1
|
Rotavirus Downregulates Tyrosine Hydroxylase in the Noradrenergic Sympathetic Nervous System in Ileum, Early in Infection and Simultaneously with Increased Intestinal Transit and Altered Brain Activities. mBio 2022; 13:e0138722. [PMID: 36094089 PMCID: PMC9600178 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01387-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While rotavirus diarrhea has been considered to occur only due to intrinsic intestinal effects within the enteric nervous system, we provide evidence for central nervous system control underlying the clinical symptomology. Our data visualize infection by large-scale three-dimensional (3D) volumetric tissue imaging of a mouse model and demonstrate that rotavirus infection disrupts the homeostasis of the autonomous system by downregulating tyrosine hydroxylase in the noradrenergic sympathetic nervous system in ileum, concomitant with increased intestinal transit. Interestingly, the nervous response was found to occur before the onset of clinical symptoms. In adult infected animals, we found increased pS6 immunoreactivity in the area postrema of the brain stem and decreased phosphorylated STAT5-immunoreactive neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, which has been associated with autonomic control, including stress response. Our observations contribute to knowledge of how rotavirus infection induces gut-nerve-brain interaction early in the disease.
Collapse
|
2
|
Dian Z, Sun Y, Zhang G, Xu Y, Fan X, Yang X, Pan Q, Peppelenbosch M, Miao Z. Rotavirus-related systemic diseases: clinical manifestation, evidence and pathogenesis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:580-595. [PMID: 33822674 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1907738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses, double-stranded, non-enveloped RNA viruses, are a global health concern, associated with acute gastroenteritis and secretory-driven watery diarrhoea, especially in infants and young children. Conventionally, rotavirus is primarily viewed as a pathogen for intestinal enterocytes. This notion is challenged, however, by data from patients and animal models documenting extra-intestinal clinical manifestations and viral replication following rotavirus infection. In addition to acute gastroenteritis, rotavirus infection has been linked to various neurological disorders, hepatitis and cholestasis, type 1 diabetes, respiratory illness, myocarditis, renal failure and thrombocytopenia. Concomitantly, molecular studies have provided insight into potential mechanisms by which rotavirus can enter and replicate in non-enterocyte cell types and evade host immune responses. Nevertheless, it is fair to say that the extra-intestinal aspect of the rotavirus infectious process is largely being overlooked by biomedical professionals, and there are gaps in the understanding of mechanisms of pathogenesis. Thus with the aim of increasing public and professional awareness we here provide a description of our current understanding of rotavirus-related extra-intestinal clinical manifestations and associated molecular pathogenesis. Further understanding of the processes involved should prove exceedingly useful for future diagnosis, treatment and prevention of rotavirus-associated disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziqin Dian
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Guiqian Zhang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ya Xu
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin Fan
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xuemei Yang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maikel Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zhijiang Miao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Overview of the Development, Impacts, and Challenges of Live-Attenuated Oral Rotavirus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030341. [PMID: 32604982 PMCID: PMC7565912 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness are paramount to vaccine development. Following the isolation of rotavirus particles in 1969 and its evidence as an aetiology of severe dehydrating diarrhoea in infants and young children worldwide, the quest to find not only an acceptable and reliable but cost-effective vaccine has continued until now. Four live-attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines (LAORoVs) (Rotarix®, RotaTeq®, Rotavac®, and RotaSIIL®) have been developed and licensed to be used against all forms of rotavirus-associated infection. The efficacy of these vaccines is more obvious in the high-income countries (HIC) compared with the low- to middle-income countries (LMICs); however, the impact is far exceeding in the low-income countries (LICs). Despite the rotavirus vaccine efficacy and effectiveness, more than 90 countries (mostly Asia, America, and Europe) are yet to implement any of these vaccines. Implementation of these vaccines has continued to suffer a setback in these countries due to the vaccine cost, policy, discharging of strategic preventive measures, and infrastructures. This review reappraises the impacts and effectiveness of the current live-attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines from many representative countries of the globe. It examines the problems associated with the low efficacy of these vaccines and the way forward. Lastly, forefront efforts put forward to develop initial procedures for oral rotavirus vaccines were examined and re-connected to today vaccines.
Collapse
|
4
|
McCowan C, Crameri S, Kocak A, Shan S, Fegan M, Forshaw D, Rubbenstroth D, Chen H, Holmes C, Harper J, Dearnley M, Batovska J, Bergfeld J, Walker C, Wang J. A novel group A rotavirus associated with acute illness and hepatic necrosis in pigeons (Columba livia), in Australia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203853. [PMID: 30204797 PMCID: PMC6133385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cases of vomiting and diarrhoea were reported in racing pigeons in Western Australia in May, 2016. Morbidity and mortality rates were high. Similar clinical disease was seen in Victoria in December and by early 2017 had been reported in all states except the Northern Territory, in different classes of domestic pigeon–racing, fancy and meat bird–and in a flock of feral pigeons. Autopsy findings were frequently unremarkable; histological examination demonstrated significant hepatic necrosis as the major and consistent lesion, often with minimal inflammatory infiltration. Negative contrast tissue suspension and thin section transmission electron microscopy of liver demonstrated virus particles consistent with a member of the Reoviridae. Inoculation of trypsin-treated Vero, MDBK and MA-104 cell lines resulted in cytopathic changes at two days after infection. Next generation sequencing was undertaken using fresh liver samples and a previously undescribed group A rotavirus (genotype G18P[17]) of avian origin was identified and the virus was isolated in several cell lines. A q-RT-PCR assay was developed and used to screen a wider range of samples, including recovered birds. Episodes of disease have continued to occur and to reoccur in previously recovered lofts, with variable virulence reported. This is the first report of a rotavirus associated with hepatic necrosis in any avian species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Crameri
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ayfer Kocak
- Agriculture Victoria, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Songhua Shan
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Fegan
- Agriculture Victoria, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Forshaw
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Albany, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Honglei Chen
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clare Holmes
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jenni Harper
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Megan Dearnley
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jana Batovska
- Agriculture Victoria, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jemma Bergfeld
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin Walker
- Melbourne Bird Veterinary Clinic, Scoresby, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jianning Wang
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Busi C, Martella V, Papetti A, Sabelli C, Lelli D, Alborali GL, Gibelli L, Gelmetti D, Lavazza A, Cordioli P, Boniotti MB. Group A Rotavirus Associated with Encephalitis in Red Fox. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1535-1538. [PMID: 28820385 PMCID: PMC5572894 DOI: 10.3201/eid2309.170158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2011, a group A rotavirus was isolated from the brain of a fox with encephalitis and neurologic signs, detected by rabies surveillance in Italy. Intracerebral inoculation of fox brain homogenates into mice was fatal. Genome sequencing revealed a heterologous rotavirus of avian origin, which could provide a model for investigating rotavirus neurovirulence.
Collapse
|
6
|
Vlasova AN, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ. Interactions between human microbiome, diet, enteric viruses and immune system: Novel insights from gnotobiotic pig research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 28:95-103. [PMID: 33149747 PMCID: PMC7594741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies over the past few decades demonstrated that gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs provide an unprecedented translational model to study human intestinal health and diseases. Due to the high degree of anatomical, physiological, metabolic, immunological, and developmental similarity, the domestic pig closely mimics the human intestinal microenvironment. Also, Gn piglets can be efficiently transplanted with human microbiota from infants, children and adults with resultant microbial profiles remarkably similar to the original human samples, a feat consistently not achievable in rodent models. Finally, Gn and human microbiota-associated (HMA) piglets are susceptible to human enteric viral pathogens (including human rotavirus, HRV) and can be fed authentic human diets, which further increases the translational potential of these models. In this review, we will focus on recent studies that evaluated the pathophysiology of protein malnutrition and the associated dysbiosis and immunological dysfunction in neonatal HMA piglets. Additionally, we will discuss studies of potential dietary interventions that moderate the effects of malnutrition and dysbiosis on antiviral immunity and HRV vaccines in HMA pigs. Such studies provide novel models and novel mechanistic insights critical for development of drug interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, CFAES, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Health Research Program, CFAES, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, CFAES, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rotavirus Degrades Multiple Interferon (IFN) Type Receptors To Inhibit IFN Signaling and Protects against Mortality from Endotoxin in Suckling Mice. J Virol 2017; 92:JVI.01394-17. [PMID: 29070687 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01394-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
STAT1 phosphorylation in response to exogenous interferon (IFN) administration can be inhibited by rotaviral replication both in vitro and in vivo In addition many rotavirus strains are resistant to the actions of different IFN types. The regulation by rotaviruses (RVs) of antiviral pathways mediated by multiple IFN types is not well understood. In this study, we find that during infection in vitro and in vivo, RVs significantly deplete IFN type I, II, and III receptors (IFNRs). Regulation of IFNRs occurred exclusively within RV-infected cells and could be abrogated by inhibiting the lysosomal-endosomal degradation pathway. In vitro, IFNR degradation was conserved across multiple RV strains that differ in their modes of regulating IFN induction. In suckling mice, exogenously administered type I, II, or III IFN induced phosphorylation of STAT1-Y701 within intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) of suckling mice. Murine EW strain RV infection transiently activated intestinal STAT1 at 1 day postinfection (dpi) but not subsequently at 2 to 3 dpi. In response to injection of purified IFN-α/β or -λ, IECs in EW-infected mice exhibited impaired STAT1-Y701 phosphorylation, correlating with depletion of different intestinal IFNRs and impaired IFN-mediated transcription. The ability of EW murine RV to inhibit multiple IFN types led us to test protection of suckling mice from endotoxin-mediated shock, an outcome that is dependent on the host IFN response. Compared to mortality in controls, mice infected with EW murine RV were substantially protected against mortality following parenteral endotoxin administration. These studies identify a novel mechanism of IFN subversion by RV and reveal an unexpected protective effect of RV infection on endotoxin-mediated shock in suckling mice.IMPORTANCE Antiviral functions of types I, II, and III IFNs are mediated by receptor-dependent activation of STAT1. Here, we find that RV degrades the types I, II, and III IFN receptors (IFNRs) in vitro In a suckling mouse model, RV effectively blocked STAT1 activation and transcription following injection of different purified IFNs. This correlated with significantly decreased protein expression of intestinal types I and II IFNRs. Recent studies demonstrate that in mice lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lethality is prevented by genetic ablation of IFN signaling genes such as IFNAR1 and STAT1. When suckling mice were infected with RV, they were substantially protected from lethal exposure to endotoxin. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying rotavirus regulation of different interferons and are likely to stimulate new research into both rotavirus pathogenesis and endotoxemia.
Collapse
|
8
|
Busi C, Martella V, Papetti A, Sabelli C, Lelli D, Alborali GL, Gibelli L, Gelmetti D, Lavazza A, Cordioli P, Boniotti MB. Group A Rotavirus Associated with Encephalitis in Red Fox. Emerg Infect Dis 2017. [DOI: 10.3201/eid1032.170158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
|
9
|
Protein Malnutrition Modifies Innate Immunity and Gene Expression by Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Human Rotavirus Infection in Neonatal Gnotobiotic Pigs. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00046-17. [PMID: 28261667 PMCID: PMC5332602 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00046-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition and rotavirus infection, prevalent in developing countries, individually and in combination, affect the health of millions of children, compromising their immunity and increasing the rates of death from infectious diseases. However, the interactions between the two and their combined effects on immune and intestinal functions are poorly understood. We have established the first human infant microbiota-transplanted neonatal pig model of childhood malnutrition that reproduced the impaired immune, intestinal, and other physiological functions seen in malnourished children. This model can be used to evaluate relevant dietary and other health-promoting interventions. Our findings provide an explanation of why adequate nutrition alone may lack efficacy in malnourished children. Malnutrition affects millions of children in developing countries, compromising immunity and contributing to increased rates of death from infectious diseases. Rotavirus is a major etiological agent of childhood diarrhea in developing countries, where malnutrition is prevalent. However, the interactions between the two and their combined effects on immune and intestinal functions are poorly understood. In this study, we used neonatal gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs transplanted with the fecal microbiota of a healthy 2-month-old infant (HIFM) and fed protein-deficient or -sufficient bovine milk diets. Protein deficiency induced hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypoglycemia, stunting, and generalized edema in Gn pigs, as observed in protein-malnourished children. Irrespective of the diet, human rotavirus (HRV) infection early, at HIFM posttransplantation day 3 (PTD3), resulted in adverse health effects and higher mortality rates (45 to 75%) than later HRV infection (PTD10). Protein malnutrition exacerbated HRV infection and affected the morphology and function of the small intestinal epithelial barrier. In pigs infected with HRV at PTD10, there was a uniform decrease in the function and/or frequencies of natural killer cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and CD103+ and apoptotic mononuclear cells and altered gene expression profiles of intestinal epithelial cells (chromogranin A, mucin 2, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, SRY-Box 9, and villin). Thus, we have established the first HIFM-transplanted neonatal pig model that recapitulates major aspects of protein malnutrition in children and can be used to evaluate physiologically relevant interventions. Our findings provide an explanation of why nutrient-rich diets alone may lack efficacy in malnourished children. IMPORTANCE Malnutrition and rotavirus infection, prevalent in developing countries, individually and in combination, affect the health of millions of children, compromising their immunity and increasing the rates of death from infectious diseases. However, the interactions between the two and their combined effects on immune and intestinal functions are poorly understood. We have established the first human infant microbiota-transplanted neonatal pig model of childhood malnutrition that reproduced the impaired immune, intestinal, and other physiological functions seen in malnourished children. This model can be used to evaluate relevant dietary and other health-promoting interventions. Our findings provide an explanation of why adequate nutrition alone may lack efficacy in malnourished children.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang B, Chassaing B, Shi Z, Uchiyama R, Zhang Z, Denning TL, Crawford SE, Pruijssers AJ, Iskarpatyoti JA, Estes MK, Dermody TS, Ouyang W, Williams IR, Vijay-Kumar M, Gewirtz AT. Viral infection. Prevention and cure of rotavirus infection via TLR5/NLRC4-mediated production of IL-22 and IL-18. Science 2014; 346:861-5. [PMID: 25395539 PMCID: PMC4788408 DOI: 10.1126/science.1256999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Activators of innate immunity may have the potential to combat a broad range of infectious agents. We report that treatment with bacterial flagellin prevented rotavirus (RV) infection in mice and cured chronically RV-infected mice. Protection was independent of adaptive immunity and interferon (IFN, type I and II) and required flagellin receptors Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) and NOD-like receptor C4 (NLRC4). Flagellin-induced activation of TLR5 on dendritic cells elicited production of the cytokine interleukin-22 (IL-22), which induced a protective gene expression program in intestinal epithelial cells. Flagellin also induced NLRC4-dependent production of IL-18 and immediate elimination of RV-infected cells. Administration of IL-22 and IL-18 to mice fully recapitulated the capacity of flagellin to prevent or eliminate RV infection and thus holds promise as a broad-spectrum antiviral agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benyue Zhang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhenda Shi
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robin Uchiyama
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA. Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Timothy L Denning
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA. Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrea J Pruijssers
- Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jason A Iskarpatyoti
- Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Terence S Dermody
- Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA. Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ifor R Williams
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA. Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Evidences and consequences of extra-intestinal spread of rotaviruses in humans and animals. Virusdisease 2014; 25:186-94. [PMID: 25674584 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-014-0197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is recognized as one of the main diarrheal pathogens in young children and animals. The prevailing central dogma of rotavirus infection states that the infection is confined in the gastrointestinal tract. However, increasing evidences indicate that rotavirus infection is systemic. Clinical case reports of systemic manifestations to rotavirus infection in children has continued to accumulate over the past years. The use of animal models provided pathological and molecular evidences for extra-intestinal infection of rotaviruses. The mechanism correlated with the extra-intestinal spread of rotavirus infection from the intestine is through cell-free and cell-associated viremia. The extent of the extra-intestinal spread of rotavirus infection has not yet been fully elucidated; whether it can only affect a limited number of organs and tissues or capable of involving the body as a whole. Moreover, the influence of systemic rotavirus infections remains to be determined. In this review, combination of previous and new data are outlined to help in better understanding of the extra-intestinal infections of rotaviruses.
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
A new paradigm of rotavirus disease is emerging and rotavirus infection is no longer considered to be localized and confined to the GI tract. New evidence indicates that rotavirus infection is systemic. Viral antigen and infectious virus frequently enter the circulation in both children and animal model systems. Clinical case reports of systemic sequelae to rotavirus infection in children continue to accumulate, suggesting involvement in systemic disease syndromes. The use of animal models is providing biological and molecular evidence for infection at peripheral sites. Thus, infection at peripheral sites may account for reports of systemic sequelae to rotavirus infection. The importance of systemic sequelae and the ability of vaccination to prevent such sequelae remains to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Ramig
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Tate JE, Steele AD, Bines JE, Zuber PLF, Parashar UD. Research priorities regarding rotavirus vaccine and intussusception: a meeting summary. Vaccine 2012; 30 Suppl 1:A179-84. [PMID: 22520129 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Currently available rotavirus vaccines have been associated with a small increased risk of intussusception (~1-2 cases per 100,000 vaccinated infants) in some populations. In response to this newly emerging data on intussusception related to current rotavirus vaccines, a group of technical experts convened by the Program for Applied Technology in Health met to review the data, establish what gaps in knowledge exist, and identify what future research is needed. This manuscript outlines the evidence that is currently available and the research agenda that was generated during this meeting. It also highlights the need for countries that are using or considering introducing the rotavirus vaccine to evaluate both the benefits and risks of vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline E Tate
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW New knowledge on rotavirus infection in children and well established mouse models has renewed interest in whether rotavirus could cause biliary atresia, an idiopathic, obliterative infantile disease of bile ducts that is the primary indication for liver transplant in children. RECENT FINDINGS Studies in the rotavirus mouse model of biliary atresia indicate that infection of biliary epithelium is an inaugural event leading to biliary inflammation and obstruction, which is preceded by systemic spread of rotavirus, which also occurs during human rotavirus enteric infections. Viral factors, including rotavirus gene 4, are important for biliary infection and biliary atresia in mice. Specific host factors related to inflammatory processes (natural killer and T cells, interferon) are also critical, and a paucity of regulatory T cells in neonates may play a key role in pathogenesis in experimental biliary atresia. Rotavirus vaccination has substantially decreased rotavirus diarrheal disease worldwide and might enable demonstration of a cause-effect relationship between rotavirus infection and biliary atresia in humans. SUMMARY Rotavirus can be detected in the serum of mice and children and causes biliary atresia in neonatal mice. Approaches to re-examine whether rotavirus causes biliary atresia in children are discussed based on concepts from the mouse model of biliary atresia and rotavirus vaccination programs.
Collapse
|
16
|
Literature Review on Rotavirus: Disease and Vaccine Characteristics: An Advisory Committee Statement (ACS) National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) †. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 36:1-31. [PMID: 31701942 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v36i00a14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
17
|
Tsuge M, Goto S, Kato F, Morishima T. Elevation of serum transaminases with norovirus infection. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2010; 49:574-8. [PMID: 20118084 DOI: 10.1177/0009922809353593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
From November to December in 2006, we experienced 4 pediatric cases with an elevation of the serum transaminase levels accompanied by acute gastroenteritis. All examined stool specimens were norovirus positive according to the Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) assay. The clinical courses of these cases were the same as those of common gastroenteritis. Blood examinations showed only a slight elevation of the transaminase levels at the onset of gastroenteritis, while the symptoms were severe. Interestingly, the transaminase levels significantly increased after gastroenteritis disappeared. The average period between the onset of gastroenteritis and the peak of transaminase levels was 13.8 days. In all cases, the patients were treated with the administration of glycyrrhizin, and the transaminase levels returned to normal approximately 4 weeks (average 26.8 days) after the onset of gastroenteritis, thus suggesting that an elevation of the transaminase levels in association with norovirus gastroenteritis may therefore be a self-limited process which may demonstrate a relatively good natural prognosis. Norovirus is one of the important pathogens which cause an elevation in the serum transaminase levels in young children. When an elevation in the transaminase levels in association with gastroenteritis is observed in young children, it is important to continuously follow up such patients even after the gastroenteritis has disappeared and to perform a virus search based on examinations of stool specimens using an RT-PCR assay in order to detect the presence of norovirus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Tsuge
- Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Patel MM, Haber P, Baggs J, Zuber P, Bines JE, Parashar UD. Intussusception and rotavirus vaccination: a review of the available evidence. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 8:1555-64. [PMID: 19863248 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Two live oral rotavirus vaccines (RotaTeq) and Rotarix) have recently been recommended by the WHO for inclusion into the national immunization programs of countries worldwide. Owing to the association of the withdrawn Rotashield vaccine with intussusception, these two new rotavirus vaccines underwent large clinical trials of over 60,000 infants each to assess safety with regard to this medical condition. For these two new vaccines, clinical trials and available postmarketing safety monitoring data do not indicate a risk of intussusception after vaccination, although a low-level risk cannot be excluded at present. We review these safety data for the new vaccines and for Rotashield to provide background information relevant for considering age recommendations for rotavirus vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish M Patel
- Viral Gastroenteritis Section, MS-A47, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Heyse JF, Kuter BJ, Dallas MJ, Heaton P. Evaluating the safety of a rotavirus vaccine: the REST of the story. Clin Trials 2008; 5:131-9. [PMID: 18375651 PMCID: PMC2602609 DOI: 10.1177/1740774508090507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Rotavirus Efficacy and Safety Trial (REST) was a blinded, placebo-controlled study of the live pentavalent human-bovine vaccine, RotaTeq® (Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, PA). REST was noteworthy because its primary objective was to evaluate the safety of RotaTeq® with regard to intussusception, a rare intestinal illness that occurs with a background incidence of approximately 50 cases per 100 000 infant years. The study involved approximately 70 000 infants at over 500 study sites in 11 countries. The study demonstrated that the risk of intussusception was similar in vaccine and placebo recipients and that the vaccine prevented rotavirus gastroenteritis, ameliorated the severity of disease in those who had any disease, and substantially reduced rotavirus-associated hospitalizations and other health care contacts. This report provides an in-depth review of the background, statistical and regulatory considerations, and execution of REST. We describe the rationale and methods used for sample size, continuous safety monitoring, group sequential design, and detailed study execution. The results of the study have been reported elsewhere. The design and conduct of this study may serve as a useful model for planning other future large-scale clinical trials, especially those evaluating uncommon adverse events.
Collapse
|
20
|
Feng N, Kim B, Fenaux M, Nguyen H, Vo P, Omary MB, Greenberg HB. Role of interferon in homologous and heterologous rotavirus infection in the intestines and extraintestinal organs of suckling mice. J Virol 2008; 82:7578-90. [PMID: 18495762 PMCID: PMC2493311 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00391-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that viremia and extraintestinal rotavirus infection are common in acutely infected humans and animals, while systemic diseases appear to be rare. Intraperitoneal infection of newborn mice with rhesus rotavirus (RRV) results in biliary atresia (BA), and this condition is influenced by the host interferon response. We studied orally inoculated 5-day-old suckling mice that were deficient in interferon (IFN) signaling to evaluate the role of interferon on the outcome of local and systemic infection after enteric inoculation. We found that systemic replication of RRV, but not murine rotavirus strain EC, was greatly enhanced in IFN-alpha/beta and IFN-gamma receptor double-knockout (KO) or STAT1 KO mice but not in mice deficient in B- or T-cell immunity. The enhanced replication of RRV was associated with a lethal hepatitis, pancreatitis, and BA, while no systemic disease was observed in strain EC-infected interferon-deficient mice. In IFN-alpha/beta receptor KO mice the extraintestinal infection and systemic disease were only moderately increased, while RRV infection was not augmented and systemic disease was not present in IFN-gamma receptor KO mice. The increase of systemic infection in IFN-deficient mice was also observed during simian strain SA11 infection but not following bovine NCDV, porcine OSU, or murine strain EW infection. Our data indicate that the requirements for the interferon system to inhibit intestinal and extraintestinal viral replication in suckling mice vary among different heterologous and homologous rotavirus strains, and this variation is associated with lethal systemic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Feng
- Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
McNeal MM, Stone SC, Basu M, Clements JD, Choi AHC, Ward RL. IFN-gamma is the only anti-rotavirus cytokine found after in vitro stimulation of memory CD4+ T cells from mice immunized with a chimeric VP6 protein. Viral Immunol 2008; 20:571-84. [PMID: 18158731 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2007.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are the only lymphocytes required for protection of mice against rotavirus shedding after mucosal immunization with chimeric VP6 (MBP::VP6) and the adjuvant LT(R192G). One possible effector of protection is CD4+ T-cell cytokines. To determine if memory CD4+ T cells of immunized mice produce cytokines with direct anti-rotavirus activity, an in vitro infection model was developed using mouse CMT-93 cells and rhesus rotavirus (RRV). Spleen and lamina propria (LP) cells, as well as purified splenic CD4T cells obtained after intranasal immunization of BALB/c mice with MBP::VP6/LT(R192G) released large quantities of two cytokines (IL-17 and IFN-gamma) into cell supernatants when stimulated with MBP::VP6. Production of these same cytokines is rapidly upregulated in intestinal lymphocytes after rotavirus inoculation of immunized mice. IL-17 pretreatment of CMT-93 cells had no effect on subsequent RRV replication, but IFN-gamma was the most potent inhibitor within a panel of nine cytokines tested. Supernatants obtained after in vitro stimulation of splenic CD4+ T cells of immunized mice had high levels of anti-RRV activity and their pretreatment with mAb against IFN-gamma caused essentially complete loss of activity. Thus, IFN-gamma was the only cytokine identified in stimulated CD4+ T cells from immunized mice that directly inhibited rotavirus replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica M McNeal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Clark HF, Offit PA, Parashar UD, Ward RL. Rotavirus vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3611-1.50032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
|
23
|
Istrate C, Hinkula J, Hammarström L, Svensson L. Individuals with selective IgA deficiency resolve rotavirus disease and develop higher antibody titers (IgG, IgG1) than IgA competent individuals. J Med Virol 2008; 80:531-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
24
|
Ballotti S, de Martino M. Rotavirus infections and development of type 1 diabetes: an evasive conundrum. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 45:147-56. [PMID: 17667707 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e31805fc256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease caused by altered immune tolerance to specific proteins leading to a selective destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in genetically predisposed individuals. T1D is likely to be triggered by environmental factors, including virus infections in genetically predisposed individuals. Rotaviruses are the main cause of severe diarrhea among children worldwide, but they seem to have a role also in T1D induction. Epidemiological data may be consistent with a similar hypothesis. Mechanisms hypothesized include molecular mimicry, bystander activation (with or without epitope spreading), and viral persistence. In this review the authors analyze the factors accounting for rotavirus ability to prime islet autoimmunity and cause T1D. A thorough comprehension of their potential pathogenetic mechanisms may allow preventive strategies to be designed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Ballotti
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fenaux M, Cuadras MA, Feng N, Jaimes M, Greenberg HB. Extraintestinal spread and replication of a homologous EC rotavirus strain and a heterologous rhesus rotavirus in BALB/c mice. J Virol 2007; 80:5219-32. [PMID: 16699002 PMCID: PMC1472171 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02664-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although rotavirus infection has generally been felt to be restricted to the gastrointestinal tract, over the last two decades there have been sporadic reports of children with acute or fatal cases of rotavirus gastroenteritis testing positive for rotavirus antigen and/or nucleic acid in various extraintestinal locations such as serum, liver, kidney, bladder, testes, nasal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, and the central nervous system. Recently, studies in animals and people have demonstrated that rotavirus antigenemia is a common event during natural infection. In this study, we extend these observations and compare the intestinal and extraintestinal spread of wild-type homologous murine rotavirus EC and a heterologous strain, rhesus rotavirus (RRV), in newborn mice. A strand-specific quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (ssQRT-PCR) assay was used to quantify the ability of different rotavirus strains to spread and replicate extraintestinally. Both strain EC and RRV were detected extraintestinally in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), livers, lungs, blood, and kidneys. Extraintestinal replication, as measured by ssQRT-PCR, was most prominent in the MLN and occurred to a lesser degree in the livers, kidneys, and lungs. In the MLN, strain EC and RRV had similar (P < 0.05) RNA copy numbers, although EC was present at a 10,000-fold excess over RRV in the small intestine. Rotavirus nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4) and/or assembled triple-layered particles, indicated by immunostaining with the VP7 conformation-dependent monoclonal antibody 159, were detected in the MLN, lungs, and livers of EC- and RRV-inoculated mice, confirming the ssQRT-PCR findings. Infectious RRV was detected in the MLN in quantities exceeding the amount present in the small intestines or blood. The cells in the MLN that supported rotavirus replication included dendritic cells and potentially B cells and macrophages. These data indicate that extraintestinal spread and replication occurs commonly during homologous and some heterologous rotaviral infections; that the substantial host range restrictions for rhesus rotavirus, a heterologous strain present in the intestine, are not necessarily apparent at systemic sites; that the level and location of extraintestinal replication varies between strains; that replication can occur in several leukocytes subsets; and that extraintestinal replication is likely a part of the normal pathogenic sequence of homologous rotavirus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Fenaux
- Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Graham KL, O'Donnell JA, Tan Y, Sanders N, Carrington EM, Allison J, Coulson BS. Rotavirus infection of infant and young adult nonobese diabetic mice involves extraintestinal spread and delays diabetes onset. J Virol 2007; 81:6446-58. [PMID: 17428851 PMCID: PMC1900081 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00205-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses have been implicated as a possible viral trigger for exacerbations in islet autoimmunity, suggesting they might modulate type 1 diabetes development. In this study, the ability of rotavirus strain RRV to infect the pancreas and affect insulitis and diabetes was examined in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, an experimental model of type 1 diabetes. Mice were inoculated either orally or intraperitoneally as infants or young adults. In infant mice inoculated orally, rotavirus antigen was detected in pancreatic macrophages outside islets and infectious virus was found in blood cells, pancreas, spleen, and liver. Extraintestinal RRV spread and pancreatic presence of infectious virus also occurred in intraperitoneally inoculated infant and adult mice. The initiation of insulitis was unaltered by infection. The onset of diabetes was delayed in infant mice inoculated orally and infant and adult mice inoculated intraperitoneally. In contrast, adult mice inoculated orally showed no evidence of pancreatic RRV, the lowest rate of detectable RRV replication, and no diabetes modulation. Thus, the ability of RRV infection to modulate diabetes development in infant and young adult NOD mice was related to the overall extent of detectable virus replication and the presence of infectious virus extraintestinally, including in the pancreas. These studies show that RRV infection of infant and young adult NOD mice provides significant protection against diabetes. As these findings do not support the hypothesis that rotavirus triggers autoimmunity related to type 1 diabetes, further research is needed to resolve this issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Graham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Gate 11, Royal Parade, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Reimerink JHJ, Boshuizen JA, Einerhand AWC, Duizer E, van Amerongen G, Schmidt N, Koopmans MPG. Systemic immune response after rotavirus inoculation of neonatal mice depends on source and level of purification of the virus: implications for the use of heterologous vaccine candidates. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:604-612. [PMID: 17251579 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and vaccines are currently under development, with clinical trails conducted in humans worldwide. The immune responses in infant BALB/c mice were examined following oral inoculation with murine rotavirus EDIM (2 x 10(4) focus-forming units) and with three CsCl gradient-purified fractions of heterologous simian rotavirus SA11 (standardized at 2 x 10(6) CCID(50)) that differed in antigen composition: fraction 1 was enriched for double-layered rotavirus particles, fraction 2 for triple-layered particles and fraction 3 consisted mainly of cell components. Diarrhoea and high IgG responses, but marginal IgA responses, were observed after inoculation with all three SA11 fractions. Virus shedding was observed in all EDIM-inoculated mice, but in none of the SA11-inoculated mice. Rotavirus-specific IgG1 : 2a ratios were similar in mice inoculated with EDIM and SA11 fraction 1, but higher for SA11 fraction 3- and lower for SA11 fraction 2-inoculated mice. A higher IgG1 : 2a ratio indicates a more Th2-like immune response. This undesirable response is apparently mostly induced by inoculation with heterologous rotavirus in the presence of abundant cell-associated and soluble rotavirus proteins, compared with infection with a more purified preparation or with homologous virus. These data show that, following inoculation with a standardized amount of infectious virus, the composition of the fraction influences the outcome of the immune responses significantly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan H J Reimerink
- Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), The Netherlands
| | - Jos A Boshuizen
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus MC/Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra W C Einerhand
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus MC/Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Duizer
- Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), The Netherlands
| | - Geert van Amerongen
- Central Animal Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), The Netherlands
| | - Nico Schmidt
- Central Animal Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), The Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Allen SR, Jafri M, Donnelly B, McNeal M, Witte D, Bezerra J, Ward R, Tiao GM. Effect of rotavirus strain on the murine model of biliary atresia. J Virol 2006; 81:1671-9. [PMID: 17121809 PMCID: PMC1797562 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02094-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliary atresia is a devastating disorder of the newborn in which afflicted infants develop inflammation and fibrosis of the extrahepatic biliary tract, resulting in cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. Infection with a virus is thought to be a contributing factor in the etiology of biliary atresia. In the murine model of biliary atresia, perinatal exposure to rhesus rotavirus (RRV) results in biliary epithelial cell infection causing bile duct obstruction. The purpose of this study was to determine if tropism for the biliary epithelial cell was unique to RRV. Newborn mice underwent intraperitoneal injection with five strains of rotavirus: RRV (simian), SA11-FM (simian/bovine), SA11-SM (simian), EDIM (murine), and Wa (human). RRV and SA11-FM caused clinical manifestations of bile duct obstruction and high mortality. SA11-SM caused clinical signs of hepatobiliary injury but the mortality was markedly reduced. EDIM and Wa caused no sign of hepatobiliary disease. The systemic and temporal distribution of viral protein and live virus varied according to the injected strain. Immunohistochemistry revealed that RRV and SA11-FM targeted the biliary epithelial cells. In contrast, SA11-SM was found in the liver but in not in the biliary epithelium. These results indicate that strain-specific characteristics dictate tropism for cells of hepatobiliary origin which in turn impact the ability to induce the murine model of biliary atresia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Allen
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 2923, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Vaccination against rotavirus disease has been a global preventive health priority since rotaviruses were first discovered in the 1970s. The first licensed rotavirus vaccine, RRV-TV, was removed from the market shortly after licensure because of an unexpected serious adverse event, intussusception. A pentavalent rotavirus vaccine, PRV, is the second FDA-licensed rotavirus vaccine and does not signal the risk observed with RRV-TV. The properties and large safety study results of PRV are reviewed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David O Matson
- Graduate Program in Public Health, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23501, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Blutt SE, Fenaux M, Warfield KL, Greenberg HB, Conner ME. Active viremia in rotavirus-infected mice. J Virol 2006; 80:6702-5. [PMID: 16775359 PMCID: PMC1488936 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00329-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus circulates extraintestinally in animals used as models for rotavirus infection and in children. Rotavirus infection in mice was used to define host or viral factors that affect rotavirus viremia. Antigenemia was observed with homologous and heterologous rotaviruses, and neither age nor mouse strain genetics altered the occurrence of rotavirus antigenemia or viremia. Rotavirus RNA and infectious virus were present in sera and associated with the plasma fraction of blood in all infected mice. These findings indicate that antigenemia/viremia occurs routinely in rotavirus infections and imply that infectious rotavirus has access to any extraintestinal cell within contact of blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Crawford SE, Patel DG, Cheng E, Berkova Z, Hyser JM, Ciarlet M, Finegold MJ, Conner ME, Estes MK. Rotavirus viremia and extraintestinal viral infection in the neonatal rat model. J Virol 2006; 80:4820-32. [PMID: 16641274 PMCID: PMC1472071 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.10.4820-4832.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses infect mature, differentiated enterocytes of the small intestine and, by an unknown mechanism, escape the gastrointestinal tract and cause viremia. The neonatal rat model of rotavirus infection was used to determine the kinetics of viremia, spread, and pathology of rotavirus in extraintestinal organs. Five-day-old rat pups were inoculated intragastrically with an animal (RRV) or human (HAL1166) rotavirus or phosphate-buffered saline. Blood was collected from a subset of rat pups, and following perfusion to remove residual blood, organs were removed and homogenized to analyze rotavirus-specific antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and infectious rotavirus by fluorescent focus assay or fixed in formalin for histology and immunohistochemistry. Viremia was detected following rotavirus infection with RRV and HAL1166. The RRV 50% antigenemia dose was 1.8 x 10(3) PFU, and the 50% diarrhea dose was 7.7 x 10(5) PFU, indicating that infection and viremia occurred in the absence of diarrhea and that detecting rotavirus antigen in the blood was a more sensitive measure of infection than diarrhea. Rotavirus antigens and infectious virus were detected in multiple organs (stomach, intestines, liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, thymus, and bladder). Histopathological changes due to rotavirus infection included acute inflammation of the portal tract and bile duct, microsteatosis, necrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltrates in the parenchymas of the liver and lungs. Colocalization of structural and nonstructural proteins with histopathology in the liver and lungs indicated that the histological changes observed were due to rotavirus infection and replication. Replicating rotavirus was also detected in macrophages in the lungs and blood vessels, indicating a possible mechanism of rotavirus dissemination. Extraintestinal infectious rotavirus, but not diarrhea, was observed in the presence of passively or actively acquired rotavirus-specific antibody. These findings alter the previously accepted concept of rotavirus pathogenesis to include not only gastroenteritis but also viremia, and they indicate that rotavirus could cause a broad array of systemic diseases in a number of different organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Affiliation(s)
- David O Matson
- Infectious Diseases Section, Center for Pediatric Research, Norfolk, VA 23510, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Offit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Nakagomi T, Nakagomi O. Rotavirus antigenemia in children with encephalopathy accompanied by rotavirus gastroenteritis. Arch Virol 2005; 150:1927-31. [PMID: 15959833 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0565-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus antigen was detected in acute phase sera from 5 of 8 children with rotavirus-associated encephalopathy, confirming antigenemia. However, antigen was not detected in cerebrospinal fluid, failing to provide added evidence of invasion to the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Nakagomi
- Department of Microbiology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rockx BHG, Bogers WMJM, Heeney JL, van Amerongen G, Koopmans MPG. Experimental norovirus infections in non-human primates. J Med Virol 2005; 75:313-20. [PMID: 15602728 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses, with Norwalk virus as the prototype strain, are the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in people of all ages. Limited information on the immunology of Norovirus infections has been obtained by studies both in the natural setting and in experimentally infected volunteers. Interpretation of these studies is difficult due to the lack of information on the history of Norovirus exposure and the cross-reactivity of antibodies. An animal model for Norovirus infections would be important to study the immune response, e.g., for vaccine assessment. In the present study the susceptibility of common marmosets, cotton top tamarins, cynomolgus, and rhesus macaques to Norovirus infection was tested. Following oral inoculation, low level replication may have occurred in common marmosets and cotton top tamarins but not in cynomolgus macaques, based on short-term viral shedding; neither clinical symptoms nor antibody responses were observed in these species. In contrast, rhesus macaques were found susceptible to Norwalk virus infection as one animal shed virus for a longer period of time and developed Norwalk virus specific IgM and IgG responses. Further research on Norovirus susceptibility in rhesus macaques may yield an animal model to study the immune response and pathogenesis after Norovirus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B H G Rockx
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Ramig
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Qiao H, Clark HF, DiVietro M, Riepenhoff-Talty M. A comparison of the effects of oral inoculation with Rotashield and pentavalent reassortant rotavirus vaccine (WC3-PV) on suckling CB17scid mice. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:2245-2253. [PMID: 15269365 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19665-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of oral inoculation into infant CB17(scid) mice of two reassortant rotavirus vaccines were compared. The vaccines were Rotashield and WC3-PV, a mixture of five reassortants (G1, G2, G3, G4 and P1; pentavalent reassortant vaccine). Control mice were inoculated with a placebo. At 6 days post-inoculation (p.i.), 8 of 13 (62 %; P<0.005) Rotashield-inoculated mice developed hepatitis and/or bile-duct obstruction compared with none of 11 mice given WC3-PV and none of 14 given placebo. In the Rotashield-inoculated mice, only serotype G3 rhesus rotavirus (RRV) was isolated from multiple sites, including intestine, liver, pancreas, spleen, blood and mesenteric lymph nodes. Recovery of RRV from Rotashield-inoculated mice followed a biphasic pattern. The two peaks of RRV recovery appeared to coincide firstly with replication in the intestine during days 1-3 p.i., and secondly with virus infection of the liver from days 10 to 15 p.i. WC3 reassortants of four different serotypes were detected only at day 1 p.i. in the intestine, liver, pancreas and blood cells from three WC3-PV-inoculated mouse pups. However, WC3-PV did not produce any hepatopathology. Rotashield and WC3-PV appeared to exhibit different biological activity in infant CB17(scid) mouse pups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Qiao
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14222, USA
| | - H Fred Clark
- Division of Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew DiVietro
- Division of Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marie Riepenhoff-Talty
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14222, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Vesikari T, Karvonen A, Korhonen T, Espo M, Lebacq E, Forster J, Zepp F, Delem A, De Vos B. Safety and immunogenicity of RIX4414 live attenuated human rotavirus vaccine in adults, toddlers and previously uninfected infants. Vaccine 2004; 22:2836-42. [PMID: 15246619 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2003] [Revised: 12/10/2003] [Accepted: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A live attenuated human rotavirus (HRV) vaccine, strain RIX4414, was tested sequentially in adults, previously infected toddlers, and previously uninfected infants. A single dose was given to adults and toddlers and found well tolerated. Next, a dose ranging (three different viral concentrations) safety and immunogenicity study was conducted in rotavirus IgA antibody negative infants (N= 192), who received two doses of RIX4414 vaccine or placebo at 2 and 4 months of age. No side effects were seen after vaccination. Specifically, administration of RIX4414 vaccine was not temporally associated with fever, diarrhea, or increase in liver transaminases. Rotavirus IgA seroconversion ranged from 50 to 88% after one dose and from 73 to 96% after two doses, depending on vaccine titer. After the first dose, on days 7-9 post vaccination, between 38 and 60% of the infants shed the vaccine virus, whereas after the second dose only 0 to 13% of the vaccinees shed the vaccine virus. It is concluded that RIX4414 strain HRV vaccine is virtually non-reactogenic and, at high titer, highly immunogenic in susceptible infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Vesikari
- Medical School/FM3, University of Tampere, 33014, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Caton AR, Druschel CM, McNutt LA. The epidemiology of extrahepatic biliary atresia in New York State, 1983-98. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2004; 18:97-105. [PMID: 14996248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2003.00536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aetiology of biliary atresia, the leading cause of neonatal extrahepatic jaundice and the main indication for liver transplantation in children, is unknown. Recent research has focused on an infectious aetiology and the development of viral models in animals. The few published epidemiological studies report conflicting results for seasonal, geographical, and racial variations in incidence. In this study, New York State (NYS) Congenital Malformations Registry data from 1983 to 1998 were compared with resident live birth certificate data. County of residence, birth date, gestational age, birthweight, gender, maternal race and maternal age were extracted from the birth certificate data. Isolated and sequence cases were combined for analysis. Observed and expected numbers of cases were calculated by NYS region. Overall, 369 biliary atresia cases were reported in the 16-year study period, a rate of 0.85 [95% CI 0.76, 0.93] per 10,000 live births. Of these, 249 isolated/sequence cases were ascertained, a rate of 0.57 [95% CI 0.50, 0.64] per 10,000 live births. The rate ratio of biliary atresia in New York City (NYC) compared with other NYS was 2.19 [95% CI 1.69, 2.84]. Seasonal patterns varied by region with spring births at highest risk in NYC and September to November births at highest risk in other NYS. The rate ratio in black vs. white mothers was 1.94 [95% CI 1.48, 2.54]. Birthweight and gestational age were associated with biliary atresia with preterm low-birthweight infants at highest risk [RR 3.24, 95% CI 2.20, 4.76]. The association of isolated/sequence biliary atresia with season, preterm birth, and low birthweight in our study supports an infectious disease hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alissa R Caton
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University at Albany, NY 12144, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
We used the neonatal mouse model of rotavirus infection and virus strains SA11-clone 4 (SA11-Cl4) and Rhesus rotavirus (RRV) to examine the mechanism of the extraintestinal spread of viruses following oral inoculation. The spread-competent viruses, RRV and reassortant R7, demonstrated a temporal progression from the intestine, to the terminal ileum, to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), and to the peripheral tissues. SA11-Cl4 was not found outside the intestine. Reassortant virus S7, which was unable to reach the liver in previous studies (E. C. Mossel and R. F. Ramig, J. Virol. 76:6502-6509, 2002), was recovered from 60% of the MLN, suggesting that there are multiple determinants for the spread of virus from the intestine to the MLN. Phenotypic segregation analysis identified RRV genome segment 6 (VP6) as a secondary determinant of the spread of virus to the MLN (P = 0.02) in reassortant viruses containing segment 7 from the spread-incompetent parent. These data suggest that in the orally infected neonatal mouse, the extraintestinal spread of rotavirus occurs via a lymphatic pathway, and the spread phenotype is primarily determined by NSP3 and can be modified by VP6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Mossel
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tatti KM, Gentsch J, Shieh WJ, Ferebee-Harris T, Lynch M, Bresee J, Jiang B, Zaki SR, Glass R. Molecular and immunological methods to detect rotavirus in formalin-fixed tissue. J Virol Methods 2002; 105:305-19. [PMID: 12270663 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(02)00124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In 1999, a tetravalent rhesus-based rotavirus vaccine was withdrawn from the market after reports of intussusception cases among vaccinated infants. Methods to detect rotavirus in formalin-fixed pathology specimens from such patients will be important in examining the possible associations between the vaccine and intussusception, in investigating fatalities caused by natural rotavirus infection, and in furthering our understanding of the pathogenesis of rotavirus disease. Three different methods, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and in situ hybridization (ISH), were developed to detect rotavirus in infected cell lines that were fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin. Using specific primer pairs to identify the VP4 gene with a one-step RT-PCR method, we detected simian rotavirus strains RRV and YK-1 in the liver of an RRV-infected SCID mouse and in the small intestine of an YK-1 infected macaque, respectively. Using a two-step indirect immunoalkaline phosphatase technique, we found RRV antigens in the liver of an infected SCID mouse with a rabbit polyclonal anti-group A rotavirus antibody and a murine monoclonal anti-rotavirus VP2 antibody. Using riboprobes designed to detect RRV genes, VP4 and NSP4, we obtained a positive hybridization signal in the same area of the infected SCID mouse liver as the area in which rotavirus antigens were localized. These techniques should prove valuable to detect rotavirus antigens and nucleic acids in tissues from patients infected naturally with rotavirus or with intussususception associated with rotavirus vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Tatti
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Infectious Disease Pathology Activity, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Mailstop G30, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Coulson BS, Witterick PD, Tan Y, Hewish MJ, Mountford JN, Harrison LC, Honeyman MC. Growth of rotaviruses in primary pancreatic cells. J Virol 2002; 76:9537-44. [PMID: 12186936 PMCID: PMC136474 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.18.9537-9544.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus infection in children at risk of developing type 1 diabetes has been temporally associated with development of pancreatic islet autoantibodies. In this study, nonobese diabetic mice were shown to be susceptible to rhesus rotavirus infection and pancreatic islets from nonobese diabetic mice, nonobese diabetes-resistant mice, fetal pigs, and macaque monkeys supported various degrees of rotavirus growth. Human rotaviruses replicated in monkey islets only. This islet susceptibility shows that rotavirus infection of the pancreas in vivo might be possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara S Coulson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
In 1998, a simian-human reassortant rotavirus vaccine was licensed and recommended for routine use in children. Within 1 year, however, the vaccine was found to be a cause of intussusception, estimated to be approximately 1 case per 10,000 immunized children, and the recommendations were withdrawn. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of vaccine-associated intussusception remain unclear, immunologic studies suggest several hypotheses. Development of new rotavirus vaccines necessitates the need for large, prelicensure, clinical trials to determine safety. Candidate vaccines currently in clinical trials include a bovine-human reassortant pentavalent vaccine and an attenuated human rotavirus monovalent vaccine. Important issues to be addressed include the acceptable, if any, degree of risk of developing intussusception and economic issues concerning the distribution of the vaccine in developing countries. The continuing interest of pharmaceutical companies in developing a safe and effective vaccine is encouraging, especially given the enormous burden of rotavirus disease in developing countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Offit
- Section of Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Mossel EC, Ramig RF. Rotavirus genome segment 7 (NSP3) is a determinant of extraintestinal spread in the neonatal mouse. J Virol 2002; 76:6502-9. [PMID: 12050363 PMCID: PMC136252 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.13.6502-6509.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2002] [Accepted: 04/09/2002] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We used the neonatal mouse model of rotavirus infection to study extraintestinal spread following oral inoculation. Five-day-old pups were inoculated with either SA11-Cl3, SA11-Cl4, SA11-4F, RRV, or B223. By using virus detection in the liver as a proxy determination for extraintestinal spread, rotavirus strains capable of extraintestinal spread at high frequency (rhesus rotavirus [RRV]) and very low frequency (SA11-Cl4) were identified. Both strains productively infected the gastrointestinal tract. Oral inoculation of mice with RRV/ SA11-Cl4 reassortants and determination of virus titers in the gut and liver revealed that the extraintestinal spread phenotype segregated with RRV genome segment 7 to a high level of significance (P = 10(-3)). RRV segment 7 also segregated with the growth of virus in the gut (P = 10(-5)). Although infection of the gut was clearly required for tropism to the liver, there was no correlation between virus titers in the gut and detection of virus in the liver. Five days after intraperitoneal administration to bypass the gut barrier to virus spread, RRV and SA11-Cl4 both were recovered in the liver. However, only RRV was found in the liver following subcutaneous inoculation, suggesting that this peripheral site presented a similar barrier to virus spread as the gut. Sequence analysis of segment 7 from parental RRV and SA11-Cl4 and selected reassortants showed that (i) amino acid differences were distributed throughout the coding sequences and not concentrated in any particular functional motif and (ii) parental sequence was preserved in reassortants. These data support the hypothesis that NSP3, coded for by genome segment 7, plays a significant role in viral growth in the gut and spread to peripheral sites. The mechanism of NSP3-mediated tropism is under investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Mossel
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Qiao H, Duffy LC, Griffiths E, Dryja D, Leavens A, Rossman J, Rich G, Riepenhoff-Talty M, Locniskar M. Immune responses in rhesus rotavirus-challenged BALB/c mice treated with bifidobacteria and prebiotic supplements. Pediatr Res 2002; 51:750-5. [PMID: 12032272 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-200206000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bifidobacterium species (B. bifidum and B. infantis), with or without prebiotic compounds (arabino-galactan, short-chain fructo-oligosaccharide, iso-malto-dextrins), were orally fed to Balb/c pups (n = 192) to evaluate their potential synergistic effects on modulating the course of rhesus rotavirus (RRV) infection, as well as their ability to mediate the associated mucosal and humoral immune responses. Rotavirus-specific IgA and IgG in serum, rotavirus antigen, and specific IgA in feces were measured by ELISA. Mucosal total IgA and IgG levels were determined in Peyer's patches by flow cytometry. Significantly delayed onset (p = 0.001) and early resolution (p < 0.001) of diarrhea were observed in bifidobacteria-treated, RRV-infected mice compared with RRV-infected control mice. Supplementation with prebiotic compounds did not shorten the clinical diarrhea course more than that observed with bifidobacteria treatment alone. Rotavirus-specific IgA in feces was 16-fold elevated on d 5 postinfection in bifidobacteria-treated, RRV-infected mice compared with the RRV-infected alone group. In addition, the level of rotavirus-specific IgA in serum was four-fold higher in bifidobacteria-treated, RRV-infected litters versus mice challenged with RRV alone on 28 and 42 d postinfection. No enhancement of the immune response was found in RRV-infected mice that were treated with both bifidobacteria and prebiotic compounds over those treated with bifidobacteria only. The findings suggest that bifidobacteria may act as an adjuvant by modulating early mucosal and strong humoral rotavirus-specific immune responses, and mitigate severity of rotavirus-induced diarrhea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Qiao
- Infectious Disease Department, Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Kaleida Health, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14222, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ciarlet M, Crawford SE, Cheng E, Blutt SE, Rice DA, Bergelson JM, Estes MK. VLA-2 (alpha2beta1) integrin promotes rotavirus entry into cells but is not necessary for rotavirus attachment. J Virol 2002; 76:1109-23. [PMID: 11773387 PMCID: PMC135817 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.3.1109-1123.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2001] [Accepted: 10/23/2001] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to identify the rotavirus receptor, we tested 46 cell lines of different species and tissue origins for susceptibility to infection by three N-acetyl-neuraminic (sialic) acid (SA)-dependent and five SA-independent rotavirus strains. Susceptibility to SA-dependent or SA-independent rotavirus infection varied depending on the cell line tested and the multiplicity of infection (MOI) used. Cells of renal or intestinal origin and transformed cell lines derived from breast, stomach, bone, or lung were all susceptible to rotavirus infection, indicating a wider host tissue range than previously appreciated. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), baby hamster kidney (BHK-21), guinea pig colon (GPC-16), rat small intestine (Rie1), and mouse duodenum (MODE-K) cells were found to support only limited rotavirus replication even at MOIs of 100 or 500, but delivery of rotavirus particles into the cytoplasm by lipofection resulted in efficient rotavirus replication. The rotavirus cell attachment protein, the outer capsid spike protein VP4, contains the sequence GDE(A) recognized by the VLA-2 (alpha2beta1) integrin, and to test if VLA-2 is involved in rotavirus attachment and entry, we measured infection in CHO cells that lack VLA-2 and CHO cells transfected with the human alpha2 subunit (CHOalpha2) or with both the human alpha2 and beta1 subunits (CHOalpha2beta1) of VLA-2. Infection by SA-dependent or SA-independent rotavirus strains was 2- to 10-fold more productive in VLA-2-expressing CHO cells than in parental CHO cells, and the increased susceptibility to infection was blocked with anti-VLA-2 antibody. However, the levels of binding of rotavirus to CHO, CHOalpha2, and CHOalpha2beta1 cells were equivalent and were not increased over binding to susceptible monkey kidney (MA104) cells or human colonic adenocarcinoma (Caco-2, HT-29, and T-84) cells, and binding was not blocked by antibody to the human alpha2 subunit. Although the VLA-2 integrin promotes rotavirus infection in CHO cells, it is clear that the VLA-2 integrin alone is not responsible for rotavirus cell attachment and entry. Therefore, VLA-2 is not involved in the initial attachment of rotavirus to cells but may play a role at a postattachment level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Ciarlet
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Tositti G, Fabri P, Romanò L, de LF. Liver injury during gastroenteritis in adults: a retrospective study in 727 cases. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97:487-8. [PMID: 11866294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
48
|
Ciarlet M, Crawford SE, Estes MK. Differential infection of polarized epithelial cell lines by sialic acid-dependent and sialic acid-independent rotavirus strains. J Virol 2001; 75:11834-50. [PMID: 11689665 PMCID: PMC114770 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.23.11834-11850.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of epithelial cells by some animal rotaviruses, but not human or most animal rotaviruses, requires the presence of N-acetylneuraminic (sialic) acid (SA) on the cell surface for efficient infectivity. To further understand how rotaviruses enter susceptible cells, six different polarized epithelial cell lines, grown on permeable filter membrane supports containing 0.4-microm pores, were infected apically or basolaterally with SA-independent or SA-dependent rotaviruses. SA-independent rotaviruses applied apically or basolaterally were capable of efficiently infecting both sides of the epithelium of all six polarized cell lines tested, while SA-dependent rotaviruses only infected efficiently through the apical surface of five of the polarized cell lines tested. Regardless of the route of virus entry, SA-dependent and SA-independent rotaviruses were released almost exclusively from the apical domain of the plasma membrane of polarized cells before monolayer disruption or cell lysis. The transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) of cells decreased at the same time, irrespective of whether infection with SA-independent rotaviruses occurred apically or basolaterally. The TER of cells infected apically with SA-dependent rotaviruses decreased earlier than that of cells infected basolaterally. Rotavirus infection decreased TER before the appearance of cytopathic effect and cell death and resulted in an increase in the paracellular permeability to [(3)H]inulin as a function of loss of TER. The presence of SA residues on either the apical or basolateral side was determined using a Texas Red-conjugated lectin, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), which binds SA residues. WGA bound exclusively to SA residues on the apical surface of the cells, confirming the requirement for SA residues on the apical cell membrane for efficient infectivity of SA-dependent rotaviruses. These results indicate that the rotavirus SA-independent cellular receptor is present on both sides of the epithelium, but SA-dependent and SA-independent rotavirus strains infect polarized epithelial cells by different mechanisms, which may be relevant for pathogenesis and selection of vaccine strains. Finally, rotavirus-induced alterations of the epithelial barrier and paracellular permeability suggest that common mechanisms of pathogenesis may exist between viral and bacterial pathogens of the intestinal tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ciarlet
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Dennehy PH, Bresee JS. Rotavirus vaccine and intussusception. Where do we go from here? Infect Dis Clin North Am 2001; 15:189-207, x-xi. [PMID: 11301815 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5520(05)70275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of rotavirus in 1973, vaccine technology has moved from the use of monovalent attenuated animal rotavirus strains to the development of multivalent human-animal reassortment vaccines. The first licensed vaccine, a rhesus-human tetravalent vaccine, was licensed in 1998. This vaccine was withdrawn from the market a year later when it was noted that administration of vaccine was associated with an increased risk of intussusception. The future of rotavirus vaccine is dependent on the reasons for this association that have yet to be discovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P H Dennehy
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Affiliation(s)
- J Rosé
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|