR=4.59, 95%CI: 3.30‐6.24) and H1N1pdm09 by 3.5 times (OR=3.53, 95%CI: 2.51‐4.96). In addition, the presence of 16‐30 birds in the house was associated with an increased odds of H3N2 (OR=5.08, 95%CI: 2.00‐12.92) and H1N1pdm09 (OR=12.51 95%CI: 6.23‐25.13). Conclusion Our findings suggest an increase in influenza A virus infections in rural Indonesian households with young children and poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dwi Agustian
- Faculty of Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Cissy Kartasasmita
- Faculty of Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Timothy M Uyeki
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric A F Simões
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Center for Global Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
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Li Y, Huang XM, Zhao DM, Liu YZ, He KW, Liu YX, Chen CH, Long LP, Xu Y, Xie XX, Han KK, Liu XY, Yang J, Zhang YF, Fan F, Webby R, Wan XF. Detection of Avian H7N9 Influenza A Viruses in the Yangtze Delta Region of China During Early H7N9 Outbreaks. Avian Dis 2017; 60:118-25. [PMID: 27309047 DOI: 10.1637/11098-042015-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Since the first H7N9 human case in Shanghai, February 19, 2013, the emerging avian-origin H7N9 influenza A virus has become an epizootic virus in China, posing a potential pandemic threat to public health. From April 2 to April 28, 2013, some 422 oral-pharyngeal and cloacal swabs were collected from birds and environmental surfaces at five live poultry markets (LPMs) and 13 backyard poultry farms (BPFs) across three cities, Wuxi, Suzhou, and Nanjing, in the Yangtze Delta region. In total 22 isolates were recovered, and six were subtyped as H7N9, nine as H9N2, four as H7N9/H9N2, and three unsubtyped influenza A viruses. Genomic sequences showed that the HA and NA genes of the H7N9 viruses were similar to those of the H7N9 human isolates, as well as other avian-origin H7N9 isolates in the region, but the PB1, PA, NP, and MP genes of the sequenced viruses were more diverse. Among the four H7N9/H9N2 mixed infections, three were from LPM, whereas the other one was from the ducks at one BPF, which were H7N9 negative in serologic analyses. A survey of the bird trading records of the LPMs and BPFs indicates that trading was a likely route for virus transmission across these regions. Our results suggested that better biosecurity and more effective vaccination should be implemented in backyard farms, in addition to biosecurity management in LPMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Li
- A Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,B Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,H These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xin-Mei Huang
- A Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,B Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,H These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Dong-Min Zhao
- A Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,B Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,H These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yu-Zhuo Liu
- A Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,B Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,H These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Kong-Wang He
- A Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,B Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yao-Xing Liu
- C Jiangsu Animal Disease Control Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chang-Hai Chen
- C Jiangsu Animal Disease Control Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li-Ping Long
- D Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - Yifei Xu
- D Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - Xing-Xing Xie
- A Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,B Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kai-Kai Han
- A Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,B Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Liu
- A Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,B Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing Yang
- A Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,B Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - You-Fa Zhang
- E Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine Station of Suzhou, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Feng Fan
- F Wuxi Animal Disease Control Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Richard Webby
- G Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- D Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
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Saunders-Hastings P, Quinn Hayes B, Smith? R, Krewski D. Modelling community-control strategies to protect hospital resources during an influenza pandemic in Ottawa, Canada. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179315. [PMID: 28614365 PMCID: PMC5470707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel influenza virus has emerged to produce a global pandemic four times in the past one hundred years, resulting in millions of infections, hospitalizations and deaths. There is substantial uncertainty about when, where and how the next influenza pandemic will occur. METHODS We developed a novel mathematical model to chart the evolution of an influenza pandemic. We estimate the likely burden of future influenza pandemics through health and economic endpoints. An important component of this is the adequacy of existing hospital-resource capacity. Using a simulated population reflective of Ottawa, Canada, we model the potential impact of a future influenza pandemic under different combinations of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions. RESULTS There was substantial variation in projected pandemic impact and outcomes across intervention scenarios. In a population of 1.2 million, the illness attack rate ranged from 8.4% (all interventions) to 54.5% (no interventions); peak acute care hospital capacity ranged from 0.2% (all interventions) to 13.8% (no interventions); peak ICU capacity ranged from 1.1% (all interventions) to 90.2% (no interventions); and mortality ranged from 11 (all interventions) to 363 deaths (no interventions). Associated estimates of economic burden ranged from CAD $115 million to over $2 billion when extended mass school closure was implemented. DISCUSSION Children accounted for a disproportionate number of pandemic infections, particularly in household settings. Pharmaceutical interventions effectively reduced peak and total pandemic burden without affecting timing, while non-pharmaceutical measures delayed and attenuated pandemic wave progression. The timely implementation of a layered intervention bundle appeared likely to protect hospital resource adequacy in Ottawa. The adaptable nature of this model provides value in informing pandemic preparedness policy planning in situations of uncertainty, as scenarios can be updated in real time as more data become available. However-given the inherent uncertainties of model assumptions-results should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Saunders-Hastings
- University of Ottawa, McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, 850 Peter Morand Crescent, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa, School of Epidemiology, Public Health, and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Robert Smith?
- University of Ottawa, School of Epidemiology, Public Health, and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Department of Mathematics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- University of Ottawa, McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, 850 Peter Morand Crescent, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa, School of Epidemiology, Public Health, and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Wille M, Lindqvist K, Muradrasoli S, Olsen B, Järhult JD. Urbanization and the dynamics of RNA viruses in Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 51:89-97. [PMID: 28323070 PMCID: PMC7106234 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Urbanization is intensifying worldwide, and affects the epidemiology of infectious diseases. However, the effect of urbanization on natural host-pathogen systems remains poorly understood. Urban ducks occupy an interesting niche in that they directly interact with both humans and wild migratory birds, and either directly or indirectly with food production birds. Here we have collected samples from Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) residing in a pond in central Uppsala, Sweden, from January 2013 to January 2014. This artificial pond is kept ice-free during the winter months, and is a popular location where the ducks are fed, resulting in a resident population of ducks year-round. Nine hundred and seventy seven (977) fecal samples were screened for RNA viruses including: influenza A virus (IAV), avian paramyxovirus 1, avian coronavirus (CoV), and avian astrovirus (AstroV). This intra-annual dataset illustrates that these RNA viruses exhibit similar annual patterns to IAV, suggesting similar ecological factors are at play. Furthermore, in comparison to wild ducks, autumnal prevalence of IAV and CoV are lower in this urban population. We also demonstrate that AstroV might be a larger burden to urban ducks than IAV, and should be better assessed to demonstrate the degree to which wild birds contribute to the epidemiology of these viruses. The presence of economically relevant viruses in urban Mallards highlights the importance of elucidating the ecology of wildlife pathogens in urban environments, which will become increasingly important for managing disease risks to wildlife, food production animals, and humans. Influenza virus, coronavirus, paramyxovirus, astrovirus detected in urban Mallards Viruses share intra-annual dynamics, with autumnal prevalence peak Avian astrovirus had the highest prevalence in urban Mallards. Prevalence of influenza and coronavirus lower in urban versus to migrating Mallard
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Wille
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Kristine Lindqvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shaman Muradrasoli
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-14186 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josef D Järhult
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Risk factors for avian influenza virus contamination of live poultry markets in Zhejiang, China during the 2015-2016 human influenza season. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42722. [PMID: 28256584 PMCID: PMC5335333 DOI: 10.1038/srep42722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Live bird markets (LBMs), being a potential source of avian influenza virus, require effective environmental surveillance management. In our study, a total of 2865 environmental samples were collected from 292 LBMs during the 2015–2016 human influenza season from 10 cities in Zhejiang province, China. The samples were tested by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Field investigations were carried out to investigate probable risk factors. Of the environmental samples, 1519 (53.0%) were contaminated by A subtype. The highest prevalence of the H9 subtype was 30.2%, and the frequencies of the H5 and H7 subtype were 9.3% and 17.3%, respectively. Hangzhou and Jinhua cities were contaminated more seriously than the others. The prevalence of H5/H7/H9 in drinking water samples was highest, at 50.9%, and chopping board swabs ranked second, at 49.3%. Duration of sales per day, types of live poultry, LBM location and the number of live poultry were the main risk factors for environmental contamination, according to logistic regression analysis. In conclusion, LBMs in Zhejiang were contaminated by avian influenza. Our study has provided clues for avian influenza prevention and control during the human influenza season, especially in areas where LBMs are not closed.
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de Bruin E, Zhang X, Ke C, Sikkema R, Koopmans M. Serological evidence for exposure to avian influenza viruses within poultry workers in southern China. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 64:e51-e59. [PMID: 28220658 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The risk of infection with avian influenza viruses for poultry workers is relatively unknown in China, and study results are often biased by the notification of only the severe human cases. Protein microarray was used to detect binding antibodies to 13 different haemagglutinin (HA1-part) antigens of avian influenza A(H5N1), A(H7N7), A(H7N9) and A(H9N2) viruses, in serum samples from poultry workers and healthy blood donors collected in the course of 3 years in Guangdong Province, China. Significantly higher antibody titre levels were detected in poultry workers when compared to blood donors for the most recent H5 and H9 strains tested. These differences were most pronounced in younger age groups for antigens from older strains, but were observed in all age groups for the recent H5 and H9 antigens. For the H7 strains tested, only poultry workers from two retail live poultry markets had significantly higher antibody titres compared to blood donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E de Bruin
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - X Zhang
- Guangdong Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - C Ke
- Guangdong Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - R Sikkema
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - M Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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49
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Genesis and Dissemination of Highly Pathogenic H5N6 Avian Influenza Viruses. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02199-16. [PMID: 28003485 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02199-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5Nx) have spread from Asia to other parts of the world. Since 2014, human infections with clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 viruses have been continuously reported in China. To investigate the genesis of the virus, we analyzed 123 H5 or N6 environmental viruses sampled from live-poultry markets or farms from 2012 to 2015 in Mainland China. Our results indicated that clade 2.3.4.4 H5N2/N6/N8 viruses shared the same hemagglutinin gene as originated in early 2009. From 2012 to 2015, the genesis of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 viruses occurred via two independent pathways. Three major reassortant H5N6 viruses (reassortants A, B, and C) were generated. Internal genes of reassortant A and B viruses and reassortant C viruses derived from clade 2.3.2.1c H5N1 and H9N2 viruses, respectively. Many mammalian adaption mutations and antigenic variations were detected among the three reassortant viruses. Considering their wide circulation and dynamic reassortment in poultry, we highly recommend close monitoring of the viruses in poultry and humans. IMPORTANCE Since 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5Nx) viruses have caused many outbreaks in both wild and domestic birds globally. Severe human cases with novel H5N6 viruses in this group were also reported in China in 2014 and 2015. To investigate the genesis of the genetic diversity of these H5N6 viruses, we sequenced 123 H5 or N6 environmental viruses sampled from 2012 to 2015 in China. Sequence analysis indicated that three major reassortants of these H5N6 viruses had been generated by two independent evolutionary pathways. The H5N6 reassortant viruses had been detected in most provinces of southern China and neighboring countries. Considering the mammalian adaption mutations and antigenic variation detected, the spread of these viruses should be monitored carefully due to their pandemic potential.
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50
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Chu DH, Stevenson MA, Nguyen LV, Isoda N, Firestone SM, Nguyen TN, Nguyen LT, Matsuno K, Okamatsu M, Kida H, Sakoda Y. A cross-sectional study to quantify the prevalence of avian influenza viruses in poultry at intervention and non-intervention live bird markets in central Vietnam, 2014. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 64:1991-1999. [PMID: 28120423 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In Vietnam, live bird markets are found in most populated centres, providing the means by which fresh poultry can be purchased by consumers for immediate consumption. Live bird markets are aggregation points for large numbers of poultry, and therefore, it is common for a range of avian influenza viruses to be mixed within live bird markets as a result of different poultry types and species being brought together from different geographical locations. We conducted a cross-sectional study in seven live bird markets in four districts of Thua Thien Hue Province in August and December, 2014. The aims of this study were to (i) document the prevalence of avian influenza in live bird markets (as measured by virus isolation); and (ii) quantify individual bird-, seller- and market-level characteristics that rendered poultry more likely to be positive for avian influenza virus at the time of sale. A questionnaire soliciting details of knowledge, attitude and avian influenza practices was administered to poultry sellers in study markets. At the same time, swabs and faecal samples were collected from individual poultry and submitted for isolation of avian influenza virus. The final data set comprised samples from 1,629 birds from 83 sellers in the seven live bird markets. A total of 113 birds were positive for virus isolation; a prevalence of 6.9 (95% CI 5.8-8.3) avian influenza virus-positive birds per 100 birds submitted for sale. After adjusting for clustering at the market and individual seller levels, none of the explanatory variables solicited in the questionnaire were significantly associated with avian influenza virus isolation positivity. The proportions of variance at the individual market, seller and individual bird levels were 6%, 48% and 46%, respectively. We conclude that the emphasis of avian influenza control efforts in Vietnam should be at the individual seller level as opposed to the market level.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-H Chu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - M A Stevenson
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - L V Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - N Isoda
- Unit of Risk Analysis and Management, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - S M Firestone
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - T N Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - L T Nguyen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - K Matsuno
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - M Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - H Kida
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,World Organization for Animal Health Reference Laboratory for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza and Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Y Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,World Organization for Animal Health Reference Laboratory for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza and Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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