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Huang C, Yu L, Xu Y, Huang J, Qin Y, Guo X, Zeng Y, Qin Y, Ouyang K, Wei Z, Huang W, García-Sastre A, Chen Y. Long-term co-circulation of multiple influenza A viruses in pigs, Guangxi, China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2337673. [PMID: 38572517 PMCID: PMC11005871 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2337673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a persistent potential threat to human health because of the spillover from avian and swine infections. Extensive surveillance was performed in 12 cities of Guangxi, China, during 2018 and 2023. A total of 2540 samples (including 2353 nasal swabs and 187 lung tissues) were collected from 18 pig farms with outbreaks of respiratory disease. From these, 192 IAV-positive samples and 19 genomic sequences were obtained. We found that the H1 and H3 swine influenza A viruses (swIAVs) of multiple lineages and genotypes have continued to co-circulate during that time in this region. Genomic analysis revealed the Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swIAVs (G4) still remained predominant in pig populations. Strikingly, the novel multiple H3N2 genotypes were found to have been generated through the repeated introduction of the early H3N2 North American triple reassortant viruses (TR H3N2 lineage) that emerged in USA and Canada in 1998 and 2005, respectively. Notably, when the matrix gene segment derived from the H9N2 avian influenza virus was introduced into endemic swIAVs, this produced a novel quadruple reassortant H1N2 swIAV that could pose a potential risk for zoonotic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongqiang Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangzheng Yu
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Xu
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiamo Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yibin Qin
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Guo
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Nongken Yongxin Animal Husbandry Group Co. Ltd., Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongfang Zeng
- Nanning Zhufulai Animal Health Management Co. Ltd., Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yifeng Qin
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
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Jallow MM, Barry MA, Fall A, Ndiaye NK, Kiori D, Sy S, Goudiaby D, Niang MN, Fall G, Fall M, Dia N. Influenza A Virus in Pigs in Senegal and Risk Assessment of Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) Emergence and Transmission to Human. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1961. [PMID: 37630521 PMCID: PMC10459748 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted an active influenza surveillance in the single pig slaughterhouse in Dakar to investigate the epidemiology and genetic characteristics of influenza A viruses (IAVs) and to provide serologic evidence of avian influenza virus (AIV) infection in pigs at interfaces with human populations in Senegal. Nasal swab and blood samples were collected on a weekly basis from the same animal immediately after slaughter. Influenza A viruses were diagnosed using RT-qPCR and a subset of positive samples for H3 and H1 subtypes were selected for full genome amplification and NGS sequencing. Serum samples were tested by HI assay for the detection of antibodies recognizing four AIVs, including H9N2, H5N1, H7N7 and H5N2. Between September 2018 and December 2019, 1691 swine nasal swabs were collected and tested. Influenza A virus was detected in 30.7% (520/1691), and A/H1N1pdm09 virus was the most commonly identified subtype with 38.07% (198/520), followed by A/H1N2 (16.3%) and A/H3N2 (5.2%). Year-round influenza activity was noted in pigs, with the highest incidence between June and September. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the IAVs were closely related to human IAV strains belonging to A/H1N1pdm09 and seasonal H3N2 lineages. Genetic analysis revealed that Senegalese strains possessed several key amino acid changes, including D204 and N241D in the receptor binding site, S31N in the M2 gene and P560S in the PA protein. Serological analyses revealed that 83.5% (95%CI = 81.6-85.3) of the 1636 sera tested were positive for the presence of antibodies against either H9N2, H5N1, H7N7 or H5N2. Influenza H7N7 (54.3%) and H9N2 (53.6%) were the dominant avian subtypes detected in Senegalese pigs. Given the co-circulation of multiple subtypes of influenza viruses among Senegalese pigs, the potential exists for the emergence of new hybrid viruses of unpredictable zoonotic and pandemic potential in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamadou Malado Jallow
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Département de Virologie, Dakar BP 220, Senegal; (M.M.J.); (A.F.); (N.K.N.); (D.K.); (S.S.); (D.G.); (M.N.N.); (G.F.)
- Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, Dakar BP 206, Senegal;
| | - Mamadou Aliou Barry
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité d’Epidémiologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Dakar BP 220, Senegal;
| | - Amary Fall
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Département de Virologie, Dakar BP 220, Senegal; (M.M.J.); (A.F.); (N.K.N.); (D.K.); (S.S.); (D.G.); (M.N.N.); (G.F.)
| | - Ndiendé Koba Ndiaye
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Département de Virologie, Dakar BP 220, Senegal; (M.M.J.); (A.F.); (N.K.N.); (D.K.); (S.S.); (D.G.); (M.N.N.); (G.F.)
| | - Davy Kiori
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Département de Virologie, Dakar BP 220, Senegal; (M.M.J.); (A.F.); (N.K.N.); (D.K.); (S.S.); (D.G.); (M.N.N.); (G.F.)
| | - Sara Sy
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Département de Virologie, Dakar BP 220, Senegal; (M.M.J.); (A.F.); (N.K.N.); (D.K.); (S.S.); (D.G.); (M.N.N.); (G.F.)
| | - Déborah Goudiaby
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Département de Virologie, Dakar BP 220, Senegal; (M.M.J.); (A.F.); (N.K.N.); (D.K.); (S.S.); (D.G.); (M.N.N.); (G.F.)
| | - Mbayame Ndiaye Niang
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Département de Virologie, Dakar BP 220, Senegal; (M.M.J.); (A.F.); (N.K.N.); (D.K.); (S.S.); (D.G.); (M.N.N.); (G.F.)
| | - Gamou Fall
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Département de Virologie, Dakar BP 220, Senegal; (M.M.J.); (A.F.); (N.K.N.); (D.K.); (S.S.); (D.G.); (M.N.N.); (G.F.)
| | - Malick Fall
- Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, Dakar BP 206, Senegal;
| | - Ndongo Dia
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Département de Virologie, Dakar BP 220, Senegal; (M.M.J.); (A.F.); (N.K.N.); (D.K.); (S.S.); (D.G.); (M.N.N.); (G.F.)
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Mai Z, Cai M, Hu X, Li M, Ji Y, Li S, Huang J, Liang Q, Ji C, Yi H, Zhang G, Gong L. Protection efficacy of the H1 and H3 bivalent virus-like particle vaccine against swine influenza virus infection. Vet Microbiol 2023; 280:109719. [PMID: 36940524 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Swine influenza (SI) is widely prevalent in pig herds worldwide, causing huge economic losses to the pig industry and public health risks. The traditional inactivated swine influenza virus (SIV) vaccines are produced in chicken embryos, and egg-adaptive substitutions that occur during production process can impact vaccine effectiveness. Thus, developing an SI vaccine that can decrease the dependence on chicken embryos with a high immunogenicity is urgently needed. In this study, the utility of insect cell-derived SIV H1 and H3 bivalent virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines containing HA and M1 proteins of Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 SIV and recent human-like H3N2 SIV were assessed in piglets. Antibody levels were monitored, and the protection efficacy of the vaccine after viral challenge was evaluated and compared with the inactivated vaccine. Results show that piglets produced high hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers of antibodies against H1 and H3 SIV after immunization with SIV VLP vaccine. The neutralizing antibody level was significantly higher in SIV VLP vaccine than in the inactivated vaccine at 6 weeks post vaccination (p < 0.05). Furthermore, piglets immunized with the SIV VLP vaccine were protected against the challenge of H1 and H3 SIV, displaying inhibition of viral replication in piglets, and reduced lung damage. These results show that SIV VLP vaccine has good application prospects, thus laying the foundation for further research and commercialization of SIV VLP vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanzhuo Mai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510462, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510462, China
| | - Mengkai Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510462, China; Meizhou Engineering Research Center for Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, Guangdong Meizhou Vocational and Technical College, Meizhou 514028, China
| | - Xiaokun Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510462, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510462, China
| | - Meidi Li
- Meizhou Engineering Research Center for Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, Guangdong Meizhou Vocational and Technical College, Meizhou 514028, China
| | - Yikuan Ji
- Meizhou Engineering Research Center for Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, Guangdong Meizhou Vocational and Technical College, Meizhou 514028, China
| | - Shaofang Li
- Meizhou Engineering Research Center for Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, Guangdong Meizhou Vocational and Technical College, Meizhou 514028, China
| | - Junmei Huang
- Meizhou Engineering Research Center for Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, Guangdong Meizhou Vocational and Technical College, Meizhou 514028, China
| | - Quanming Liang
- Meizhou Engineering Research Center for Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, Guangdong Meizhou Vocational and Technical College, Meizhou 514028, China
| | - Chihai Ji
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510462, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510462, China
| | - Heyou Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510462, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510462, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510462, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510462, China.
| | - Lang Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510462, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510462, China.
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Chauhan RP, Gordon ML. A Systematic Review Analyzing the Prevalence and Circulation of Influenza Viruses in Swine Population Worldwide. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050355. [PMID: 32397138 PMCID: PMC7281378 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The global anxiety and a significant threat to public health due to the current COVID-19 pandemic reiterate the need for active surveillance for the zoonotic virus diseases of pandemic potential. Influenza virus due to its wide host range and zoonotic potential poses such a significant threat to public health. Swine serve as a “mixing vessel” for influenza virus reassortment and evolution which as a result may facilitate the emergence of new strains or subtypes of zoonotic potential. In this context, the currently available scientific data hold a high significance to unravel influenza virus epidemiology and evolution. With this objective, the current systematic review summarizes the original research articles and case reports of all the four types of influenza viruses reported in swine populations worldwide. A total of 281 articles were found eligible through screening of PubMed and Google Scholar databases and hence were included in this systematic review. The highest number of research articles (n = 107) were reported from Asia, followed by Americas (n = 97), Europe (n = 55), Africa (n = 18), and Australia (n = 4). The H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were the most common influenza A virus subtypes reported in swine in most countries across the globe, however, few strains of influenza B, C, and D viruses were also reported in certain countries. Multiple reports of the avian influenza virus strains documented in the last two decades in swine in China, the United States, Canada, South Korea, Nigeria, and Egypt provided the evidence of interspecies transmission of influenza viruses from birds to swine. Inter-species transmission of equine influenza virus H3N8 from horse to swine in China expanded the genetic diversity of swine influenza viruses. Additionally, numerous reports of the double and triple-reassortant strains which emerged due to reassortments among avian, human, and swine strains within swine further increased the genetic diversity of swine influenza viruses. These findings are alarming hence active surveillance should be in place to prevent future influenza pandemics.
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Zhao Y, Sun F, Li L, Chen T, Cao S, Ding G, Cong F, Liu J, Qin L, Liu S, Xiao Y. Evolution and Pathogenicity of the H1 and H3 Subtypes of Swine Influenza Virus in Mice between 2016 and 2019 in China. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030298. [PMID: 32182849 PMCID: PMC7150921 DOI: 10.3390/v12030298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs are considered a “mixing vessel” that can produce new influenza strains through genetic reassortments, which pose a threat to public health and cause economic losses worldwide. The timely surveillance of the epidemiology of the swine influenza virus is of importance for prophylactic action. In this study, 15 H1N1, one H1N2, and four H3N2 strains were isolated from a total of 4080 nasal swabs which were collected from 20 pig farms in three provinces in China between 2016 and 2019. All the isolates were clustered into four genotypes. A new genotype represented by the H1N2 strain was found, whose fragments came from the triple reassortant H1N2 lineage, classical swine influenza virus (cs-H1N1) lineage, and 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus lineage. A/Sw/HB/HG394/2018(H1N1), which was clustered into the cs-H1N1 lineage, showed a close relationship with the 1918 pandemic virus. Mutations determining the host range specificity were found in the hemagglutinin of all isolates, which indicated that all the isolates had the potential for interspecies transmission. To examine pathogenicity, eight isolates were inoculated into 6-week-old female BALB/c mice. The isolates replicated differently, producing different viral loadings in the mice; A/Swine/HB/HG394/2018(H1N1) replicated the most efficiently. This suggested that the cs-H1N1 reappeared, and more attention should be given to the new pandemic to pigs. These results indicated that new reassortments between the different strains occurred, which may increase potential risks to human health. Continuing surveillance is imperative to monitor swine influenza A virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhong Zhao
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.Z.); (F.S.); (L.L.); (S.C.); (G.D.); (F.C.); (J.L.); (S.L.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Fachao Sun
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.Z.); (F.S.); (L.L.); (S.C.); (G.D.); (F.C.); (J.L.); (S.L.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.Z.); (F.S.); (L.L.); (S.C.); (G.D.); (F.C.); (J.L.); (S.L.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266100, China; (T.C.); (L.Q.)
| | - Shengliang Cao
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.Z.); (F.S.); (L.L.); (S.C.); (G.D.); (F.C.); (J.L.); (S.L.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Guofei Ding
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.Z.); (F.S.); (L.L.); (S.C.); (G.D.); (F.C.); (J.L.); (S.L.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Fangyuan Cong
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.Z.); (F.S.); (L.L.); (S.C.); (G.D.); (F.C.); (J.L.); (S.L.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.Z.); (F.S.); (L.L.); (S.C.); (G.D.); (F.C.); (J.L.); (S.L.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Liting Qin
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266100, China; (T.C.); (L.Q.)
| | - Sidang Liu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.Z.); (F.S.); (L.L.); (S.C.); (G.D.); (F.C.); (J.L.); (S.L.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Yihong Xiao
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.Z.); (F.S.); (L.L.); (S.C.); (G.D.); (F.C.); (J.L.); (S.L.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- Correspondence:
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Cao Z, Zeng W, Hao X, Huang J, Cai M, Zhou P, Zhang G. Continuous evolution of influenza A viruses of swine from 2013 to 2015 in Guangdong, China. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217607. [PMID: 31323023 PMCID: PMC6641472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Southern China is considered an important source of influenza virus pandemics because of the large, diverse viral reservoirs in poultry and swine. To examine the trend in influenza A virus of swine (IAV-S), an active surveillance program has been conducted from 2013 to 2015 in Guangdong, China. The phylogenetic analyses showed that the external genes of the isolates were assigned to the Eurasian avian-like swine (EA) H1N1 and/or human-like H3N2 lineages with multiple substitutions, indicating a notable genetic shift. Moreover, the internal genes derived from different origins (PB2, PB1, PA, NP: pdm/09 (pandemic influenza virus 2009)-origin, M: pdm/09- or EA-origin, NS: North American Triple Reassortant (TR)-origin have become the dominant backbone of IAV-S in southern China. According to the origins of the eight gene segments, the isolates can be categorized into five genotypes. The results of mice experiment showed that the YJ4 (genotype 1) and DG2 (genotype 4) are the most pathogenic to mice, and the viruses are observed in kidneys and brains, indicating the systemic infection. The alterations of the IAV-S gene composition supported the continued implementation of the intensive surveillance of IAV-S and the greater attention focused on potential shifts toward transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenpeng Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijie Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangqi Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junming Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengkai Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (GZ); (PZ)
| | - Guihong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (GZ); (PZ)
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Integration analysis of a miRNA-mRNA expression in A549 cells infected with a novel H3N2 swine influenza virus and the 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 74:103922. [PMID: 31207403 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Swine are reservoirs for anthropogenic/zoonotic influenza viruses, and the prevalence and repeated introduction of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus (pdm/09) into pigs raises the possibility of generating novel swine influenza viruses with the potential to infect humans. However, studies aiming to identify miRNAs involved in the transfer of novel swine influenza virus infection to human cells are rare. In this investigation, from the view of small RNA, microarrays and high-throughput sequencing were used to detect differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs after human lung epithelial cells were infected with the following three stains of influenza viruses: a novel H3N2 swine influenza virus reassorted with pdm/09 fragments, pdm/09 and classical swine influenza virus. A miRNA-mRNA interaction map was generated to show the correlation between miRNAs related to infection by the viruses with human infective potential/capability. The expression of 4 miRNAs (hsa-miR-96-5p, hsa-miR-140-5p, hsa-miR-30a-3p and hsa-miR-582-5p) and 5 relevant mRNAs (RCC1, ERVFRD-1, RANBP1, SCARB2 and RPS29) was determined. The integration analysis indicated that these candidates have rarely been reported to be associated with influenza virus. Focusing on miRNA expression changes could reveal novel reassortant viruses with human infective potential that may provide insight into future pandemics.
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8
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Novel triple-reassortant influenza viruses in pigs, Guangxi, China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:85. [PMID: 29765037 PMCID: PMC5953969 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Considered a “mixing vessel” for influenza viruses, pigs can give rise to new influenza virus reassortants that can threaten humans. During our surveillance of pigs in Guangxi, China from 2013 to 2015, we isolated 11 H1N1 and three H3N2 influenza A viruses of swine origin (IAVs-S). Out of the 14, we detected ten novel triple-reassortant viruses, which contained surface genes (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) from Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 or seasonal human-like H3N2, matrix (M) genes from H1N1/2009 pandemic or EA H1N1, nonstructural (NS) genes from classical swine, and the remaining genes from H1N1/2009 pandemic. Mouse studies indicate that these IAVs-S replicate efficiently without prior adaptation, with some isolates demonstrating lethality. Notably, the reassortant EA H1N1 viruses with EA-like M gene have been reported in human infections. Further investigations will help to assess the potential risk of these novel triple-reassortant viruses to humans.
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9
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Two years of surveillance of influenza a virus infection in a swine herd. Results of virological, serological and pathological studies. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 50:110-115. [PMID: 28131371 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Swine farms provide a dynamic environment for the evolution of influenza A viruses (IAVs). The present report shows the results of a surveillance effort of IAV infection in one commercial swine farm in Argentina. Two cross-sectional serological and virological studies (n=480) were carried out in 2011 and 2012. Virus shedding was detected in nasal samples from pigs from ages 7, 21 and 42-days old. More than 90% of sows and gilts but less than 40% of 21-days old piglets had antibodies against IAV. In addition, IAV was detected in 8/17 nasal swabs and 10/15 lung samples taken from necropsied pigs. A subset of these samples was further processed for virus isolation resulting in 6 viruses of the H1N2 subtype (δ2 cluster). Pathological studies revealed an association between suppurative bronchopneumonia and necrotizing bronchiolitis with IAV positive samples. Statistical analyses showed that the degree of lesions in bronchi, bronchiole, and alveoli was higher in lungs positive to IAV. The results of this study depict the relevance of continuing long-term active surveillance of IAV in swine populations to establish IAV evolution relevant to swine and humans.
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10
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Influenza A Viruses of Swine (IAV-S) in Vietnam from 2010 to 2015: Multiple Introductions of A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses into the Pig Population and Diversifying Genetic Constellations of Enzootic IAV-S. J Virol 2016; 91:JVI.01490-16. [PMID: 27795418 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01490-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Active surveillance of influenza A viruses of swine (IAV-S) involving 262 farms and 10 slaughterhouses in seven provinces in northern and southern Vietnam from 2010 to 2015 yielded 388 isolates from 32 farms; these viruses were classified into H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 subtypes. Whole-genome sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates represented 15 genotypes, according to the genetic constellation of the eight segments. All of the H1N1 viruses were entirely A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, whereas all of the H1N2 and H3N2 viruses were reassortants among 5 distinct ancestral viruses: H1 and H3 triple-reassortant (TR) IAV-S that originated from North American pre-2009 human seasonal H1, human seasonal H3N2, and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. Notably, 93% of the reassortant IAV-S retained M genes that were derived from A(H1N1)pdm09, suggesting some advantage in terms of their host adaptation. Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis revealed that multiple introductions of A(H1N1)pdm09 and TR IAV-S into the Vietnamese pig population have driven the genetic diversity of currently circulating Vietnamese IAV-S. In addition, our results indicate that a reassortant IAV-S with human-like H3 and N2 genes and an A(H1N1)pdm09 origin M gene likely caused a human case in Ho Chi Minh City in 2010. Our current findings indicate that human-to-pig transmission as well as cocirculation of different IAV-S have contributed to diversifying the gene constellations of IAV-S in Vietnam. IMPORTANCE This comprehensive genetic characterization of 388 influenza A viruses of swine (IAV-S) isolated through active surveillance of Vietnamese pig farms from 2010 through 2015 provides molecular epidemiological insight into the genetic diversification of IAV-S in Vietnam after the emergence of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. Multiple reassortments among A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses and enzootic IAV-S yielded 14 genotypes, 9 of which carried novel gene combinations. The reassortants that carried M genes derived from A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses became predominant, replacing those of the IAV-S that had been endemic in Vietnam since 2011. Notably, one of the novel reassortants likely caused a human case in Vietnam. Given that Vietnam is the second-largest pig-producing country in Asia, continued monitoring of IAV-S is highly important from the viewpoints of both the swine industry and human public health.
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11
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Osbjer K, Berg M, Sokerya S, Chheng K, San S, Davun H, Magnusson U, Olsen B, Zohari S. Influenza A Virus in Backyard Pigs and Poultry in Rural Cambodia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1557-1568. [PMID: 27484711 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Surveillance of influenza virus in humans and livestock is critical, given the worldwide public health threats and livestock production losses. Livestock farming involving close proximity between humans, pigs and poultry is often practised by smallholders in low-income countries and is considered an important driver of influenza virus evolution. This study determined the prevalence and genetic characteristics of influenza A virus (IAV) in backyard pigs and poultry in Cambodia. A total of 751 animals were tested by matrix gene-based rRT-PCR, and influenza virus was detected in 1.5% of sampled pigs, 1.4% of chickens and 1.0% of ducks, but not in pigeons. Full-length genome sequencing confirmed triple reassortant H3N2 in all IAV-positive pigs and various low pathogenic avian influenza subtypes in poultry. Phylogenetic analysis of the swine influenza viruses revealed that these had haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes originating from human H3N2 viruses previously isolated in South-East Asia. Phylogenetic analysis also revealed that several of the avian influenza subtypes detected were closely related to internal viral genes from highly pathogenic H5N1 and H9N2 formerly sequenced in the region. High sequence homology was likewise found with influenza A viruses circulating in pigs, poultry and wild birds in China and Vietnam, suggesting transboundary introduction and cocirculation of the various influenza subtypes. In conclusion, highly pathogenic subtypes of influenza virus seem rare in backyard poultry, but virus reassortment, involving potentially zoonotic and pandemic subtypes, appears to occur frequently in smallholder pigs and poultry. Increased targeted surveillance and monitoring of influenza circulation on smallholdings would further improve understanding of the transmission dynamics and evolution of influenza viruses in humans, pigs and poultry in the Mekong subregion and could contribute to limit the influenza burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Osbjer
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Berg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Sokerya
- Centre for Livestock and Agriculture Development, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - K Chheng
- National Institute of Public Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - S San
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - H Davun
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - U Magnusson
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B Olsen
- Infectious Diseases, Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences and IMBIM, Uppsala University (UU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Tinoco YO, Montgomery JM, Kasper MR, Nelson MI, Razuri H, Guezala MC, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Widdowson MA, Barnes J, Gilman RH, Bausch DG, Gonzalez AE. Transmission dynamics of pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in humans and swine in backyard farms in Tumbes, Peru. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 10:47-56. [PMID: 26011186 PMCID: PMC4687498 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to determine the frequency of pH1N1 transmission between humans and swine on backyard farms in Tumbes, Peru. Design Two‐year serial cross‐sectional study comprising four sampling periods: March 2009 (pre‐pandemic), October 2009 (peak of the pandemic in Peru), April 2010 (1st post‐pandemic period), and October 2011 (2nd post‐pandemic period). Sample Backyard swine serum, tracheal swabs, and lung sample were collected during each sampling period. Main outcome measures We assessed current and past pH1N1 infection in swine through serological testing, virus culture, and RT‐PCR and compared the results with human incidence data from a population‐based active surveillance cohort study in Peru. Results Among 1303 swine sampled, the antibody prevalence to pH1N1 was 0% pre‐pandemic, 8% at the peak of the human pandemic (October 2009), and 24% in April 2010 and 1% in October 2011 (post‐pandemic sampling periods). Trends in swine seropositivity paralleled those seen in humans in Tumbes. The pH1N1 virus was isolated from three pigs during the peak of the pandemic. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these viruses likely represent two separate human‐to‐swine transmission events in backyard farm settings. Conclusions Our findings suggest that human‐to‐swine pH1N1 transmission occurred during the pandemic among backyard farms in Peru, emphasizing the importance of interspecies transmission in backyard pig populations. Continued surveillance for influenza viruses in backyard farms is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeny O Tinoco
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru.,Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joel M Montgomery
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru.,U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Global Health Protection, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Martha I Nelson
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hugo Razuri
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | - John Barnes
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Daniel G Bausch
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru.,Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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13
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Anderson BD, Ma M, Xia Y, Wang T, Shu B, Lednicky JA, Ma MJ, Lu J, Gray GC. Bioaerosol Sampling in Modern Agriculture: A Novel Approach for Emerging Pathogen Surveillance? J Infect Dis 2016; 214:537-45. [PMID: 27190187 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern agricultural practices create environmental conditions conducive to the emergence of novel pathogens. Current surveillance efforts to assess the burden of emerging pathogens in animal production facilities in China are sparse. In Guangdong Province pig farms, we compared bioaerosol surveillance for influenza A virus to surveillance in oral pig secretions and environmental swab specimens. METHODS During the 2014 summer and fall/winter seasons, we used 3 sampling techniques to study 5 swine farms weekly for influenza A virus. Samples were molecularly tested for influenza A virus, and positive specimens were further characterized with culture. Risk factors for influenza A virus positivity for each sample type were assessed. RESULTS Seventy-one of 354 samples (20.1%) were positive for influenza A virus RNA by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. Influenza A virus positivity in bioaerosol samples was a statistically significant predictor for influenza A virus positivity in pig oral secretion and environmental swab samples. Temperature of <20°C was a significant predictor of influenza A virus positivity in bioaerosol samples. DISCUSSIONS Climatic factors and routine animal husbandry practices may increase the risk of human exposure to aerosolized influenza A viruses in swine farms. Data suggest that bioaerosol sampling in pig barns may be a noninvasive and efficient means to conduct surveillance for novel influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Anderson
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health & Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, One Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Mengmeng Ma
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, One Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Yao Xia
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, One Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Tao Wang
- Zhongshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention Zhongshan Institute, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Province
| | - Bo Shu
- Zhongshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention Zhongshan Institute, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Province
| | - John A Lednicky
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health & Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Mai-Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology
| | - Jiahai Lu
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, One Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Zhongshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention Zhongshan Institute, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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14
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Peng X, Wu H, Xu L, Peng X, Cheng L, Jin C, Xie T, Lu X, Wu N. Molecular characterization of a novel reassortant H1N2 influenza virus containing genes from the 2009 pandemic human H1N1 virus in swine from eastern China. Virus Genes 2016; 52:405-10. [PMID: 26980674 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1303-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pandemic outbreaks of H1N1 swine influenza virus have been reported since 2009. Reassortant H1N2 viruses that contain genes from the pandemic H1N1 virus have been isolated in Italy and the United States. However, there is limited information regarding the molecular characteristics of reassortant H1N2 swine influenza viruses in eastern China. Active influenza surveillance programs in Zhejiang Province identified a novel H1N2 influenza virus isolated from pigs displaying clinical signs of influenza virus infection. Whole-genome sequencing was performed and this strain was compared with other influenza viruses available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the novel strain contained genes from the 2009 pandemic human H1N1 and swine H3N2 viruses. BALB/c mice were infected with the isolated virus to assess its virulence in mice. While the novel H1N2 isolate replicated well in mice, it was found to be less virulent. These results provide additional evidence that swine serve as intermediate hosts or 'mixing vessels' for novel influenza viruses. They also emphasize the importance of surveillance in the swine population for use as an early warning system for influenza outbreaks in swine and human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuming Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lihua Xu
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaorong Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linfang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Changzhong Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tiansheng Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangyun Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
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15
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Sun YF, Wang XH, Li XL, Zhang L, Li HH, Lu C, Yang CL, Feng J, Han W, Ren WK, Tian XX, Tong GZ, Wen F, Li ZJ, Gong XQ, Liu XM, Ruan BY, Yan MH, Yu H. Novel triple-reassortant H1N1 swine influenza viruses in pigs in Tianjin, Northern China. Vet Microbiol 2015; 183:85-91. [PMID: 26790939 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Pigs are susceptible to both human and avian influenza viruses and therefore have been proposed to be mixing vessels for the generation of pandemic influenza viruses through reassortment. In this study, for the first time, we report the isolation and genetic analyses of three novel triple-reassortant H1N1 swine influenza viruses from pigs in Tianjin, Northern China. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these novel viruses contained genes from the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (PB2, PB1, PA and NP), Eurasian swine (HA, NA and M) and triple-reassortant swine (NS) lineages. This indicated that the reassortment among the 2009 pandemic H1N1, Eurasian swine and triple-reassortant swine influenza viruses had taken place in pigs in Tianjin and resulted in the generation of new viruses. Furthermore, three human-like H1N1, two classical swine H1N1 and two Eurasian swine H1N1 viruses were also isolated during the swine influenza virus surveillance from 2009 to 2013, which indicated that multiple genetic lineages of swine H1N1 viruses were co-circulating in the swine population in Tianjin, China. The emergence of novel triple-reassortant H1N1 swine influenza viruses may be a potential threat to human health and emphasizes the importance of further continuous surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Feng Sun
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381,China
| | - Xiu-Hui Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiu-Li Li
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381,China
| | - Li Zhang
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381,China
| | - Hai-Hua Li
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381,China
| | - Chao Lu
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381,China
| | - Chun-Lei Yang
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381,China
| | - Jing Feng
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381,China
| | - Wei Han
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381,China
| | - Wei-Ke Ren
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381,China
| | - Xiang-Xue Tian
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381,China
| | - Guang-Zhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Feng Wen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ze-Jun Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Gong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiao-Min Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Bao-Yang Ruan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ming-Hua Yan
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381,China.
| | - Hai Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China.
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16
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Decorte I, Steensels M, Lambrecht B, Cay AB, De Regge N. Detection and Isolation of Swine Influenza A Virus in Spiked Oral Fluid and Samples from Individually Housed, Experimentally Infected Pigs: Potential Role of Porcine Oral Fluid in Active Influenza A Virus Surveillance in Swine. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139586. [PMID: 26431039 PMCID: PMC4592207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The lack of seasonality of swine influenza A virus (swIAV) in combination with the capacity of swine to harbor a large number of co-circulating IAV lineages, resulting in the risk for the emergence of influenza viruses with pandemic potential, stress the importance of swIAV surveillance. To date, active surveillance of swIAV worldwide is barely done because of the short detection period in nasal swab samples. Therefore, more sensitive diagnostic methods to monitor circulating virus strains are requisite. Methods qRT-PCR and virus isolations were performed on oral fluid and nasal swabs collected from individually housed pigs that were infected sequentially with H1N1 and H3N2 swIAV strains. The same methods were also applied to oral fluid samples spiked with H1N1 to study the influence of conservation time and temperature on swIAV infectivity and detectability in porcine oral fluid. Results All swIAV infected animals were found qRT-PCR positive in both nasal swabs and oral fluid. However, swIAV could be detected for a longer period in oral fluid than in nasal swabs. Despite the high detectability of swIAV in oral fluid, virus isolation from oral fluid collected from infected pigs was rare. These results are supported by laboratory studies showing that the PCR detectability of swIAV remains unaltered during a 24 h incubation period in oral fluid, while swIAV infectivity drops dramatically immediately upon contact with oral fluid (3 log titer reduction) and gets lost after 24 h conservation in oral fluid at ambient temperature. Conclusions Our data indicate that porcine oral fluid has the potential to replace nasal swabs for molecular diagnostic purposes. The difficulty to isolate swIAV from oral fluid could pose a drawback for its use in active surveillance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Decorte
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Enzootic and (re)emerging diseases, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Mieke Steensels
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Avian virology and immunology, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Lambrecht
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Avian virology and immunology, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Ann Brigitte Cay
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Enzootic and (re)emerging diseases, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Nick De Regge
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Enzootic and (re)emerging diseases, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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17
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Novel reassortant influenza viruses between pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and other influenza viruses pose a risk to public health. Microb Pathog 2015; 89:62-72. [PMID: 26344393 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is characterized by eight single-stranded, negative sense RNA segments, which allows for gene reassortment among different IAV subtypes when they co-infect a single host cell simultaneously. Genetic reassortment is an important way to favor the evolution of influenza virus. Novel reassortant virus may pose a pandemic among humans. In history, three human pandemic influenza viruses were caused by genetic reassortment between avian, human and swine influenza viruses. Since 2009, pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (pdm/09 H1N1) influenza virus composed of two swine influenza virus genes highlighted the genetic reassortment again. Due to wide host species and high transmission of the pdm/09 H1N1 influenza virus, many different avian, human or swine influenza virus subtypes may reassert with it to generate novel reassortant viruses, which may result in a next pandemic among humans. So, it is necessary to understand the potential threat of current reassortant viruses between the pdm/09 H1N1 and other influenza viruses to public health. This study summarized the status of the reassortant viruses between the pdm/09 H1N1 and other influenza viruses of different species origins in natural and experimental conditions. The aim of this summarization is to facilitate us to further understand the potential threats of novel reassortant influenza viruses to public health and to make effective prevention and control strategies for these pathogens.
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18
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Lee JH, Pascua PNQ, Decano AG, Kim SM, Park SJ, Kwon HI, Kim EH, Kim YI, Kim H, Kim SY, Song MS, Jang HK, Park BK, Choi YK. Evaluation of the zoonotic potential of a novel reassortant H1N2 swine influenza virus with gene constellation derived from multiple viral sources. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 34:378-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Abe H, Mine J, Parchariyanon S, Takemae N, Boonpornprasert P, Ubonyaem N, Patcharasinghawut P, Nuansrichay B, Tanikawa T, Tsunekuni R, Saito T. Co-infection of influenza A viruses of swine contributes to effective shuffling of gene segments in a naturally reared pig. Virology 2015; 484:203-212. [PMID: 26115167 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Following the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, surveillance activities have been accelerated globally to monitor the emergence of novel reassortant viruses. However, the mechanism by which influenza A viruses of swine (IAV-S) acquire novel gene constellations through reassortment events in natural settings remains poorly understood. To explore the mechanism, we collected 785 nasal swabs from pigs in a farm in Thailand from 2011 to 2014. H3N2, H3N1, H1N1 and H1N2 IAVs-S were isolated from a single co-infected sample by plaque purification and showed a high degree of diversity of the genome. In particular, the H1N1 isolates, possessing a novel gene constellation previously unreported in Thailand, exhibited greater variation in internal genes than H3N2 IAVs-S. A pair of isolates, designated H3N2-B and H1N1-D, was determined to have been initially introduced to the farm. These results demonstrate that numerous IAVs-S with various gene constellations can be created in a single co-infected pig via reassortment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Abe
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center (ZDCC), Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Junki Mine
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center (ZDCC), Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Sujira Parchariyanon
- National Institute of Animal Health, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nobuhiro Takemae
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center (ZDCC), Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Namfon Ubonyaem
- National Institute of Animal Health, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Bandit Nuansrichay
- National Institute of Animal Health, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Taichiro Tanikawa
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center (ZDCC), Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Ryota Tsunekuni
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center (ZDCC), Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center (ZDCC), Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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20
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MOON H, HONG M, KIM JK, SEON B, NA W, PARK SJ, AN DJ, JEOUNG HY, KIM DJ, KIM JM, KIM SH, WEBBY RJ, WEBSTER RG, KANG BK, SONG D. H3N2 canine influenza virus with the matrix gene from the pandemic A/H1N1 virus: infection dynamics in dogs and ferrets. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 143:772-80. [PMID: 24977303 PMCID: PMC9507102 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814001617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
After an outbreak of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 (pH1N1) virus, we had previously reported the emergence of a recombinant canine influenza virus (CIV) between the pH1N1 virus and the classic H3N2 CIV. Our ongoing routine surveillance isolated another reassortant H3N2 CIV carrying the matrix gene of the pH1N1 virus from 2012. The infection dynamics of this H3N2 CIV variant (CIV/H3N2mv) were investigated in dogs and ferrets via experimental infection and transmission. The CIV/H3N2mv-infected dogs and ferrets produced typical symptoms of respiratory disease, virus shedding, seroconversion, and direct-contact transmissions. Although indirect exposure was not presented for ferrets, CIV/H3N2mv presented higher viral replication in MDCK cells and more efficient transmission was observed in ferrets compared to classic CIV H3N2. This study demonstrates the effect of reassortment of the M gene of pH1N1 in CIV H3N2.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. MOON
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - M. HONG
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - J. K. KIM
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - B. SEON
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - W. NA
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - S. J. PARK
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - D. J. AN
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - H. Y. JEOUNG
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - D. J. KIM
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - J. M. KIM
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - S. H. KIM
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - R. J. WEBBY
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - R. G. WEBSTER
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - B. K. KANG
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - D. SONG
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
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21
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Pérez LJ, Perera CL, Coronado L, Rios L, Vega A, Frías MT, Ganges L, Núñez JI, Díaz de Arce H. Molecular epidemiology study of swine influenza virus revealing a reassorted virus H1N1 in swine farms in Cuba. Prev Vet Med 2015; 119:172-8. [PMID: 25745869 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we describe the emergence of reassorted H1N1 swine influenza virus, originated from a reassortment event between the H1N1 pandemic influenza virus (H1N1p/2009) and endemic swine influenza virus in Cuban swine population. In November 2010, a clinical respiratory outbreak was reported on a pig fattening farm in Cuba. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the genes of one of the isolate obtained, with the exception of neuraminidase, belonged to the H1N1p/2009 cluster. This finding suggests that H1N1pdm has been established in swine and has become a reservoir of reassortment that may produce new viruses with both animal and public health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester J Pérez
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), La Habana, Cuba.
| | | | - Liani Coronado
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), La Habana, Cuba
| | - Liliam Rios
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), La Habana, Cuba
| | - Armando Vega
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), La Habana, Cuba
| | - Maria T Frías
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), La Habana, Cuba
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Núñez
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Heidy Díaz de Arce
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), La Habana, Cuba; Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Juan D. Perón 4190, C1181ACH Buenos Aires, Argentina
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22
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Efficient isolation of Swine influenza viruses by age-targeted specimen collection. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:1331-8. [PMID: 25694523 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02941-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of swine influenza virus (SIV) infection is paramount for increasing the productivity of pig farming and minimizing the threat of pandemic outbreaks. Thus, SIV surveillance should be conducted by region and on a regular basis. Here, we established a microneutralization assay specific for SIV seroprevalence surveillance by using reporter gene-expressing recombinant influenza viruses. Growth-based SIV seroprevalence revealed that most sows and piglets were positive for neutralizing antibodies against influenza viruses. In contrast, the 90-day-old growing pigs exhibited limited neutralizing activity in their sera, suggesting that this particular age of population is most susceptible to SIV infection and thus is an ideal age group for SIV isolation. From nasal swab specimens of healthy pigs in this age population, we were able to isolate SIVs at a higher incidence (5.3%) than those of previous reports. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) genes revealed that the isolated SIVs have circulated and evolved in pigs but not have been recently introduced from humans, implying that a large number of SIV lineages may remain "undiscovered" in the global porcine populations. We propose that the 90-day-old growing pig-targeted nasal swab collection presented in this study facilitates global SIV surveillance and contributes to the detection and control of SIV infection.
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23
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Kanehira K, Takemae N, Uchida Y, Hikono H, Saito T. Reassortant swine influenza viruses isolated in Japan contain genes from pandemic A(H1N1) 2009. Microbiol Immunol 2015; 58:327-41. [PMID: 24750464 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In 2013, three reassortant swine influenza viruses (SIVs)-two H1N2 and one H3N2-were isolated from symptomatic pigs in Japan; each contained genes from the pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 virus and endemic SIVs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two H1N2 viruses, A/swine/Gunma/1/2013 and A/swine/Ibaraki/1/2013, were reassortants that contain genes from the following three distinct lineages: (i) H1 and nucleoprotein (NP) genes derived from a classical swine H1 HA lineage uniquely circulating among Japanese SIVs; (ii) neuraminidase (NA) genes from human-like H1N2 swine viruses; and (iii) other genes from pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 viruses. The H3N2 virus, A/swine/Miyazaki/2/2013, comprised genes from two sources: (i) hemagglutinin (HA) and NA genes derived from human and human-like H3N2 swine viruses and (ii) other genes from pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 viruses. Phylogenetic analysis also indicated that each of the reassortants may have arisen independently in Japanese pigs. A/swine/Miyazaki/2/2013 were found to have strong antigenic reactivities with antisera generated for some seasonal human-lineage viruses isolated during or before 2003, whereas A/swine/Miyazaki/2/2013 reactivities with antisera against viruses isolated after 2004 were clearly weaker. In addition, antisera against some strains of seasonal human-lineage H1 viruses did not react with either A/swine/Gunma/1/2013 or A/swine/Ibaraki/1/2013. These findings indicate that emergence and spread of these reassortant SIVs is a potential public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsushi Kanehira
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
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24
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Nelson MI, Vincent AL. Reverse zoonosis of influenza to swine: new perspectives on the human-animal interface. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:142-53. [PMID: 25564096 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The origins of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in swine are unknown, highlighting gaps in our understanding of influenza A virus (IAV) ecology and evolution. We review how recently strengthened influenza virus surveillance in pigs has revealed that influenza virus transmission from humans to swine is far more frequent than swine-to-human zoonosis, and is central in seeding swine globally with new viral diversity. The scale of global human-to-swine transmission represents the largest 'reverse zoonosis' of a pathogen documented to date. Overcoming the bias towards perceiving swine as sources of human viruses, rather than recipients, is key to understanding how the bidirectional nature of the human-animal interface produces influenza threats to both hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha I Nelson
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Amy L Vincent
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Ames, IA 50010, USA
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25
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Liang H, Lam TTY, Fan X, Chen X, Zeng Y, Zhou J, Duan L, Tse M, Chan CH, Li L, Leung TY, Yip CH, Cheung CL, Zhou B, Smith DK, Poon LLM, Peiris M, Guan Y, Zhu H. Expansion of genotypic diversity and establishment of 2009 H1N1 pandemic-origin internal genes in pigs in China. J Virol 2014; 88:10864-74. [PMID: 25008935 PMCID: PMC4178866 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01327-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Two-way transmission of influenza viruses between humans and swine has been frequently observed, and the occurrence of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus (pdm/09) demonstrated that swine-origin viruses could facilitate the genesis of a pandemic strain. Although multiple introductions to and reassortment in swine of the pdm/09 virus have been repeatedly reported in both Eurasia and the Americas, its long-term impact on the development of swine influenza viruses (SIVs) has not been systematically explored. Our comprehensive evolutionary studies of the complete genomes of 387 SIVs obtained from 2009 to 2012 by influenza virus surveillance in China revealed 17 reassortant genotypes with pdm/09-origin genes. Even though the entire 2009 pandemic virus and its surface genes cannot persist, its internal genes have become established and are now the predominant lineages in pigs in the region. The main persistent pdm/09-origin reassortant forms had at least five pdm/09-origin internal genes, and their surface genes were primarily of European avian-like (EA) or human H3N2-like SIV origin. These findings represent a marked change in the evolutionary patterns and ecosystem of SIVs in China. It is possible that the pdm/09-origin internal genes are in the process of replacing EA or triple-reassortant-like internal genes. These alterations in the SIV gene pool need to be continually monitored to assess changes in the potential for SIV transmission to humans. IMPORTANCE Shortly after the emergence of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pdm/09) influenza virus, it was transmitted from humans to pigs and this continues to occur around the world. Many reassortants between pdm/09-origin viruses and enzootic swine influenza viruses (SIVs) have been detected. However, the long-term impact of pdm/09-origin viruses on the SIV gene pool, which could lead to the generation of influenza viruses with the potential to infect humans, has not been systematically examined. From extensive surveillance of SIVs over a 38-month period in southern China, it was found that although neither complete pdm/09 viruses nor their surface genes could persist in pigs, their internal genes did persist. Over the survey period, these internal genes became predominant, potentially replacing those of the enzootic SIV lineages. The altered diversity of the SIV gene pool needs to be closely monitored for changes in the potential for SIV transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huyi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (Shenzhen Branch), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong SAR, China Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Tommy Tsan-Yuk Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (Shenzhen Branch), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong SAR, China Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiaohui Fan
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xinchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (Shenzhen Branch), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (Shenzhen Branch), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (Shenzhen Branch), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong SAR, China Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Lian Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (Shenzhen Branch), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong SAR, China Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Maying Tse
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chung-Hei Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong SAR, China Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Tak-Ying Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chun-Hung Yip
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chung-Lam Cheung
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Boping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (Shenzhen Branch), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - David K Smith
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong SAR, China Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Leo Lit-Man Poon
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (Shenzhen Branch), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Malik Peiris
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (Shenzhen Branch), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yi Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (Shenzhen Branch), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong SAR, China Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Huachen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (Shenzhen Branch), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong SAR, China Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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26
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Kirisawa R, Ogasawara Y, Yoshitake H, Koda A, Furuya T. Genomic reassortants of pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 virus and endemic porcine H1 and H3 viruses in swine in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1457-70. [PMID: 25056678 PMCID: PMC4272978 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
From 2010 to 2013 in Japan, we isolated 11 swine influenza viruses (SIVs) from
pigs showing respiratory symptoms. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that 6 H1N1
viruses originated from the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (pdm 09) virus and the other 5 viruses
were reassortants between SIVs and pdm 09 viruses, representing 4 genotypes. Two H1N2
viruses contained H1 and N2 genes originated from Japanese H1N2 SIV together with internal
genes of pdm 09 viruses. Additionally, 1 H1N2 virus contained a further NP gene
originating from Japanese H1N2 SIV. One H1N1 virus contained only the H1 gene originating
from Japanese H1 SIV in a pdm 09 virus background. One H3N2 virus contained H3 and N2
genes originating from Japanese H3N2 SIV together with internal genes of pdm 09 virus. The
results indicate that pdm 09 viruses are distributed widely in the Japanese swine
population and that several reassortments with Japanese SIVs have occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikio Kirisawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Virology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyoudai Midori-machi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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27
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Chen J, Fu X, Chen Y, He S, Zheng Y, Cao Z, Yu W, Zhou H, Su S, Zhang G. Identification of four genotypes of H3N2 swine influenza virus in pigs from southern China. Arch Virol 2014; 159:2705-9. [PMID: 24810098 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In 2011, four H3N2 swine influenza viruses (SIVs) were isolated from nasal swabs of four pigs (800 nasal swabs were collected from pigs showing influenza-like symptoms) in Guangdong province, China. Four different genotypes of H3N2 appeared among pigs in southern China, including wholly human-like H3N2 viruses, intermediate (1975) double-reassortant human H3N2 viruses (resulting from reassortment between an early human lineage and a recent human lineage), recent double-reassortant human H3N2 viruses, and avian-like H3N2 viruses. Because pigs can support the reassortment of human and avian influenza viruses, our surveillance should be enhanced as a part of an overall pandemic preparedness plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidang Chen
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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28
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Wen F, Ma JH, Yu H, Yang FR, Huang M, Zhou YJ, Li ZJ, Tong GZ. Protective efficacy of a high-growth reassortant swine H3N2 inactivated vaccine constructed by reverse genetic manipulation. J Vet Sci 2014; 15:381-8. [PMID: 24675833 PMCID: PMC4178139 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2014.15.3.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel reassortant H3N2 swine influenza viruses (SwIV) with the matrix gene from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus have been isolated in many countries as well as during outbreaks in multiple states in the United States, indicating that H3N2 SwIV might be a potential threat to public health. Since southern China is the world's largest producer of pigs, efficient vaccines should be developed to prevent pigs from acquiring H3N2 subtype SwIV infections, and thus limit the possibility of SwIV infection at agricultural fairs. In this study, a high-growth reassortant virus (GD/PR8) was generated by plasmid-based reverse genetics and tested as a candidate inactivated vaccine. The protective efficacy of this vaccine was evaluated in mice by challenging them with another H3N2 SwIV isolate [A/Swine/Heilongjiang/1/05 (H3N2) (HLJ/05)]. Prime and booster inoculation with GD/PR8 vaccine yielded high-titer serum hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies and IgG antibodies. Complete protection of mice against H3N2 SwIV was observed, with significantly reduced lung lesion and viral loads in vaccine-inoculated mice relative to mock-vaccinated controls. These results suggest that the GD/PR8 vaccine may serve as a promising candidate for rapid intervention of H3N2 SwIV outbreaks in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wen
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
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29
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He L, Wu Q, Jiang K, Duan Z, Liu J, Xu H, Cui Z, Gu M, Wang X, Liu X, Liu X. Differences in transmissibility and pathogenicity of reassortants between H9N2 and 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A viruses from humans and swine. Arch Virol 2014; 159:1743-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Netrabukkana P, Cappelle J, Trevennec C, Roger F, Goutard F, Buchy P, Robertson I, Fenwick S. Epidemiological Analysis of Influenza A Infection in Cambodian Pigs and Recommendations for Surveillance Strategies. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 62:e37-44. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Netrabukkana
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Murdoch University; Murdoch WA Australia
| | - J. Cappelle
- French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD); Animal and Integrated Risk Management Research Unit (AGIRs); Montpellier France
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia; Epidemiology and Public Health Unit; Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur; Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - C. Trevennec
- French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD); Animal and Integrated Risk Management Research Unit (AGIRs); Montpellier France
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Rome Italy
| | - F. Roger
- French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD); Animal and Integrated Risk Management Research Unit (AGIRs); Montpellier France
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Kasetsart University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - F. Goutard
- French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD); Animal and Integrated Risk Management Research Unit (AGIRs); Montpellier France
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Kasetsart University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - P. Buchy
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia; Virology Unit; Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur; Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - I.D. Robertson
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Murdoch University; Murdoch WA Australia
| | - S. Fenwick
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Murdoch University; Murdoch WA Australia
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Wang S, Luo X, Wei W, Zheng Y, Dou Y, Cai X. Calculation of evolutionary correlation between individual genes and full-length genome: a method useful for choosing phylogenetic markers for molecular epidemiology. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81106. [PMID: 24312527 PMCID: PMC3849185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual genes or regions are still commonly used to estimate the phylogenetic relationships among viral isolates. The genomic regions that can faithfully provide assessments consistent with those predicted with full-length genome sequences would be preferable to serve as good candidates of the phylogenetic markers for molecular epidemiological studies of many viruses. Here we employed a statistical method to evaluate the evolutionary relationships between individual viral genes and full-length genomes without tree construction as a way to determine which gene can match the genome well in phylogenetic analyses. This method was performed by calculation of linear correlations between the genetic distance matrices of aligned individual gene sequences and aligned genome sequences. We applied this method to the phylogenetic analyses of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), measles virus (MV), hepatitis E virus (HEV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Phylogenetic trees were constructed for comparisons and the possible factors affecting the method accuracy were also discussed in the calculations. The results revealed that this method could produce results consistent with those of previous studies about the proper consensus sequences that could be successfully used as phylogenetic markers. And our results also suggested that these evolutionary correlations could provide useful information for identifying genes that could be used effectively to infer the genetic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xuenong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yadong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yongxi Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- * E-mail: (YD); (XC)
| | - Xuepeng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- * E-mail: (YD); (XC)
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Scientific opinion on the possible risks posed by the influenza A (H3N2v) virus for animal health and its potential spread and implications for animal and human health. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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33
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Lange J, Groth M, Schlegel M, Krumbholz A, Wieczorek K, Ulrich R, Köppen S, Schulz K, Appl D, Selbitz HJ, Sauerbrei A, Platzer M, Zell R, Dürrwald R. Reassortants of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus and establishment of a novel porcine H1N2 influenza virus, lineage in Germany. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:345-56. [PMID: 24139631 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The incursion of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus (pdmH1N1) into the German pig population was investigated in a serosurvey and by virological means between June 2009 and December 2012. Analysis of 23,116 pig sera from a total of 2,666 herds revealed 224 herds that reacted with pdmH1N1 but not with the prevalent avian-like H1N1 swine influenza virus. Sixty-six pdmH1N1 strains and their reassortant derivatives (pdmH1huN2, huH3pdmN1) have been collected since November 2009. Sequencing of three pdmH1N1, 20 pdmH1huN2 and one huH3pdmN1 strains with conventional and next generation sequencing techniques and subsequent phylogenetic analyses with available sequence data revealed the emergence of five distinct reassortant genotypes in Europe. The most frequent genotype emerged at least three times independently, one of which (Papenburg lineage) established a stable infection chain and became more prevalent in pigs than pdmH1N1 in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Lange
- Department of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Pascua PNQ, Lim GJ, Kwon HI, Park SJ, Kim EH, Song MS, Kim CJ, Choi YK. Emergence of H3N2pM-like and novel reassortant H3N1 swine viruses possessing segments derived from the A (H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus, Korea. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 7:1283-91. [PMID: 24034626 PMCID: PMC4634262 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human‐to‐swine transmission of the pandemic H1N1 2009 [A(H1N1)pdm09] virus in pig populations resulted in reassortment events with endemic swine influenza viruses worldwide. Objective We investigated whether A(H1N1)pdm09‐derived reassortant viruses are present in South Korea and sought to determine the pathogenic potential of the novel swine viruses. Methods Pig lung tissues were collected from commercially slaughtered pigs. Isolated swine influenza viruses were genetically analyzed and characterized in vitro and in vivo. Results We identified reassortant H3N2 (H3N2pM‐like) and H3N1 swine viruses containing A(H1N1)pdm09‐like segments in Korean pigs that are genetically closely related to strains recently detected in pigs and humans in North America. Although the H3N2pM‐like and novel H3N1 reassortants demonstrated efficient replication in mice and ferrets, all the H3N1 strains exhibited growth advantage over the representative H3N2pM‐like virus in human airway cells. Interestingly, A/swine/Korea/CY02‐07/2012(H3N1) and A/swine/Korea/CY03‐13/2012(H3N1) reassortants were more readily transmitted to respiratory‐droplet‐contact ferrets compared with the H3N2pM‐like (A/swine/Korea/CY02‐10/2012) isolate. Furthermore, serologic evaluation showed poor antigenicity to contemporary reference human seasonal H3N2 vaccine strains. Conclusions We report here for the first time the isolation of H3N2pM‐like viruses outside North America and of novel reassortant swine H3N1 viruses with A(H1N1)pdm09‐derived genes. Apart from further complicating the genetic diversity of influenza A viruses circulating in domestic pigs, our data also indicate that these strains could potentially pose threat to public health asserting the need for continuous virus monitoring in these ecologically important hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Noriel Q Pascua
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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35
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Hara K, Nakazono Y, Kashiwagi T, Hamada N, Watanabe H. Co-incorporation of the PB2 and PA polymerase subunits from human H3N2 influenza virus is a critical determinant of the replication of reassortant ribonucleoprotein complexes. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2406-2416. [PMID: 23939981 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.053959-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza virus RNA polymerase, composed of the PB1, PB2 and PA subunits, has a potential role in influencing genetic reassortment. Recent studies on the reassortment of human H3N2 strains suggest that the co-incorporation of PB2 and PA from the same H3N2 strain appears to be important for efficient virus replication; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we reconstituted reassortant ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes and demonstrated that the RNP activity was severely impaired when the PA subunit of H3N2 strain A/NT/60/1968 (NT PA) was introduced into H1N1 or H5N1 polymerase. The NT PA did not affect the correct assembly of the polymerase trimeric complex, but it significantly reduced replication-initiation activity when provided with a vRNA promoter and severely impaired the accumulation of RNP, which led to the loss of RNP activity. Mutational analysis demonstrated that PA residues 184N and 383N were the major determinants of the inhibitory effect of NT PA and 184N/383N sequences were unique to human H3N2 strains. Significantly, NT PB2 specifically relieved the inhibitory effect of NT PA, and the PB2 residue 627K played a key role. Our results suggest that PB2 from the same H3N2 strain might be required for overcoming the inhibitory effect of H3N2 PA in the genetic reassortment of influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koyu Hara
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoko Nakazono
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahito Kashiwagi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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36
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Lan YC, Su MC, Chen CH, Huang SH, Chen WL, Tien N, Lin CW. Epidemiology of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 virus during 2009-2010 in Taiwan. Virus Res 2013; 177:46-54. [PMID: 23886669 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Outbreak of swine-origin influenza A/H1N1 virus (pdmH1N1) occurred in 2009. Taiwanese authorities implemented nationwide vaccinations with pdmH1N1-specific inactivated vaccine as of November 2009. This study evaluates prevalence, HA phylogenetic relationship, and transmission dynamic of influenza A and B viruses in Taiwan in 2009-2010. Respiratory tract specimens were analyzed for influenza A and B viruses. The pdmH1N1 peaked in November 2009, was predominant from August 2009 to January 2010, then sharply dropped in February 2010. Significant prevalence peaks of influenza B in April-June of 2010 and H3N2 virus in July and August were observed. Highest percentage of pdmH1N1- and H3N2-positive cases appeared among 11-15-year-olds; influenza B-positive cases were dominant among those 6-10 years old. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees showed 11 unique clusters of pdmH1N1, seasonal H3N2 influenza A and B viruses, as well as transmission clusters and mixed infections of influenza strains in Taiwan. The 2009 pdmH1N1 virus was predominant in Taiwan from August 2009 to January 2010; seasonal H3N2 influenza A and B viruses exhibited small prevalence peaks after nationwide vaccinations. Phylogenetic evidence indicated transmission clusters and multiple independent clades of co-circulating influenza A and B strains in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Lan
- Department of Health Risk Management, School of Public, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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37
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Lee HK, Tang JWT, Kong DHL, Koay ESC. Simplified large-scale Sanger genome sequencing for influenza A/H3N2 virus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64785. [PMID: 23741393 PMCID: PMC3669369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The advent of next-generation sequencing technologies and the resultant lower costs of sequencing have enabled production of massive amounts of data, including the generation of full genome sequences of pathogens. However, the small genome size of the influenza virus arguably justifies the use of the more conventional Sanger sequencing technology which is still currently more readily available in most diagnostic laboratories. Results We present a simplified Sanger-based genome sequencing method for sequencing the influenza A/H3N2 virus in a large-scale format. The entire genome sequencing was completed with 19 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCRs) and 39 sequencing reactions. This method was tested on 15 native clinical samples and 15 culture isolates, respectively, collected between 2009 and 2011. The 15 native clinical samples registered quantification cycle values ranging from 21.0 to 30.56, which were equivalent to 2.4×103–1.4×106 viral copies/µL of RNA extract. All the PCR-amplified products were sequenced directly without PCR product purification. Notably, high quality sequencing data up to 700 bp were generated for all the samples tested. The completed sequence covered 408,810 nucleotides in total, with 13,627 nucleotides per genome, attaining 100% coding completeness. Of all the bases produced, an average of 89.49% were Phred quality value 40 (QV40) bases (representing an accuracy of circa one miscall for every 10,000 bases) or higher, and an average of 93.46% were QV30 bases (one miscall every 1000 bases) or higher. Conclusions This sequencing protocol has been shown to be cost-effective and less labor-intensive in obtaining full influenza genomes. The constant high quality of sequences generated imparts confidence in extending the application of this non-purified amplicon sequencing approach to other gene sequencing assays, with appropriate use of suitably designed primers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Kai Lee
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Molecular Diagnosis Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Julian Wei-Tze Tang
- Alberta Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Debra Han-Lin Kong
- Molecular Diagnosis Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Evelyn Siew-Chuan Koay
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Molecular Diagnosis Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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38
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Wong KK, Greenbaum A, Moll ME, Lando J, Moore EL, Ganatra R, Biggerstaff M, Lam E, Smith EE, Storms AD, Miller JR, Dato V, Nalluswami K, Nambiar A, Silvestri SA, Lute JR, Ostroff S, Hancock K, Branch A, Trock SC, Klimov A, Shu B, Brammer L, Epperson S, Finelli L, Jhung MA. Outbreak of influenza A (H3N2) variant virus infection among attendees of an agricultural fair, Pennsylvania, USA, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 18:1937-44. [PMID: 23171635 PMCID: PMC3557885 DOI: 10.3201/eid1812.121097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Avoiding or limiting contact with swine at agricultural events may help prevent A(H3N2)v virus infections in such settings. During August 2011, influenza A (H3N2) variant [A(H3N2)v] virus infection developed in a child who attended an agricultural fair in Pennsylvania, USA; the virus resulted from reassortment of a swine influenza virus with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. We interviewed fair attendees and conducted a retrospective cohort study among members of an agricultural club who attended the fair. Probable and confirmed cases of A(H3N2)v virus infection were defined by serology and genomic sequencing results, respectively. We identified 82 suspected, 4 probable, and 3 confirmed case-patients who attended the fair. Among 127 cohort study members, the risk for suspected case status increased as swine exposure increased from none (4%; referent) to visiting swine exhibits (8%; relative risk 2.1; 95% CI 0.2–53.4) to touching swine (16%; relative risk 4.4; 95% CI 0.8–116.3). Fairs may be venues for zoonotic transmission of viruses with epidemic potential; thus, health officials should investigate respiratory illness outbreaks associated with agricultural events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K Wong
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA.
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Vincent A, Awada L, Brown I, Chen H, Claes F, Dauphin G, Donis R, Culhane M, Hamilton K, Lewis N, Mumford E, Nguyen T, Parchariyanon S, Pasick J, Pavade G, Pereda A, Peiris M, Saito T, Swenson S, Van Reeth K, Webby R, Wong F, Ciacci-Zanella J. Review of Influenza A Virus in Swine Worldwide: A Call for Increased Surveillance and Research. Zoonoses Public Health 2013; 61:4-17. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Vincent
- Virus and Prion Research Unit; USDA-ARS NADC; Ames IA USA
| | - L. Awada
- World Organization for Animal Health (OIE); Paris France
| | - I. Brown
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency; Weybridge UK
| | - H. Chen
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute; Harbin China
| | - F. Claes
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); Rome Italy
| | - G. Dauphin
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); Rome Italy
| | | | - M. Culhane
- University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Lab; St. Paul MN USA
| | - K. Hamilton
- World Organization for Animal Health (OIE); Paris France
| | - N. Lewis
- Department of Zoology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - E. Mumford
- World Health Organization (WHO); Geneva Switzerland
| | - T. Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health; National Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics; Hanoi Vietnam
| | | | - J. Pasick
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Winnepeg Canada
| | - G. Pavade
- World Organization for Animal Health (OIE); Paris France
| | - A. Pereda
- Instituto de Virología - INTA; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - M. Peiris
- Hong Kong University; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
| | - T. Saito
- National Institute of Animal Health; Ibaraki Japan
| | | | | | - R. Webby
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Memphis TN USA
| | - F. Wong
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory; CSIRO Livestock Industries; Geelong Vic. Australia
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40
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Antigenic variation of H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 swine influenza viruses in Japan and Vietnam. Arch Virol 2013; 158:859-76. [PMID: 23435952 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1616-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The antigenicity of the influenza A virus hemagglutinin is responsible for vaccine efficacy in protecting pigs against swine influenza virus (SIV) infection. However, the antigenicity of SIV strains currently circulating in Japan and Vietnam has not been well characterized. We examined the antigenicity of classical H1 SIVs, pandemic A(H1N1)2009 (A(H1N1)pdm09) viruses, and seasonal human-lineage SIVs isolated in Japan and Vietnam. A hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay was used to determine antigenic differences that differentiate the recent Japanese H1N2 and H3N2 SIVs from the H1N1 and H3N2 domestic vaccine strains. Minor antigenic variation between pig A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses was evident by HI assay using 13 mAbs raised against homologous virus. A Vietnamese H1N2 SIV, whose H1 gene originated from a human strain in the mid-2000s, reacted poorly with post-infection ferret serum against human vaccine strains from 2000-2010. These results provide useful information for selection of optimal strains for SIV vaccine production.
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41
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Cardinale E, Pascalis H, Temmam S, Hervé S, Saulnier A, Turpin M, Barbier N, Hoarau J, Quéguiner S, Gorin S, Foray C, Roger M, Porphyre V, André P, Thomas T, de Lamballerie X, Dellagi K, Simon G. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in pigs, Réunion Island. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 18:1665-8. [PMID: 23017204 PMCID: PMC3471629 DOI: 10.3201/eid1810.120398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2009, pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus affected humans on Réunion Island. Since then, the virus has sustained circulation among local swine herds, raising concerns about the potential for genetic evolution of the virus and possible retransmission back to humans of variants with increased virulence. Continuous surveillance of A(H1N1)pdm09 infection in pigs is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Cardinale
- Le Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l’Océan Indien, Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de la Réunion, France.
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42
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Hillaire MLB, Vogelzang-van Trierum SE, Kreijtz JHCM, de Mutsert G, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, Rimmelzwaan GF. Human T-cells directed to seasonal influenza A virus cross-react with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) and swine-origin triple-reassortant H3N2 influenza viruses. J Gen Virol 2012; 94:583-592. [PMID: 23152369 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.048652-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-specific CD8(+) T-cells contribute to protective immunity against influenza A virus (IAV) infections. As the majority of these cells are directed to conserved viral proteins, they may afford protection against IAVs of various subtypes. The present study assessed the cross-reactivity of human CD8(+) T-lymphocytes, induced by infection with seasonal A (H1N1) or A (H3N2) influenza virus, with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus [A(H1N1)pdm09] and swine-origin triple-reassortant A (H3N2) [A(H3N2)v] viruses that are currently causing an increasing number of human cases in the USA. It was demonstrated that CD8(+) T-cells induced after seasonal IAV infections exerted lytic activity and produced gamma interferon upon in vitro restimulation with A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2)v influenza A viruses. Furthermore, CD8(+) T-cells directed to A(H1N1)pdm09 virus displayed a high degree of cross-reactivity with A(H3N2)v viruses. It was concluded that cross-reacting T-cells had the potential to afford protective immunity against A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses during the pandemic and offer some degree of protection against infection with A(H3N2)v viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine L B Hillaire
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joost H C M Kreijtz
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrie de Mutsert
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Viroclinics Biosciences BV, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Viroclinics Biosciences BV, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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43
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Matsuu A, Uchida Y, Takemae N, Mawatari T, Kasai Yoneyama S, Kasai T, Nakamura R, Eto M, Saito T. Genetic characterization of swine influenza viruses isolated in Japan between 2009 and 2012. Microbiol Immunol 2012; 56:792-803. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2012.00501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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44
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Qi X, Pan Y, Qin Y, Zu R, Tang F, Zhou M, Wang H, Song Y. Molecular characterization of avian-like H1N1 swine influenza a viruses isolated in Eastern China, 2011. Virol Sin 2012; 27:292-8. [PMID: 23055004 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-012-3262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, three predominant subtypes of influenza virus are prevalent in pig populations worldwide: H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2. European avian-like H1N1 viruses, which were initially detected in European pig populations in 1979, have been circulating in pigs in eastern China since 2007. In this study, six influenza A viruses were isolated from 60 swine lung samples collected from January to April 2011 in eastern China. Based on whole genome sequencing, molecular characteristics of two isolates were determined. Phylogenetic analysis showed the eight genes of the two isolates were closely related to those of the avian-like H1N1 viruses circulating in pig populations, especially similar to those found in China. Four potential glycosylation sites were observed at positions 13, 26, 198, 277 in the HA1 proteins of the two isolates. Due to the presence of a stop codon at codon 12, the isolates contained truncated PB1-F2 proteins. In this study, the isolates contained 591Q, 627E and 701N in the polymerase subunit PB2, which had been shown to be determinants of virulence and host adaptation. The isolates also had a D rather than E at position 92 of the NS1, a marker of mammalian adaptation. Both isolates contained the GPKV motif at the PDZ ligand domain of the 3' end of the NS1, a characteristic marker of the European avian-like swine viruses since about 1999, which is distinct from those of avian, human and classical swine viruses. The M2 proteins of the isolates have the mutation (S31N), a characteristic marker of the European avian-like swine viruses since about 1987, which may confer resistance to amantadine and rimantadine antivirals. Our findings further emphasize the importance of surveillance on the genetic diversity of influenza A viruses in pigs, and raise more concerns about the occurrence of cross-species transmission events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Qi
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing 210009, China
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45
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Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus: viral characteristics and genetic evolution. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2012; 30 Suppl 4:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/s0213-005x(12)70099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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46
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Sims L. Keeping track of swine influenza viruses. Vet Rec 2012; 171:269-70. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.e6111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Les Sims
- Asia Pacific Veterinary Information Services; PO Box 55 Montmorency Victoria 3094 Australia
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Qi X, Cui L, Jiao Y, Pan Y, Li X, Zu R, Huo X, Wu B, Tang F, Song Y, Zhou M, Wang H, Cardona CJ, Xing Z. Antigenic and genetic characterization of a European avian-like H1N1 swine influenza virus from a boy in China in 2011. Arch Virol 2012; 158:39-53. [PMID: 22935945 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1423-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cross-species transmission of influenza A viruses from swine to human occurs occasionally. In 2011, an influenza A H1N1 virus, A/Jiangsu/ALS1/2011 (JS/ALS1/2011), was isolated from a boy who suffered from severe pneumonia in China. The virus is closely related antigenically and genetically to avian-like swine H1N1 viruses that have recently been circulating in pigs in China and that were initially detected in European pig populations in 1979. The isolation of JS/ALS1/2011 provides additional evidence that swine influenza viruses can occasionally infect humans and emphasizes the importance of reinforcing influenza virus surveillance in both pigs and humans.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Child, Preschool
- China
- Genetic Variation
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Phylogeny
- Swine
- Swine Diseases/immunology
- Swine Diseases/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Qi
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China
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Hiromoto Y, Parchariyanon S, Ketusing N, Netrabukkana P, Hayashi T, Kobayashi T, Takemae N, Saito T. Isolation of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus and its reassortant with an H3N2 swine influenza virus from healthy weaning pigs in Thailand in 2011. Virus Res 2012; 169:175-81. [PMID: 22906589 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A total of 300 nasal swabs were collected from 5 pig farms in two provinces in the Eastern part of Thailand in February 2011 and were subjected to viral isolation of influenza A viruses. Two H3N2 and 6 H1N1 influenza A viruses were isolated from swabs collected from clinically healthy weaning pigs on farms in Chonburi and Chachoengsao provinces, respectively. The H3N2 isolates consisted of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes closely related to Thai SIVs and derived from a cluster of human seasonal H3N2 strains circulating around 1996-1997. The remaining gene segments of the isolates originated from the Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (A (H1N1) pdm09) virus. Antigenicity of the H3N2 isolates was distinguishable from a human seasonal vaccine strain in the 1996-1998 seasons that represented antigenicity of the seasonal strains around 1996-1998. Nasal swabs from a Chachoengsao farm yielded A (H1N1) pdm09 viruses in chicken embryonated eggs and MDCK cells. A (H1N1) pdm09 viruses isolated in this study grew poorly in MDCK cells. Deduced amino acid sequences of the HA1 region of the HA protein of egg isolated viruses were identical to the sequences directly amplified from original swab samples. Our result demonstrated that the A (H1N1) pdm09 virus has been established in the Thai pig population and this has resulted in genetic reassortment with Thai SIV that previously circulated among pigs.
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Skowronski DM, Janjua NZ, De Serres G, Purych D, Gilca V, Scheifele DW, Dionne M, Sabaiduc S, Gardy JL, Li G, Bastien N, Petric M, Boivin G, Li Y. Cross-reactive and vaccine-induced antibody to an emerging swine-origin variant of influenza A virus subtype H3N2 (H3N2v). J Infect Dis 2012; 206:1852-61. [PMID: 22872731 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cases of infection due to a novel swine-origin variant of influenza A virus subtype H3N2 (H3N2v) have recently been identified in the United States, primarily among children. We estimate levels of cross-reactive antibody to H3N2v by age and assess whether seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV), with or without adjuvant, may increase seroprotection. METHODS Antibody to H3N2v was assessed by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay and, for a subset, also by microneutralization assay. Seroprevalence and seroprotection were defined as an HI titer of ≥40, and levels were compared with those for ancestral and contemporary human strains. The analysis included 1116 sera collected during fall 2010, corresponding to approximately 100 sera per decade of life. Vaccine-induced antibody levels were also assessed in sera from 136 children aged <10 years and 65 adults aged 20-59 years before and after receipt of 2010-2011 split TIV and in sera from 182 elderly individuals aged ≥65 years before and after receipt of 2011-2012 split TIV (for 31 individuals), MF59-adjuvanted TIV (for 72), or unadjuvanted subunit TIV (for 79). RESULTS The overall prevalence of HI titers of ≥40 against A(H3N2)v was 25%. No children aged <5 years and <20% of individuals aged ≤14 years or ≥40 years had an HI titer of ≥40. Conversely, among individuals aged 15-39 years, half of teens and adults showed H3N2v seroprotection. Following TIV receipt, <15% of individuals in any vaccine group developed a 4-fold increase in antibody level. CONCLUSIONS A substantial proportion of adolescents and young adults have cross-reactive antibody against emerging H3N2v, whereas children and older adults show broad susceptibility. Recent formulations of TIV do not substantially increase seroprotection. A specific vaccine would be needed if H3N2v establishes epidemic spread. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT01140009 and NCT01368796.
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Evolution of novel reassortant A/H3N2 influenza viruses in North American swine and humans, 2009-2011. J Virol 2012; 86:8872-8. [PMID: 22696653 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00259-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel H3N2 influenza viruses (H3N2v) containing seven genome segments from swine lineage triple-reassortant H3N2 viruses and a 2009 pandemic H1N1 (H1N1pdm09) matrix protein segment (pM) were isolated from 12 humans in the United States between August and December 2011. To understand the evolution of these novel H3N2 viruses in swine and humans, we undertook a phylogenetic analysis of 674 M sequences and 388 HA and NA sequences from influenza viruses isolated from North American swine during 2009-2011, as well as HA, NA, and M sequences from eight H3N2v viruses isolated from humans. We identified 34 swine influenza viruses (termed rH3N2p) with the same combination of H3, N2, and pM segments as the H3N2v viruses isolated from humans. Notably, these rH3N2p viruses were generated in swine via reassortment events between H3N2 viruses and the pM segment approximately 4 to 10 times since 2009. The pM segment has also reassorted with multiple distinct lineages of H1 virus, especially H1δ viruses. Importantly, the N2 segment of all H3N2v viruses isolated from humans is derived from a genetically distinct N2 lineage that has circulated in swine since being acquired by reassortment with seasonal human H3N2 viruses in 2001-2002, rather than from the N2 that is associated with the 1998 H3N2 swine lineage. The identification of this N2 variant may have implications for influenza vaccine design and the potential pandemic threat of H3N2v to human age groups with differing levels of prior exposure and immunity.
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