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Kawahara E, Yamamoto S, Shibata T, Hirai T, Yoshioka Y. CpG ODN enhances the efficacy of F protein vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus infection in the upper respiratory tract via CD4 + T cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 686:149143. [PMID: 37926041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe respiratory illness worldwide, particularly in infants and older adults. Vaccines targeting the fusion glycoprotein (F protein) -one of the surface antigens of RSV- are highly effective in preventing RSV-associated severe lower respiratory tract disease. However, the efficacy of these vaccines against upper respiratory tract challenge needs improvement. Here, we aimed to examine the efficacy of F protein vaccines with or without CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) as an adjuvant in the upper and lower respiratory tracts in mice. F + CpG ODN induced higher levels of F-specific IgG than that induced by F alone; however, levels of neutralizing antibodies did not increase compared to those induced by F alone. F + CpG ODN induced T helper 1 (Th1) cells while F alone induced T helper 2 (Th2) cells. Moreover, F + CpG ODN improved the protection against RSV challenge in the upper respiratory tract compared to F alone, which was largely dependent on CD4+ T cells. Meanwhile, both F + CpG ODN and F alone protected the lower respiratory tract. In conclusion, we demonstrated that induction of F-specific Th1 cells is an effective strategy to prevent RSV challenge in the upper respiratory tract in F protein vaccines. These data support the development of novel F protein vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eigo Kawahara
- Laboratory of Nano-design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Vaccine Creation Group, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takehiko Shibata
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Hirai
- Laboratory of Nano-design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Vaccine Creation Group, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Nano-design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Vaccine Creation Group, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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Kembou-Ringert JE, Steinhagen D, Thompson KD, Daly JM, Adamek M. Immune responses to Tilapia lake virus infection: what we know and what we don't know. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1240094. [PMID: 37622112 PMCID: PMC10445761 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1240094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is a novel contagious pathogen associated with a lethal disease affecting and decimating tilapia populations on several continents across the globe. Fish viral diseases, such as Tilapia lake virus disease (TiLVD), represent a serious threat to tilapia aquaculture. Therefore, a better understanding of the innate immune responses involved in establishing an antiviral state can help shed light on TiLV disease pathogenesis. Moreover, understanding the adaptive immune mechanisms involved in mounting protection against TiLV could greatly assist in the development of vaccination strategies aimed at controlling TiLVD. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the immune responses following TiLV infection. After describing the main pathological findings associated with TiLVD, both the innate and adaptive immune responses and mechanisms to TiLV infection are discussed, in both disease infection models and in vitro studies. In addition, our work, highlights research questions, knowledge gaps and research areas in the immunology of TiLV infection where further studies are needed to better understand how disease protection against TiLV is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Japhette E. Kembou-Ringert
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kim D. Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Janet M. Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Ting HA, Schaller MA, de Almeida Nagata DE, Rasky AJ, Maillard IP, Lukacs NW. Notch Ligand Delta-like 4 Promotes Regulatory T Cell Identity in Pulmonary Viral Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1492-1502. [PMID: 28077598 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells establish tolerance, prevent inflammation at mucosal surfaces, and regulate immunopathology during infectious responses. Recent studies have shown that Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4) was upregulated on APC after respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, and its inhibition leads to exaggerated immunopathology. In the present study, we outline the role of Dll4 in Treg cell differentiation, stability, and function in RSV infection. We found that Dll4 was expressed on CD11b+ pulmonary dendritic cells in the lung and draining lymph nodes in wild-type BALB/c mice after RSV infection. Dll4 neutralization exacerbated RSV-induced disease pathology, mucus production, group 2 innate lymphoid cell infiltration, IL-5 and IL-13 production, as well as IL-17A+ CD4 T cells. Dll4 inhibition decreased the abundance of CD62LhiCD44loFoxp3+ central Treg cells in draining lymph nodes. The RSV-induced disease was accompanied by an increase in Th17-like effector phenotype in Foxp3+ Treg cells and a decrease in granzyme B expression after Dll4 blockade. Finally, Dll4-exposed induced Treg cells maintained the CD62LhiCD44lo central Treg cell phenotype, had increased Foxp3 expression, became more suppressive, and were resistant to Th17 skewing in vitro. These results suggest that Dll4 activation during differentiation sustained Treg cell phenotype and function to control RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-An Ting
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | | | - Andrew J Rasky
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ivan P Maillard
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
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Alum Adjuvant Enhances Protection against Respiratory Syncytial Virus but Exacerbates Pulmonary Inflammation by Modulating Multiple Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139916. [PMID: 26468884 PMCID: PMC4607166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is well-known for inducing vaccine-enhanced respiratory disease after vaccination of young children with formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) in alum formulation. Here, we investigated alum adjuvant effects on protection and disease after FI-RSV immunization with or without alum in comparison with live RSV reinfections. Despite viral clearance, live RSV reinfections caused weight loss and substantial pulmonary inflammation probably due to high levels of RSV specific IFN-γ+IL4-, IFN-γ-TNF-α+, IFN-γ+TNF-α- effector CD4 and CD8 T cells. Alum adjuvant significantly improved protection as evidenced by effective viral clearance compared to unadjuvanted FI-RSV. However, in contrast to unadjuvanted FI-RSV, alum-adjuvanted FI-RSV (FI-RSV-A) induced severe vaccine-enhanced RSV disease including weight loss, eosinophilia, and lung histopathology. Alum adjuvant in the FI-RSV-A was found to be mainly responsible for inducing high levels of RSV-specific IFN-γ-IL4+, IFN-γ-TNF-α+ CD4+ T cells, and proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-4 as well as B220+ plasmacytoid and CD4+ dendritic cells, and inhibiting the induction of IFN-γ+CD8 T cells. This study suggests that alum adjuvant in FI-RSV vaccines increases immunogenicity and viral clearance but also induces atypical T helper CD4+ T cells and multiple inflammatory dendritic cell subsets responsible for vaccine-enhanced severe RSV disease.
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Neonatal antibody responses are attenuated by interferon-γ produced by NK and T cells during RSV infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:5576-81. [PMID: 23509276 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1214247110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infects most children in the first year of life and is a major single cause of hospitalization in infants and young children. There is no effective vaccine, and antibody generated by primary neonatal infection is poorly protective against reinfection even with antigenically homologous viral strains. Studying the immunological basis of these observations in neonatal mice, we found that antibody responses to infection were low and unaffected by CD4 depletion, in contrast with adult mice, which had stronger CD4-dependent antibody responses. Natural killer cell depletion or codepletion of CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells during neonatal RSV infection caused a striking increase in anti-RSV antibody titer. These cells are major sources of the cytokine IFN-γ, and blocking IFN-γ also enhanced RSV-specific antibody responses in neonates. In addition, infection with a recombinant RSV engineered to produce IFN-γ reduced antibody titer, confirming that IFN-γ plays a pivotal role in inhibition of antibody responses after neonatal infection. These unexpected findings show that the induction of a strong cellular immune response may limit antibody responses in early life and that vaccines that induce IFN-γ-secreting cells might, in some situations, be less protective than those that do not.
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Abstract
Viral respiratory infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in infants and young children as well as in at-risk adults and the elderly. Although many viral pathogens are capable of causing respiratory disease, vaccine development has to focus on a limited number of pathogens, such as those that commonly cause serious lower respiratory illness (LRI). Whereas influenza virus vaccines have been available for some time (see the review by Clark and Lynch in this issue), vaccines against other medically important viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), and metapneumovirus (MPVs) are not available. This review aims to provide a brief update on investigational vaccines against RSV, the PIVs, and MPV that have been evaluated in clinical trials or are currently in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Schmidt
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 10001, USA.
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Interferon-gamma induced adipose tissue inflammation is linked to endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic mice. Basic Res Cardiol 2011; 106:1135-45. [PMID: 21826531 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-011-0212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFNγ) has previously been associated with immuno-mediated inflammation in diet-induced obesity and type 1 diabetes. This study sought to define the role of IFNγ-induced adipose tissue inflammation in endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. We examined mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) inflammation, and endothelial function of small mesenteric artery (SMA) in control mice (m Lepr(db)), diabetic mice (Lepr(db)), m Lepr(db) treated with IFNγ, and Lepr(db) treated with anti-IFNγ or anti-monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (anti-MCP-1). mRNA and protein expression of IFNγ and MCP-1 were increased in MAT of Lepr(db), accompanied by increased T-lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration. Anti-IFNγ reduced MAT inflammatory cell infiltration and inflammatory cytokine expression in Lepr(db), while IFNγ treatment showed the opposite effects in m Lepr(db). Acetylcholine (ACh)-induced vasorelaxation of SMA was impaired in Lepr(db) versus m Lepr(db), but sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced vasorelaxation was comparable. Both anti-IFNγ and anti-MCP-1 improved endothelial function of Lepr(db), while IFNγ treatment impaired endothelial function of m Lepr(db). Superoxide production was higher in both MAT and SMA of Lepr(db) mice, and anti-IFNγ reduced MAT and SMA superoxide production. Macrophage accumulation in the adventitia of SMA, and mRNA expression of MCP-1 in SMA were increased in Lepr(db) and IFNγ-treated m Lepr(db), but reduced in anti-IFNγ treated Lepr(db). These findings suggest IFNγ has a key role in the regulation of visceral adipose tissue inflammatory response and endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes.
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Protection against intestinal amebiasis by a recombinant vaccine is transferable by T cells and mediated by gamma interferon. Infect Immun 2009; 77:3909-18. [PMID: 19564375 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00487-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that vaccination with purified Entamoeba histolytica Gal/GalNAc lectin or recombinant subunits can protect mice from intestinal amebiasis upon intracecal challenge. In this study, we demonstrated with adoptive-transfer experiments that this lectin vaccine protection is mediated by T cells but not serum. The cell-mediated immune (CMI) response was characterized by significant gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), interleukin 12 (IL-12), IL-2, IL-10, and IL-17 production. To move toward a human vaccine, we switched to a recombinant protein and tested a range of adjuvants and routes appropriate for humans. We found that subcutaneous delivery of LecA with IDRI's adjuvant system EM014 elicited a potent Th1-type CMI profile and provided significant protection, as measured by culture negativity (79% efficacy); intranasal immunization with cholera toxin provided 56% efficacy; and alum induced a Th2-type response that protected 62 to 68% of mice. Several antibody and CMI cytokine responses were examined for correlates of protection, and prechallenge IFN-gamma(+) or IFN-gamma-, IL-2-, and tumor necrosis factor alpha-triple-positive CD4 cells in blood were statistically associated with protection. To test the role of IFN-gamma in LecA-mediated protection, we neutralized IFN-gamma in LecA-immunized mice and found that it abrogated the protection conferred by vaccination. These data demonstrate that CMI is sufficient for vaccine protection from intestinal amebiasis and reveal an important role for IFN-gamma, even in the setting of alum.
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Mok H, Tollefson SJ, Podsiad AB, Shepherd BE, Polosukhin VV, Johnston RE, Williams JV, Crowe JE. An alphavirus replicon-based human metapneumovirus vaccine is immunogenic and protective in mice and cotton rats. J Virol 2008; 82:11410-8. [PMID: 18786987 PMCID: PMC2573258 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01688-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a recently discovered paramyxovirus that causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals worldwide. Here, we developed Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particles (VRPs) encoding hMPV fusion (F) or attachment (G) glycoproteins and evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of these vaccine candidates in mice and cotton rats. VRPs encoding hMPV F protein, when administered intranasally, induced F-specific virus-neutralizing antibodies in serum and immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies in secretions at the respiratory mucosa. Challenge virus replication was reduced significantly in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts following intranasal hMPV challenge in these animals. However, vaccination with hMPV G protein VRPs did not induce neutralizing antibodies or protect animals from hMPV challenge. Close examination of the histopathology of the lungs of VRP-MPV F-vaccinated animals following hMPV challenge revealed no enhancement of inflammation or mucus production. Aberrant cytokine gene expression was not detected in these animals. Together, these results represent an important first step toward the use of VRPs encoding hMPV F proteins as a prophylactic vaccine for hMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoyin Mok
- Departments of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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Comparison of serum humoral responses induced by oral immunization with the hepatitis B virus core antigen and the cholera toxin B subunit. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:852-8. [PMID: 18367580 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00382-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus core (HBc) virus-like particle (VLP) is known as one of the most immunogenic antigens and carrier vehicles in different immunization strategies. Recent findings are suggesting the potential of the HBc VLPs as an oral immunogen. Here, we focus on the induction of serum humoral responses by oral administration of HBc VLPs in preparations substantially free of lipopolysaccharide and immunomodulating encapsidated RNA. The full-length HBc antigen was used, because the C-terminal arginine-rich tail may contribute to the immunogenicity of the antigen as the region is involved in cell surface heparan sulfate binding and internalization of the protein. Serum antibody levels and isotypes were determined following oral administration of the HBc VLPs with the perspective of using the HBc VLP as an immunostimulatory and carrier molecule for epitopes of blood-borne diseases in oral immunization vaccination strategies. Following oral administration of the HBc VLP preparations to mice, a strong serum humoral response was induced with mainly immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) antibodies, pointing toward a Th1 response which is essential in the control of intracellular pathogens. Intraperitoneal immunization with the HBc VLP induced a stronger, mixed Th1/Th2 response. Finally, a comparison was made with the induced serum humoral response following oral administration of the recombinant cholera toxin B pentamer, a commonly used oral immunogen. These immunizations, in contrast, induced predominantly antibodies of the IgG1 isotype, indicative of a Th2 response. These data suggest that the HBc VLP can be an interesting carrier molecule in oral vaccine development.
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Roux X, Dubuquoy C, Durand G, Tran-Tolla TL, Castagné N, Bernard J, Petit-Camurdan A, Eléouët JF, Riffault S. Sub-nucleocapsid nanoparticles: a nasal vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1766. [PMID: 18335041 PMCID: PMC2262139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchiolitis caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in infants less than two years old is a growing public health concern worldwide, and there is currently no safe and effective vaccine. A major component of RSV nucleocapsid, the nucleoprotein (N), has been so far poorly explored as a potential vaccine antigen, even though it is a target of protective anti-viral T cell responses and is remarkably conserved between human RSV A and B serotypes. We recently reported a method to produce recombinant N assembling in homogenous rings composed of 10-11 N subunits enclosing a bacterial RNA. These nanoparticles were named sub-nucleocapsid ring structure (N SRS). METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The vaccine potential of N SRS was evaluated in a well-characterized and widely acknowledged mouse model of RSV infection. BALB/c adult mice were immunized intranasally with N SRS adjuvanted with the detoxified E. coli enterotoxin LT(R192G). Upon RSV challenge, vaccinated mice were largely protected against virus replication in the lungs, with a mild inflammatory lymphocytic and neutrophilic reaction in their airways. Mucosal immunization with N SRS elicited strong local and systemic immunity characterized by high titers of IgG1, IgG2a and IgA anti-N antibodies, antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells and IFN-gamma-producing CD4(+) T cells. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This is the first report of using nanoparticles formed by the recombinant nucleocapsid protein as an efficient and safe intra-nasal vaccine against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Roux
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR892), INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Catherine Dubuquoy
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR892), INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Guillaume Durand
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR892), INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Thi-Lan Tran-Tolla
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR892), INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nathalie Castagné
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR892), INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Julie Bernard
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR892), INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Agnès Petit-Camurdan
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR892), INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Sabine Riffault
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR892), INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail:
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Beck A, Klinguer-Hamour C, Bussat MC, Champion T, Haeuw JF, Goetsch L, Wurch T, Sugawara M, Milon A, Van Dorsselaer A, Nguyen T, Corvaïa N. Peptides as tools and drugs for immunotherapies. J Pept Sci 2007; 13:588-602. [PMID: 17602441 DOI: 10.1002/psc.852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Peptides are essential tools for discovery and pre-clinical and pharmaceutical development of viral and cancer vaccines ('active immunotherapies') as well as for therapeutic antibodies ('passive immunotherapies'). They help to trigger and analyze immune responses at a molecular level (B-cell, T-helper and CTL epitopes). They contribute largely to the design of new vaccine candidates and to the generation of monoclonal antibodies. They are also valuable analytical reference compounds for the structural characterisation by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of recombinant proteins used as biopharmaceuticals. As for other therapeutic applications, formulation, solubilisation, batch consistency and stability, issues have to be addressed to allow the pre-clinical and clinical development of this class of compounds as immunotherapeutic drugs. In the present review, three case studies dealing with (i) the design and the characterisation of Respiratory Syntycial Virus subunit vaccines, (ii) peptide-based melanoma vaccines, and (iii) therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, all investigated in clinical trials, are reported and discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Mice
- Models, Immunological
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Mapping
- Peptides/immunology
- Peptides/therapeutic use
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoléon III, F74164 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, Cedex, France.
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Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particles encoding respiratory syncytial virus surface glycoproteins induce protective mucosal responses in mice and cotton rats. J Virol 2007; 81:13710-22. [PMID: 17928349 PMCID: PMC2168850 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01351-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important viral pathogen that causes severe lower respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. There are no licensed RSV vaccines to date. To prevent RSV infection, immune responses in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts are required. Previously, immunization with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particles (VRPs) demonstrated effectiveness in inducing mucosal protection against various pathogens. In this study, we developed VRPs encoding RSV fusion (F) or attachment (G) glycoproteins and evaluated the immunogenicity and efficacy of these vaccine candidates in mice and cotton rats. VRPs, when administered intranasally, induced surface glycoprotein-specific virus neutralizing antibodies in serum and immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies in secretions at the respiratory mucosa. In addition, fusion protein-encoding VRPs induced gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-secreting T cells in the lungs and spleen, as measured by reaction with an H-2K(d)-restricted CD8(+) T-cell epitope. In animals vaccinated with F protein VRPs, challenge virus replication was reduced below the level of detection in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts following intranasal RSV challenge, while in those vaccinated with G protein VRPs, challenge virus was detected in the upper but not the lower respiratory tract. Close examination of histopathology of the lungs of vaccinated animals following RSV challenge revealed no enhanced inflammation. Immunization with VRPs induced balanced Th1/Th2 immune responses, as measured by the cytokine profile in the lungs and antibody isotype of the humoral immune response. These results represent an important first step toward the use of VRPs encoding RSV proteins as a prophylactic vaccine for RSV.
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van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Mapletoft JW, Arsic N, Kovacs-Nolan J. Immunopathology of RSV infection: prospects for developing vaccines without this complication. Rev Med Virol 2007; 17:5-34. [PMID: 17004293 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus is the most important cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children. RSV clinical disease varies from rhinitis and otitis media to bronchiolitis and pneumonia. An increased incidence of asthma later in life has been associated with the more severe lower respiratory tract infections. Despite its importance as a pathogen, there is no licensed vaccine against RSV. This is due to a number of factors complicating the development of an effective and safe vaccine. The immunity to natural RSV infection is incomplete as re-infections occur in all age groups, which makes it challenging to design a protective vaccine. Second, the primary target population is the newborn infant, which has a relatively immature immune system and maternal antibodies that can interfere with vaccination. Finally, some vaccines have resulted in a predisposition for exacerbated pulmonary disease in infants, which was attributed to an imbalanced Th2-biased immune response, although the exact cause has not been elucidated. This makes it difficult to proceed with vaccine testing in infants. It is likely that an effective and safe vaccine needs to elicit a balanced immune response, including RSV-specific neutralising antibodies, CD8 T-cells, Th1/Th2 CD4 T-cells and preferably secretory IgA. Subunit vaccines formulated with appropriate adjuvants may be adequate for previously exposed individuals. However, intranasally delivered genetically engineered attenuated or vectored vaccines are currently most promising for newborns, as they are expected to induce a balanced immune response similar to that elicited to natural infection and not be subject to interference from maternal antibodies. Maternal vaccination may be the optimal strategy to protect the very young infants.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Antibody Formation
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- Humans
- Immunity, Active
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunity, Maternally-Acquired
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Pregnancy
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/adverse effects
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccination/trends
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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15
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Ellis JA, Martin BV, Waldner C, Dyer KD, Domachowske JB, Rosenberg HF. Mucosal inoculation with an attenuated mouse pneumovirus strain protects against virulent challenge in wild type and interferon-gamma receptor deficient mice. Vaccine 2007; 25:1085-95. [PMID: 17052820 PMCID: PMC1922442 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Protective mechanisms underlying the responses to mucosal vaccination are not yet clearly defined. Using the natural mouse pneumovirus pathogen, pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), we explore responses of wild type and interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) receptor gene-deleted mice to virulent challenge after mucosal vaccination with an attenuated virus strain. Serum neutralizing antibodies develop after intranasal inoculation with 30 pfu of attenuated, replication-competent PVM strain 15, which correlate with diminished gross and microscopic pulmonary pathology and protection from weight loss in response to subsequent challenge with the virulent parent PVM strain J3666. Virus replication in response to challenge was blunted in PVM strain 15 vaccinated mice, as was local production of secretory mediators IFNgamma, TNF-alpha, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-2. Interestingly, responses of vaccinated IFNgamma receptor gene-deleted mice were indistinguishable from those of the wild type, suggesting that IFNgamma signaling may not be crucial for the generation of adaptive responses to pneumovirus infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Ellis
- Western Veterinary Medical College, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Brittany V. Martin
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cheryl Waldner
- Western Veterinary Medical College, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Kimberly D. Dyer
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Helene F. Rosenberg
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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16
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Chary P, Njenga MK, Sharma JM. Protection by recombinant viral proteins against a respiratory challenge with virulent avian metapneumovirus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 108:427-32. [PMID: 16112741 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2005] [Revised: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 06/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Protection by recombinant avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) N or M proteins against a respiratory challenge with virulent aMPV was examined. N, M or N+M proteins were administered intramuscularly (IM) with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) or by the oculonasal (ON) route with cholera toxin-B (CTB). Each turkey received 40 or 80 microg of each recombinant protein. Birds were considered protected against challenge if the challenge virus was not detectable in the choanal swabs by RT-PCR. At a dose of 40 microg/bird, N protein given with IFA by the IM route protected eight out of nine birds. M protein at the same dose protected three out of seven birds, while a combination of N+M proteins (40 microg each) protected three out of four birds. At a dose of 80 microg of each of N and M proteins per bird given with IFA by the IM route, 100% protection was achieved. ON immunization with a mixture of N and M proteins induced partial protection when the proteins were given with CTB; no detectable protection was noted without CTB. N and M proteins induced anti-aMPV antibodies, although protection against virulent virus challenge did not appear to be associated with the level or presence of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag Chary
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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17
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Openshaw PJM, Tregoning JS. Immune responses and disease enhancement during respiratory syncytial virus infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005; 18:541-55. [PMID: 16020689 PMCID: PMC1195968 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.18.3.541-555.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the commonest and most troublesome viruses of infancy. It causes most cases of bronchiolitis, which is associated with wheezing in later childhood. In primary infection, the peak of disease typically coincides with the development of specific T- and B-cell responses, which seem, in large part, to be responsible for disease. Animal models clearly show that a range of immune responses can enhance disease severity, particularly after vaccination with formalin-inactivated RSV. Prior immune sensitization leads to exuberant chemokine production, an excessive cellular influx, and an overabundance of cytokines during RSV challenge. Under different circumstances, specific mediators and T-cell subsets and antibody-antigen immune complex deposition are incriminated as major factors in disease. Animal models of immune enhancement permit a deep understanding of the role of specific immune responses in RSV disease, assist in vaccine design, and indicate which immunomodulatory therapy might be beneficial to children with bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J M Openshaw
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Heart and Lung and Wright Fleming Institutes, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Paddington, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom.
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18
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19
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Garofalo RP, Hintz KH, Hill V, Ogra PL, Welliver RC. Production of interferon gamma in respiratory syncytial virus infection of humans is not associated with interleukins 12 and 18. J Med Virol 2004; 73:289-94. [PMID: 15122806 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to understand early events in the immune response to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, we studied the presence of various chemokines and cytokines in respiratory secretions of human infants with RSV infection. Interferon gamma (IFNgamma) was present in 30/39 (76.9%) subjects tested, but the IFNgamma-inducing cytokines interleukin (IL)12 and IL18 were detectable in 6/40 (15%) and 11/38 (28.9%) subjects, respectively. Quantities of IL12 and IL18 did not correlate with those of IFNgamma. IL18, but neither IFNgamma nor IL12 was found in significantly greater concentrations in subjects with mild, nonhypoxic forms of bronchiolitis than in those with upper respiratory illness alone or hypoxic bronchiolitis. The findings suggest that IFNgamma may be induced independently of the activities of IL12 and IL18 during RSV infection. Immune responses characterized by relatively greater release of IL18 may be associated with milder forms of bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto P Garofalo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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20
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Regner M, Culley F, Fontannaz P, Hu K, Morein B, Lambert PH, Openshaw P, Siegrist CA. Safety and efficacy of immune-stimulating complex-based antigen delivery systems for neonatal immunisation against respiratory syncytial virus infection. Microbes Infect 2004; 6:666-75. [PMID: 15158774 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2003] [Accepted: 03/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To protect against human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV)-induced bronchiolitis in early infancy, vaccines need to be designed which are effective in the neonatal period. To test the safety and efficacy of adjuvants in neonatal mice, we injected hRSV surface proteins combined with immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOMs) prepared from fractions A, C or A + C of Quillaja saponins. All were well tolerated in adults, but A + C ISCOMS proved lethal in neonates; A or C fractions alone were well tolerated by neonates up to the adult dose. hRSV-ISCOM A induced antibody responses similar to combined fractions, and potent in vitro cytotoxic T cell responses. Adult-like in vitro cytotoxicity against hRSV-infected targets and precursor cytotoxic T cell frequencies were observed within one week of neonatal priming and hRSV-ISCOM A-primed neonates showed virtually complete protection against subsequent viral challenge. hRSV challenge was associated with some pulmonary eosinophilia in both age groups, with higher IL-4 production by lung CD4+ T cells in mice primed as neonates. This was, however, accompanied by only minor (approximately 10%) and transient illness and weight loss. Thus, the identification of hRSV antigen delivery systems with an age-appropriate adjuvanticity/reactogenicity balance may be feasible even in the vulnerable early-life period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Regner
- WHO Collaborating Center for Vaccinology, Department of Pathology, University of Geneva, CMU, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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21
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Melchjorsen J, Sørensen LN, Paludan SR. Expression and function of chemokines during viral infections: from molecular mechanisms to in vivo function. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 74:331-43. [PMID: 12949236 PMCID: PMC7166880 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1102577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recruitment and activation of leukocytes are important for elimination of microbes, including viruses, from infected areas. Chemokines constitute a group of bioactive peptides that regulate leukocyte migration and also contribute to activation of these cells. Chemokines are essential mediators of inflammation and important for control of viral infections. The profile of chemokine expression contributes to shaping the immune response during viral infection, whereas viral subversion of the chemokine system allows the virus to evade antiviral activities of the host. In this review, we discuss the role of chemokines in host-defense against virus infections, and we also look deeper into the virus-cell interactions that trigger chemokine expression as well as the cellular signaling cascades involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Melchjorsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Louise N. Sørensen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren R. Paludan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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22
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Vancott JL, McNeal MM, Choi AHC, Ward RL. The role of interferons in rotavirus infections and protection. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2003; 23:163-70. [PMID: 12716489 DOI: 10.1089/107999003321532501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I and type II interferons (IFNs) play a critical role in control of a number of viral infections. To study whether altered and reduced functional capacities of type I and type II IFNs would affect rotavirus-induced diarrhea and viral replication, we obtained signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (Stat1) knock-out mice (Stat1(-/-)) that lack many IFN-induced responses. We found that suckling Stat1(-/-) and immunocompetent mice orally infected with rotavirus experienced diarrhea and shed rotavirus with similar intensity. However, adult Stat1(-/-) mice shed up to 100-fold more homologous murine rotavirus and heterologous rhesus rotavirus antigen in their stools than did immunocompetent mice 2-6 days after infection. Clearance of rotavirus in stools from adult Stat1(-/-) mice occurred at the same time as in wild-type (WT) control mice. Clearance in Stat1(-/-) mice correlated with a potent antibody response and a mixed Th1 and Th2 response, whereas in WT control mice, clearance correlated with a weaker antibody response and a polarized Th1 response. Stat1(-/-) mice were fully protected against subsequent challenge. Moreover, vaccination of adult Stat1(-/-) mice with a rotavirus VP6 protein and the mucosal adjuvant Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin LT (R192G) elicited 94% protection, as measured by the total reduction in viral shedding for the group in comparison to unimmunized controls. Thus, modulating IFN function through the loss of Stat1 caused a defective innate immune response in adult mice but had no effect on rotavirus-induced diarrhea and replication in suckling mice. Furthermore, adult Stat1(-/-), IFN-gamma, and IFN-alpha/beta receptor(-/-) (IFNAR-2(-/-)) mice infected with rotavirus or vaccinated with VP6 vaccine and adjuvant were fully protected against rotavirus shedding following a subsequent challenge with rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Vancott
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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