1
|
An Y, Zhao G, Duan H, Zhang N, Duan M, Xu S, Liu X, Han Y, Zheng T, Li X, Hou J, Zhang Z, Bi Y, Zhao X, Xu K, Dai L, Wang B, Gao GF. Robust and protective immune responses induced by heterologous prime-boost vaccination with DNA-protein dimeric RBD vaccines for COVID-19. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28948. [PMID: 37436839 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic posed great impacts on public health. To fight against the pandemic, robust immune responses induced by vaccination are indispensable. Previously, we developed a subunit vaccine adjuvanted by aluminum hydroxide, ZF2001, based on the dimeric tandem-repeat RBD immunogen, which has been approved for clinical use. This dimeric RBD design was also explored as an mRNA vaccine. Both showed potent immunogenicity. In this study, a DNA vaccine candidate encoding RBD-dimer was designed. The humoral and cellular immune responses induced by homologous and heterologous prime-boost approaches with DNA-RBD-dimer and ZF2001 were assessed in mice. Protection efficacy was studied by the SARS-CoV-2 challenge. We found that the DNA-RBD-dimer vaccine was robustly immunogenic. Priming with DNA-RBD-dimer followed by ZF2001 boosting induced higher levels of neutralizing antibodies than homologous vaccination with either DNA-RBD-dimer or ZF2001, elicited polyfunctional cellular immunity with a TH 1-biased polarization, and efficiently protected mice against SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lung. This study demonstrated the robust and protective immune responses induced by the DNA-RBD-dimer candidate and provided a heterologous prime-boost approach with DNA-RBD-dimer and ZF2001.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaling An
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Gan Zhao
- Advaccine Biopharmaceutics (Suzhou) Co. Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Huixin Duan
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Minrun Duan
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Senyu Xu
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Xueyuan Liu
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuxuan Han
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Zheng
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Jiawang Hou
- Advaccine Biopharmaceutics (Suzhou) Co. Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhang
- Advaccine Biopharmaceutics (Suzhou) Co. Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lianpan Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Advaccine Biopharmaceutics (Suzhou) Co. Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - George F Gao
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hovakimyan A, Zagorski K, Chailyan G, Antonyan T, Melikyan L, Petrushina I, Batt DG, King O, Ghazaryan M, Donthi A, Foose C, Petrovsky N, Cribbs DH, Agadjanyan MG, Ghochikyan A. Immunogenicity of MultiTEP platform technology-based Tau vaccine in non-human primates. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:117. [PMID: 36224191 PMCID: PMC9556597 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00544-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological forms of Tau protein are directly associated with neurodegeneration and correlate with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) symptoms, progression, and severity. Previously, using various mouse models of Tauopathies and AD, we have demonstrated the immunogenicity and efficacy of the MultiTEP-based adjuvanted vaccine targeting the phosphatase activating domain (PAD) of Tau, AV-1980R/A. Here, we analyzed its immunogenicity in non-human primates (NHP), the closest phylogenic relatives to humans with a similar immune system, to initiate the transition of this vaccine into clinical trials. We have demonstrated that AV-1980R/A is highly immunogenic in these NHPs, activating a broad but unique to each monkey repertoire of MultiTEP-specific T helper (Th) cells that, in turn, activate B cells specific to PAD. The resulting anti-PAD IgG antibodies recognize pathological Tau tangles and Tau-positive neuritis in AD case brain sections with no staining in control non-AD cases. These published data and efficacy results support the AV-1980R/A vaccine progression to first-in-human clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armine Hovakimyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| | - Karen Zagorski
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| | - Gor Chailyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| | - Tatevik Antonyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| | - Levon Melikyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| | - Irina Petrushina
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dash G Batt
- Charles C. Gates manufacturing Facility, University of Colorado/Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Olga King
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| | - Manush Ghazaryan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| | - Aashrit Donthi
- Charles C. Gates manufacturing Facility, University of Colorado/Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Caitlynn Foose
- Charles C. Gates manufacturing Facility, University of Colorado/Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Center, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - David H Cribbs
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Michael G Agadjanyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA.
| | - Anahit Ghochikyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Garg I, Sheikh AB, Pal S, Shekhar R. Mix-and-Match COVID-19 Vaccinations (Heterologous Boost): A Review. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:537-546. [PMID: 35893476 PMCID: PMC9326526 DOI: 10.3390/idr14040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Various safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines utilizing different platforms (mRNA, adenovirus vector, inactivated virus-based) are available against SARS-CoV-2 infection. A prime-boost regimen (administration of two doses) is recommended to induce an adequate and sustained immune response. Most of these vaccines follow a homologous regimen (the same type of vaccine as priming and booster doses). However, there is a growing interest in a heterologous prime-boost vaccination regimen to potentially help address concerns posed by fluctuating vaccine supplies, serious adverse effects (anaphylaxis and thromboembolic episodes following adenovirus-based vaccines), new emerging virulent strains, inadequate immune response in immunocompromised individuals, and waning immunity. Various studies have demonstrated that heterologous prime-boost vaccination may induce comparable or higher antibody (spike protein) titers and a similar reactogenicity profile to the homologous prime-boost regimen. Based on these considerations, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention has issued guidance supporting the "mix-and-match" heterologous boost COVID-19 vaccine strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ishan Garg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; (A.B.S.); (S.P.)
| | | | | | - Rahul Shekhar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; (A.B.S.); (S.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zagorski K, Chailyan G, Hovakimyan A, Antonyan T, Kiani Shabestari S, Petrushina I, Davtyan H, Cribbs DH, Blurton-Jones M, Masliah E, Agadjanyan MG, Ghochikyan A. Immunogenicity of MultiTEP-Platform-Based Recombinant Protein Vaccine, PV-1950R, Targeting Three B-Cell Antigenic Determinants of Pathological α-Synuclein. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6080. [PMID: 35682759 PMCID: PMC9181659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are characterized by the aberrant accumulation of intracytoplasmic misfolded and aggregated α-synuclein (α-Syn), resulting in neurodegeneration associated with inflammation. The propagation of α-Syn aggregates from cell to cell is implicated in the spreading of pathological α-Syn in the brain and disease progression. We and others demonstrated that antibodies generated after active and passive vaccinations could inhibit the propagation of pathological α-Syn in the extracellular space and prevent/inhibit disease/s in the relevant animal models. We recently tested the immunogenicity and efficacy of four DNA vaccines on the basis of the universal MultiTEP platform technology in the DLB/PD mouse model. The antibodies generated by these vaccines efficiently reduced/inhibited the accumulation of pathological α-Syn in the different brain regions and improved the motor deficit of immunized female mice. The most immunogenic and preclinically effective vaccine, PV-1950D, targeting three B-cell epitopes of pathological α-Syn simultaneously, has been selected for future IND-enabling studies. However, to ensure therapeutically potent concentrations of α-Syn antibodies in the periphery of the vaccinated elderly, we developed a recombinant protein-based MultiTEP vaccine, PV-1950R/A, and tested its immunogenicity in young and aged D-line mice. Antibody responses induced by immunizations with the PV-1950R/A vaccine and its homologous DNA counterpart, PV-1950D, in a mouse model of PD/DLB have been compared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Zagorski
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (K.Z.); (G.C.); (A.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Gor Chailyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (K.Z.); (G.C.); (A.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Armine Hovakimyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (K.Z.); (G.C.); (A.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Tatevik Antonyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (K.Z.); (G.C.); (A.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Sepideh Kiani Shabestari
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (S.K.S.); (I.P.); (H.D.); (D.H.C.); (M.B.-J.)
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Irina Petrushina
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (S.K.S.); (I.P.); (H.D.); (D.H.C.); (M.B.-J.)
| | - Hayk Davtyan
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (S.K.S.); (I.P.); (H.D.); (D.H.C.); (M.B.-J.)
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - David H. Cribbs
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (S.K.S.); (I.P.); (H.D.); (D.H.C.); (M.B.-J.)
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (S.K.S.); (I.P.); (H.D.); (D.H.C.); (M.B.-J.)
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Aging, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| | - Michael G. Agadjanyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (K.Z.); (G.C.); (A.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Anahit Ghochikyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (K.Z.); (G.C.); (A.H.); (T.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Livingstone MC, Bitzer AA, Giri A, Luo K, Sankhala RS, Choe M, Zou X, Dennison SM, Li Y, Washington W, Ngauy V, Tomaras GD, Joyce MG, Batchelor AH, Dutta S. In vitro and in vivo inhibition of malaria parasite infection by monoclonal antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP). Sci Rep 2021; 11:5318. [PMID: 33674699 PMCID: PMC7970865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84622-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria contributes to a significant global disease burden. Circumsporozoite protein (CSP), the most abundant sporozoite stage antigen, is a prime vaccine candidate. Inhibitory monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against CSP map to either a short junctional sequence or the central (NPNA)n repeat region. We compared in vitro and in vivo activities of six CSP-specific mAbs derived from human recipients of a recombinant CSP vaccine RTS,S/AS01 (mAbs 317 and 311); an irradiated whole sporozoite vaccine PfSPZ (mAbs CIS43 and MGG4); or individuals exposed to malaria (mAbs 580 and 663). RTS,S mAb 317 that specifically binds the (NPNA)n epitope, had the highest affinity and it elicited the best sterile protection in mice. The most potent inhibitor of sporozoite invasion in vitro was mAb CIS43 which shows dual-specific binding to the junctional sequence and (NPNA)n. In vivo mouse protection was associated with the mAb reactivity to the NANPx6 peptide, the in vitro inhibition of sporozoite invasion activity, and kinetic parameters measured using intact mAbs or their Fab fragments. Buried surface area between mAb and its target epitope was also associated with in vivo protection. Association and disconnects between in vitro and in vivo readouts has important implications for the design and down-selection of the next generation of CSP based interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merricka C Livingstone
- Structural Vaccinology Lab, Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Alexis A Bitzer
- Structural Vaccinology Lab, Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Alish Giri
- Structural Vaccinology Lab, Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Kun Luo
- Structural Vaccinology Lab, Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Rajeshwer S Sankhala
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Misook Choe
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zou
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - S Moses Dennison
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Departments of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yuanzhang Li
- Statistics and Epidemiology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - William Washington
- Statistics and Epidemiology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Viseth Ngauy
- Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Departments of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Departments of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M Gordon Joyce
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adrian H Batchelor
- Structural Vaccinology Lab, Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sheetij Dutta
- Structural Vaccinology Lab, Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Somaiah N, Chawla SP, Block MS, Morris JC, Do K, Kim JW, Druta M, Sankhala KK, Hwu P, Jones RL, Gnjatic S, Kim-Schulze S, Tuballes K, Yishak M, Lu H, Yakovich A, Ter Meulen J, Chen M, Kenney RT, Bohac C, Pollack SM. A Phase 1b Study Evaluating the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of CMB305, a Lentiviral-Based Prime-Boost Vaccine Regimen, in Patients with Locally Advanced, Relapsed, or Metastatic Cancer Expressing NY-ESO-1. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1847846. [PMID: 33312760 PMCID: PMC7714520 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1847846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical data suggest that a "prime-boost" vaccine regimen using a target-expressing lentiviral vector for priming, followed by a recombinant protein boost, may be effective against cancer; however, this strategy has not been evaluated in a clinical setting. CMB305 is a prime-boost vaccine designed to induce a broad anti-NY-ESO-1 immune response. It is composed of LV305, which is an NY-ESO-1 expressing lentiviral vector, and G305, a recombinant adjuvanted NY-ESO-1 protein. This multicenter phase 1b, first-in-human trial evaluated CMB305 in patients with NY-ESO-1 expressing solid tumors. Safety was examined in a 3 + 3 dose-escalation design, followed by an expansion with CMB305 alone or in a combination with either oral metronomic cyclophosphamide or intratumoral injections of a toll-like receptor agonist (glucopyranosyl lipid A). Of the 79 patients who enrolled, 81.0% had sarcomas, 86.1% had metastatic disease, and 57.0% had progressive disease at study entry. The most common adverse events were fatigue (34.2%), nausea (26.6%), and injection-site pain (24.1%). In patients with soft tissue sarcomas, a disease control rate of 61.9% and an overall survival of 26.2 months (95% CI, 22.1-NA) were observed. CMB305 induced anti-NY-ESO-1 antibody and T-cell responses in 62.9% and 47.4% of patients, respectively. This is the first trial to test a prime-boost vaccine regimen in patients with advanced cancer. This approach is feasible, can be delivered safely, and with evidence of immune response as well as suggestion of clinical benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neeta Somaiah
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sant P. Chawla
- Sarcoma Oncology Center, Santa Monica, CA, United States
| | - Matthew S. Block
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - John C. Morris
- Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Khanh Do
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joseph W. Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Mihaela Druta
- Medical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Kamalesh K. Sankhala
- Hematology/Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Beverly Hills, CA, United States
| | - Patrick Hwu
- Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Robin L. Jones
- Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA
- Sarcoma Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
- Sarcoma Clinical Trials, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Seunghee Kim-Schulze
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kevin Tuballes
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mahlet Yishak
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hailing Lu
- Immune Design Corp., South San Francisco, CA, United States
- Biomarkers and Diagnostics, Seattle Genetics, Inc, Bothell, WA, United States
| | - Adam Yakovich
- Immune Design Corp., South San Francisco, CA, United States
- Medical Affairs, Replimune Group, Inc, Woburn, MA, United States
| | - Jan Ter Meulen
- Immune Design Corp., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Michael Chen
- Immune Design Corp., South San Francisco, CA, United States
- *Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., Brisbane, CA, United States
| | - Richard T. Kenney
- Immune Design Corp., South San Francisco, CA, United States
- Clin Reg Biologics, LLC, Potomac, MD, United States
| | - Chet Bohac
- Immune Design Corp., South San Francisco, CA, United States
- Macrogenics, Inc, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Seth M. Pollack
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fynan EF, Lu S, Robinson HL. One Group's Historical Reflections on DNA Vaccine Development. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:966-970. [PMID: 30129778 PMCID: PMC6152846 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines were pioneered by several groups in the early 1990s. This article presents the reflections of one of these groups on their work with retroviral vectors in chickens that contributed to the discovery and early development of DNA vaccines. Although the findings were initially met with skepticism, the work presented here combined with that of others founded a new method of vaccination: the direct inoculation of purified DNA encoding the target antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen F. Fynan
- Department of Biology, Worcester State College, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pollack SM. The potential of the CMB305 vaccine regimen to target NY-ESO-1 and improve outcomes for synovial sarcoma and myxoid/round cell liposarcoma patients. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:107-114. [PMID: 29280411 PMCID: PMC6521962 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1419068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Synovial Sarcoma (SS) and Myxoid Round Cell Liposarcoma (MRCL) are devastating sarcoma subtypes with few treatment options and poor outcomes in the advanced setting. However, both these diseases may be ideal for novel immunotherapies targeting the cancer-testis antigen, NY-ESO-1. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss the novel NY-ESO-1 targeted vaccine regimen, CMB305. This regimen uses a unique integration-deficient, dendritic-cell targeting lentiviral vector from the ZVex® platform, LV305, in order to prime NY-ESO-1 specific T cells. LV305 has single agent activity, and, in one case, caused a durable partial response in a refractory SS patient. CMB305 also includes a boost from a NY-ESO-1 protein vaccine given along with a potent toll-like-4 receptor agonist, glycopyranosyl lipid A. CMB305 induces NY-ESO-1 specific T cell responses in both SS and MRC patients and these patients had excellent overall survival (OS) outcomes in the initial phase I study. EXPERT COMMENTARY CMB305 is a therapeutic vaccine regimen targeting NY-ESO-1 based on the lentiviral vaccine vector, LV305. Phase I studies have proven this vaccine is active immunologically. Data suggesting this vaccine may improve OS for SS and MRCL patients is exciting but early, and on-going work is testing the impact of CMB305 on patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seth M Pollack
- a Clinical Research Division , Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , WA , USA
- b Department of Medicine , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Churchyard G, Mlisana K, Karuna S, Williamson AL, Williamson C, Morris L, Tomaras GD, De Rosa SC, Gilbert PB, Gu N, Yu C, Mkhize NN, Hermanus T, Allen M, Pensiero M, Barnett SW, Gray G, Bekker LG, Montefiori DC, Kublin J, Corey L. Sequential Immunization with gp140 Boosts Immune Responses Primed by Modified Vaccinia Ankara or DNA in HIV-Uninfected South African Participants. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161753. [PMID: 27583368 PMCID: PMC5008759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The safety and immunogenicity of SAAVI DNA-C2 (4 mg IM), SAAVI MVA-C (2.9 x 109 pfu IM) and Novartis V2-deleted subtype C gp140 (100 mcg) with MF59 adjuvant in various vaccination regimens was evaluated in HIV-uninfected adults in South Africa. METHODS Participants at three South African sites were randomized (1:1:1:1) to one of four vaccine regimens: MVA prime, sequential gp140 protein boost (M/M/P/P); concurrent MVA/gp140 (MP/MP); DNA prime, sequential MVA boost (D/D/M/M); DNA prime, concurrent MVA/gp140 boost (D/D/MP/MP) or placebo. Peak HIV specific humoral and cellular responses were measured. RESULTS 184 participants were enrolled: 52% were female, all were Black/African, median age was 23 years (range, 18-42 years) and 79% completed all vaccinations. 159 participants reported at least one adverse event, 92.5% were mild or moderate. Five, unrelated, serious adverse events were reported. The M/M/P/P and D/D/MP/MP regimens induced the strongest peak neutralizing and binding antibody responses and the greatest CD4+ T-cell responses to Env. All peak neutralizing and binding antibody responses decayed with time. The MVA, but not DNA, prime contributed to the humoral and cellular immune responses. The D/D/M/M regimen was poorly immunogenic overall but did induce modest CD4+ T-cell responses to Gag and Pol. CD8+ T-cell responses to any antigen were low for all regimens. CONCLUSIONS The SAAVI DNA-C2, SAAVI MVA-C and Novartis gp140 with MF59 adjuvant in various combinations were safe and induced neutralizing and binding antibodies and cellular immune responses. Sequential immunization with gp140 boosted immune responses primed by MVA or DNA. The best overall immune responses were seen with the M/M/P/P regimen. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01418235.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Churchyard
- Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Advancing Care and Treatment for TB and HIV, Medical Research Council Collaborating Centre, Klerksdorp, South Africa
| | | | - Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Services, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Services, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Niya Gu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Chenchen Yu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Nonhlanhla N. Mkhize
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tandile Hermanus
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mary Allen
- Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Michael Pensiero
- Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Susan W. Barnett
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Glenda Gray
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research and Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - James Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Klasse PJ. How to assess the binding strength of antibodies elicited by vaccination against HIV and other viruses. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:295-311. [PMID: 26641943 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1128831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines that protect against viral infections generally induce neutralizing antibodies. When vaccines are evaluated, the need arises to assess the affinity maturation of the antibody responses. Binding titers of polyclonal sera depend not only on the affinities of the constituent antibodies but also on their individual concentrations, which are difficult to ascertain. Therefore an assay based on chaotrope disruption of antibody-antigen complexes was designed for measuring binding strength. This assay works well with many viral antigens but gives differential results depending on the conformational dependence of epitopes on complex antigens such as the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1. Kinetic binding assays might offer alternatives, since they can measure average off-rate constants for polyclonal antibodies in a serum. Here, potentials and fallacies of these techniques are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Klasse
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College , Cornell University , New York , NY , USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chamcha V, Kannanganat S, Gangadhara S, Nabi R, Kozlowski PA, Montefiori DC, LaBranche CC, Wrammert J, Keele BF, Balachandran H, Sahu S, Lifton M, Santra S, Basu R, Moss B, Robinson HL, Amara RR. Strong, but Age-Dependent, Protection Elicited by a Deoxyribonucleic Acid/Modified Vaccinia Ankara Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016; 3:ofw034. [PMID: 27006959 PMCID: PMC4800464 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofw034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. In this study, we analyzed the protective efficacy of a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) macaque 239 (SIVmac239) analogue of the clinically tested GOVX-B11 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)/modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) human immunodeficiency virus vaccine. Methods. The tested vaccine used a DNA immunogen mutated to mimic the human vaccine and a regimen with DNA deliveries at weeks 0 and 8 and MVA deliveries at weeks 16 and 32. Twelve weekly rectal challenges with 0.3 animal infectious doses of SIV sootey mangabey E660 (SIVsmE660) were administered starting at 6 months after the last immunization. Results. Over the first 6 rectal exposures to SIVsmE660, <10-year-old tripartite motif-containing protein 5 (TRIM5)α-permissive rhesus macaques showed an 80% reduction in per-exposure risk of infection as opposed to a 46% reduction in animals over 10 years old; and, over the 12 challenges, they showed a 72% as opposed to a 10% reduction. Analyses of elicited immune responses suggested that higher antibody responses in the younger animals had played a role in protection. Conclusions. The simian analogue of the GOVX-B11 HIV provided strong protection against repeated rectal challenges in young adult macaques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunil Kannanganat
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sailaja Gangadhara
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rafiq Nabi
- Department of Microbiology , Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans
| | - Pamela A Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology , Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans
| | | | | | - Jens Wrammert
- Department of Pediatrics , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. , Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research , Maryland
| | | | - Sujata Sahu
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle Lifton
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sampa Santra
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Bernard Moss
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Rama Rao Amara
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
What Do Chaotrope-Based Avidity Assays for Antibodies to HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins Measure? J Virol 2015; 89:5981-95. [PMID: 25810537 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00320-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED When HIV-1 vaccine candidates that include soluble envelope glycoproteins (Env) are tested in humans and other species, the resulting antibody responses to Env are sifted for correlates of protection or risk. One frequently used assay measures the reduction in antibody binding to Env antigens by an added chaotrope (such as thiocyanate). Based on that assay, an avidity index was devised for assessing the affinity maturation of antibodies of unknown concentration in polyclonal sera. Since a high avidity index was linked to protection in animal models of HIV-1 infection, it has become a criterion for evaluating antibody responses to vaccine candidates. But what does the assay measure and what does an avidity index mean? Here, we have used a panel of monoclonal antibodies to well-defined epitopes on Env (gp120, gp41, and SOSIP.664 trimers) to explore how the chaotrope acts. We conclude that the chaotrope sensitivity of antibody binding to Env depends on several properties of the epitopes (continuity versus tertiary- and quaternary-structural dependence) and that the avidity index has no simple relationship to antibody affinity for functional Env spikes on virions. We show that the binding of broadly neutralizing antibodies against quaternary-structural epitopes is particularly sensitive to chaotrope treatment, whereas antibody binding to epitopes in variable loops and to nonneutralization epitopes in gp41 is generally resistant. As a result of such biases, the avidity index may at best be a mere surrogate for undefined antibody or other immune responses that correlate weakly with protection. IMPORTANCE An effective HIV-1 vaccine is an important goal. Such a vaccine will probably need to induce antibodies that neutralize typically transmitted variants of HIV-1, preventing them from infecting target cells. Vaccine candidates have so far failed to induce such antibody responses, although some do protect weakly against infection in animals and, possibly, humans. In the search for responses associated with protection, an avidity assay based on chemical disruption is often used to measure the strength of antibody binding. We have analyzed this assay mechanistically and found that the epitope specificity of an antibody has a greater influence on the outcome than does its affinity. As a result, the avidity assay is biased toward the detection of some antibody specificities while disfavoring others. We conclude that the assay may yield merely indirect correlations with weak protection, specifically when Env vaccination has failed to induce broad neutralizing responses.
Collapse
|
13
|
Enhanced immunogenicity of an HIV-1 DNA vaccine delivered with electroporation via combined intramuscular and intradermal routes. J Virol 2014; 88:6959-69. [PMID: 24719412 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00183-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED It is accepted that an effective prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine is likely to have the greatest impact on viral transmission rates. As previous reports have implicated DNA-priming, protein boost regimens to be efficient activators of humoral responses, we sought to optimize this regimen to further augment vaccine immunogenicity. Here we evaluated single versus concurrent intradermal (i.d.) and intramuscular (i.m.) vaccinations as a DNA-priming strategy for their abilities to elicit humoral and cellular responses against a model HIV-1 vaccine antigen, CN54-gp140. To further augment vaccine-elicited T and B cell responses, we enhanced cellular transfection with electroporation and then boosted the DNA-primed responses with homologous protein delivered subcutaneously (s.c.), intranasally (i.n.), i.m., or transcutaneously (t.c.). In mice, the concurrent priming regimen resulted in significantly elevated gamma interferon T cell responses and high-avidity antigen-specific IgG B cell responses, a hallmark of B cell maturation. Protein boosting of the concurrent DNA strategy further enhanced IgG concentrations but had little impact on T cell reactivity. Interestingly protein boosting by the subcutaneous route increased antibody avidity to a greater extent than protein boosting by either the i.m., i.n., or t.c. route, suggesting that this route may be preferential for driving B cell maturation. Using an alternative and larger animal model, the rabbit, we found the concurrent DNA-priming strategy followed by s.c. protein boosting to again be capable of eliciting high-avidity humoral responses and to also be able to neutralize HIV-1 pseudoviruses from diverse clades (clades A, B, and C). Taken together, we show that concurrent multiple-route DNA vaccinations induce strong cellular immunity, in addition to potent and high-avidity humoral immune responses. IMPORTANCE The route of vaccination has profound effects on prevailing immune responses. Due to the insufficient immunogenicity and protection of current DNA delivery strategies, we evaluated concurrent DNA delivery via simultaneous administration of plasmid DNA by the i.m. and i.d. routes. The rationale behind this study was to provide clear evidence of the utility of concurrent vaccinations for an upcoming human clinical trial. Furthermore, this work will guide future preclinical studies by evaluating the use of model antigens and plasmids for prime-boost strategies. This paper will be of interest not only to virologists and vaccinologists working in the HIV field but also to researchers working in other viral vaccine settings and, critically, to the wider field of vaccine delivery.
Collapse
|
14
|
DNA Immunization for HIV Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:138-59. [PMID: 26344472 PMCID: PMC4494200 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccination has been studied in the last 20 years for HIV vaccine research. Significant experience has been accumulated in vector design, antigen optimization, delivery approaches and the use of DNA immunization as part of a prime-boost HIV vaccination strategy. Key historical data and future outlook are presented. With better understanding on the potential of DNA immunization and recent progress in HIV vaccine research, it is anticipated that DNA immunization will play a more significant role in the future of HIV vaccine development.
Collapse
|
15
|
Hanke T. Conserved immunogens in prime-boost strategies for the next-generation HIV-1 vaccines. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:601-16. [PMID: 24490585 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.885946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Effective vaccines are the best solution for stopping the spread of HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases. Their development and in-depth understanding of pathogen-host interactions rely on technological advances. AREAS COVERED Rational vaccine development can be effectively approached by conceptual separation of, on one hand, design of immunogens from improving their presentation to the immune system and, on the other, induction of antibodies from induction of killer CD8(+) T cells. The biggest roadblock for many vaccines is the pathogens' variability. This is best tackled by focusing both antibodies and T cells on the functionally most conserved regions of proteins common to many variants, including escape mutants. For vectored vaccines, these 'universal' subunit immunogens are most efficiently delivered using heterologous prime-boost regimens, which can be further optimised by adjuvantation and route of delivery. EXPERT OPINION Development of vaccines against human diseases has many features in common. Acceleration of vaccine discovery depends on basic research and new technologies. Novel strategies should be safely, but rapidly tested in humans. While out-of-the-box thinking is important, vaccine success largely depends on incremental advances best achieved through small, systematic, iterative clinical studies. Failures are inevitable, but the end rewards are huge. The future will be exciting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford , Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ , UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Villarreal DO, Talbott KT, Choo DK, Shedlock DJ, Weiner DB. Synthetic DNA vaccine strategies against persistent viral infections. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:537-54. [PMID: 23659301 DOI: 10.1586/erv.13.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The human body has developed an elaborate defense system against microbial pathogens and foreign antigens. However, particular microbes have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to evade immune surveillance, allowing persistence within the human host. In an effort to combat such infections, intensive research has focused on the development of effective prophylactic and therapeutic countermeasures to suppress or clear persistent viral infections. To date, popular therapeutic strategies have included the use of live-attenuated microbes, viral vectors and dendritic-cell vaccines aiming to help suppress or clear infection. In recent years, improved DNA vaccines have now re-emerged as a promising candidate for therapeutic intervention due to the development of advanced optimization and delivery technologies. For instance, genetic optimization of synthetic plasmid constructs and their encoded antigens, in vivo electroporation-mediated vaccine delivery, as well as codelivery with molecular adjuvants have collectively enhanced both transgene expression and the elicitation of vaccine-induced immunity. In addition, the development of potent heterologous prime-boost regimens has also provided significant contributions to DNA vaccine immunogenicity. Herein, the authors will focus on these recent improvements to this synthetic platform in relation to their application in combating persistent virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Villarreal
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mann JFS, McKay PF, Arokiasamy S, Patel RK, Tregoning JS, Shattock RJ. Mucosal application of gp140 encoding DNA polyplexes to different tissues results in altered immunological outcomes in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67412. [PMID: 23826293 PMCID: PMC3691144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that mucosally targeted vaccines will enhance local humoral and cellular responses whilst still eliciting systemic immunity. We therefore investigated the capacity of nasal, sublingual or vaginal delivery of DNA-PEI polyplexes to prime immune responses prior to mucosal protein boost vaccination. Using a plasmid expressing the model antigen HIV CN54gp140 we show that each of these mucosal surfaces were permissive for DNA priming and production of antigen-specific antibody responses. The elicitation of systemic immune responses using nasally delivered polyplexed DNA followed by recombinant protein boost vaccination was equivalent to a systemic prime-boost regimen, but the mucosally applied modality had the advantage in that significant levels of antigen-specific IgA were detected in vaginal mucosal secretions. Moreover, mucosal vaccination elicited both local and systemic antigen-specific IgG(+) and IgA(+) antibody secreting cells. Finally, using an Influenza challenge model we found that a nasal or sublingual, but not vaginal, DNA prime/protein boost regimen protected against infectious challenge. These data demonstrate that mucosally applied plasmid DNA complexed to PEI followed by a mucosal protein boost generates sufficient antigen-specific humoral antibody production to protect from mucosal viral challenge.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Administration, Intravaginal
- Administration, Sublingual
- Administration, Topical
- Animals
- Antibodies/immunology
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- Female
- Glycoproteins/administration & dosage
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunoglobulin A/blood
- Immunoglobulin A/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nasal Mucosa/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie F S Mann
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Meng Q, Lin Y, Ma J, Ma Y, Zhao L, Li S, Yang K, Zhou J, Shen R, Zhang X, Shao Y. A pilot study comparing the development of EIAV Env-specific antibodies induced by DNA/recombinant vaccinia-vectored vaccines and an attenuated Chinese EIAV vaccine. Viral Immunol 2012; 25:477-84. [PMID: 23171359 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2012.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from successful attenuated lentiviral vaccine studies indicate that fully mature Env-specific antibodies characterized by high titer, high avidity, and the predominant recognition of conformational epitopes are associated with protective efficacy. Although vaccination with a DNA prime/recombinant vaccinia-vectored vaccine boost strategy has been found to be effective in some trials with non-human primate/simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) models, it remains unclear whether this vaccination strategy could elicit mature equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) Env-specific antibodies, thus protecting vaccinated horses against EIAV infection. Therefore, in this pilot study we vaccinated horses using a strategy based on DNA prime/recombinant Tiantan vaccinia (rTTV)-vectored vaccines encoding EIAV env and gag genes, and observed the development of Env-specific antibodies, neutralizing antibodies, and p26-specific antibodies. Vaccination with DNA induced low titer, low avidity, and the predominant recognition of linear epitopes by Env-specific antibodies, which was enhanced by boosting vaccinations with rTTV vaccines. However, the maturation levels of Env-specific antibodies induced by the DNA/rTTV vaccines were significantly lower than those induced by the attenuated vaccine EIAV(FDDV). Additionally, DNA/rTTV vaccines did not elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies. After challenge with a virulent EIAV strain, all of the vaccinees and control horses died from EIAV disease. These data indicate that the regimen of DNA prime/rTTV vaccine boost did not induce mature Env-specific antibodies, which might have contributed to immune protection failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinglai Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hallengärd D, Applequist SE, Nyström S, Maltais AK, Marovich M, Moss B, Earl P, Nihlmark K, Wahren B, Bråve A. Immunization with multiple vaccine modalities induce strong HIV-specific cellular and humoral immune responses. Viral Immunol 2012; 25:423-32. [PMID: 23035853 PMCID: PMC10970668 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2012.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterologous priming and boosting with antigens expressed by DNA, viral vectors, or as proteins, are experimental strategies to induce strong immune responses against infectious diseases and cancer. In a preclinical study we compared the ability of recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara encoding HIV antigens (MVA-CMDR), and/or recombinant gp140C (rgp140C), to boost responses induced by a multigene/multisubtype HIV DNA vaccine delivered by electroporation (EP). Homologous DNA immunizations augmented by EP stimulated strong cellular immune responses. Still stronger cellular immune responses were observed after DNA priming and MVA-CMDR boosting, which was superior to all other immunization schedules tested in terms of antigen-specific IFN-γ, IL-2, and bifunctional IFN-γ and IL-2 responses. For HIV Env-specific antibody responses, mice receiving repeated rgp140C immunizations, and mice boosted with rgp140C, elicited the highest binding titers and the highest numbers of antibody-secreting B cells. When considering both cellular and humoral immune responses, a combination of DNA, MVA-CMDR, and rgp140C immunizations induced the overall most potent immune responses and the highest avidity of HIV Env-specific antibodies. These data emphasize the importance of including multiple vaccine modalities that can stimulate both T and B cells, and thus elicit strong and balanced immune responses. The present HIV vaccine combination holds promise for further evaluation in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Hallengärd
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pissani F, Malherbe DC, Robins H, DeFilippis VR, Park B, Sellhorn G, Stamatatos L, Overbaugh J, Haigwood NL. Motif-optimized subtype A HIV envelope-based DNA vaccines rapidly elicit neutralizing antibodies when delivered sequentially. Vaccine 2012; 30:5519-26. [PMID: 22749601 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection results in the development of a diverging quasispecies unique to each infected individual. Envelope (Env)-specific neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) typically develop over months to years after infection and initially are limited to the infecting virus. In some subjects, antibody responses develop that neutralize heterologous isolates (HNAbs), a phenomenon termed broadening of the NAb response. Studies of co-crystalized antibodies and proteins have facilitated the identification of some targets of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (NmAbs) capable of neutralizing many or most heterologous viruses; however, the ontogeny of these antibodies in vivo remains elusive. We hypothesize that Env protein escape variants stimulate broad NAb development in vivo and could generate such NAbs when used as immunogens. Here we test this hypothesis in rabbits using HIV Env vaccines featuring: (1) use of individual quasispecies env variants derived from an HIV-1 subtype A-infected subject exhibiting high levels of NAbs within the first year of infection that increased and broadened with time; (2) motif optimization of envs to enhance in vivo expression of DNA formulated as vaccines; and (3) a combined DNA plus protein boosting regimen. Vaccines consisted of multiple env variants delivered sequentially and a simpler regimen that utilized only the least and most divergent clones. The simpler regimen was as effective as the more complex approach in generating modest HNAbs and was more efficient when modified, motif-optimized DNA was used in combination with trimeric gp140 protein. This is a rationally designed strategy that facilitates future vaccine design by addressing the difficult problem of generating HNAbs to HIV by empirically testing the immunogenicity of naturally occurring quasispecies env variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franco Pissani
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97217, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Broader neutralizing antibodies against H5N1 viruses using prime-boost immunization of hyperglycosylated hemagglutinin DNA and virus-like particles. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39075. [PMID: 22720032 PMCID: PMC3374787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses and their transmission capability from birds to humans have raised global concerns about a potential human pandemic. The inherent nature of antigenic changes in influenza viruses has not been sufficiently taken into account in immunogen designs for broadly protective HPAI H5N1 vaccines. METHODS We designed a hyperglycosylated HA vaccine using N-linked glycan masking on highly variable sequences in the HA1 globular head. Immunization of these hyperglycosylated HA DNA vaccines followed by a flagellin-containing virus-like particle booster in mice was conducted to evaluate neutralizing antibody responses against various clades of HPAI H5N1 viruses. RESULTS We introduced nine N-X-S/T motifs in five HA1 regions: 83NNT, 86NNT, 94NFT, 127NSS, 138NRT, 156NTT, 161NRS, 182NDT, and 252NAT according to sequence alignment analyses from 163 HPAI H5N1 human isolates. Although no significant differences of anti-HA total IgG titers were found with these hyperglycosyalted HA compared to the wild-type control, the 83NNT and 127NSS mutants elicited significantly potent cross-clade neutralizing antibodies against HPAI H5N1 viruses. CONCLUSIONS This finding may have value in terms of novel immunogen design for developing cross-protective H5N1 vaccines.
Collapse
|
22
|
Lai L, Kwa SF, Kozlowski PA, Montefiori DC, Nolen TL, Hudgens MG, Johnson WE, Ferrari G, Hirsch VM, Felber BK, Pavlakis GN, Earl PL, Moss B, Amara RR, Robinson HL. SIVmac239 MVA vaccine with and without a DNA prime, similar prevention of infection by a repeated dose SIVsmE660 challenge despite different immune responses. Vaccine 2012; 30:1737-45. [PMID: 22178526 PMCID: PMC3278564 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccine regimens using different agents for priming and boosting have become popular for enhancing T cell and Ab responses elicited by candidate HIV/AIDS vaccines. Here we use a simian model to evaluate immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine in the presence and absence of a recombinant DNA prime. The simian vaccines and regimens represent prototypes for candidate HIV vaccines currently undergoing clinical testing. METHOD Recombinant DNA and MVA immunogens expressed simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)mac239 Gag, PR, RT, and Env sequences. Vaccine schedules tested inoculations of MVA at months 0, 2, and 6 (MMM regimen) or priming with DNA at months 0 and 2 and boosting with MVA at months 4 and 6 (DDMM regimen). Twelve weekly rectal challenges with the heterologous SIV smE660 were initiated at 6 months following the last immunization. RESULTS Both regimens elicited similar 61-64% reductions in the per challenge risk of SIVsmE660 transmission despite raising different patterns of immune responses. The DDMM regimen elicited higher magnitudes of CD4 T cells whereas the MMM regimen elicited higher titers and greater avidity Env-specific IgG and more frequent and higher titer SIV-specific IgA in rectal secretions. Both regimens elicited similar magnitudes of CD8 T cells. Magnitudes of T cell responses, specific activities of rectal IgA Ab, and the tested specificities for neutralization and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity did not correlate with risk of infection. However, the avidity of Env-specific IgG had a strong correlation with the per challenge risk of acquisition, but only for the DDMM group. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that for the tested immunogens in rhesus macaques, the simpler MMM regimen is as protective as the more complex DDMM regimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilin Lai
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Golden JW, Hooper JW. The strategic use of novel smallpox vaccines in the post-eradication world. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 10:1021-35. [PMID: 21806397 PMCID: PMC9491137 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We still face a threat of orthopoxviruses in the form of biological weapons and emerging zoonoses. Therefore, there is a need to maintain a comprehensive defense strategy to counter the low-probability, high-impact threat of smallpox, as well as the ongoing threat of naturally occurring orthopoxvirus disease. The currently licensed live-virus smallpox vaccine ACAM2000 is effective, but associated with serious and even life-threatening adverse events. The health threat posed by this vaccine, and other previously licensed vaccines, has prevented many first responders, and even many in the military, from receiving a vaccine against smallpox. At the same time, global immunity produced during the smallpox eradication campaign is waning. Here, we review novel subunit/component vaccines and how they might play roles in unconventional strategies to defend against emerging orthopoxvirus diseases throughout the world and against smallpox used as a weapon of mass destruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Golden
- Department of Molecular Virology, Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Elnekave M, Furmanov K, Hovav AH. Intradermal naked plasmid DNA immunization: mechanisms of action. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 10:1169-82. [PMID: 21854310 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Plasmid DNA is a promising vaccine modality that is regularly examined in prime-boost immunization regimens. Recent advances in skin immunity increased our understanding of the sophisticated cutaneous immune network, which revived scientific interest in delivering vaccines to the skin. Intradermal administration of plasmid DNA via needle injection is a simple and inexpensive procedure that exposes the plasmid and its encoded antigen to the dermal immune surveillance system. This triggers unique mechanisms for eliciting local and systemic immunity that can confer protection against pathogens and tumors. Understanding the mechanisms of intradermal plasmid DNA immunization is essential for enhancing and modulating its immunogenicity. With regard to vaccination, this is of greater importance as this routine injection technique is highly desirable for worldwide immunization. This article will focus on the current understanding of the mechanisms involved in antigen expression and presentation during primary and secondary syringe and needle intradermal plasmid DNA immunization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mazal Elnekave
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, PO Box 122722, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ahsan MF, Gore MM. Comparison of immune response generated against Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein expressed by DNA vaccines under macrophage associated versus ubiquitous expression promoters. Virol J 2011; 8:382. [PMID: 21806845 PMCID: PMC3161000 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the leading cause of viral encephalitis, with ~50,000 cases reported annually worldwide. Vaccination is the only measure for prevention. Recombinant vaccines are an efficient and safe alternative for formalin inactivated or live attenuated vaccines. Nowadays, incorporation of molecular adjuvants has been the main strategy for melioration of vaccines. Our attempt of immunomodulation is based on targeting antigen presenting cells (APC) "majorly macrophages" by using macrosialin promoter. We have compared the immune response of the constructed plasmids expressing JEV envelope (E) protein under the control of aforesaid promoter and cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early promoter in mouse model. Protection of immunized mice from lethal challenge with JEV was also studied. Results The E protein was successfully expressed in the macrophage cell line and was detected using immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Western blotting. APC expressing promoter showed comparable expression to CMV promoter. Immunization of mice with either of the plasmids exhibited induction of variable JEV neutralizing antibody titres and provided protection from challenge with a lethal dose of JEV. Immune splenocytes showed proliferative response after stimulation with the JEV antigen (Ag), however, it was higher for CMV promoter. The magnitude of immunity provided by APC dominant promoter was non-significantly lower in comparison to CMV promoter. More importantly, immune response directed by APC promoter was skewed towards Th1 type in comparison to CMV promoter, this was evaluated by cytokine secretion profile of immune splenocytes stimulated with JEV Ag. Conclusions Thus, our APC-expressing DNA vaccination approach induces comparable immunity in comparison to ubiquitous promoter construct. The predominant Th1 type immune responses provide opportunities to further test its potency suitable for response in antiviral or anticancer vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Feraz Ahsan
- National Institute of Virology, Pashan Campus, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
This review provides a detailed look at the attributes and immunologic mechanisms of plasmid DNA vaccines and their utility as laboratory tools as well as potential human vaccines. The immunogenicity and efficacy of DNA vaccines in a variety of preclinical models is used to illustrate how they differ from traditional vaccines in novel ways due to the in situ antigen production and the ease with which they are constructed. The ability to make new DNA vaccines without needing to handle a virulent pathogen or to adapt the pathogen for manufacturing purposes demonstrates the potential value of this vaccine technology for use against emerging and epidemic pathogens. Similarly, personalized anti-tumor DNA vaccines can also readily be made from a biopsy. Because DNA vaccines bias the T-helper (Th) cell response to a Th1 phenotype, DNA vaccines are also under development for vaccines against allergy and autoimmune diseases. The licensure of four animal health products, including two prophylactic vaccines against infectious diseases, one immunotherapy for cancer, and one gene therapy delivery of a hormone for a food animal, provides evidence of the efficacy of DNA vaccines in multiple species including horses and pigs. The size of these target animals provides evidence that the somewhat disappointing immunogenicity of DNA vaccines in a number of human clinical trials is not due simply to the larger mass of humans compared with most laboratory animals. The insights gained from the mechanisms of protection in the animal vaccines, the advances in the delivery and expression technologies for increasing the potency of DNA vaccines, and encouragingly potent human immune responses in certain clinical trials, provide insights for future efforts to develop DNA vaccines into a broadly useful vaccine and immunotherapy platform with applications for human and animal health.
Collapse
|
27
|
Yang S, Wang C, Fang X, Zhai L, Dong C, Ding L, Meng J, Wang L. Fusion of C3d molecule with neutralization epitope(s) of hepatitis E virus enhances antibody avidity maturation and neutralizing activity following DNA immunization. Virus Res 2010; 151:162-9. [PMID: 20451569 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have identified that a hepatits E virus peptide (HEV-p179), spanning amino acids (aa) 439-617 in the 660-aa protein encoded by open reading frame 2(ORF2) of the Chinese epidemic strain (genotype 4), is the minimal size fragment of conformation-dependent neutralization epitope(s). We report here the successful immunization of mice with DNA vaccines expressing the secreted form of HEV-p179 (fused with a human tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) signal sequence) and the tPA-p179-C3d fusion protein (fused with three tandem copies of the murine complement C3d). Analysis of antibody responses in vaccinated mice revealed that immunizations with tPA-p179-C3d3 DNA vaccine dramatically increased both the level and avidity maturation of antibodies against HEV-p179 compared to p179 and tPA-p179 DNA vaccines. In addition, this increased antibody response correlated with neutralizing titers in a PCR-based cell culture neutralization assay. These results indicate that vaccination with C3d conjugated p179 DNA vaccine enhances antibody responses to HEV, and this approach may be applied to overcome the poor immunogenicity of DNA vaccines to generate HEV neutralizing antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shucai Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Vaine M, Wang S, Hackett A, Arthos J, Lu S. Antibody responses elicited through homologous or heterologous prime-boost DNA and protein vaccinations differ in functional activity and avidity. Vaccine 2010; 28:2999-3007. [PMID: 20170767 PMCID: PMC2847033 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Using a gp120 envelope glycoprotein from the JR-FL strain of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) as a model antigen, the goal of the current study was to evaluate the level and quality of antibody responses elicited by different prime-boost vaccination regimens (protein only, DNA only, DNA plus protein) in rabbits. Our data demonstrated that incorporating DNA immunization as a prime in a heterologous prime-boost regimen was able to elicit a more diverse and conformational epitope profile, higher antibody avidity, and improved neutralizing activity than immunization with only protein. Additionally, this improved neutralizing activity was observed in spite of similar antibody specificities and avidities seen when only DNA vaccination was used, providing additional evidence that the use of a combination immunization regimen increases the protective antibody response. Insights gained from the current study confirmed that the heterologous DNA prime-protein boost approach is effective in eliciting not only high level but also improved quality of antigen-specific antibody responses, and thus may offer a new technology platform to develop better and safer subunit vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vaine
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Shixia Wang
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Anthony Hackett
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda 20892, United States
| | - Shan Lu
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Davtyan H, Mkrtichyan M, Movsesyan N, Petrushina I, Mamikonyan G, Cribbs DH, Agadjanyan MG, Ghochikyan A. DNA prime-protein boost increased the titer, avidity and persistence of anti-Abeta antibodies in wild-type mice. Gene Ther 2010; 17:261-71. [PMID: 19865176 PMCID: PMC2820600 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 09/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we reported that a DNA vaccine, composed of three copies of a self B cell epitope of amyloid-beta (Abeta(42)) and the foreign T-cell epitope, Pan DR epitope (PADRE), generated strong anti-Abeta immune responses in wild-type and amyloid precursor protein transgenic animals. Although DNA vaccines have several advantages over peptide-protein vaccines, they induce lower immune responses in large animals and humans compared with those in mice. The focus of this study was to further enhance anti-Abeta(11) immune responses by developing an improved DNA vaccination protocol of the prime-boost regimen, in which the priming step would use DNA and the boosting step would use recombinant protein. Accordingly, we generated DNA and recombinant protein-based epitope vaccines and showed that priming with DNA followed by boosting with a homologous recombinant protein vaccine significantly increases the anti-Abeta antibody responses and do not change the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) profile of humoral immune responses. Furthermore, the antibodies generated by this prime-boost regimen were long-lasting and possessed a higher avidity for binding with an Abeta(42) peptide. Thus, we showed that a heterologous prime-boost regimen could be an effective protocol for developing a potent Alzheimer's disease (AD) vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Davtyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| | - M Mkrtichyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| | - N Movsesyan
- The Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - I Petrushina
- The Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - G Mamikonyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| | - DH Cribbs
- The Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - MG Agadjanyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
- The Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Ghochikyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Vaine M, Lu S, Wang S. Progress on the induction of neutralizing antibodies against HIV type 1 (HIV-1). BioDrugs 2009; 23:137-53. [PMID: 19627166 DOI: 10.2165/00063030-200923030-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Infection with HIV type 1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of AIDS, is one of the most catastrophic pandemics to affect human healthcare in the latter 20th century. The best hope of controlling this pandemic is the development of a successful prophylactic vaccine. However, to date, this goal has proven to be exceptionally elusive. The recent failure of an experimental vaccine in a phase IIb study, named the STEP trial, intended solely to elicit cell-mediated immune responses against HIV-1, has highlighted the need for a balanced immune response consisting of not only cellular immunity but also a broad and potent humoral antibody response that can prevent infection with HIV-1. This article reviews the efforts made up to this point to elicit such antibody responses, especially with regard to the use of a DNA prime-protein boost regimen, which has been proven to be a highly effective platform for the induction of neutralizing antibodies in both animal and early-phase human studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vaine
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zolla-Pazner S, Cohen S, Pinter A, Krachmarov C, Wrin T, Wang S, Lu S. Cross-clade neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 induced in rabbits by focusing the immune response on a neutralizing epitope. Virology 2009; 392:82-93. [PMID: 19632700 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies were performed to induce cross-clade neutralizing antibodies (Abs) by testing various combinations of prime and boost constructs that focus the immune response on structurally-conserved epitopes in the V3 loop of HIV-1 gp120. Rabbits were immunized with gp120 DNA containing a V3 loop characterized by the GPGR motif at its tip, and/or with gp120 DNA with a V3 loop carrying the GPGQ motif. Priming was followed by boosts with V3-fusion proteins (V3-FPs) carrying the V3 sequence from a subtype B virus (GPGR motif), and/or with V3 sequences from subtypes A and C (GPGQ motif). The broadest and most consistent neutralizing responses were generated when using a clade C gp120 DNA prime and with the V3(B)-FP boost. Immune sera displayed neutralizing activity in three assays against pseudoviruses and primary isolates from subtypes A, AG, B, C, and D. Polyclonal Abs in the immune rabbit sera neutralized viruses that were not neutralized by pools of human anti-V3 monoclonal Abs. Greater than 80% of the neutralizing Abs were specific for V3, showing that the immune response could be focused on a neutralizing epitope and that vaccine-induced anti-V3 Abs have cross-clade neutralizing activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Zolla-Pazner
- New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lu S. Heterologous prime-boost vaccination. Curr Opin Immunol 2009; 21:346-51. [PMID: 19500964 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
An effective vaccine usually requires more than one time immunization in the form of prime-boost. Traditionally the same vaccines are given multiple times as homologous boosts. New findings suggested that prime-boost can be done with different types of vaccines containing the same antigens. In many cases such heterologous prime-boost can be more immunogenic than homologous prime-boost. Heterologous prime-boost represents a new way of immunization and will stimulate better understanding on the immunological basis of vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lu
- China-US Vaccine Research Center and Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
As an attractive alternative to conventional vaccines, DNA vaccines play a critical role in inducing protection against several infectious diseases. In this review, we discuss the advantages that DNA vaccines offer in comparison to conventional protein-based vaccines. We discuss strategies to improve the potency and efficacy of DNA vaccines. Specifically, we focus on the potential use of DNA-based vaccines to elicit broad-spectrum humoral and cellular immunity against influenza virus. Finally, we discuss the advances made in the use of DNA vaccines to prevent avian H5N1 influenza.
Collapse
|
34
|
Li P, Cao RB, Zheng QS, Liu JJ, Li Y, Wang EX, Li F, Chen PY. Enhancement of humoral and cellular immunity in mice against Japanese encephalitis virus using a DNA prime-protein boost vaccine strategy. Vet J 2008; 183:210-6. [PMID: 19008134 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic multi-epitope gene containing critical epitopes of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) envelope gene was cloned into both prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression vectors. The recombinant plasmid and purified recombinant protein (heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli) were used as immunogens in a mouse model. The results indicate that both the recombinant protein and the DNA vaccine induce humoral and cellular immune responses. Neutralising antibody titres in mice in the pcDNA-TEP plus rEP group increased considerably relative to mice immunised using either pcDNA-TEP or rEP alone (P<0.05). Furthermore, the highest levels of interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-gamma and IL-4 were induced following priming with the DNA vaccine and boosting with the recombinant protein. Together these findings demonstrate that a DNA-recombinant protein prime-boost vaccination strategy can produce high levels of antibody and trigger significant T cell responses in mice, highlighting the potential value of such an approach in the prevention of JEV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnosis and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cohen MS, Kaleebu P, Coates T. Prevention of the sexual transmission of HIV-1: preparing for success. J Int AIDS Soc 2008; 11:4. [PMID: 19014659 PMCID: PMC2584059 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2652-11-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
There are four opportunities for HIV prevention: before exposure, at the moment of exposure, immediately after exposure, and as secondary prevention focused on infected subjects. Until recently, most resources have been directed toward behavioral strategies aimed at preventing exposure entirely. Recognizing that these strategies are not enough to contain the epidemic, investigators are turning their attention to post-exposure prevention opportunities. There is increasing focus on the use of ART–either systemic or topical (microbicides)–to prevent infection at the moment of exposure. Likewise, there is growing evidence that ART treatment of infected people could serve as prevention as well. A number of ongoing clinical trials will shed some light on the potential of these approaches. Above all, prevention of HIV requires decision-makers to focus resources on strategies that are most effective. Finally, treatment of HIV and prevention of HIV must be considered and deployed together.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myron S Cohen
- Dept of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
This unit provides protocols for two broadly used methods of DNA immunization: saline injections and gene gun deliveries of DNA. Saline injections deliver DNA into extracellular spaces; gene gun deliveries bombard DNA directly into cells. Support protocols present methods for preparation of DNA-coated gold beads, creation of cartridges containing these beads, and optimization of gene gun parameters. Issues relating to plasmid vectors, DNA preparation and doses, and immunization regimens are also discussed. Expression library immunizations, genetic and conventional adjuvants, alternative boosts, neonatal immunizations, and approaches to mucosal delivery of DNA are covered in the commentary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H L Robinson
- Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Srivastava IK, Kan E, Srivastava IN, Cisto J, Biron Z. Structure, Immunopathogenesis and Vaccines Against SARS Coronavirus. IMMUNITY AGAINST MUCOSAL PATHOGENS 2008. [PMCID: PMC7122221 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8412-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new disease, severe atypical respiratory syndrome (SARS), emerged in China in late 2002 and developed into the first epidemic of the 21st century. The disease was caused by an unknown animal coronavirus (CoV) that had crossed the species barrier through close contact of humans with infected animals, and was identified as the etiological agent for SARS. This new CoV not only became readily transmissible between humans but also was also more pathogenic. The disease spread across the world rapidly due to the air travel, and infected 8096 people and caused 774 deaths in 26 countries on 5 continents. The disease is characterized by flu-like symptoms, including high fever, malaise, cough, diarrhea, and infiltrates visible on chest radiography. The overall mortality was about 10%, but varied profoundly with age; the course of disease seemed to be milder in the pediatric age group and resulted rarely in a fatal outcome, but the mortality in the elderly was as high as 50%. Aggressive quarantine measures taken by the health authorities have successfully contained and terminated the disease transmission. As a result there are no SARS cases recorded recently. Nevertheless there is a possibility that the disease may emerge in the population with high vigor. Significant progress has been made in understanding the disease biology, pathogenesis, development of animal models, and design and evaluation of different vaccines, and these are the focus of this chapter.
Collapse
|
38
|
Zolla-Pazner S, Cohen SS, Krachmarov C, Wang S, Pinter A, Lu S. Focusing the immune response on the V3 loop, a neutralizing epitope of the HIV-1 gp120 envelope. Virology 2007; 372:233-46. [PMID: 18061228 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rabbits were immunized with a novel regimen designed to focus the immune response on a single neutralizing epitope of HIV-1 gp120 and thereby preferentially induce neutralizing antibodies (Abs). Animals were primed with gp120 DNA from a clade A Env bearing the GPGR V3 motif and/or a clade C Env bearing the GPGQ V3 motif, and boosted with one or more fusion proteins containing V3 sequences from clades A, B and/or C. Immune sera neutralized three of four Tier 1 primary isolates, including strains heterologous to the immunizing strains, and potent cross-clade-neutralizing activity was demonstrated against V3 chimeric pseudoviruses carrying in a Tier 1 Env, the consensus V3 sequences from clades A1, AG, B, AE, or F. The broadest and most potent neutralizing responses were elicited with the clade C gp120 DNA and a combination of V3-fusion proteins from clades A, B and C. Neutralizing activity was primarily due to V3-specific Abs. The results demonstrate that the immune response can be focused on a neutralizing epitope and show that the anti-V3 Abs induced recognize a diverse set of V3 loops.
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang Y, Li DA, He Y, Wang F, Guo YJ, Yang F, Zhou Q, Sun SH. Proteomic analysis of augmented immune responses in mouse by prime-and-boost immunization strategy with DNA vaccine coding HBsAg and rHBsAg protein. Vaccine 2007; 25:8146-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Revised: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
40
|
Crooks ET, Moore PL, Franti M, Cayanan CS, Zhu P, Jiang P, de Vries RP, Wiley C, Zharkikh I, Schülke N, Roux KH, Montefiori DC, Burton DR, Binley JM. A comparative immunogenicity study of HIV-1 virus-like particles bearing various forms of envelope proteins, particles bearing no envelope and soluble monomeric gp120. Virology 2007; 366:245-62. [PMID: 17580087 PMCID: PMC2080857 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To assess the potential of native Envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimers as neutralizing antibody vaccines, we immunized guinea pigs with three types of VLPs and soluble gp120. Particles included "SOS-VLPs" (bearing disulfide-shackled functional trimers), "UNC-VLPs" (bearing uncleaved nonfunctional Env) and "naked VLPs" (bearing no Env). The SOS-VLPs were found to have a density of about 27 native trimers per particle, approximately twice that of live inactivated HIV-1 preparations. As immunogens, UNC- and SOS-VLP rapidly elicited anti-gp120 antibodies focused on the V3 loop and the gp120 coreceptor binding site. Reactivity to the gp41 immunodominant domain was absent in SOS-VLP sera, presumably because gp120-gp41 association is stabilized, effectively covering this epitope. Gp120-immune sera reacted with the receptor binding sites of gp120 and were less focused on the V3 loop. Some Env-VLP sera neutralized primary isolates at modest titers. The measurement of neutralization was found to be affected by the cell lines used. Depending on the assay particulars, non-Env specific antibodies in VLP sera could enhance infection, or nonspecifically neutralize. However, a neutralization assay using TZM-BL cells was essentially clear of these effects. We also describe a native trimer binding assay to confirm neutralization activity in a manner that completely eliminates nonspecific effects. Overall, our data suggests that Env-VLP sera were primarily focused on nonfunctional forms of Env on VLP surfaces, possibly gp120/gp41 monomers and not the trimers. Therefore, to make progress toward a more effective VLP-based vaccine, we will need to find ways to refocus the attention of B cells on native trimers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma T. Crooks
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Penny L. Moore
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michael Franti
- Progenics Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Rd., Tarrytown, NY 10591
| | | | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Biological Science, and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | - Pengfei Jiang
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Robbert P. de Vries
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121
- Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cheryl Wiley
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla CA 92037
| | - Irina Zharkikh
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla CA 92037
| | - Norbert Schülke
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Kenneth H. Roux
- Department of Biological Science, and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke University, Department of Surgery, La Salle Straight Extensions, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla CA 92037
| | - James M. Binley
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121
- *corresponding author: James M. Binley, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego CA 92121. tel: (858) 909 5142. fax: (858) 455 3804.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chaitra MG, Shaila MS, Nayak R. Evaluation of T-cell responses to peptides with MHC class I-binding motifs derived from PE_PGRS 33 protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:466-474. [PMID: 17374885 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46928-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The PE and PPE proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis form a source of antigenic variation among different strains of M. tuberculosis. One of the PE_PGRS proteins, Rv1818c, plays a role in the pathogenesis of mycobacterial infection and specifically influences host-cell responses to tuberculosis infection. Although little is known about these two classes of protein, an immunoinformatics approach has indicated the possibility of their participation in eliciting a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-mediated immune response against tuberculosis, as peptides derived from Rv1818c are predicted to bind to MHC class I molecules with high affinity. In the present work, a DNA vaccine was constructed encoding the full-length Rv1818c protein of M. tuberculosis and its immunogenicity was analysed in BALB/c mice. Immunization with Rv1818c DNA induced a strong CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocyte and Th1-type response, with high levels of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and low levels of interleukin-4. Two nonameric peptides (Peptide(6-14) and Peptide(385-393)) from Rv1818c were identified by their ability to induce the production of IFN-gamma by CD8+ T cells in mice immunized with Rv1818c DNA. An epitope-specific response was demonstrated by the lysis of peptide-pulsed antigen-presenting cells, release of cytotoxic granules and IFN-gamma production. These peptides bound with high affinity to MHC H-2K(d) and showed low dissociation rates of peptide-MHC complexes. These results could form the basis for testing the identified T-cell epitopes of PE_PGRS proteins in the induction of protective immunity against M. tuberculosis challenge in the mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M G Chaitra
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - M S Shaila
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - R Nayak
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Reynard F, Willkomm N, Fatmi A, Vallon-Eberhard A, Verrier B, Bedin F. Characterization of the antibody response elicited by HIV-1 Env glycomutants in rabbits. Vaccine 2007; 25:535-46. [PMID: 16934377 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 N-glycans are known to shield underlying epitopes towards the protective antibody repertoire. We previously described HIV-1 acute infection Env glycomutants designed from 3D-model in which the removal of clustered N-glycans did not disturb the envelope antigenicity, but increased the neutralization sensitivity. The potential of such immunogens to elicit neutralizing responses was estimated after rabbit immunizations with a DNA/protein protocol. Maturation of the Env-specific antibody response was confirmed by a change in avidity and conformational dependence. For one immunogen, the neutralizing response was increased with a higher breadth compared to the Wild-Type. Our data suggest that Env selective deglycosylation based on 3D data may represent a valuable strategy to improve elicitation of neutralizing antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Reynard
- FRE 2736, CNRS-bioMerieux, IFR128, CERVI, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kojima Y, Jounai N, Takeshita F, Nakazawa M, Okuda K, Watabe S, Xin KQ, Okuda K. The degree of apoptosis as an immunostimulant for a DNA vaccine against HIV-1 infection. Vaccine 2007; 25:438-45. [PMID: 17079059 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To regulate the expression of the apoptotic gene, we constructed bicistronic DNA vaccines that encode for HIV env and caspase-3 mutant (casp 3m) that are expressed via the encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) or cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter-dependent translations. While IRES-casp 3m induced weak apoptosis and caused little reduction in antigen expression, CMV-casp 3m elicited strong apoptosis and led to a marked decrease in the antigen expression. Therefore, IRES-casp 3m augmented HIV-specific immune responses, and IRES-casp 3m induced significant protection against the vaccinia-HIV chimeric virus. These results suggest that the appropriate level of apoptosis is important for DNA vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitsugu Kojima
- Department of Molecular Biodefense Research, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Xu R, Srivastava IK, Greer CE, Zarkikh I, Kraft Z, Kuller L, Polo JM, Barnett SW, Stamatatos L. Characterization of immune responses elicited in macaques immunized sequentially with chimeric VEE/SIN alphavirus replicon particles expressing SIVGag and/or HIVEnv and with recombinant HIVgp140Env protein. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2006; 22:1022-30. [PMID: 17067273 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2006.22.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, macaques were coimmunized with VEErep/SINenv chimeric alphavirus replicon particles expressing SIVp55Gag and HIVDeltaV2gp140Env or only with replicon particles expressing HIVDeltaV2gp140Env. All animals were subsequently immunized with recombinant trimeric HIVDeltaV2gp140Env protein. During alphavirus immunization, anti-SIVGag and anti-HIVEnv-specific interferon (IFN)-gamma responses, as well as high titers of anti-HIVEnv binding (gp120 but not gp41 specific) and anti-HIV neutralizing antibodies, were generated. The subsequent immunization with recombinant HIVDeltaV2gp140 enhanced the neutralizing antibody titers and Env-specific IFN-gamma responses. Following intravenous challenge with the R5- tropic SHIV(SF162P4) virus, significantly lower primary plasma viremia levels were recorded in the immunized animals, as compared to control animals immunized with replicon particles expressing influenza virus HA. Our results show that this method of immunization elicits both strong cellular immunity and neutralizing antibodies in primates and, thus, merits further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xu
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lu S. Combination DNA plus protein HIV vaccines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 28:255-65. [PMID: 17021720 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-006-0028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in developing an HIV vaccine is to identify immunogens and delivery methods that will elicit balanced humoral and cell mediate immunities against primary isolates of HIV with diverse sequence variations. Since the discovery of using protein coding nucleic acids (mainly DNA but also possible RNA) as a means of immunization in the early 1990s, there has been rapid progress in the creative use of this novel approach for the development of HIV vaccines. Although the initial impetus of using DNA immunization was for the induction of strong cell-mediated immunity, recent studies have greatly expanded our understanding on the potential role of DNA immunization to elicit improved quality of antibody responses. This function is particularly important to the development of HIV vaccines due to the inability of almost every previous attempt to develop broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies against primary HIV-1 isolates. Similar to the efforts of developing cell mediated immunity by using a DNA prime plus viral vector boost approach, the best antibody responses with DNA immunization were achieved when a protein boost component was included as part of the immunization schedule. Current experience has suggested that a combination DNA plus protein vaccination strategy is able to utilize the benefits of DNA and protein vaccines to effectively induce both cell-mediated immunity and antibody responses against invading organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lu
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Biswas S, Langeveld JPM, Tipper D, Lu S. Intracellular accumulation of a 46 kDa species of mouse prion protein as a result of loss of glycosylation in cultured mammalian cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 349:153-61. [PMID: 16935263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the accumulation of an abnormal isoform (PrPSc) of the normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) in the brain. Reportedly, abnormal N-linked glycosylation patterns in PrPC are associated with disease susceptibility; thus, we compared the glycosylation status of normal and several mutant forms of the murine prion protein (MuPrP) in cultured mammalian cells. Substitution of the N-terminal signal sequence of normal MuPrP with a heterologous signal peptide did not alter glycosylation. When expressed without the C-terminal glycophosphatidylinositol anchor signal, the majority of MuPrP remained intracellular and unglycosylated, and a 46 kDa species (p46) of the unglycosylated PrPC was detected on reducing gels. p46 was also observed when wild-type MuPrP was expressed in the presence of tunicamycin or enzymatically deglycosylated in vitro. A rabbit polyclonal anti-serum raised against dimeric MuPrP cross-reacted with p46 and localized the signal within the Golgi apparatus. We propose that the 46 kDa signal is a dimeric form of MuPrP and in the light of recent studies, it can be argued that a relatively stable, non-glycosylated, cytoplasmic PrPC dimer, produced as a result of compromised glycosylation is an intermediate in initiating conversion of PrPC to PrPSc in sporadic transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Biswas
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation St., Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wang S, Pal R, Mascola JR, Chou THW, Mboudjeka I, Shen S, Liu Q, Whitney S, Keen T, Nair BC, Kalyanaraman VS, Markham P, Lu S. Polyvalent HIV-1 Env vaccine formulations delivered by the DNA priming plus protein boosting approach are effective in generating neutralizing antibodies against primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from subtypes A, B, C, D and E. Virology 2006; 350:34-47. [PMID: 16616287 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Revised: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in developing an HIV-1 vaccine is to identify immunogens and their delivery methods that can elicit broad neutralizing antibodies against primary isolates of different genetic subtypes. Recently, we demonstrated that priming with DNA vaccines expressing primary HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) followed by recombinant Env protein boosting was successful in generating positive neutralizing antibody responses against a clade B primary HIV-1 isolate, JR-FL, that was not easily neutralized. In the current study, we examined whether the DNA priming plus recombinant protein boosting approach delivering a polyvalent primary Env formulation was able to generate neutralizing antibodies against primary HIV-1 viral isolates from various genetic subtypes. New Zealand White rabbits were first immunized with DNA vaccines expressing one, three or eight primary HIV-1 gp120 antigens delivered by a gene gun followed by recombinant gp120 protein boosting. Neutralizing antibody responses were examined by two independently executed neutralization assays: the first one was a single round infection neutralization assay against a panel of 10 primary HIV-1 isolates of subtypes A, B, C and E and the second one used the PhenoSense assay against a panel of 12 pseudovirues expressing primary HIV-1 Env antigens from subtypes A, B, C, D and E as well as 2 pseudoviruses expressing the Env antigens from MN and NL4-3 viruses. Rabbit sera immunized with the DNA priming plus protein boosting approach, but not DNA vaccine alone or Env protein alone, were capable of neutralizing 7 of 10 viruses in the first assay and 12 of 14 viruses in the second assay. More importantly, sera immunized with the polyvalent Env antigens were able to neutralize a significantly higher percentage of viruses than the sera immunized with the monovalent antigens. Our results suggest that DNA priming followed by recombinant Env protein boosting can be used to deliver polyvalent Env-antigen-based HIV-1 vaccines to elicit neutralizing antibody responses against viruses with diverse genetic sequence variations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shixia Wang
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Lazare Research Building, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cristillo AD, Wang S, Caskey MS, Unangst T, Hocker L, He L, Hudacik L, Whitney S, Keen T, Chou THW, Shen S, Joshi S, Kalyanaraman VS, Nair B, Markham P, Lu S, Pal R. Preclinical evaluation of cellular immune responses elicited by a polyvalent DNA prime/protein boost HIV-1 vaccine. Virology 2005; 346:151-68. [PMID: 16325880 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Revised: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
While DNA vaccines have been shown to prime cellular immune responses, levels are often low in nonhuman primates or humans. Hence, efforts have been directed toward boosting responses by combining DNA with different vaccination modalities. To this end, a polyvalent DNA prime/protein boost vaccine, consisting of codon optimized HIV-1 env (A, B, C, E) and gag (C) and homologous gp120 proteins in QS-21, was evaluated in rhesus macaques and BALB/c mice. Humoral and cellular responses, detected following DNA immunization, were increased following protein boost in macaques and mice. In dissecting cellular immune responses in mice, protein-enhanced responses were found to be mediated by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with a Th1 cytokine bias. Our study reveals that, in addition to augmenting humoral responses, protein boosting of DNA-primed animals augments cellular immune responses mediated by CD8+ CTL, CD4+ T-helper cells and Th1 cytokines; thus, offering much promise in controlling HIV-1 in vaccinees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Cristillo
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Department of Cell Biology, 5510 Nicholson Lane, Kensington, MD 20895, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Since identification of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), numerous studies suggest a link between neurological impairments, in particular dementia, with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) with alarming occurrence worldwide. Approximately, 60% of HIV-infected people show some form of neurological impairment, and neuropathological changes are found in 90% of autopsied cases. Approximately 30% of untreated HIV-infected persons may develop dementia. The mechanisms behind these pathological changes are still not understood. Mounting data obtained by in vivo and in vitro experiments suggest that neuronal apoptosis is a major feature of HIV associated dementia (HAD), which can occur in the absence of direct infection of neurons. The major pathway of neuronal apoptosis occurs indirectly through release of neurotoxins by activated cells in the central nervous system (CNS) involving the induction of excitotoxicity and oxidative stress. In addition a direct mechanism induced by viral proteins in the pathogenesis of HAD may also play a role. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of HIV-associated dementia and possible therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Ozdener
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Pal R, Wang S, Kalyanaraman VS, Nair BC, Whitney S, Keen T, Hocker L, Hudacik L, Rose N, Cristillo A, Mboudjeka I, Shen S, Wu-Chou TH, Montefiori D, Mascola J, Lu S, Markham P. Polyvalent DNA prime and envelope protein boost HIV-1 vaccine elicits humoral and cellular responses and controls plasma viremia in rhesus macaques following rectal challenge with an R5 SHIV isolate. J Med Primatol 2005; 34:226-36. [PMID: 16128917 PMCID: PMC2362402 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2005.00120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunization of macaques with multivalent DNA encoding gp120 genes from HIV-1 subtypes A, B, C and E and a gag gene followed by boosting with homologous gp120 proteins elicited strong anti-gp120 antibodies capable of neutralizing homologous and to a lesser degree heterologous HIV-1 isolates. Both Env- and Gag-specific cell mediated immune (CMI) responses were detected in the immunized animals. Following rectal challenge with an SHIV isolate encoding HIV-1(Ba-L)env, plasma viremia in the infected immunized animals was significantly lower than that observed in the naïve animals. Further, one of six immunized animals was completely protected whereas all six naïve animals were infected. These results demonstrate that a vaccine based on priming with a polyvalent DNA vaccine from multiple HIV-1 subtypes followed by boosting with homologous Env proteins elicits anti-HIV-1 immune responses capable of controlling rectal transmission of SHIV(Ba-L).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranajit Pal
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Kensington, MD 20895, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|