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Laghouaouta H, Laplana M, Ros-Freixedes R, Fraile LJ, Pena RN. Sequence variants associated with resilient responses in growing pigs. J Anim Breed Genet 2024. [PMID: 38967062 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The current work aimed to identify genomic regions and candidate genes associated with resilience in pigs. In previous work, we proposed the body weight deviation from the expected growth curve (ΔBW) and the increase of the positive acute-phase protein haptoglobin (ΔHP) after a vaccine challenge as resilience indicators which may be improved through selective breeding in pigs. Individuals with steady growth rate and minor activation of haptoglobin (high ΔBW and low ΔHP values) were considered resilient. In contrast, pigs with perturbed growth rate and high activation of haptoglobin (low ΔBW and high ΔHP values) were considered susceptible. Both ∆BW and ∆HP were simultaneously considered to select the most resilient (N = 40) and susceptible (N = 40) pigs. A genome-wide association study was carried out for the pigs' response classification to the challenge test using whole-genome sequence data (7,760,720 variants). Eleven associated genomic regions were identified, harbouring relevant candidate genes related to the immune response (such as pro- and anti-inflammatory responses) and growth pathways. These associated genomic regions harboured 41 potential functional mutations (frameshift, splice donor, splice acceptor, start loss and stop loss/gain) in candidate genes. Overall, this study advances our knowledge about the genetic determinism of resilience, highlighting its polygenic nature and strong relationship with immunity and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Laghouaouta
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio-CERCA Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Marina Laplana
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio-CERCA Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Roger Ros-Freixedes
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio-CERCA Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Lorenzo J Fraile
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio-CERCA Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Ramona N Pena
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio-CERCA Center, Lleida, Spain
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Río-Bergé C, Cong Y, Reggiori F. Getting on the right track: Interactions between viruses and the cytoskeletal motor proteins. Traffic 2023; 24:114-130. [PMID: 35146839 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is an essential component of the cell and it is involved in multiple physiological functions, including intracellular organization and transport. It is composed of three main families of proteinaceous filaments; microtubules, actin filaments and intermediate filaments and their accessory proteins. Motor proteins, which comprise the dynein, kinesin and myosin superfamilies, are a remarkable group of accessory proteins that mainly mediate the intracellular transport of cargoes along with the cytoskeleton. Like other cellular structures and pathways, viruses can exploit the cytoskeleton to promote different steps of their life cycle through associations with motor proteins. The complexity of the cytoskeleton and the differences among viruses, however, has led to a wide diversity of interactions, which in most cases remain poorly understood. Unveiling the details of these interactions is necessary not only for a better comprehension of specific infections, but may also reveal new potential drug targets to fight dreadful diseases such as rabies disease and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In this review, we describe a few examples of the mechanisms that some human viruses, that is, rabies virus, adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza A virus and papillomavirus, have developed to hijack dyneins, kinesins and myosins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clàudia Río-Bergé
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Molecular Cell Biology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yingying Cong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Molecular Cell Biology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Molecular Cell Biology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Sekiguchi T, Furuno N, Ishii T, Hirose E, Sekiguchi F, Wang Y, Kobayashi H. RagA, an mTORC1 activator, interacts with a hedgehog signaling protein, WDR35/IFT121. Genes Cells 2019; 24:151-161. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Sekiguchi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Nobuaki Furuno
- Laboratory for Amphibian Biology, Graduate School of Science Hiroshima University Higashihiroshima Japan
| | - Takashi Ishii
- Department of BiochemistryFukuoka Dental College Fukuoka Japan
| | - Eiji Hirose
- Faculty of Health Promotional Sciences Tokoha University Kitaku, Shizuoka Japan
| | - Fumiko Sekiguchi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Hideki Kobayashi
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Contemporary Life ScienceChugoku‐Gakuen University Okayama Japan
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Milev MP, Yao X, Berthoux L, Mouland AJ. Impacts of virus-mediated manipulation of host Dynein. DYNEINS 2018. [PMCID: PMC7150161 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809470-9.00010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In general viruses' modus operandi to propagate is achieved by the co-opting host cell components, membranes, proteins, and machineries to their advantage. This is true for virtually every aspect of a virus' replication cycle from virus entry to the budding or release of progeny virus particles. In this chapter, we will discuss new information on the impacts of virus-mediated manipulation of Dynein motor complexes and associated machineries and factors. We will highlight how these host cell components impact on pathogenicity and immune responses, as many of the virus-mediated hijacked components also play pivotal roles in immune responses to pathogen insult. There are several comprehensive reviews that define virus–Dynein interactions including the first edition of this book that describes how viruses manipulate the host cell machineries their advantage. An updated table is included to summarize these virus–host interactions. Notably, barriers to intracellular translocation represent major hurdles to viral components during de novo infection and during active replication and the generation of progeny virus particles. Clearly, the subversion of host cell molecular motor protein activities takes advantage of constitutive and regulated membrane trafficking events and will target virus components to intracytoplasmic locales and membrane assembly. Broadening our understanding of the interplay between viruses, Dynein and the cytoskeleton will likely inform on new types of therapies. Continual enhancement of the breadth of new information on how viruses manipulate host cell biology will inevitably aid in the identification of new targets that can be poisoned to block old, new, and emerging viruses alike in their tracks.
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Peptides mediating DNA transport on microtubules and their impact on non-viral gene transfer efficiency. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170995. [PMID: 28899926 PMCID: PMC5643739 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic vectors such as cationic polymers and cationic lipids remain attractive tools for non-viral gene transfer which is a complex process whose effectiveness relies on the ability to deliver a plasmid DNA (pDNA) into the nucleus of non-dividing cells. Once in the cytosol, the transport of pDNAs towards the nuclear envelope is strongly impaired by their very low cytosolic mobility due to their large size. To promote their movement towards the cell nucleus, few strategies have been implemented to exploit dynein, the microtubule’s (MT’s) motor protein, for propagation of cytosolic pDNA along the MTs towards the cell nucleus. In the first part of this review, an overview on MTs, dynein, dynein/virus interaction feature is presented followed by a summary of the results obtained by exploitation of LC8 and TCTEL1 dynein light chain association sequence (DLC-AS) for non-viral transfection. The second part dedicated to the adenoviral protein E3-14.7K, reports the transfection efficiency of polyplexes and lipoplexes containing the E3-14.7K-derived P79-98 peptide linked to pDNA. Here, several lines of evidence are given showing that dynein can be targeted to improve cytosolic pDNA mobility and accumulate pDNA near nuclear envelope in order to facilitate its transport through the nuclear pores. The linkage of various DLC-AS to pDNA carriers led to modest transfection improvements and their direct interaction with MTs was not demonstrated. In contrast, pDNA linked to the P79-98 peptide interacting with TCTEL1 via a cytosolic protein (fourteen seven K-interacting protein-1 (FIP-1)), interaction with MTs is evidenced in cellulo and transfection efficiency is improved.
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Merino-Gracia J, García-Mayoral MF, Rapali P, Valero RA, Bruix M, Rodríguez-Crespo I. DYNLT (Tctex-1) forms a tripartite complex with dynein intermediate chain and RagA, hence linking this small GTPase to the dynein motor. FEBS J 2015; 282:3945-58. [PMID: 26227614 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that DYNLT, a dynein light chain known to bind to various cellular and viral proteins, can function as a microtubule-cargo adaptor. Recent data showed that DYNLT links the small GTPase Rab3D to microtubules and, for this to occur, the DYNLT homodimer needs to display a binding site for dynein intermediate chain together with a binding site for the small GTPase. We have analysed in detail how RagA, another small GTPase, associates to DYNLT. After narrowing down the binding site of RagA to DYNLT we could identify that a β strand, part of the RagA G3 box involved in nucleotide binding, mediates this association. Interestingly, we show that both microtubule-associated DYNLT and cytoplasmic DYNLT are equally able to bind to the small GTPases Rab3D and RagA. Using NMR spectroscopy, we analysed the binding of dynein intermediate chain and RagA to mammalian DYNLT. Our experiments identify residues of DYNLT affected by dynein intermediate chain binding and residues affected by RagA binding, hence distinguishing the docking site for each of them. In summary, our results shed light on the mechanisms adopted by DYNLT when binding to protein cargoes that become transported alongside microtubules bound to the dynein motor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Merino-Gracia
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - María Flor García-Mayoral
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano, Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter Rapali
- Dynamics of Cell Growth and Division, Institut de Biologie Cellulaire et de Génétique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ruth Ana Valero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Bruix
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Rodríguez-Crespo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
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Pigeon L, Gonçalves C, Gosset D, Pichon C, Midoux P. An E3-14.7K peptide that promotes microtubules-mediated transport of plasmid DNA increases polyplexes transfection efficiency. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:3845-3851. [PMID: 23661626 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201300217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chemical vectors as cationic polymers and cationic lipids are promising alternatives to viral vectors for gene therapy. Beside endosome escape and nuclear import, plasmid DNA (pDNA) migration in the cytosol toward the nuclear envelope is also regarded as a limiting step for efficient DNA transfection with non-viral vectors. Here, the interaction between E3-14.7K and FIP-1 to favor migration of pDNA along microtubules is exploited. E3-14.7K is an early protein of human adenoviruses that interacts via FIP-1 (Fourteen.7K Interacting Protein 1) protein with the light-chain components of the human microtubule motor protein dynein (TCTEL1). This peptide is conjugated with pDNA and mediates interaction of pDNA in vitro with isolated microtubules as well as with microtubules in cellulo. Videomicroscopy and tracking treatment of images clearly demonstrate that P79-98/pDNA conjugate exhibits a linear transport with large amplitude along microtubules upon 2 h transfection with polyplexes whereas control pDNA conjugate exhibits small non-directional movements in the cytoplasm. Remarkably, P79-98/peGFP polyplexes enhance by a factor 2.5 (up to 76%) the number of transfected cells. The results demonstrate, for the first time, that the transfection efficiency of polyplexes can be drastically increased when the microtubules migration of pDNA is facilitated by a peptide allowing pDNA docking to TCTEL1. This is a real breakthrough in the non viral gene delivery field that opens hope to build artificial viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Pigeon
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Inserm and University of Orléans, 45071 Orléans cedex 02, France
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Merino-Gracia J, García-Mayoral MF, Rodríguez-Crespo I. The association of viral proteins with host cell dynein components during virus infection. FEBS J 2011; 278:2997-3011. [PMID: 21777384 PMCID: PMC7164101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
After fusion with the cellular plasma membrane or endosomal membranes, viral particles are generally too large to diffuse freely within the crowded cytoplasm environment. Thus, they will never reach the cell nucleus or the perinuclear areas where replication or reverse transcription usually takes place. It has been proposed that many unrelated viruses are transported along microtubules in a retrograde manner using the cellular dynein machinery or, at least, some dynein components. A putative employment of the dynein motor in a dynein‐mediated transport has been suggested from experiments in which viral capsid proteins were used as bait in yeast two‐hybrid screens using libraries composed of cellular proteins and dynein‐associated chains were retrieved as virus‐interacting proteins. In most cases DYNLL1, DYNLT1 or DYNLRB1 were identified as the dynein chains that interact with viral proteins. The importance of these dynein–virus interactions has been supported, in principle, by the observation that in some cases the dynein‐interacting motifs of viral proteins altered by site‐directed mutagenesis result in non‐infective virions. Furthermore, overexpression of p50 dynamitin, which blocks the dynein–dynactin interaction, or incubation of infected cells with peptides that compete with viral polypeptides for dynein binding have been shown to alter the viral retrograde transport. Still, it remains to be proved that dynein light chains can bind simultaneously to incoming virions and to the dynein motor for retrograde transport to take place. In this review, we will analyse the association of viral proteins with dynein polypeptides and its implications for viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Merino-Gracia
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Bremner KH, Scherer J, Yi J, Vershinin M, Gross SP, Vallee RB. Adenovirus transport via direct interaction of cytoplasmic dynein with the viral capsid hexon subunit. Cell Host Microbe 2010; 6:523-35. [PMID: 20006841 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Early in infection, adenovirus travels to the nucleus as a naked capsid using the microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein. How the dynein complex is recruited to viral cargo remains unclear. We find that cytoplasmic dynein and its associated proteins dynactin and NudE/NudEL, but not LIS1 or ZW10, colocalized with incoming, postendosomal adenovirus particles. However, in contrast to physiological cargos, dynein binding to adenovirus was independent of these dynein-associated proteins. Dynein itself directly interacted through its intermediate and light intermediate chains with the adenovirus capsid subunit hexon in a pH-dependent manner. Expression of hexon or injection of anti-hexon antibody inhibited virus transport but not physiological dynein function. These results identify hexon as a direct receptor for cytoplasmic dynein and demonstrate that hexon recruits dynein for transport to the nucleus by a mechanism distinct from that for physiological dynein cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Helen Bremner
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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10
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González Durán E, del Angel RM, Salas Benito JS. In vitro interaction of poliovirus with cytoplasmic dynein. Intervirology 2007; 50:214-8. [PMID: 17283448 DOI: 10.1159/000099221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Poliovirus (PV) enters the host by the oral route and can infect the central nervous system (CNS) by two mechanisms: crossing the blood-brain barrier and traveling along the nerves from the muscle to the spinal cord. In the latter mechanism, the PV receptor, CD155, and the motor protein, dynein, have been implicated in the transport of PV to the CNS. In this work we analyzed the possible interaction of PV with dynein. METHODS PV was bound to a Sepharose 4B beads and they were used to analyze the interaction of PV with cytoplasmic proteins from neuroblastoma cells by affinity chromatography and Western blot. RESULTS The interaction with cytoplasmic dynein was observed only when the Sepharose beads bound to PV were used and not in the control ones, where proteins from uninfected cells were coupled. CONCLUSION These preliminary results open the possibility that PV uses the dynein directly in its retrograde axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth González Durán
- Programa Institucional de Biomedicina Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico D.F., Mexico
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Schneider-Brachert W, Tchikov V, Merkel O, Jakob M, Hallas C, Kruse ML, Groitl P, Lehn A, Hildt E, Held-Feindt J, Dobner T, Kabelitz D, Krönke M, Schütze S. Inhibition of TNF receptor 1 internalization by adenovirus 14.7K as a novel immune escape mechanism. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:2901-13. [PMID: 17024246 PMCID: PMC1590267 DOI: 10.1172/jci23771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2004] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenoviral protein E3-14.7K (14.7K) is an inhibitor of TNF-induced apoptosis, but the molecular mechanism underlying this protective effect has not yet been explained exhaustively. TNF-mediated apoptosis is initiated by ligand-induced recruitment of TNF receptor-associated death domain (TRADD), Fas-associated death domain (FADD), and caspase-8 to the death domain of TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1), thereby establishing the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). Here we report that adenovirus 14.7K protein inhibits ligand-induced TNFR1 internalization. Analysis of purified magnetically labeled TNFR1 complexes from murine and human cells stably transduced with 14.7K revealed that prevention of TNFR1 internalization resulted in inhibition of DISC formation. In contrast, 14.7K did not affect TNF-induced NF-kappaB activation via recruitment of receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP-1) and TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF-2). Inhibition of endocytosis by 14.7K was effected by failure of coordinated temporal and spatial assembly of essential components of the endocytic machinery such as Rab5 and dynamin 2 at the site of the activated TNFR1. Furthermore, we found that the same TNF defense mechanisms were instrumental in protecting wild-type adenovirus-infected human cells expressing 14.7K. This study describes a new molecular mechanism implemented by a virus to escape immunosurveillance by selectively targeting TNFR1 endocytosis to prevent TNF-induced DISC formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wulf Schneider-Brachert
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Institute of Immunology and
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Vladimir Tchikov
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Institute of Immunology and
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver Merkel
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Institute of Immunology and
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marten Jakob
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Institute of Immunology and
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cora Hallas
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Institute of Immunology and
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Kruse
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Institute of Immunology and
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Groitl
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Institute of Immunology and
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Lehn
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Institute of Immunology and
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Institute of Immunology and
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janka Held-Feindt
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Institute of Immunology and
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Dobner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Institute of Immunology and
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Institute of Immunology and
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Krönke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Institute of Immunology and
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Schütze
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Institute of Immunology and
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Strath J, Blair GE. Adenovirus subversion of immune surveillance, apoptotic and growth regulatory pathways: a model for tumorigenesis. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2006; 53:145-69. [PMID: 16956126 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.53.2006.2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The adenovirus system provides a novel model for evaluating the roles of multiple factors involved in tumour progression. In common with other DNA tumour viruses, adenovirus employs a variety of strategies to evade immune surveillance and perturbs cellular apoptotic and growth regulatory pathways to ensure efficient replication of progeny virions. Such subversion of cellular networks is also found in tumour cells. The mechanism behind the avoidance of immune surveillance and the extent of cellular network interference achieved by adenovirus is still being uncovered and is predicted to have ramifications for the design of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Strath
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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13
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Abstract
Microtubule-mediated transport of macromolecules and organelles (also known as "cargo") is essential for cells to function. Deficiencies in cytoplasmic transport are frequently associated with severe diseases and syndromes. Cytoplasmic transport also provides viruses with the means to reach their site of replication and is the route for newly assembled progeny to leave the infected cell. This parasitic relationship of viruses with the host cytoskeleton provides an excellent basis for cell biologists to unlock the secrets of cytoplasmic transport and unravel mechanisms of disease. Recent advances in live cell imaging and computational tracking of fluorescently labeled viruses are now revealing how complex the movements of single viruses are in infected cells. This review focuses on microtubule-based motility of viruses and highlights the mechanisms regulating cytoplasmic transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs F Greber
- Zoologisches Institut der Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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14
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Abstract
Upon infection, virions or subviral nucleoprotein complexes are transported from the cell surface to the site of viral transcription and replication. During viral egress, particles containing viral proteins and nucleic acids again move from the site of their synthesis to that of virus assembly and further to the plasma membrane. Because free diffusion of molecules larger than 500 kDa is restricted in the cytoplasm, viruses as well as cellular organelles employ active, energy-consuming enzymes for directed transport. This is particularly evident in the case of neurotropic viruses that travel long distances in the axon during retrograde or anterograde transport. Viruses use two strategies for intracellular transport: Viral components either hijack the cytoplasmic membrane traffic or they interact directly with the cytoskeletal transport machinery. In this review we describe how viruses--particularly members of the Herpesviridae, Adenoviridae, Parvoviridae, Poxviridae, and Baculoviridae--make use of the microtubule and the actin cytoskeleton. Analysing the underlying principles of viral cytosolic transport will be helpful in the design of viral vectors to be used in research as well as human gene therapy, and in the identification of new antiviral target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Döhner
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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15
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Döhner K, Nagel CH, Sodeik B. Viral stop-and-go along microtubules: taking a ride with dynein and kinesins. Trends Microbiol 2005; 13:320-7. [PMID: 15950476 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2005.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Revised: 04/20/2005] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Incoming viral particles move from the cell surface to sites of viral transcription and replication. By contrast, during assembly and egress, subviral nucleoprotein complexes and virions travel back to the plasma membrane. Because diffusion of large molecules is severely restricted in the cytoplasm, viruses use ATP-hydrolyzing molecular motors of the host for propelling along the microtubules, which are the intracellular highways. Recent studies have revealed that, besides travelling inside endocytic or exocytic vesicles, viral proteins interact directly with dynein or kinesin motors. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of cytoplasmic viral transport will aid in the construction of viral vectors for human gene therapy and the search for new antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katinka Döhner
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, D-30623 Hannover, Germany
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16
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Abstract
TcTex-1, one of three dynein light chains of the dynein motor complex, has been implicated in targeting and binding cargoes to cytoplasmic dynein for retrograde or apical transport. Interactions between TcTex-1 and a diverse set of proteins such as the dynein intermediate chain, Fyn, DOC2, FIP1, the poliovirus receptor, CD155, and the rhodopsin cytoplasmic tail have been reported; yet, despite the broad range of targets, a consensus binding sequence remains uncertain. Consequently, we have solved the crystal structure of the full-length Drosophila homolog of TcTex-1 to 1.7 A resolution using MAD phasing to gain insight into its function and target specificity. The structure is homodimeric with a domain swapping of beta-strand 2 and has a fold similar to the dynein light chain, LC8. Based on structural alignment, the TcTex-1 and LC8 sequences show no identity, although the root mean square deviation between secondary structural elements is less than 1.6 A. Moreover, the N terminus, which is equivalent to beta-strand 1 in LC8, is splayed out and binds to a crystallographic dimer as an anti-parallel beta-strand at the same position as the neuronal nitric-oxide synthase peptide in the LC8 complex. Similarity to LC8 and comparison to the LC8-neuronal nitricoxide synthase complex suggest that TcTex-1 binds its targets in a similar manner as LC8 and provides insight to the lack of strict sequence identity among the targets for TcTex-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Williams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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17
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Kelkar SA, Pfister KK, Crystal RG, Leopold PL. Cytoplasmic dynein mediates adenovirus binding to microtubules. J Virol 2004; 78:10122-32. [PMID: 15331745 PMCID: PMC515014 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.18.10122-10132.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During infection, adenovirus (Ad) capsids undergo microtubule-dependent retrograde transport as part of a program of vectorial transport of the viral genome to the nucleus. The microtubule-associated molecular motor, cytoplasmic dynein, has been implicated in the retrograde movement of Ad. We hypothesized that cytoplasmic dynein constituted the primary mode of association of Ad with microtubules. To evaluate this hypothesis, an Ad-microtubule binding assay was established in which microtubules were polymerized with taxol, combined with Ad in the presence or absence of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), and centrifuged through a glycerol cushion. The addition of purified bovine brain MAPs increased the fraction of Ad in the microtubule pellet from 17.3% +/- 3.5% to 80.7% +/- 3.8% (P < 0.01). In the absence of tubulin polymerization or in the presence of high salt, no Ad was found in the pellet. Ad binding to microtubules was not enhanced by bovine brain MAPs enriched for tau protein or by the addition of bovine serum albumin. Enhanced Ad-microtubule binding was also observed by using a fraction of MAPs purified from lung A549 epithelial cell lysate which contained cytoplasmic dynein. Ad-microtubule interaction was sensitive to the addition of ATP, a hallmark of cytoplasmic dynein-dependent microtubule interactions. Immunodepletion of cytoplasmic dynein from the A549 cell lysate abolished the MAP-enhanced Ad-microtubule binding. The interaction of Ad with both dynein and dynactin complexes was demonstrated by coimmunoprecipitation. Partially uncoated capsids isolated from cells 40 min after infection also exhibited microtubule binding. In summary, the primary mode of Ad attachment to microtubules occurs though cytoplasmic dynein-mediated binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir A Kelkar
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Department of Genetic Medicine, 515 E. 71st St., S-1000, New York, NY 10021, USA
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18
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Hoek K, Rimm DL, Williams KR, Zhao H, Ariyan S, Lin A, Kluger HM, Berger AJ, Cheng E, Trombetta ES, Wu T, Niinobe M, Yoshikawa K, Hannigan GE, Halaban R. Expression profiling reveals novel pathways in the transformation of melanocytes to melanomas. Cancer Res 2004; 64:5270-82. [PMID: 15289333 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Affymetrix and spotted oligonucleotide microarrays were used to assess global differential gene expression comparing normal human melanocytes with six independent melanoma cell strains from advanced lesions. The data, validated at the protein level for selected genes, confirmed the overexpression in melanoma cells relative to normal melanocytes of several genes in the growth factor/receptor family that confer growth advantage and metastasis. In addition, novel pathways and patterns of associated expression in melanoma cells not reported before emerged, including the following: (a) activation of the NOTCH pathway; (b) increased Twist expression and altered expression of additional transcriptional regulators implicated in embryonic development and epidermal/mesenchymal transition; (c) coordinated activation of cancer/testis antigens; (d) coordinated down-regulation of several immune modulation genes, in particular in the IFN pathways; (e) down-regulation of several genes implicated in membrane trafficking events; and (f) down-regulation of growth suppressors, such as the Prader-Willi gene NECDIN, whose function was confirmed by overexpression of ectopic Flag-necdin. Validation of differential expression using melanoma tissue microarrays showed that reduced ubiquitin COOH-terminal esterase L1 in primary melanoma is associated with worse outcome and that increased expression of the basic helix-loop-helix protein Twist is associated with worse outcome. Some differentially expressed genes reside on chromosomal regions displaying common loss or gain in melanomas or are known to be regulated by CpG promoter methylation. These results provide a comprehensive view of changes in advanced melanoma relative to normal melanocytes and reveal new targets that can be used in assessing prognosis, staging, and therapy of melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Hoek
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, 15 York Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8059, USA
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19
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Flaherty DM, Hinde SL, Monick MM, Powers LS, Bradford MA, Yarovinsky T, Hunninghake GW. Adenovirus vectors activate survival pathways in lung epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 287:L393-401. [PMID: 15107295 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00359.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells are often the sites of targeted adenovirus vector delivery. Activation of the host inflammatory response and modulation of signal transduction pathways by adenovirus vectors have been previously documented, including activation of MAP kinases and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase). The effect of activation of these pathways by adenovirus vectors on cell survival has not been examined. Both the PI3-kinase/Akt and ERK/MAP kinase signaling pathways have been linked to cell survival. Akt has been found to play a role in cell survival and apoptosis through its downstream effects on apoptosis-related proteins. Constitutive activation of either PI3-kinase or Akt blocks apoptosis induced by c-Myc, UV radiation, transforming growth factor-β, Fas, and respiratory syncytial virus infection. We examined the effect of adenovirus vector infection on activation of these prosurvival pathways and its downstream consequences. Airway epithelial cells were transduced with replication-deficient adenoviral vectors containing a nonspecific transgene, green fluorescent protein driven by the cytomegalovirus promoter, or an empty vector with no transgene. They were then exposed to the proapoptotic stimulus actinomycin D plus TNF-α, and evidence of apoptosis was evaluated. Compared with the cells treated with actinomycin/TNF alone, the adenovirus vector-infected cells had a 50% reduction in apoptosis. When we examined induction of the prosurvival pathways, ERK and AKT, in the viral vector-infected cells, we found that there was significant activation of both Akt and ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Flaherty
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA. )
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20
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Lichtenstein DL, Toth K, Doronin K, Tollefson AE, Wold WSM. Functions and mechanisms of action of the adenovirus E3 proteins. Int Rev Immunol 2004; 23:75-111. [PMID: 14690856 DOI: 10.1080/08830180490265556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the evolutionary battle between viruses and their hosts, viruses have armed themselves with weapons to defeat the host's attacks on infected cells. Various proteins encoded in the adenovirus (Ad) E3 transcription unit protect cells from killing mediated by cytotoxic T cells and death-inducing cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Fas ligand, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). The viral protein E3-gp19 K blocks MHC class-I-restricted antigen presentation, which diminishes killing by cytotoxic T cells. The receptor internalization and degradation (RID) complex (formerly E3-10.4 K/14.5 K) stimulates the clearance from the cell surface and subsequent degradation of the receptors for Fas ligand and TRAIL, thereby preventing the action of these important immune mediators. RID also downmodulates the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), although what role, if any, this function has in immune regulation is uncertain. In addition, RID antagonizes TNF-mediated apoptosis and inflammation through a mechanism that does not primarily involve receptor downregulation. E3-6.7 K functions together with RID in downregulating some TRAIL receptors and may block apoptosis independently of other E3 proteins. Furthermore, E3-14.7 K functions as a general inhibitor of TNF-mediated apoptosis and blocks TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Finally, after expending great effort to maintain cell viability during the early part of the virus replication cycle, Ads lyse the cell to allow efficient virus release and dissemination. To perform this task subgroup C Ads synthesize a protein late in infection named ADP (formerly E3-11.6 K) that is required for efficient virus release. This review focuses on recent experiments aimed at discovering the mechanism of action of these critically important viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew L Lichtenstein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
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21
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Vallee RB, Williams JC, Varma D, Barnhart LE. Dynein: An ancient motor protein involved in multiple modes of transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 58:189-200. [PMID: 14704951 DOI: 10.1002/neu.10314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein has long been thought to be responsible for retrograde axonal transport. As the number of cellular roles for this multifunctional protein has expanded, the complexity of its contribution to axonal transport has increased. In this article the increasing evidence for a role for cytoplasmic dynein in anterograde as well as retrograde transport is discussed. The current status of the complex dynein cargo-binding mechanism is evaluated. Finally, recent genetic evidence supporting a role in axonal transport and revealing a role in neurodegenerative conditions is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Vallee
- Departments of Pathology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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22
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Hernáez B, Escribano JM, Alonso C. Switching on and Off the Cell Death Cascade: African Swine Fever Virus Apoptosis Regulation. VIRUSES AND APOPTOSIS 2004; 36:57-69. [PMID: 15171607 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-74264-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Hernáez
- Dpt. Biotecnología, INIA, Ctra. de la Coruña Km7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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23
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Fessler SP, Delgado-Lopez F, Horwitz MS. Mechanisms of E3 Modulation of Immune and Inflammatory Responses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2004; 273:113-35. [PMID: 14674600 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-05599-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Adenoviruses contain genes that have evolved to control the host immune and inflammatory responses; however, it is not clear whether these genes function primarily to facilitate survival of the virus during acute infection or during its persistent phase. These issues have assumed greater importance as the use of adenoviruses as vectors for gene therapy has been expanded. This review will focus on the mechanism of immune evasion mediated by the proteins encoded within the early region 3 (E3) transcription region, which affect the functions of a number of cell surface receptors including Fas, intracellular cell signaling events involving NF-kappaB, and the secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules such as chemokines. The successful use of E3 genes in facilitating allogeneic transplantation and in preventing autoimmune diabetes in several transgenic mouse models will also be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Fessler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
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24
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Sekiguchi T, Todaka Y, Wang Y, Hirose E, Nakashima N, Nishimoto T. A novel human nucleolar protein, Nop132, binds to the G proteins, RRAG A/C/D. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:8343-50. [PMID: 14660641 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m305935200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
RRAG A (Rag A)/Gtr1p is a member of the Ras-like small G protein family that genetically interacts with RCC1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for RanGTPase. RRAG A/Gtr1p forms a heterodimer with other G proteins, RRAG C and RRAG D/Gtr2p, in a nucleotide-independent manner. To further elucidate the function of RRAG A/Gtr1p, we isolated a protein that interacts with RRAG A. This protein is a novel nucleolar protein, Nop132. Nop132 is associated with the GTP form, but not the GDP form, of RRAG A, suggesting that RRAG A might regulate Nop132 function. Nop132 is also associated with RRAG C and RRAG D. The Nop132 amino acid sequence is similar to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae nucleolar Nop8p, which is associated with Gtr1p, Gtr2p, and Nip7p. Nop132 also interacts with human Nip7 and is colocalized with RRAG A, RRAG C, and Nip7. RNA interference knockdown of Nop132 inhibited cell growth of HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Sekiguchi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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25
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Sugai M, Saito M, Sukegawa I, Katsushima Y, Kinouchi Y, Nakahata N, Shimosegawa T, Yanagisawa T, Sukegawa J. PTH/PTH-related protein receptor interacts directly with Tctex-1 through its COOH terminus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 311:24-31. [PMID: 14575690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
COOH-terminal cytoplasmic domains of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been shown to carry determinants that control their cell surface localization, internalization, and recycling. In attempts to seek cellular proteins that mediate these processes of PTH/PTH-related protein receptor (PTHR), one of the class B GPCRs, we have found that Tctex-1, a 14kDa light chain of cytoplasmic dynein motor complex, interacts with the COOH-terminal tail of the receptor. A 34-amino-acid stretch of the receptor responsible for binding to Tctex-1 has a bipartite structure consisting of a motif previously implicated in binding of some proteins to Tctex-1 and a putative new consensus sequence. Site-directed mutations or a 20-amino-acid deletion in the bipartite consensus binding sequence abolished the association of the PTHR COOH terminus with Tctex-1 in vitro. A GFP-fused mutant PTHR impaired in binding to Tctex-1 expressed in MDCK cells showed a decreased rate of internalization in response to PTH compared to that of the wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Sugai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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26
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King SJ, Brown CL, Maier KC, Quintyne NJ, Schroer TA. Analysis of the dynein-dynactin interaction in vitro and in vivo. Mol Biol Cell 2003; 14:5089-97. [PMID: 14565986 PMCID: PMC284810 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e03-01-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein and dynactin are megadalton-sized multisubunit molecules that function together as a cytoskeletal motor. In the present study, we explore the mechanism of dynein-dynactin binding in vitro and then extend our findings to an in vivo context. Solution binding assays were used to define binding domains in the dynein intermediate chain (IC) and dynactin p150Glued subunit. Transient overexpression of a series of fragments of the dynein IC was used to determine the importance of this subunit for dynein function in mammalian tissue culture cells. Our results suggest that a functional dynein-dynactin interaction is required for proper microtubule organization and for the transport and localization of centrosomal components and endomembrane compartments. The dynein IC fragments have different effects on endomembrane localization, suggesting that different endomembranes may bind dynein via distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J King
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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27
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Martínez-Moreno M, Navarro-Lérida I, Roncal F, Albar JP, Alonso C, Gavilanes F, Rodríguez-Crespo I. Recognition of novel viral sequences that associate with the dynein light chain LC8 identified through a pepscan technique. FEBS Lett 2003; 544:262-7. [PMID: 12782328 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00516-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent data from multiple laboratories indicate that upon infection, many different families of viruses hijack the dynein motor machinery and become transported in a retrograde manner towards the cell nucleus. In certain cases, one of the dynein light chains, LC8, is involved in this interaction. Using a library of overlapping dodecapeptides synthesized on a cellulose membrane (pepscan technique) we have analyzed the interaction of the dynein light chain LC8 with 17 polypeptides of viral origin. We demonstrate the strong binding of two herpesvirus polypeptides, the human adenovirus protease, vaccinia virus polymerase, human papillomavirus E4 protein, yam mosaic virus polyprotein, human respiratory syncytial virus attachment glycoprotein, human coxsackievirus capsid protein and the product of the AMV179 gene of an insect poxvirus to LC8. Our data corroborate the manipulation of the dynein macromolecular complex of the cell during viral infection and point towards the light chain LC8 as one of the most frequently used targets of virus manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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28
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Sung C, Nardelli B, LaFleur DW, Blatter E, Corcoran M, Olsen HS, Birse CE, Pickeral OK, Zhang J, Shah D, Moody G, Gentz S, Beebe L, Moore PA. An IFN-beta-albumin fusion protein that displays improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties in nonhuman primates. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2003; 23:25-36. [PMID: 12639296 DOI: 10.1089/10799900360520423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The long half-life and stability of human serum albumin (HSA) make it an attractive candidate for fusion to short-lived therapeutic proteins. Albuferon (Human Genome Sciences [HGS], Inc., Rockville, MD) beta is a novel recombinant protein derived from a gene fusion of interferon-beta (IFN-beta ) and HSA. In vitro, Albuferon beta displays antiviral and antiproliferative activities and triggers the IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) signal transduction pathway. Array analysis of 5694 independent genes in Daudi-treated cells revealed that Albuferon beta and IFN-beta induce the expression of an identical set of 30 genes, including 9 previously not identified. In rhesus monkeys administered a dose of 50 microg/kg intravenously (i.v.) or subcutaneously (s.c.) or 300 microg/kg s.c., Albuferon beta demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetic properties. Subcutaneous bioavailability was 87%, plasma clearance at 4.7-5.7 ml/h/kg was approximately 140-fold lower than that of IFN-beta, and the terminal half-life was 36-40 h compared with 8 h for IFN-beta. Importantly, Albuferon beta induced sustained increases in serum neopterin levels and 2',5' mRNA expression. At a molar dose equivalent to one-half the dose of IFN-beta, Albuferon beta elicited comparable neopterin responses and significantly higher 2',5'-OAS mRNA levels in rhesus monkeys. The enhanced in vivo pharmacologic properties of IFN-beta when fused to serum albumin suggest a clinical opportunity for improved IFN-beta therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Sung
- Human Genome Sciences, Inc, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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29
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Lichtenstein DL, Krajcsi P, Esteban DJ, Tollefson AE, Wold WSM. Adenovirus RIDbeta subunit contains a tyrosine residue that is critical for RID-mediated receptor internalization and inhibition of Fas- and TRAIL-induced apoptosis. J Virol 2002; 76:11329-42. [PMID: 12388693 PMCID: PMC136796 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.22.11329-11342.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenovirus-encoded receptor internalization and degradation (RID) protein (previously named E3-10.4K/14.5K), which is composed of RIDalpha and RIDbeta subunits, down-regulates a number of cell surface receptors in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, namely Fas, TRAIL receptor 1, and TRAIL receptor 2. Down-regulation of these "death" receptors protects adenovirus-infected cells from apoptosis induced by the death receptor ligands Fas ligand and TRAIL. RID also down-regulates certain tyrosine kinase cell surface receptors, especially the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). RID-mediated Fas and EGFR down-regulation occurs via endocytosis of the receptors into endosomes followed by transport to and degradation within lysosomes. However, the molecular interactions underlying this function of RID are unknown. To investigate the molecular determinants of RIDbeta that are involved in receptor down-regulation, mutations within the cytoplasmic tail of RIDbeta were constructed and the mutant proteins were analyzed for their capacity to internalize and degrade Fas and EGFR and to protect cells from death receptor ligand-induced apoptosis. The results demonstrated the critical nature of a tyrosine residue near the RIDbeta C terminus; mutation of this residue to alanine abolished RID function. Mutating the tyrosine to phenylalanine did not abolish the function of RID, arguing that phosphorylation of the tyrosine is not required for function. These data suggest that this tyrosine residue forms part of a tyrosine-based sorting signal (Yxxphi). Additional mutations that target another potential sorting motif and several possible protein-protein interaction motifs had no discernible effect on RID function. It was also demonstrated that mutation of serine 116 to alanine eliminated phosphorylation of RIDbeta but did not affect any of the functions of RID that were examined. These results suggest a model in which the tyrosine-based sorting signal in RID plays a role in RID's ability to down-regulate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew L Lichtenstein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
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Toth K, Kuppuswamy M, Doronin K, Doronina O, Lichtenstein D, Tollefson A, Wold W. Construction and characterization of E1-minus replication-defective adenovirus vectors that express E3 proteins from the E1 region. Virology 2002; 301:99-108. [PMID: 12359450 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2002.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has indicated that the adenovirus protein complex named RID, derived from the E3 transcription unit, functions to remove the receptors named Fas/Apo1/CD95 (Fas) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) from the surface of cells. (The RID complex is composed of the RIDalpha and RIDbeta polypeptides, previously named 10.4K and 14.5K, respectively.) In response to RID, Fas and EGFR appear to be internalized into endosomes and degraded in lysosomes. Fas is a death receptor in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily. RID inhibits apoptosis via the Fas pathway, presumably because RID gets rid of Fas. Earlier work further showed that another adenovirus E3-coded protein, E3-14.7K, inhibits apoptosis induced by TNF. Most of the above studies have been conducted using viable virus mutants that lack one or more of the genes for RID, E3-14.7K, or E1B-19K (this protein, coded by the E1B transcription unit, also inhibits apoptosis via the TNF and Fas pathways). Some studies have also been conducted with the genes for RID or E3-14.7K transiently or stably transfected into cells. We now report a new approach to studying the E3 genes. We have constructed four E1-minus replication-defective vectors that have all the E3 genes deleted from their natural position and then reinserted, in different permutations, into the deleted E1 region under control of the cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter. Vector Ad/RID only has the genes for RIDalpha and RIDbeta. Vector Ad/14.7K only has the gene for E3-14.7K. Vector Ad/RID/14.7K only has the genes for RIDalpha, RIDbeta, and E3-14.7K. Vector Ad/E3 has all E3 genes, but there are two missense mutations in the gene for Adenovirus Death Protein. These vectors expressed RID and/or E3-14.7K, as expected. The RID-expressing vectors forced the internalization and degradation of Fas and EGFR, and they inhibited apoptosis induced through the Fas pathway. These vectors should be useful reagents to study the E3 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoly Toth
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis Unversity School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
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Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ads) are endemic in the human population and the well-studied group C Ads typically cause an acute infection in the respiratory epithelium. A growing body of evidence suggests that these viruses also establish a persistent infection. The Ad genome encodes several proteins that counteract the host anti-viral mechanisms, which function to limit viral infections. This review describes the adenovirus immuno-regulatory proteins and how they function to block apoptosis of infected cells. In addition to facilitating the successful completion of the viral replication cycle and spread of progeny virus, these functions may help maintain the virus in a persistent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne L McNees
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Nadano D, Nakayama J, Matsuzawa SI, Sato TA, Matsuda T, Fukuda MN. Human tastin, a proline-rich cytoplasmic protein, associates with the microtubular cytoskeleton. Biochem J 2002; 364:669-77. [PMID: 12049630 PMCID: PMC1222615 DOI: 10.1042/bj20011836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tastin was originally identified as an accessory protein for trophinin, a cell adhesion molecule that potentially mediates the initial attachment of the human embryo to the uterine epithelium. However, no information regarding tastin's function is available to date. The present study is aimed at understanding the role of tastin in mammalian cells. Hence, we examined the intracellular localization of tastin in human cell lines transfected with an expression vector encoding influenza virus haemagglutinin (HA)-tagged tastin. Ectopically expressed HA-tastin was seen as a pattern resembling the fibres that overlap the microtubular cytoskeleton. When HA-tastin-expressing cells were cultured with nocodazole to disrupt microtubule (MT) polymerization, tastin was dispersed to the entire cytoplasm and an MT sedimentation assay showed tastin in the supernatant; however, tastin was sedimented with polymeric MTs in cell lysates not treated with nocodazole. Sedimentation assays using HA-tastin mutants deleted at the N- or C-terminus revealed MT-binding activity associated with the N-terminal basic region of tastin. A yeast two-hybrid screen for tastin-interacting proteins identified Tctex-1, one of the light chains of cytoplasmic dynein, as a tastin-binding protein. Immunoprecipitation and Western-blot analysis confirmed binding of HA-tagged tastin and FLAG (Asp-Tyr-Lys-Asp-Asp-Asp-Asp-Lys epitope)-tagged Tctex-1 in human cells. Furthermore, in vitro assays have demonstrated the binding between a fusion protein, glutathione S-transferase-Tctex-1, and in vitro translated (35)S-labelled tastin. As Tctex-1 is a component of a MT-based molecular motor, these results suggest that tastin plays an important role in mammalian cells by associating with the microtubular cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daita Nadano
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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Kim HJ, Foster MP. Characterization of Ad5 E3-14.7K, an adenoviral inhibitor of apoptosis: structure, oligomeric state, and metal binding. Protein Sci 2002; 11:1117-28. [PMID: 11967368 PMCID: PMC2373546 DOI: 10.1110/ps.4180102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The adenovirus E3-14.7K protein, expressed early in the life cycle of human adenoviruses to protect the virus from the antiviral response of host cells, inhibits cell death mediated by TNF-alpha and FasL receptors. To better understand its role in cell death inhibition, we have sought to characterize the biophysical properties of the protein from adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5 E3-14.7K, or simply 14.7K) through a variety of approaches. To obtain sufficient quantities of recombinantly expressed protein for biophysical characterization, we explored the use of various expression constructs and chaperones; fusion to MBP was by far the most effective at generating soluble protein. Using limited proteolysis, mass spectrometry, and protein-protein interaction assays, we demonstrate that the C-terminal two-thirds of the protein, predicted to be composed of five beta-strands and one alpha-helix, is highly structured and binds its putative cellular receptors. Furthermore, using atomic absorption and ultraviolet/visible spectroscopies, we have studied the metal binding properties of the protein, providing insight into the observation that cysteine/serine mutants of 14.7K lack in vivo antiapoptotic activity. Lastly, results from size exclusion chromatography, dynamic light scattering, sucrose gradient sedimentation, chemical crosslinking, and electron microscopy experiments revealed that 14.7K exists in a stable high-order oligomeric state (nonamer) in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jung Kim
- Biophysics Program, The Ohio State University, 484 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Alonso C, Miskin J, Hernáez B, Fernandez-Zapatero P, Soto L, Cantó C, Rodríguez-Crespo I, Dixon L, Escribano JM. African swine fever virus protein p54 interacts with the microtubular motor complex through direct binding to light-chain dynein. J Virol 2001; 75:9819-27. [PMID: 11559815 PMCID: PMC114554 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.20.9819-9827.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynein is a minus-end-directed microtubule-associated motor protein involved in cargo transport in the cytoplasm. African swine fever virus (ASFV), a large DNA virus, hijacks the microtubule motor complex cellular transport machinery during virus infection of the cell through direct binding of virus protein p54 to the light chain of cytoplasmic dynein (LC8). Interaction of p54 and LC8 occurs both in vitro and in cells, and the two proteins colocalize at the microtubular organizing center during viral infection. p50/dynamitin, a dominant-negative inhibitor of dynein-dynactin function, impeded ASFV infection, suggesting an essential role for dynein during virus infection. A 13-amino-acid domain of p54 was sufficient for binding to LC8, an SQT motif within this domain being critical for this binding. Direct binding of a viral structural protein to LC8, a small molecule of the dynein motor complex, could constitute a molecular mechanism for microtubule-mediated virus transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alonso
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
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Schmidt AC, Couch RB, Galasso GJ, Hayden FG, Mills J, Murphy BR, Chanock RM. Current research on respiratory viral infections: Third International Symposium. Antiviral Res 2001; 50:157-96. [PMID: 11397506 PMCID: PMC7133842 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(01)00136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2001] [Accepted: 02/28/2001] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A C Schmidt
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 7 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0720, USA.
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Efrat S, Serreze D, Svetlanov A, Post CM, Johnson EA, Herold K, Horwitz M. Adenovirus early region 3(E3) immunomodulatory genes decrease the incidence of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetes 2001; 50:980-4. [PMID: 11334441 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.50.5.980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The early three (E3) region of the adenovirus (Ad) encodes a number of immunomodulatory proteins that interfere with class I major histocompatibility-mediated antigen presentation and confer resistance to cytokine-induced apoptosis in cells infected by the virus. Transgenic expression of Ad E3 genes under the rat insulin II promoter (RIP-E3) in beta-cells in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice decreases the incidence and delays the onset of autoimmune diabetes. The immune effector cells of RIP-E3/NOD mice maintain the ability to infiltrate the islets and transfer diabetes into NOD-scid recipients, although at a significantly reduced rate compared with wild-type littermates. The islets of RIP-E3/ NOD mice can be destroyed by adoptive transfer of splenocytes from wild-type NOD mice; however, the time to onset of hyperglycemia is delayed significantly, and 40% of these recipients were not diabetic at the end of the experiment. These findings suggest that expression of E3 genes in beta-cells affects both the activation of immune effector cells and the intrinsic resistance of beta-cells to autoimmune destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Efrat
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA.
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Russell
- Biomolecular Sciences Building, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK1
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