1
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Kang HR, Han JH, Ng YC, Ryu S, Park JY, Chung WC, Song YJ, Chen ST, Brickey WJ, Ting JPY, Song MJ. Dynamic bidirectional regulation of NLRC3 and gammaherpesviruses during viral latency in B lymphocytes. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29504. [PMID: 38445794 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
While most NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are predominately expressed by innate immune cells, NLRC3, an inhibitory NLR of immune signaling, exhibits the highest expression in lymphocytes. The role of NLRC3 or any NLRs in B lymphocytes is completely unknown. Gammaherpesviruses, including human Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68), establish latent infection in B lymphocytes, which requires elevated NF-κB. This study shows that during latent EBV infection of human B cells, viral-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) decreases NLRC3 transcript. LMP1-induced-NF-κB activation suppresses the promoter activity of NLRC3 via p65 binding to the promoter. Conversely, NLRC3 inhibits NF-κB activation by promoting the degradation of LMP1 in a proteasome-dependent manner. In vivo, MHV-68 infection reduces Nlrc3 transcripts in splenocytes, and Nlrc3-deficient mice show greater viral latency than controls. These results reveal a bidirectional regulatory circuit in B lymphocytes, where viral latent protein LMP1 reduces NLRC3 expression, while NLRC3 disrupts gammaherpesvirus latency, which is an important step for tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ri Kang
- Virus-Host Interactions Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Ho Han
- Virus-Host Interactions Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yee Ching Ng
- Virus-Host Interactions Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungbo Ryu
- Virus-Host Interactions Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Park
- Virus-Host Interactions Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Chang Chung
- Virus-Host Interactions Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Jae Song
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam-Si, Kyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Szu-Ting Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Center for Translational Immunology and the Institute of Inflammatory Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - W June Brickey
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Center for Translational Immunology and the Institute of Inflammatory Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Center for Translational Immunology and the Institute of Inflammatory Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Moon Jung Song
- Virus-Host Interactions Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Schlotheuber LJ, Lüchtefeld I, Eyer K. Antibodies, repertoires and microdevices in antibody discovery and characterization. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1207-1225. [PMID: 38165819 PMCID: PMC10898418 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00887h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies are paramount in treating a wide range of diseases, particularly in auto-immunity, inflammation and cancer, and novel antibody candidates recognizing a vast array of novel antigens are needed to expand the usefulness and applications of these powerful molecules. Microdevices play an essential role in this challenging endeavor at various stages since many general requirements of the overall process overlap nicely with the general advantages of microfluidics. Therefore, microfluidic devices are rapidly taking over various steps in the process of new candidate isolation, such as antibody characterization and discovery workflows. Such technologies can allow for vast improvements in time-lines and incorporate conservative antibody stability and characterization assays, but most prominently screenings and functional characterization within integrated workflows due to high throughput and standardized workflows. First, we aim to provide an overview of the challenges of developing new therapeutic candidates, their repertoires and requirements. Afterward, this review focuses on the discovery of antibodies using microfluidic systems, technological aspects of micro devices and small-scale antibody protein characterization and selection, as well as their integration and implementation into antibody discovery workflows. We close with future developments in microfluidic detection and antibody isolation principles and the field in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Johannes Schlotheuber
- ETH Laboratory for Functional Immune Repertoire Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Ines Lüchtefeld
- ETH Laboratory for Functional Immune Repertoire Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
- ETH Laboratory for Tumor and Stem Cell Dynamics, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Eyer
- ETH Laboratory for Functional Immune Repertoire Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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3
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Dai J, SoRelle ED, Heckenberg E, Song L, Cable JM, Crawford GE, Luftig MA. Epstein-Barr virus induces germinal center light zone chromatin architecture and promotes survival through enhancer looping at the BCL2A1 locus. mBio 2024; 15:e0244423. [PMID: 38059622 PMCID: PMC10790771 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02444-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus has evolved with its human host leading to an intimate relationship where infection of antibody-producing B cells mimics the process by which these cells normally recognize foreign antigens and become activated. Virtually everyone in the world is infected by adulthood and controls this virus pushing it into life-long latency. However, immune-suppressed individuals are at high risk for EBV+ cancers. Here, we isolated B cells from tonsils and compare the underlying molecular genetic differences between these cells and those infected with EBV. We find similar regulatory mechanism for expression of an important cellular protein that enables B cells to survive in lymphoid tissue. These findings link an underlying relationship at the molecular level between EBV-infected B cells in vitro with normally activated B cells in vivo. Our studies also characterize the role of a key viral control mechanism for B cell survival involved in long-term infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Dai
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elliott D. SoRelle
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Emma Heckenberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lingyun Song
- Center for Genomic & Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jana M. Cable
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gregory E. Crawford
- Center for Genomic & Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Micah A. Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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4
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SoRelle ED, Reinoso-Vizcaino NM, Dai J, Barry AP, Chan C, Luftig MA. Epstein-Barr virus evades restrictive host chromatin closure by subverting B cell activation and germinal center regulatory loci. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112958. [PMID: 37561629 PMCID: PMC10559315 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin accessibility fundamentally governs gene expression and biological response programs that can be manipulated by pathogens. Here we capture dynamic chromatin landscapes of individual B cells during Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. EBV+ cells that exhibit arrest via antiviral sensing and proliferation-linked DNA damage experience global accessibility reduction. Proliferative EBV+ cells develop expression-linked architectures and motif accessibility profiles resembling in vivo germinal center (GC) phenotypes. Remarkably, EBV elicits dark zone (DZ), light zone (LZ), and post-GC B cell chromatin features despite BCL6 downregulation. Integration of single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (scATAC-seq), single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) data enables genome-wide cis-regulatory predictions implicating EBV nuclear antigens (EBNAs) in phenotype-specific control of GC B cell activation, survival, and immune evasion. Knockouts validate bioinformatically identified regulators (MEF2C and NFE2L2) of EBV-induced GC phenotypes and EBNA-associated loci that regulate gene expression (CD274/PD-L1). These data and methods can inform high-resolution investigations of EBV-host interactions, B cell fates, and virus-mediated lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott D SoRelle
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Nicolás M Reinoso-Vizcaino
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joanne Dai
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ashley P Barry
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cliburn Chan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Micah A Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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5
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Mestecky J, Julian BA, Raska M. IgA Nephropathy: Pleiotropic impact of Epstein-Barr virus infection on immunopathogenesis and racial incidence of the disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1085922. [PMID: 36865536 PMCID: PMC9973316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1085922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is an autoimmune disease in which poorly galactosylated IgA1 is the antigen recognized by naturally occurring anti-glycan antibodies, leading to formation of nephritogenic circulating immune complexes. Incidence of IgAN displays geographical and racial disparity: common in Europe, North America, Australia, and east Asia, uncommon in African Americans, many Asian and South American countries, Australian Aborigines, and rare in central Africa. In analyses of sera and cells from White IgAN patients, healthy controls, and African Americans, IgAN patients exhibited substantial enrichment for IgA-expressing B cells infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), leading to enhanced production of poorly galactosylated IgA1. Disparities in incidence of IgAN may reflect a previously disregarded difference in the maturation of the IgA system as related to the timing of EBV infection. Compared with populations with higher incidences of IgAN, African Americans, African Blacks, and Australian Aborigines are more frequently infected with EBV during the first 1-2 years of life at the time of naturally occurring IgA deficiency when IgA cells are less numerous than in late childhood or adolescence. Therefore, in very young children EBV enters "non-IgA" cells. Ensuing immune responses prevent infection of IgA B cells during later exposure to EBV at older ages. Our data implicate EBV-infected cells as the source of poorly galactosylated IgA1 in circulating immune complexes and glomerular deposits in patients with IgAN. Thus, temporal differences in EBV primo-infection as related to naturally delayed maturation of the IgA system may contribute to geographic and racial variations in incidence of IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Bruce A. Julian
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Milan Raska
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital, Olomouc, Czechia
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6
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Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) Genotypes Associated with the Immunopathological Profile of People Living with HIV-1: Immunological Aspects of Primary EBV Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020168. [PMID: 35215762 PMCID: PMC8880155 DOI: 10.3390/v14020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the immunological profile of adult HIV-1+ patients coinfected with primary Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection who were free of antiretroviral drugs and inhabitants of the Brazilian Amazon region. Materials and methods: Primary EBV infection was screened by the semiquantitative detection of IgM and IgG anti-VCA. Genotypes were determined by conventional PCR. EBV and HIV viral load (VL) were quantified by real-time PCR. Cytokine dosage and cell quantification were performed by cytometry. Results: Only HIV-1+ individuals had primary EBV infection (7.12%). The EBV-1 genotype was the most prevalent (47.37%). The VL of HIV-1 was lower in the HIV/EBV-2 group. CD4+ T lymphocytes were inversely proportional to the VL of EBV in HIV/EBV-1/2 multi-infected patients. The HIV/EBV-2 group had the lowest cytokine levels, especially IFN-γ and IL-4. Different correlations were proposed for each coinfection. The late search for specific care related to HIV infection directly affected the cytokine profile and the number of CD8+ T lymphocytes. Symptoms were associated with the increase in VL of both viruses and cytokine profile. Conclusions: Different immunological profiles were associated with EBV genotypes in primary infection, with EBV-2 being more frequent in patients with low levels of HIV viral load. With late infection monitoring and consequent delay in the initiation of HAART, clinical changes and effects on the maintenance of the immune response were observed.
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7
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Cuesta-Mateos C, Terrón F, Herling M. CCR7 in Blood Cancers - Review of Its Pathophysiological Roles and the Potential as a Therapeutic Target. Front Oncol 2021; 11:736758. [PMID: 34778050 PMCID: PMC8589249 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.736758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the classical paradigm, CCR7 is a homing chemokine receptor that grants normal lymphocytes access to secondary lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes or spleen. As such, in most lymphoproliferative disorders, CCR7 expression correlates with nodal or spleen involvement. Nonetheless, recent evidence suggests that CCR7 is more than a facilitator of lymphatic spread of tumor cells. Here, we review published data to catalogue CCR7 expression across blood cancers and appraise which classical and novel roles are attributed to this receptor in the pathogenesis of specific hematologic neoplasms. We outline why novel therapeutic strategies targeting CCR7 might provide clinical benefits to patients with CCR7-positive hematopoietic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cuesta-Mateos
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria- Instituto la Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain.,Immunological and Medicinal Products (IMMED S.L.), Madrid, Spain.,Catapult Therapeutics BV, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Fernando Terrón
- Immunological and Medicinal Products (IMMED S.L.), Madrid, Spain.,Catapult Therapeutics BV, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Marco Herling
- Clinic of Hematology and Cellular Therapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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8
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Veroni C, Aloisi F. The CD8 T Cell-Epstein-Barr Virus-B Cell Trialogue: A Central Issue in Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:665718. [PMID: 34305896 PMCID: PMC8292956 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.665718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cause and the pathogenic mechanisms leading to multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), are still under scrutiny. During the last decade, awareness has increased that multiple genetic and environmental factors act in concert to modulate MS risk. Likewise, the landscape of cells of the adaptive immune system that are believed to play a role in MS immunopathogenesis has expanded by including not only CD4 T helper cells but also cytotoxic CD8 T cells and B cells. Once the key cellular players are identified, the main challenge is to define precisely how they act and interact to induce neuroinflammation and the neurodegenerative cascade in MS. CD8 T cells have been implicated in MS pathogenesis since the 80's when it was shown that CD8 T cells predominate in MS brain lesions. Interest in the role of CD8 T cells in MS was revived in 2000 and the years thereafter by studies showing that CNS-recruited CD8 T cells are clonally expanded and have a memory effector phenotype indicating in situ antigen-driven reactivation. The association of certain MHC class I alleles with MS genetic risk implicates CD8 T cells in disease pathogenesis. Moreover, experimental studies have highlighted the detrimental effects of CD8 T cell activation on neural cells. While the antigens responsible for T cell recruitment and activation in the CNS remain elusive, the high efficacy of B-cell depleting drugs in MS and a growing number of studies implicate B cells and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a B-lymphotropic herpesvirus that is strongly associated with MS, in the activation of pathogenic T cells. This article reviews the results of human studies that have contributed to elucidate the role of CD8 T cells in MS immunopathogenesis, and discusses them in light of current understanding of autoreactivity, B-cell and EBV involvement in MS, and mechanism of action of different MS treatments. Based on the available evidences, an immunopathological model of MS is proposed that entails a persistent EBV infection of CNS-infiltrating B cells as the target of a dysregulated cytotoxic CD8 T cell response causing CNS tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Aloisi
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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9
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Identification of potential mRNA panels for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) diagnosis and treatment using microarray dataset and bioinformatics methods. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:422. [PMID: 33251083 PMCID: PMC7679428 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02406-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of the present investigation is to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between SARS-CoV-2 infected and normal control samples to investigate the molecular mechanisms of infection with SARS-CoV-2. The microarray data of the dataset E-MTAB-8871 were retrieved from the ArrayExpress database. Pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment study, protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, modules, target gene–miRNA regulatory network, and target gene–TF regulatory network have been performed. Subsequently, the key genes were validated using an analysis of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. In SARS-CoV-2 infection, a total of 324 DEGs (76 up- and 248 down-regulated genes) were identified and enriched in a number of associated SARS-CoV-2 infection pathways and GO terms. Hub and target genes such as TP53, HRAS, MAPK11, RELA, IKZF3, IFNAR2, SKI, TNFRSF13C, JAK1, TRAF6, KLRF2, CD1A were identified from PPI network, target gene–miRNA regulatory network, and target gene–TF regulatory network. Study of the ROC showed that ten genes (CCL5, IFNAR2, JAK2, MX1, STAT1, BID, CD55, CD80, HAL-B, and HLA-DMA) were substantially involved in SARS-CoV-2 patients. The present investigation identified key genes and pathways that deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and could be used for SARS-CoV-2 infection as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers.
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10
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Wang W, Zhang Y, Liu W, Zhang X, Xiao H, Zhao M, Luo B. CXCR4 induces cell autophagy and maintains EBV latent infection in EBVaGC. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:11549-11561. [PMID: 33052232 PMCID: PMC7545993 DOI: 10.7150/thno.44251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is found in ~7% of gastric carcinoma cases worldwide, and all tumour cells harbour the clonal EBV genome. EBV can regulate pathways and protein expression to induce gastric carcinoma; however, the molecular mechanism underlying EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) remains elusive. Methods: GEO microarray and molecular experiments were performed to compare CXCR4 expression between EBV-positive and EBV-negative gastric carcinoma (EBVnGC). Transfections with LMP2A plasmid or siRNA were carried out to assess the role of LMP2A in CXCR4 expression. The effects and mechanisms of CXCR4 on cell autophagy were analysed in vitro using molecular biological and cellular approaches. Additionally, we also determined the regulatory role of CXCR4 in latent EBV infection. Results: CXCR4 expression was significantly upregulated in EBVaGC tissues and cell lines. LMP2A could induce AKT phosphorylation to increase NRF1 expression, thereby binding to the CXCR4 promoter to increase its transcriptional level. Moreover, CXCR4 promoted ZEB1 expression to upregulate ATG7 synthesis, which could then activate autophagy. Moreover, CXCR4 increased the number of cells entering the G2/M phase and inhibited cell apoptosis via the autophagy pathway. Finally, CXCR4 knockdown was associated with elevated BZLF1 expression, but this effect was not influenced by autophagy. Conclusions: Our data suggested new roles for CXCR4 in autophagy and EBV replication in EBVaGC, which further promoted cell survival and persistent latent infection. These new findings can lead to further CXCR4-based anticancer therapy.
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Zachova K, Kosztyu P, Zadrazil J, Matousovic K, Vondrak K, Hubacek P, Julian BA, Moldoveanu Z, Novak Z, Kostovcikova K, Raska M, Mestecky J. Role of Epstein-Barr Virus in Pathogenesis and Racial Distribution of IgA Nephropathy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:267. [PMID: 32184780 PMCID: PMC7058636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the dominant type of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. However, IgAN rarely affects African Blacks and is uncommon in African Americans. Polymeric IgA1 with galactose-deficient hinge-region glycans is recognized as auto-antigen by glycan-specific antibodies, leading to formation of circulating immune complexes with nephritogenic consequences. Because human B cells infected in vitro with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) secrete galactose-deficient IgA1, we examined peripheral blood B cells from adult IgAN patients, and relevant controls, for the presence of EBV and their phenotypic markers. We found that IgAN patients had more lymphoblasts/plasmablasts that were surface-positive for IgA, infected with EBV, and displayed increased expression of homing receptors for targeting the upper respiratory tract. Upon polyclonal stimulation, these cells produced more galactose-deficient IgA1 than did cells from healthy controls. Unexpectedly, in healthy African Americans, EBV was detected preferentially in surface IgM- and IgD-positive cells. Importantly, most African Blacks and African Americans acquire EBV within 2 years of birth. At that time, the IgA system is naturally deficient, manifested as low serum IgA levels and few IgA-producing cells. Consequently, EBV infects cells secreting immunoglobulins other than IgA. Our novel data implicate Epstein-Barr virus infected IgA+ cells as the source of galactose-deficient IgA1 and basis for expression of relevant homing receptors. Moreover, the temporal sequence of racial-specific differences in Epstein-Barr virus infection as related to the naturally delayed maturation of the IgA system explains the racial disparity in the prevalence of IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Zachova
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital Olomouc, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Petr Kosztyu
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital Olomouc, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Josef Zadrazil
- Department of Internal Medicine III Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, University Hospital Olomouc, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Karel Matousovic
- Department of Medicine, Second Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Karel Vondrak
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petr Hubacek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Bruce A Julian
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Zina Moldoveanu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Zdenek Novak
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Klara Kostovcikova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Milan Raska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital Olomouc, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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12
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Lee Y, Kim SJ, Park JK. Chips-on-a-plate device for monitoring cellular migration in a microchannel-based intestinal follicle-associated epithelium model. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:064127. [PMID: 31893012 PMCID: PMC6930141 DOI: 10.1063/1.5128640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a chips-on-a-plate (COP) device for monitoring the migration of Raji cells in the Caco-2/Raji coculture. To generate a model of the human intestinal follicle-associated epithelium (FAE), the coculture method using a conventional Transwell cell culture insert was established. Due to the structural limitations of the Transwell insert, live-cell tracking studies have not been performed previously using the existing FAE model. In this study, we designed a COP device to conduct long-term live-cell tracking of Raji cell migration using a microchannel-based FAE model. The COP device incorporates microfluidic chips integrated on a standard well plate, consistent humidity control to allow live-cell microscopy for 2 days, and microchannels connecting the two cell culture chambers of the COP device, which serve as a monitoring area for cellular migration. Using the COP device, we provide the first analysis of various migratory characteristics of Raji cells, including their chemotactic index in the microchannel-based FAE model. We showed that the migration of Raji cells could be controlled by modulating the geometry of the connecting microchannels. Cellular treatments with cytokines revealed that the cytokines increased the permeability of an FAE model with a detachment of Caco-2 cells. Live-cell monitoring of Raji cells treated with a fluorescent reagent also indicated exocytosis as a key agent of the Caco-2/Raji interaction. The COP device allows live-cell tracking analyses of cocultured cells in the microchannel-based FAE model, providing a promising tool for investigating cellular behavior associated with the recruitment of Raji to Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jee Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Kyun Park
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:. Tel.: +82-42-350-4315. Fax: +82-42-350-4310
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13
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Zachova K, Kosztyu P, Zadrazil J, Matousovic K, Vondrak K, Hubacek P, Kostovcikova K, Tlaskalova Hogenova H, Mestecky J, Raska M. Multiparametric flow cytometry analysis of peripheral blood B cell trafficking differences among Epstein-Barr virus infected and uninfected subpopulations. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2019; 164:247-254. [PMID: 31723302 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2019.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) targets predominantly B cells and these cells could acquire new phenotype characteristics. Here we analyzed whether EBV-infected and -uninfected B cells from healthy subjects differ in proportion of dominant phenotypes, maturation stage, and homing receptors expression. METHODS EBV-infected and -uninfected cells were identified by flow cytometry using fluorophore-labeled EBV RNA-specific DNA probes combined with fluorophore-labeled antibody to surface lineage markers, integrins, chemokine receptors, and immunoglobulin isotypes, including intracellular ones. RESULTS Our results show that the trafficking characteristics of EBERpos B cells are distinct from EBERneg B cells with most dominant differences detected for α4β1 and α4β7 and CCR5 and CCR7. EBV-positive cells are predominantly memory IgM+ B cells or plasmablasts/plasma cells (PB/PC) positive for IgA or less for IgM. In comparison to uninfected B cells, less EBV-positive B cells express α4β7 and almost no cells express α4β1. EBV-positive B cells contained significantly higher proportion of CCR5+ and CCR7+ cells in comparison to EBV-negative cells. In vitro exposure of blood mononuclear cells to pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 reduces population of EBV-positive B cell. CONCLUSION Although EBV-infected B cells represent only a minor subpopulation, their atypical functions could contribute in predisposed person to development abnormities such as some autoimmune diseases or tumors. Using multi-parameter flow cytometry we characterized differences in migration of EBV-positive and -negative B cells of various maturation stage and isotype of produced antibodies particularly different targeting to mucosal tissues of gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Zachova
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kosztyu
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Zadrazil
- Department of Internal Medicine III - Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Klara Kostovcikova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Tlaskalova Hogenova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Raska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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14
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Mrozek-Gorska P, Buschle A, Pich D, Schwarzmayr T, Fechtner R, Scialdone A, Hammerschmidt W. Epstein-Barr virus reprograms human B lymphocytes immediately in the prelatent phase of infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16046-16055. [PMID: 31341086 PMCID: PMC6690029 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901314116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human tumor virus and a model of herpesviral latency. The virus efficiently infects resting human B lymphocytes and induces their continuous proliferation in vitro, which mimics certain aspects of EBV's oncogenic potential in vivo. How lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) evolve from the infected lymphocytes is uncertain. We conducted a systematic time-resolved longitudinal study of cellular functions and transcriptional profiles of newly infected naïve primary B lymphocytes. EBV reprograms the cells comprehensively and globally. Rapid and extensive transcriptional changes occur within 24 h and precede any metabolic and phenotypic changes. Within 72 h, the virus activates the cells, changes their phenotypes with respect to cell size, RNA, and protein content, and induces metabolic pathways to cope with the increased demand for energy, supporting an efficient cell cycle entry on day 3 postinfection. The transcriptional program that EBV initiates consists of 3 waves of clearly discernable clusters of cellular genes that peak on day 2, 3, or 4 and regulate RNA synthesis, metabolic pathways, and cell division, respectively. Upon onset of cell doublings on day 4, the cellular transcriptome appears to be completely reprogrammed to support the proliferating cells, but 3 additional clusters of EBV-regulated genes fine-tune cell signaling, migration, and immune response pathways, eventually. Our study reveals that more than 11,000 genes are regulated upon EBV infection as naïve B cells exit quiescence to enter a germinal center-like differentiation program, which culminates in immortalized, proliferating cells that partially resemble plasmablasts and early plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Mrozek-Gorska
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Buschle
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dagmar Pich
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Schwarzmayr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ron Fechtner
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Antonio Scialdone
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-81377 Munich, Germany;
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hammerschmidt
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research, D-81377 Munich, Germany;
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15
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Moens L, Gouwy M, Bosch B, Pastukhov O, Nieto-Patlàn A, Siler U, Bucciol G, Mekahli D, Vermeulen F, Desmet L, Maebe S, Flipts H, Corveleyn A, Moshous D, Philippet P, Tangye SG, Boisson B, Casanova JL, Florkin B, Struyf S, Reichenbach J, Bustamante J, Notarangelo LD, Meyts I. Human DOCK2 Deficiency: Report of a Novel Mutation and Evidence for Neutrophil Dysfunction. J Clin Immunol 2019; 39:298-308. [PMID: 30838481 PMCID: PMC6647034 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-019-00603-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
DOCK2 is a guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor for Rac proteins. Activated Rac serves various cellular functions including the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in lymphocytes and neutrophils and production of reactive oxygen species in neutrophils. Since 2015, six unrelated patients with combined immunodeficiency and early-onset severe viral infections caused by bi-allelic loss-of-function mutations in DOCK2 have been described. Until now, the function of phagocytes, specifically neutrophils, has not been assessed in human DOCK2 deficiency. Here, we describe a new kindred with four affected siblings harboring a homozygous splice-site mutation (c.2704-2 A > C) in DOCK2. The mutation results in alternative splicing and a complete loss of DOCK2 protein expression. The patients presented with leaky severe combined immunodeficiency or Omenn syndrome. The novel mutation affects EBV-B cell migration and results in NK cell dysfunction similar to previous observations. Moreover, both cytoskeletal rearrangement and reactive oxygen species production are partially impaired in DOCK2-deficient neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Moens
- Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium
| | - Barbara Bosch
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Oleksandr Pastukhov
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine associated group, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alejandro Nieto-Patlàn
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, EU, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, EU, France.,Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, México, Mexico
| | - Ulrich Siler
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine associated group, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Giorgia Bucciol
- Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium
| | - Djalila Mekahli
- Laboratory of Organ Systems, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium
| | - François Vermeulen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium
| | - Lars Desmet
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium
| | - Sophie Maebe
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium
| | - Helena Flipts
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium
| | - Anniek Corveleyn
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium
| | - Despina Moshous
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, EU, France.,INSERM UMR1163, University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, EU, France
| | - Pierre Philippet
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Chrétien, Montegnée, Liege, EU, Belgium
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, 2010, Australia
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, EU, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, EU, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, EU, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, EU, France.,Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, EU, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benoit Florkin
- Immuno-Hémato-Rhumatologie Pédiatrique, Service de Pédiatrie, CHR Citadelle, Liège, EU, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium
| | - Janine Reichenbach
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine associated group, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Centre for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, EU, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, EU, France.,Study Centre for Immunodeficiency, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, EU, France
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium. .,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, EU, Belgium.
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16
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Fares S, Spiess K, Olesen ETB, Zuo J, Jackson S, Kledal TN, Wills MR, Rosenkilde MM. Distinct Roles of Extracellular Domains in the Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded BILF1 Receptor for Signaling and Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Downregulation. mBio 2019; 10:e01707-18. [PMID: 30647152 PMCID: PMC6336419 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01707-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BILF1 gene encodes a constitutively active G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that downregulates major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and induces signaling-dependent tumorigenesis. Different BILF1 homologs display highly conserved extracellular loops (ECLs) including the conserved cysteine residues involved in disulfide bridges present in class A GPCRs (GPCR bridge between transmembrane helix 3 [TM-3] and ECL-2) and in chemokine receptors (CKR bridge between the N terminus and ECL-3). In order to investigate the roles of the conserved residues in the receptor functions, 25 mutations were created in the extracellular domains. Luciferase reporter assays and flow cytometry were used to investigate the G protein signaling and MHC class I downregulation in HEK293 cells. We find that the cysteine residues involved in the GPCR bridge are important for both signaling and MHC class I downregulation, whereas the cysteine residues in the N terminus and ECL-3 are dispensable for signaling but important for MHC class I downregulation. Multiple conserved residues in the extracellular regions are important for the receptor-induced MHC class I downregulation, but not for signaling, indicating distinct structural requirements for these two functions. In an engineered receptor containing a binding site for Zn+2 ions in a complex with an aromatic chelator (phenanthroline or bipyridine), a ligand-driven inhibition of both the receptor signaling and MHC class I downregulation was observed. Taken together, this suggests that distinct regions in EBV-BILF1 can be pharmacologically targeted to inhibit the signaling-mediated tumorigenesis and interfere with the MHC class I downregulation.IMPORTANCE G protein-coupled receptors constitute the largest family of membrane proteins. As targets of >30% of the FDA-approved drugs, they are valuable for drug discovery. The receptor is composed of seven membrane-spanning helices and intracellular and extracellular domains. BILF1 is a receptor encoded by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which evades the host immune system by various strategies. BILF1 facilitates the virus immune evasion by downregulating MHC class I and is capable of inducing signaling-mediated tumorigenesis. BILF1 homologs from primate viruses show highly conserved extracellular domains. Here, we show that conserved residues in the extracellular domains of EBV-BILF1 are important for downregulating MHC class I and that the receptor signaling and immune evasion can be inhibited by drug-like small molecules. This suggests that BILF1 could be a target to inhibit the signaling-mediated tumorigenesis and interfere with the MHC class I downregulation, thereby facilitating virus recognition by the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Fares
- Laboratory for Molecular and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katja Spiess
- Laboratory for Molecular and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emma T B Olesen
- Laboratory for Molecular and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jianmin Zuo
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Jackson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas N Kledal
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mark R Wills
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Matsuo K, Kitahata K, Kawabata F, Kamei M, Hara Y, Takamura S, Oiso N, Kawada A, Yoshie O, Nakayama T. A Highly Active Form of XCL1/Lymphotactin Functions as an Effective Adjuvant to Recruit Cross-Presenting Dendritic Cells for Induction of Effector and Memory CD8 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2775. [PMID: 30542351 PMCID: PMC6277777 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor XCR1 is known to be selectively expressed by cross-presenting dendritic cells (DCs), while its ligand XCL1/lymphotactin is mainly produced by activated CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells. Recent studies have shown that XCL1-antigen fusion proteins efficiently induce CD8+ T cell responses by preferentially delivering antigens to XCR1+ DCs. However, XCL1 per se was found to be a poor adjuvant for induction of CD8+ T cell responses. XCL1 is unique because of its lack of one of the two disulfide bonds commonly conserved in all other chemokines and thus has an unstable structure with a relatively weak chemokine activity. In the present study, we generated a variant form of murine XCL1 termed mXCL1-V21C/A59C that contained a second disulfide bond to stabilize its chemokine structure. We confirmed that mXCL1-V21C/A59C had much more potent chemotactic and calcium mobilization activities than the wild type XCL1 (mXCL1-WT). Intradermal injection of mXCL1-V21C/A59C, but not that of mXCL1-WT, significantly increased the accumulation of XCR1+CD103+ DCs in the injection site, and most of the accumulated XCR1+CD103+ DCs were found to take up co-injected ovalbumin (OVA). Furthermore, recruited XCR1+CD103+ DCs efficiently migrated to the draining lymph nodes and stayed for a prolonged period of time. Consequently, mXCL1-V21C/A59C strongly induced OVA-specific CD8+ T cells. The combination of OVA and mXCL1-V21C/A59C well protected mice from E.G7-OVA tumor growth in both prophylactic and therapeutic protocols. Finally, memory CTL responses were efficiently induced in mice immunized with OVA and mXCL1-V21C/A59C. Although intradermal injection of OVA and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) as an adjuvant also induced CD8+ T cell responses to OVA, poly (I:C) poorly recruited XCR1+CD103+ DCs in the injection site and failed to induce significant memory CTL responses to OVA. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that a highly active form of XCL1 is a promising vaccine adjuvant for cross-presenting DCs to induce antigen-specific effector and memory CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Matsuo
- Division of Chemotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kitahata
- Division of Chemotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumika Kawabata
- Division of Chemotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka, Japan
| | - Momo Kamei
- Division of Chemotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuta Hara
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shiki Takamura
- Department of Immunology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Oiso
- Department of Dermatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Kawada
- Department of Dermatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Osamu Yoshie
- Kindai University, Osaka, Japan.,The Health and Kampo Institute, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakayama
- Division of Chemotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka, Japan
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18
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Kozireva S, Rudevica Z, Baryshev M, Leonciks A, Kashuba E, Kholodnyuk I. Upregulation of the Chemokine Receptor CCR2B in Epstein‒Barr Virus-Positive Burkitt Lymphoma Cell Lines with the Latency III Program. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050239. [PMID: 29751565 PMCID: PMC5977232 DOI: 10.3390/v10050239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CCR2 is the cognate receptor to the chemokine CCL2. CCR2–CCL2 signaling mediates cancer progression and metastasis dissemination. However, the role of CCR2–CCL2 signaling in pathogenesis of B-cell malignancies is not clear. Previously, we showed that CCR2B was upregulated in ex vivo peripheral blood B cells upon Epstein‒Barr virus (EBV) infection and in established lymphoblastoid cell lines with the EBV latency III program. EBV latency III is associated with B-cell lymphomas in immunosuppressed patients. The majority of EBV-positive Burkitt lymphoma (BL) tumors are characterized by latency I, but the BL cell lines drift towards latency III during in vitro culture. In this study, the CCR2A and CCR2B expression was assessed in the isogenic EBV-positive BL cell lines with latency I and III using RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and immunostaining analyses. We found that CCR2B is upregulated in the EBV-positive BL cells with latency III. Consequently, we detected the migration of latency III cells toward CCL2. Notably, the G190A mutation, corresponding to SNP CCR2-V64I, was found in one latency III cell line with a reduced migratory response to CCL2. The upregulation of CCR2B may contribute to the enhanced migration of malignant B cells into CCL2-rich compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Kozireva
- August Kirchenstein Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradins University, 5 Ratsupites Str, 1067 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Zhanna Rudevica
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, 1 Ratsupites Str k-1, 1067 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Mikhail Baryshev
- August Kirchenstein Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradins University, 5 Ratsupites Str, 1067 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Ainars Leonciks
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, 1 Ratsupites Str k-1, 1067 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Elena Kashuba
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, 16 Nobelsväg, Box 280, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
- R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology, and Radiobiology, NASU, 45 Vasylkivska str, 03022 Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Irina Kholodnyuk
- August Kirchenstein Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradins University, 5 Ratsupites Str, 1067 Riga, Latvia.
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19
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Kholodnyuk I, Rudevica Z, Leonciks A, Ehlin-Henriksson B, Kashuba E. Expression of the chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR2B is up-regulated in peripheral blood B cells upon EBV infection and in established lymphoblastoid cell lines. Virology 2017; 512:1-7. [PMID: 28892735 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In immunocompetent individuals, EBV establishes in B cells an asymptomatic lifelong latent infection controlled by the immune system. Chemokine receptors regulate immune system function. CCR1 and CCR2 share protein sequence similarity and exert responses to multiple chemokines. The role of these receptors in B cells is largely unknown. We show that the mRNA and functional protein expression of CCR1 and CCR2 is induced in ex vivo B cells upon EBV infection and in established lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). The CCR1 and CCR2B ORF transcripts were determined in LCLs. In contrast, in both the EBV-negative and EBV-positive Burkitt lymphoma cell lines, neither the CCR1, CCR2A, and CCR2B ORF transcripts nor their corresponding proteins were detected. Our data suggest that CCR1/CCR2B could be involved in clearing EBV-infected latency III B cells in immunocompetent individuals via directing the migration of these cells and attracting the chemokines-expressing immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kholodnyuk
- A. Kirchenstein Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradins University (RSU), 5 Ratsupites str, 1067 Riga, Latvia; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, 16 Nobels väg, Box 280, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Zanna Rudevica
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center, 1-1k Ratsupites str, 1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ainars Leonciks
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center, 1-1k Ratsupites str, 1067 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Barbro Ehlin-Henriksson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, 16 Nobels väg, Box 280, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Elena Kashuba
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, 16 Nobels väg, Box 280, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; R. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology, and Radiobiology of NASU, 45 Vasylkivska str, 03022 Kyiv, Ukraine.
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20
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Wu L, Ehlin-Henriksson B, Zhou X, Zhu H, Ernberg I, Kis LL, Klein G. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) provides survival factors to EBV + diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) lines and modulates cytokine induced specific chemotaxis in EBV + DLBCL. Immunology 2017; 152:562-573. [PMID: 28699226 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common type of malignant lymphoma, accounts for 30% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) -positive DLBCL of the elderly is a newly recognized subtype that accounts for 8-10% of DLBCLs in Asian countries, but is less common in Western populations. Five DLBCL-derived cell lines were employed to characterize patterns of EBV latent gene expression, as well as response to cytokines and chemotaxis. Interleukin-4 and interleukin-21 modified LMP1, EBNA1 and EBNA2 expression depending on cell phenotype and type of EBV latent programme (type I, II or III). These cytokines also affected CXCR4- or CCR7-mediated chemotaxis in two of the cell lines, Farage (type III) and Val (type II). Further, we investigated the effect of EBV by using dominant-negative EBV nuclear antigen 1(dnEBNA1) to eliminate EBV genomes. This resulted in decreased chemotaxis. By employing an alternative way to eliminate EBV genomes, Roscovitine, we show an increase of apoptosis in the EBV-positive lines. These results show that EBV plays an important role in EBV-positive DLBCL lines with regard to survival and chemotactic response. Our findings provide evidence for the impact of microenvironment on EBV-carrying DLBCL cells and might have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbro Ehlin-Henriksson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ingemar Ernberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorand L Kis
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - George Klein
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Cornaby C, Tanner A, Stutz EW, Poole BD, Berges BK. Piracy on the molecular level: human herpesviruses manipulate cellular chemotaxis. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:543-560. [PMID: 26669819 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular chemotaxis is important to tissue homeostasis and proper development. Human herpesvirus species influence cellular chemotaxis by regulating cellular chemokines and chemokine receptors. Herpesviruses also express various viral chemokines and chemokine receptors during infection. These changes to chemokine concentrations and receptor availability assist in the pathogenesis of herpesviruses and contribute to a variety of diseases and malignancies. By interfering with the positioning of host cells during herpesvirus infection, viral spread is assisted, latency can be established and the immune system is prevented from eradicating viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Cornaby
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Anne Tanner
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Eric W Stutz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Brian D Poole
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Bradford K Berges
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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22
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van Gijsel-Bonnello M, Acar N, Molino Y, Bretillon L, Khrestchatisky M, de Reggi M, Gharib B. Pantethine Alters Lipid Composition and Cholesterol Content of Membrane Rafts, With Down-Regulation of CXCL12-Induced T Cell Migration. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2415-25. [PMID: 25728249 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pantethine, a natural low-molecular-weight thiol, shows a broad activity in a large range of essential cellular pathways. It has been long known as a hypolipidemic and hypocholesterolemic agent. We have recently shown that it exerts a neuroprotective action in mouse models of cerebral malaria and Parkinson's disease through multiple mechanisms. In the present study, we looked at its effects on membrane lipid rafts that serve as platforms for molecules engaged in cell activity, therefore providing a target against inappropriate cell response leading to a chronic inflammation. We found that pantethine-treated cells showed a significant change in raft fatty acid composition and cholesterol content, with ultimate downregulation of cell adhesion, CXCL12-driven chemotaxis, and transendothelial migration of various T cell types, including human Jurkat cell line and circulating effector T cells. The mechanisms involved include the alteration of the following: (i) CXCL12 binding to its target cells; (ii) membrane dynamics of CXCR4 and CXCR7, the two CXCL12 receptors; and (iii) cell redox status, a crucial determinant in the regulation of the chemokine system. In addition, we considered the linker for activation of T cells molecule to show that pantethine effects were associated with the displacement from the rafts of the acylated signaling molecules which had their palmitoylation level reduced.. In conclusion, the results presented here, together with previously published findings, indicate that due to its pleiotropic action, pantethine can downregulate the multifaceted process leading to pathogenic T cell activation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niyazi Acar
- INRA UMR 6265, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Yves Molino
- Vect-Horus, 51 Boulevard Pierre Dramard, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Max de Reggi
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, Marseille, France
| | - Bouchra Gharib
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, Marseille, France
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23
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Novel roles and therapeutic targets of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein 1-induced oncogenesis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Expert Rev Mol Med 2015; 17:e15. [PMID: 26282825 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2015.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was first discovered 50 years ago as an oncogenic gamma-1 herpesvirus and infects more than 90% of the worldwide adult population. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) poses a serious health problem in southern China and is one of the most common cancers among the Chinese. There is now strong evidence supporting a role for EBV in the pathogenesis of NPC. Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), a primary oncoprotein encoded by EBV, alters several functional and oncogenic properties, including transformation, cell death and survival in epithelial cells in NPC. LMP1 may increase protein modification, such as phosphorylation, and initiate aberrant signalling via derailed activation of host adaptor molecules and transcription factors. Here, we summarise the novel features of different domains of LMP1 and several new LMP1-mediated signalling pathways in NPC. When then focus on the potential roles of LMP1 in cancer stem cells, metabolism reprogramming, epigenetic modifications and therapy strategies in NPC.
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24
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Arfelt KN, Fares S, Rosenkilde MM. EBV, the Human Host, and the 7TM Receptors. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 129:395-427. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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IRF5 is a novel regulator of CXCL13 expression in breast cancer that regulates CXCR5
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B‐ and T‐cell trafficking to tumor‐conditioned media. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 93:486-99. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Rasul E, Salamon D, Nagy N, Leveau B, Banati F, Szenthe K, Koroknai A, Minarovits J, Klein G, Klein E. The MEC1 and MEC2 lines represent two CLL subclones in different stages of progression towards prolymphocytic leukemia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106008. [PMID: 25162594 PMCID: PMC4146575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The EBV carrying lines MEC1 and MEC2 were established earlier from explants of blood derived cells of a chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patient at different stages of progression to prolymphocytoid transformation (PLL). This pair of lines is unique in several respects. Their common clonal origin was proven by the rearrangement of the immunoglobulin genes. The cells were driven to proliferation in vitro by the same indigenous EBV strain. They are phenotypically different and represent subsequent subclones emerging in the CLL population. Furthermore they reflect the clinical progression of the disease. We emphasize that the support for the expression of the EBV encoded growth program is an important differentiation marker of the CLL cells of origin that was shared by the two subclones. It can be surmised that proliferation of EBV carrying cells in vitro, but not in vivo, reflects the efficient surveillance that functions even in the severe leukemic condition. The MEC1 line arose before the aggressive clinical stage from an EBV carrying cell within the subclone that was in the early prolymphocytic transformation stage while the MEC2 line originated one year later, from the subsequent subclone with overt PLL characteristics. At this time the disease was disseminated and the blood lymphocyte count was considerably elevated. The EBV induced proliferation of the MEC cells belonging to the subclones with markers of PLL agrees with earlier reports in which cells of PLL disease were infected in vitro and immortalized to LCL. They prove also that the expression of EBV encoded set of proteins can be determined at the event of infection. This pair of lines is particularly important as they provide in vitro cells that represent the subclonal evolution of the CLL disease. Furthermore, the phenotype of the MEC1 cells shares several characteristics of ex vivo CLL cells.
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MESH Headings
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- B-Lymphocytes/virology
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Clonal Evolution/immunology
- Clone Cells/immunology
- Clone Cells/pathology
- Clone Cells/virology
- Disease Progression
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/virology
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic/immunology
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic/pathology
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic/virology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Time Factors
- Viral Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Viral Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Eahsan Rasul
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Instititet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Salamon
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Instititet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Noemi Nagy
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Instititet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Leveau
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Instititet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ferenc Banati
- RT-Europe Nonprofit Research Ltd, Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
| | - Kalman Szenthe
- RT-Europe Nonprofit Research Ltd, Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
| | - Anita Koroknai
- Microbiological Research Group, National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Janos Minarovits
- Microbiological Research Group, National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Szeged, Hungary
| | - George Klein
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Instititet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Klein
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Instititet, Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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A pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung producing multiple cytokines and forming a rapidly progressive mass-like opacity. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:588. [PMID: 25123545 PMCID: PMC4141101 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer cells have been reported to produce cytokines, resulting in systemic reactions. There have been few reports showing that these cytokines induced the formation of an inflammatory mass around lung cancers. Case presentation We encountered a patient with a pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung. This tumor produced interleukin (IL)-8, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and IL-6, which in turn recruited inflammatory cells, such as CD8 positive lymphocytes, around the tumor, resulting in a rapidly growing tumor shadow. Conclusion 18 F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography, in addition to a conventional radiological approach such as computed tomography, may detect immunological responses around a tumor.
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28
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Arnolds KL, Spencer JV. CXCR4: a virus's best friend? INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 25:146-56. [PMID: 24793563 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are dependent on their hosts for replication and dispersal in the environment; thus, the most successful viruses are those that co-evolve with their hosts. CXCR4 is a cellular chemokine receptor that plays central roles in development, hematopoiesis, and immune surveillance through signaling induced by its ligand, CXCL12. The CXCR4-CXCL12 axis has been besieged by many pathogens that employ a range of strategies to modify or exploit CXCR4 activity. While CXCR4 was identified as a critical co-factor for entry of HIV into CD4+ T cells early on, other viruses may utilize CXCR4 to gain cell entry as well. Moreover, several viruses have been found to modulate CXCR4 expression or alter its functional activity, with direct effects on cell trafficking, immune responses, cell proliferation, and cell survival. Because CXCR4 is targeted by a diverse group of viral pathogens, modification of host CXCR4 signaling activity is emerging as a common theme in virus persistence and is likely to be important for subversion of the host immune system. This review highlights major viral pathogens that use and abuse CXCR4 and explores the possible reasons why this chemokine receptor has become "a virus's best friend".
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L Arnolds
- Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, CA 94403, United States
| | - Juliet V Spencer
- Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, CA 94403, United States.
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29
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Takeda S, Kanbayashi D, Kurata T, Yoshiyama H, Komano J. Enhanced susceptibility of B lymphoma cells to measles virus by Epstein-Barr virus type III latency that upregulates CD150/signaling lymphocytic activation molecule. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:211-8. [PMID: 24238277 PMCID: PMC4317819 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) is one of the candidates for the application of oncolytic virotherapy (OVT). Although an advanced clinical study has been reported on a T-cell lymphoma, the potential of MV OVT against B-cell lymphomas remains to be clarified. We found that an EBV-transformed B lymphoblastoid cell line, a model for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and EBV-positive Burkitt's lymphoma cells bearing type III latency were highly susceptible to the cytolysis induced by an MV vaccine strain CAM-70. As analyzed by EBV-positive and -negative counterparts of the same cytogenetic background, type III EBV latency, not type I, was shown to augment the susceptibility of B lymphoma cells to MV-induced cytolysis. Cell surface levels of CD150/signaling lymphocytic activation molecule, a receptor of MV, were upregulated in B lymphoma cell lines with type III EBV latency by 3.8-fold, on average. The cytolytic activity of CD150-tropic WT MV was akin to that of CD46- and CD150-tropic CAM-70, suggesting that CD150 is critical for the susceptibility to MV-induced cytolysis. Among EBV-encoded genes, latent membrane protein 1 was responsible for the CD150 upregulation. It was notable that the majority of B lymphoma cell lines of type III EBV latency showed higher susceptibility to the non-Edmonston-derived CAM-70 than to the Edmonston-derived Schwarz strain. This is the first report indicating the potential of non-Edmonston MV strain for the application of OVT. Furthermore, a cellular regulator of MV replication was implicated that functions in a vaccine strain-specific fashion. Altogether, the MV OVT should serve as an alternative therapy against EBV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with type III EBV latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Takeda
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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SOX4 is a direct target gene of FRA-2 and induces expression of HDAC8 in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Blood 2013; 121:3640-9. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-07-441022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
SOX4 is consistently expressed in ATL, is involved in ATL cell growth, and induces genes such as GCRK, NAP1, and HDAC8 in ATL. FRA-2/JUND and SOX4 form an important oncogenic cascade in ATL, leading to upregulation of genes such as HDAC8.
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31
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Xu J, Deng X, Tang M, Li L, Xiao L, Yang L, Zhong J, Bode AM, Dong Z, Tao Y, Cao Y. Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase-1 and tyrosine sulfation of chemokine receptor 4 are induced by Epstein-Barr virus encoded latent membrane protein 1 and associated with the metastatic potential of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56114. [PMID: 23472069 PMCID: PMC3589389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), which is encoded by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), is an important oncogenic protein that is closely related to carcinogenesis and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a prevalent cancer in China. We previously reported that the expression of the functional chemokine receptor CXCR4 is associated with human NPC metastasis. In this study, we show that LMP1 induces tyrosine sulfation of CXCR4 through tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase-1 (TPST-1), an enzyme that is responsible for catalysis of tyrosine sulfation in vivo, which is likely to contribute to the highly metastatic character of NPC. LMP1 could induce tyrosine sulfation of CXCR4 and its associated cell motility and invasiveness in a NPC cell culture model. In contrast, the expression of TPST-1 small interfering RNA reversed LMP1-induced tyrosine sulfation of CXCR4. LMP1 conveys signals through the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway, and EGFR-targeted siRNA inhibited the induction of TPST-1 by LMP1. We used a ChIP assay to show that EGFR could bind to the TPST-1 promoter in vivo under the control of LMP1. A reporter gene assay indicated that the activity of the TPST-1 promoter could be suppressed by deleting the binding site between EGFR and TPST-1. Finally, in human NPC tissues, the expression of TPST-1 and LMP1 was directly correlated and clinically, the expression of TPST-1 was associated with metastasis. These results suggest the up-regulation of TPST-1 and tyrosine sulfation of CXCR4 by LMP1 might be a potential mechanism contributing to NPC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xu
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Heath, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiyun Deng
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Heath, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Min Tang
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Heath, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lili Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lanbo Xiao
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Heath, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lifang Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Heath, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Molecular Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juanfang Zhong
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Heath, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ann M. Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Heath, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- * E-mail: (YT); (YC)
| | - Ya Cao
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Heath, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Molecular Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- * E-mail: (YT); (YC)
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32
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Montaner S, Kufareva I, Abagyan R, Gutkind JS. Molecular mechanisms deployed by virally encoded G protein-coupled receptors in human diseases. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 53:331-54. [PMID: 23092247 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010510-100608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest family of cell surface molecules involved in signal transduction. Surprisingly, open reading frames for multiple GPCRs were hijacked in the process of coevolution between Herpesviridae family viruses and their human and mammalian hosts. Virally encoded GPCRs (vGPCRs) evolved as parts of viral genomes, and this evolution allowed the power of host GPCR signaling circuitries to be harnessed in order to ensure viral replicative success. Phylogenetically, vGPCRs are distantly related to human chemokine receptors, although they feature several unique characteristics. Here, we describe the molecular mechanisms underlying vGPCR-mediated viral pathogenesis. These mechanisms include constitutive activity, aberrant coupling to human G proteins and β-arrestins, binding and activation by human chemokines, and dimerization with other GPCRs expressed in infected cells. The likely structural basis for these molecular events is described for the two closest viral homologs of human GPCRs. This information may aid in the development of novel targeted therapeutic strategies against viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Montaner
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, Department of Pathology, and Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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33
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C-terminal region of EBNA-2 determines the superior transforming ability of type 1 Epstein-Barr virus by enhanced gene regulation of LMP-1 and CXCR7. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002164. [PMID: 21857817 PMCID: PMC3145799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) strains immortalize B lymphocytes in vitro much more efficiently than type 2 EBV, a difference previously mapped to the EBNA-2 locus. Here we demonstrate that the greater transforming activity of type 1 EBV correlates with a stronger and more rapid induction of the viral oncogene LMP-1 and the cell gene CXCR7 (which are both required for proliferation of EBV-LCLs) during infection of primary B cells with recombinant viruses. Surprisingly, although the major sequence differences between type 1 and type 2 EBNA-2 lie in N-terminal parts of the protein, the superior ability of type 1 EBNA-2 to induce proliferation of EBV-infected lymphoblasts is mostly determined by the C-terminus of EBNA-2. Substitution of the C-terminus of type 1 EBNA-2 into the type 2 protein is sufficient to confer a type 1 growth phenotype and type 1 expression levels of LMP-1 and CXCR7 in an EREB2.5 cell growth assay. Within this region, the RG, CR7 and TAD domains are the minimum type 1 sequences required. Sequencing the C-terminus of EBNA-2 from additional EBV isolates showed high sequence identity within type 1 isolates or within type 2 isolates, indicating that the functional differences mapped are typical of EBV type sequences. The results indicate that the C-terminus of EBNA-2 accounts for the greater ability of type 1 EBV to promote B cell proliferation, through mechanisms that include higher induction of genes (LMP-1 and CXCR7) required for proliferation and survival of EBV-LCLs. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a common human virus that is involved in several types of cancer and directly causes human B lymphocytes to proliferate when they become infected. EBV occurs naturally as two different viral types (type 1 and type 2). The genomes of these viruses are mostly very similar but they differ in a few genes, particularly the EBNA-2 gene. For many years it has been known that type 1 EBV is much more effective than type 2 EBV at causing B lymphocyte proliferation and this difference is mediated by the EBNA-2 gene. Here we have shown that the greater ability of type 1 EBNA-2 to cause B cell proliferation is due to superior induction of the EBV LMP-1 and the cell CXCR7 genes, both of which are required for growth of EBV-infected lymphocytes. We mapped the section of type 1 EBNA-2 responsible for this to the C-terminus of the protein, including the transactivation and EBNA-LP interaction domains. The results provide a mechanism for the long-standing question of the functional difference between these two major types of EBV and will be important in understanding the significance of the EBV types in human infection.
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Rollins B, Martin MV, Morgan L, Vawter MP. Analysis of whole genome biomarker expression in blood and brain. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:919-36. [PMID: 20127885 PMCID: PMC3098564 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The consistency of peripheral gene expression data and the overlap with brain expression has not been evaluated in biomarker discovery, nor has it been reported in multiple tissues from the same subjects on a genome wide transcript level. The effects of processing whole blood, transformation, and passaged cell lines on gene expression profiling was studied in healthy subjects using Affymetrix arrays. Ficoll extracted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transformed lymphocytes, passaged lymphoblastic cell lines (LCLs), and whole blood from Tempus tubes were compared. There were 6,813 transcripts differentially expressed between different methods of blood preparation. Principal component analysis resolved two partitions involving pre- and post-transformation EBV effects. Combining results from Affymetrix arrays, postmortem subjects' brain and PBMC profiles showed co-expression levels of summarized transcripts for 4,103 of 17,859 (22.9%) RefSeq transcripts. In a control experiment, rat hemi-brain and blood showed similar expression levels for 19% of RefSeq transcripts. After filtering transcripts that were not significantly different in abundance between human cerebellum and PBMCs from the Affymetrix exon array the correlation in mean transcript abundance was high as expected (r = 0.98). Differences in the alternative splicing index in brain and blood were found for about 90% of all transcripts examined. This study demonstrates over 4,100 brain transcripts co-expressed in blood samples can be further examined by in vitro and in vivo experimental studies of blood and cell lines from patients with psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ling Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, 92697-4260 USA
| | - Marquis P. Vawter
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, 92697-4260 USA
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Davies ML, Xu S, Lyons-Weiler J, Rosendorff A, Webber SA, Wasil LR, Metes D, Rowe DT. Cellular factors associated with latency and spontaneous Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in B-lymphoblastoid cell lines. Virology 2010; 400:53-67. [PMID: 20153012 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
EBV-immortalized B-lymphoblastoid cell lines are used as models for cellular transformation and as antigen-presenting cells in immunological assays. LCLs vary in surface markers and other phenotypic properties, but it is not known how this heterogeneity relates to the EBV life cycle. To explore correlations, we examined 62 LCLs for cellular and viral phenotypes. LCLs generated from pediatric and adult donors could similarly be categorized as either low in EBV copy number or fluctuating within a high range. High-copy status accompanied higher lytic viral gene expression and lower latent gene expression. Inhibiting lytic EBV replication did not affect cellular phenotype or lytic switch protein expression, indicating that an LCL's lytic permissivity was a stable property. Among the cellular genes overexpressed in permissive LCLs were unfolded protein response genes and plasma cell markers. Among genes overexpressed in non-permissive LCLs were transcription factors involved in maintaining B cell lineage, in particular EBF1. This study suggests previously undetected mechanisms by which cellular pathways influence the lytic reactivation of EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Davies
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 435 Parran Hall, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Allen U, Barton M, Beyene J, Hu P, Khodai-Booran N, Hébert D, Dipchand A, Ng V, Solomon M, Grant D, Fecteau A, Ngan B, Read S, Zielenska M, Weitzman S. Gene expression using microarrays in transplant recipients at risk of EBV lymphoproliferation after organ transplantation: preliminary proof-of-concept. Pediatr Transplant 2009; 13:990-8. [PMID: 19735433 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2009.01193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that aspects of the virus-host interaction could be measured to help predict progression to EBV-PTLD. We examined the spectrum of host genes differentially expressed and any relevant clustering in children at risk of EBV lymphoproliferation after organ transplantation. We compared the genes expressed among patients with different levels of viral loads. Gene expression was measured by microarray analysis of RNA from CD19+ B lymphocytes using the Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 GeneChip. Among 27 samples from 26 transplant recipients, the viral load categories were: low or undetectable loads (LU), n = 14; high or intermediate loads (HI), n = 13. There were seven healthy EBV-seropositive (P) and -seronegative controls (N). Median time of post-transplantation was 0.5 yr (range 0.1-3.8). We identified 24-54 differentially expressed genes in each of four comparisons of HI vs. P, LU vs. P, HI vs. LU, and P vs. N. We identified patterns of 563 gene expressions, creating five clusters aligned with levels of viral load. PTLD occurred in four of five clusters. In summary, we demonstrated varying degrees of alignment between levels of VL and gene clusters. Analyses for differential expression of genes showed genes that could be implicated in the pathogenesis of EBV-PTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upton Allen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Moriai S, Takahara M, Ogino T, Nagato T, Kishibe K, Ishii H, Katayama A, Shimizu N, Harabuchi Y. Production of Interferon-γ–Inducible Protein-10 and Its Role as an Autocrine Invasion Factor in Nasal Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:6771-9. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ehlin-Henriksson B, Liang W, Cagigi A, Mowafi F, Klein G, Nilsson A. Changes in chemokines and chemokine receptor expression on tonsillar B cells upon Epstein-Barr virus infection. Immunology 2009; 127:549-57. [PMID: 19604305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.03029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and chemokine receptors are likely to play important roles in the pathogenesis of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) -associated disease. The primary EBV infection occurs in the oropharynx where the virus infects mainly tonsillar B cells. We have previously shown that CXCR4 expression on tonsillar B cells is modulated by EBV. Here, CXCR5 and CCR7 expression, which is important for migration into lymphoid tissue, was followed for 14 days after EBV infection of tonsillar B cells. Early after infection (2 days) there were only minor changes in CXCR5 and CCR7 expression. However, at day 7 the expression of CXCR5, as well as of CCR7, was decreased and by day 14 these molecules were no longer present at the cell surface. Furthermore, EBV infection affects the chemotactic response to CXCL13 and CCL21 (the ligands for CXCR5 and CCR7, respectively) with a reduction of ligand-induced migration at day 2. Using gene expression profiling, we identified an additional set of chemokines and chemokine receptors that were changed upon EBV infection in comparison with non-infected tonsillar B cells. In particular, messenger RNA expression for CCR9 and the complement receptor C5AR1 was increased. Both receptors mediate homing to mucosal tissue. The alterations of the expression of these molecules may lead to retention of EBV-infected tonsillar B cells in the interfollicular region of the tonsil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbro Ehlin-Henriksson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Matsuura J, Sakanaka M, Sato N, Ichikawa A, Tanaka S. Suppression of CXCR4 expression in mast cells upon IgE-mediated antigen stimulation. Inflamm Res 2009; 59:123-7. [PMID: 19696965 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-009-0078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies have demonstrated that a variety of chemokine receptors are expressed in mast cells. We investigated the changes in mRNA expression of CXCRs in murine IL-3-dependent bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) to clarify how the CXCR expression is regulated in mast cells. METHODS Expression of CXCR mRNA was measured by RNase protection assay. Functional expression of CXCRs was confirmed by monitoring intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization. RESULTS CXCR4 mRNA expression was transiently induced in BMMCs in serum-dependent fashion and was completely suppressed upon IgE-mediated antigen stimulation. In contrast, CXCR5 mRNA expression was induced upon IgE-mediated antigen stimulation. Changes in the intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization induced by CXCL12 strongly indicated the functional expression of CXCR4. The decrease in CXCR4 and the increase in CXCR5 mRNA expression was also observed in BMMCs stimulated with thapsigargin, a phorbol ester, and stem cell factor. CONCLUSION The mRNA expression of CXCR4 is differentially regulated in BMMCs upon various stimuli including IgE-mediated antigen stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Matsuura
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Mantle cell lymphoma cells express high levels of CXCR4, CXCR5, and VLA-4 (CD49d): importance for interactions with the stromal microenvironment and specific targeting. Blood 2009; 113:4604-13. [PMID: 19228923 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-10-185827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is characterized by an early, widespread dissemination and residual disease after conventional treatment, but the mechanisms responsible for lymphoma cell motility and drug resistance are largely unknown. There is growing evidence suggesting that chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules are critical for malignant B-cell trafficking and homing to supportive tissue microenvironments, where they receive survival and drug resistance signals. Therefore, we examined chemokine receptor and adhesion molecule expression and function in MCL cells and their importance for migration and adhesion to marrow stromal cells (MSCs). We found that MCL cells display high levels of functional CXCR4 and CXCR5 chemokine receptors and VLA-4 adhesion molecules. We also report that MCL cells adhere and spontaneously migrate beneath MSCs in a CXCR4- and VLA-4-dependent fashion (pseudoemperipolesis). Moreover, we demonstrate that MSCs confer drug resistance to MCL cells, particularly to MCL cells that migrate beneath MSC. To target MCL-MSC interactions, we tested Plerixafor, a CXCR4 antagonist, and natalizumab, a VLA-4 antibody. Both agents blocked functional responses to the respective ligands and inhibited adhesive interactions between MCL cells and MSCs. These findings provide a rationale to further investigate the therapeutic potential of these drugs in MCL.
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Baumforth KRN, Birgersdotter A, Reynolds GM, Wei W, Kapatai G, Flavell JR, Kalk E, Piper K, Lee S, Machado L, Hadley K, Sundblad A, Sjoberg J, Bjorkholm M, Porwit AA, Yap LF, Teo S, Grundy RG, Young LS, Ernberg I, Woodman CBJ, Murray PG. Expression of the Epstein-Barr virus-encoded Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 in Hodgkin's lymphoma cells mediates Up-regulation of CCL20 and the migration of regulatory T cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:195-204. [PMID: 18502823 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In approximately 50% of patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), an oncogenic herpesvirus, is present in tumor cells. After microarray profiling of both HL tumors and cell lines, we found that EBV infection increased the expression of the chemokine CCL20 in both primary Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells and Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cell-derived cell lines. Additionally, this up-regulation could be mediated by the EBV nuclear antigen 1 protein. The higher levels of CCL20 in the supernatants of EBV-infected HL cell lines increased the migration of CD4(+) lymphocytes that expressed FOXP3, a marker of regulatory T cells (Tregs), which are specialized CD4(+) T cells that inhibit effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. In HL, an increased number of Tregs is associated with the loss of EBV-specific immunity. Our results identify a mechanism by which EBV can recruit Tregs to the microenvironment of HL by inducing the expression of CCL20 and, by doing so, prevent immune responses against the virus-infected tumor population. Further investigation of how EBV recruits and modifies Tregs will contribute not only to our understanding of the pathogenesis of virus-associated tumors but also to the development of therapeutic strategies designed to manipulate Treg activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl R N Baumforth
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Shirakawa AK, Nagakubo D, Hieshima K, Nakayama T, Jin Z, Yoshie O. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3Induces CCR10 Expression in Terminally Differentiating Human B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:2786-95. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.5.2786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Tadagaki K, Yamanishi K, Mori Y. Reciprocal roles of cellular chemokine receptors and human herpesvirus 7-encoded chemokine receptors, U12 and U51. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:1423-1428. [PMID: 17412969 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82665-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) is a member of the subfamilyBetaherpesvirinaethat exhibits a restricted cell tropism, preferentially infecting CD4+T cellsin vitro. HHV-7 encodes two functional chemokine receptors, U12 and U51. The human chemokines that act as ligands for these receptors have been identified as CCL22 (the natural ligand for CCR4) and CCL19 (the natural ligand for CCR7). It was found that murine L1.2 cells co-expressing CCR4 or CCR7 and U12 responded to both CCL22 and CCL19 in calcium-mobilization assays, but migrated in response only to the appropriate ligand for the expressed cellular receptor. Similar results were obtained with L1.2 cells co-expressing CCR4 or CCR7 with U51. These results suggest that the HHV-7 U12 and U51 receptors can function in concert with CCR4 and CCR7 in host-cell signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Tadagaki
- Laboratory of Virology and Vaccinology, Division of Biomedical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Koichi Yamanishi
- Laboratory of Virology and Vaccinology, Division of Biomedical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yasuko Mori
- Laboratory of Virology and Vaccinology, Division of Biomedical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
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Tugizov S, Herrera R, Veluppillai P, Greenspan J, Greenspan D, Palefsky JM. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected monocytes facilitate dissemination of EBV within the oral mucosal epithelium. J Virol 2007; 81:5484-96. [PMID: 17376918 PMCID: PMC1900306 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00171-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes hairy leukoplakia (HL), a benign lesion of oral epithelium that occurs primarily in the setting of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated immunodeficiency. However, the mechanisms of EBV infection of oral epithelium are poorly understood. Analysis of HL tissues shows a small number of EBV-positive intraepithelial macrophages and dendritic/Langerhans cells. To investigate a role for these cells in spreading EBV to epithelial cells, we used tongue and buccal explants infected ex vivo with EBV. We showed that EBV first infects submucosal CD14(+) monocytes, which then migrate into the epithelium and spread virus to oral epithelial cells, initiating productive viral infection within the terminally differentiated spinosum and granulosum layers. Incubation of EBV-infected monocytes and oral explants with antibodies to CCR2 receptor and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 prevented entry of monocytes into the epithelium and inhibited EBV infection of keratinocytes. B lymphocytes played little part in the spread of EBV to keratinocytes in our explant model. However, cocultivation of EBV-infected B lymphocytes with uninfected monocytes in vitro showed that EBV may spread from B lymphocytes to monocytes. Circulating EBV-positive monocytes were detected in most HIV-infected individuals, consistent with a model in which EBV may be spread from B lymphocytes to monocytes, which then enter the epithelium and initiate productive viral infection of keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharof Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143-0512, USA.
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Chen A, Zhao B, Kieff E, Aster JC, Wang F. EBNA-3B- and EBNA-3C-regulated cellular genes in Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines. J Virol 2006; 80:10139-50. [PMID: 17005691 PMCID: PMC1617319 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00854-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular pathways that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) manipulates in order to effect its lifelong persistence within hosts and facilitate its transmission between hosts are not well understood. The EBV nuclear antigen 3 (EBNA-3) family of latent infection proteins consists of transcriptional regulators that influence viral and cellular gene expression in EBV-infected cells. To identify EBNA-3B- and EBNA-3C-regulated cellular genes potentially important for virus infection in vivo, we studied a lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) infected with an unusual EBV mutant, where a genetic manipulation to delete EBNA-3B also resulted in a significant decrease in EBNA-3C expression and slower than normal growth (3B(-)/3C(low)). Transcriptional profiling was performed on the 3B(-)/3C(low) LCLs, and comparison of mutant and wild-type LCL profiles resulted in a group of 21 probe sets representing 16 individual genes showing statistically significant differences in expression. Further quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analyses comparing 3B(-)/3C(low) LCLs to a previously described EBNA-3B mutant (3B(-)) where EBNA-3C expression was normal revealed three potential EBNA-3B-repressed genes, three potential EBNA-3C-repressed genes, and two potential EBNA-3C-activated genes. The most highly EBNA-3C-repressed gene was Jagged1, a cell surface ligand and inducer of the Notch receptor signaling pathway that is usurped by EBV genes essential for B-cell immortalization. 3B(-)/3C(low) LCLs expressed increased levels of Jagged1 protein and were able to more efficiently induce functional Notch signaling, and this signaling was dependent on Notch cleavage by gamma-secretase. However, inhibiting gamma-secretase-mediated Notch cleavage did not rescue 3B(-)/3C(low) LCL growth, suggesting that EBNA-3C-mediated repression of this signaling pathway did not contribute to LCL growth in tissue culture. Similarly, expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 was reproducibly upregulated in EBNA-3B-null LCLs. Since deletion of EBNA-3B has no significant impact on B-cell immortalization in tissue culture, this finding suggested that EBNA-3B-mediated regulation of CXCR4 may be an important viral strategy for alteration of B-cell homing in the infected host. These studies identify two cellular genes that do not contribute to EBV-induced B-cell growth but whose expression levels are strongly EBNA-3 regulated in EBV-infected primary B cells. These EBV-manipulated cellular pathways may be important for virus survival or transmission in humans, and their independence from EBV-induced B-cell growth makes them potential targets for testing in vivo with the rhesus lymphocryptovirus animal model for EBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Chen
- Channing Laboratory, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Ou DL, Chen CL, Lin SB, Hsu CH, Lin LI. Chemokine receptor expression profiles in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and their association with metastasis and radiotherapy. J Pathol 2006; 210:363-73. [PMID: 16955398 DOI: 10.1002/path.2053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an epithelial cancer that metastasizes predictably to cervical lymph nodes or distant organs. To assess whether the chemokine receptors of NPC cells play important roles in metastasis and are associated with radiotherapy history, the significance of various chemokine receptors (CCR1-10, CXCR1-6, XCR1, and CX3CR1) in NPC cell lines (TW01, TW04, HONE1, BM1, and AS1) and 52 NPC tumour biopsies from 48 patients with NPC was evaluated by mRNA and cytometric analyses, chemotaxis and actin polymerization assays, and immunohistochemical staining. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed substantial expression of CCR7, CCR9, CXCR4, and CXCR6 mRNA in all the NPC cell lines. Of these, however, only CCR7, CXCR4, and CXCR6 were functional in NPC cells. Negative immunoreactivity for CCR7, CXCR4, and CXCR6 was demonstrated in almost all nasopharyngeal (NP) specimens from patients with primary NPC (n = 12) and in those with regional metastatic NPC (n = 15). However, expression of two or three of these chemokine receptors was demonstrated in NP specimens from patients with liver metastasis. Strong positivity was demonstrated for all three of these chemokine receptors in almost all of the regional and distant metastasis specimens. Significant differences in the expression of CCR7, CXCR4, and CXCR6 were found between primary tumours and metastases (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.002, respectively). This observation was further confirmed by laser capture microdissection of freshly frozen tumours from primary (n = 5) and metastatic (n = 8) NPC sites (p = 0.04, 0.03, and 0.03 for CCR7, CXCR4, and CXCR6, respectively). Finally, significant differences in CXCR4 expression were demonstrated between de novo and post-radiotherapy groups (1/22 vs. 5/8; p < 0.003). It appears reasonable to conclude, therefore, that CCR7, CXCR4, and CXCR6 are expressed and active in human NPC metastases, while CXCR4 expression is associated with radiotherapy history.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-L Ou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
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Rosenkilde MM, Benned-Jensen T, Andersen H, Holst PJ, Kledal TN, Lüttichau HR, Larsen JK, Christensen JP, Schwartz TW. Molecular Pharmacological Phenotyping of EBI2. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:13199-13208. [PMID: 16540462 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m602245200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced receptor 2 (EBI2) is an orphan seven-transmembrane (7TM) receptor originally identified as the most up-regulated gene (>200-fold) in EBV-infected cells. Here we show that EBI2 signals with constitutive activity through Galpha(i) as determined by a receptor-mediated inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP production and an induction of the serum response element-driven transcriptional activity in a pertussis toxin-sensitive manner. Galpha(s) and Galpha(q) were not activated constitutively as determined by the lack of cAMP production, the lack of inositol phosphate turnover, and the lack of activities of the transcription factors: cAMP response element-binding protein and nuclear factor-kappaB. Immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy of FLAG- and green fluorescent protein-tagged EBI2 revealed cell-surface expression. A putative N-terminal truncated version of EBI2, delta4-EBI2, showed similar expression and signaling through Galpha(i) as full-length EBI2. By using a 32P-labeled EBI2 probe we found a very high expression in lymphoid tissue (spleen and lymph node) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells and a high expression in lung tissue. Real-time PCR of EBV-infected cells showed high expression of EBI2 during latent and lytic infection, in contrast to the EBV-encoded 7TM receptor BILF1, which was induced during lytic infection. EBI2 clustered with the orphan GPR18 by alignment analysis as well as by close proximity in the chromosomal region 13q32.3. Based on the constitutive signaling and cellular expression pattern of EBI2, it is suggested that it may function in conjunction with BILF1 in the reprogramming of the cell during EBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Tau Benned-Jensen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helene Andersen
- Clinical Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Peter J Holst
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, The Panum Institute, Building 18.6, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas N Kledal
- Clinical Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Hans R Lüttichau
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department for Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen K Larsen
- Finsen Laboratory, The Finsen Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan P Christensen
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, The Panum Institute, Building 18.6, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ehlin-Henriksson B, Mowafi F, Klein G, Nilsson A. Epstein-Barr virus infection negatively impacts the CXCR4-dependent migration of tonsillar B cells. Immunology 2006; 117:379-85. [PMID: 16476057 PMCID: PMC1782227 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection occurs in the oropharynx, where the virus infects B cells and subsequently establishes latency in the memory B-cell compartment. EBV has previously been shown to induce changes in the cell surface expression of several chemokine receptors in cell lines and the transfection of EBNA2 or LMP1 into a B-cell-lymphoma-derived cell line decreased the expression of CXCR4. We show that in vitro EBV infection reduces the expression of CXCR4 on primary tonsil B cells already 43 hr after infection. Furthermore, EBV infection affects the chemotactic response to stromal cell-derived factor (SDF-1)alpha/CXCL12, the ligand for CXCR4, with a reduction of SDF-1alpha-induced migration. To clarify whether this reduced migration is EBV-specific or a consequence of cell activation, tonsillar B cells were either infected with EBV, activated with anti-CD40 and interleukin-4 (IL-4) or kept in medium. Activation by anti-CD40 and IL-4 decreased the CXCR4 expression but the CD40 + IL-4-stimulated cells showed no reduction of chemotactic efficacy. Our finding suggests that changing the SDF-1alpha response of the EBV-infected B cells may serve the viral strategy by directing the infected cells into the extrafollicular areas, rather than retaining them in the lymphoepithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frida Mowafi
- Microbiology and Tumour Biology Centre, Karolinska InstituteStockholm, Sweden
| | - George Klein
- Microbiology and Tumour Biology Centre, Karolinska InstituteStockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Nilsson
- Microbiology and Tumour Biology Centre, Karolinska InstituteStockholm, Sweden
- Paediatric Cancer Research Unit, Astrid Lindgrens Children HospitalStockholm, Sweden
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Saito R, Onodera H, Tago H, Suzuki Y, Shimizu M, Matsumura Y, Kondo T, Itoyama Y. Altered expression of chemokine receptor CXCR5 on T cells of myasthenia gravis patients. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 170:172-8. [PMID: 16214223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is characterized by the T cell-dependent production of anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies. The chemokine receptor CXCR5 regulates lymphocyte migration and is expressed on a subset of CD4+ T cells named follicular helper T cells (T(FH)), the key modulators of antibody production by B cells. We studied the frequency of CXCR5-positive lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of MG patients before and after therapy (thymectomy plus glucocorticoid). Before therapy, the MG patients showed a significantly higher frequency of CXCR5+ CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood compared with the control group, while no significant difference in the percentages of CXCR5+ CD4+ T cells was observed between the patients of the hyperplasia group and those of the thymoma group. The CXCR5+ CD4+ T cell frequency correlated with the disease severity. The CXCR5+ CD4+ T cell frequency of MG patients positive for other autoantibodies together with anti-AChR antibodies was significantly higher than in those having only anti-AChR antibodies. After therapy, the CXCR5+ CD4+ T cell percentage decreased gradually to the control level with a significant inverse correlation between the CXCR5+ CD4+ T cell frequency and duration after the initiation of MG therapy. The CXCR5+ CD4+ T cell populations in the hyperplastic thymuses and thymomas were not significantly different from those in the control thymuses. These results suggest that CXCR5+ CD4+ T cells play an important role in the disease activity of MG and that some MG patients have a systemic abnormality in T cell-dependent antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Saito
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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Abstract
Most herpesviruses of the beta and gamma subfamilies encode homologues of cytokines and chemokine receptor- related G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The roles of these proteins during normal virus replication in the infected host have not been defined in most cases, but the available data and extrapolation from what is known about the properties and functions of their cellular counterparts indicate that they play primary roles in immune evasion or in activating cellular signaling cascades that enhance virus productive replication. Cytokines and chemokine receptors specified by the two human gammaherpesviruses, human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), are the subject of this review. HHV-8 encodes three chemokines, a homologue of interleukin-6, and a CXCR2-related chemokine receptor, while EBV encodes a distinct GPCR and a homologue of interleukin-10. While these viral cytokines and chemokine receptors no doubt contribute to virus biology, their properties indicate that they may also be involved in virus-induced neoplasia. This review discusses the properties, functions, and likely roles of HHV-8 and EBV cytokines and chemokine receptors in relation to both virus biology and virus-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Nicholas
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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