1
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Tugizov SM. Molecular Pathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Disease of Oropharyngeal Mucosal Epithelium. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1444. [PMID: 37239115 PMCID: PMC10216750 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The oropharyngeal mucosal epithelia have a polarized organization, which is critical for maintaining a highly efficient barrier as well as innate immune functions. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) disease, the barrier and innate immune functions of the oral mucosa are impaired via a number of mechanisms. The goal of this review was to discuss the molecular mechanisms of HIV/AIDS-associated changes in the oropharyngeal mucosa and their role in promoting HIV transmission and disease pathogenesis, notably the development of opportunistic infections, including human cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and Epstein-Barr virus. In addition, the significance of adult and newborn/infant oral mucosa in HIV resistance and transmission was analyzed. HIV/AIDS-associated changes in the oropharyngeal mucosal epithelium and their role in promoting human papillomavirus-positive and negative neoplastic malignancy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharof M Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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2
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Caputo V, Libera M, Sisti S, Giuliani B, Diotti RA, Criscuolo E. The initial interplay between HIV and mucosal innate immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1104423. [PMID: 36798134 PMCID: PMC9927018 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1104423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is still one of the major global health issues, and despite significant efforts that have been put into studying the pathogenesis of HIV infection, several aspects need to be clarified, including how innate immunity acts in different anatomical compartments. Given the nature of HIV as a sexually transmitted disease, one of the aspects that demands particular attention is the mucosal innate immune response. Given this scenario, we focused our attention on the interplay between HIV and mucosal innate response: the different mucosae act as a physical barrier, whose integrity can be compromised by the infection, and the virus-cell interaction induces the innate immune response. In addition, we explored the role of the mucosal microbiota in facilitating or preventing HIV infection and highlighted how its changes could influence the development of several opportunistic infections. Although recent progress, a proper characterization of mucosal innate immune response and microbiota is still missing, and further studies are needed to understand how they can be helpful for the formulation of an effective vaccine.
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3
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Nittayananta W, Promsong A, Levy C, Hladik F, Chaitaveep N, Ungphaiboon S, Tewtrakul S, Satthakarn S. Microbicide Containing Ellagic Acid Can Inhibit HIV-1 Infection. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227941. [PMID: 36432041 PMCID: PMC9695535 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ellagic acid (EA) has a wide range of biological effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vitro effects of EA on HIV-1 replication, viral enzyme activity and cytokine secretion by infected cells. METHODS The anti-HIV-1 activity of EA in solution was determined in vitro using the infection of TZM-bl cells by the nano luciferase-secreting R5-tropic JRCSF strain of HIV-1, which allows for the quantification of viral growth by measuring nano luciferase in the culture supernatants. The effect of EA on the cytokine secretion of TZM-bl cells was determined by a multiplexed bead array after 48 h of HIV-1 exposure. The antiviral effect of EA in the gel formulation (Ellagel), as would be used for vaginal application, was investigated by the inhibition of infection of UC87.CD4.CCR5 cells with R5-tropic pBaLEnv-recombinant HIV-1. RESULTS EA in solutions of up to 100 µM was not toxic to TZM-bl cells. EA added either 1 h before or 4 h after HIV-1 exposure suppressed the replication of R5-tropic HIV-1 in TZM-bl cells in a dose-dependent manner, with up to 69% inhibition at 50 µM. EA-containing solutions also exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on HIV-1 replication in U87 cells. When EA was formulated as a gel, Ellagel containing 25 µM and 50 µM EA inhibited HIV-1 replication in U87 cells by 56% and 84%, respectively. In assays of specific HIV-1 enzyme activity, Ellagel inhibited HIV-1 integrase but not protease. EA did not significantly modulate cytokine secretion. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that EA either in solution or in a gel form inhibits HIV infection without adverse effects on target cells. Thus, gel containing EA can be tested as a new microbicide against HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wipawee Nittayananta
- Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Correspondence:
| | - Aornrutai Promsong
- Faculty of Medicine, Princess of Naradhiwas University, Narathiwat 96000, Thailand
| | - Claire Levy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Florian Hladik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nithinart Chaitaveep
- Research Division, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Suwipa Ungphaiboon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Supinya Tewtrakul
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Surada Satthakarn
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
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4
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Baharlou H, Canete N, Vine EE, Hu K, Yuan D, Sandgren KJ, Bertram KM, Nasr N, Rhodes JW, Gosselink MP, Di Re A, Reza F, Ctercteko G, Pathma-Nathan N, Collins G, Toh J, Patrick E, Haniffa MA, Estes JD, Byrne SN, Cunningham AL, Harman AN. An in situ analysis pipeline for initial host-pathogen interactions reveals signatures of human colorectal HIV transmission. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111385. [PMID: 36130503 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial immune response to HIV determines transmission. However, due to technical limitations we still do not have a comparative map of early mucosal transmission events. By combining RNAscope, cyclic immunofluorescence, and image analysis tools, we quantify HIV transmission signatures in intact human colorectal explants within 2 h of topical exposure. We map HIV enrichment to mucosal dendritic cells (DCs) and submucosal macrophages, but not CD4+ T cells, the primary targets of downstream infection. HIV+ DCs accumulate near and within lymphoid aggregates, which act as early sanctuaries of high viral titers while facilitating HIV passage to the submucosa. Finally, HIV entry induces recruitment and clustering of target cells, facilitating DC- and macrophage-mediated HIV transfer and enhanced infection of CD4+ T cells. These data demonstrate a rapid response to HIV structured to maximize the likelihood of mucosal infection and provide a framework for in situ studies of host-pathogen interactions and immune-mediated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeva Baharlou
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Nicolas Canete
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Erica E Vine
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kevin Hu
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Di Yuan
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kerrie J Sandgren
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kirstie M Bertram
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Najla Nasr
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jake W Rhodes
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Martijn P Gosselink
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Angelina Di Re
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Faizur Reza
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Grahame Ctercteko
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Nimalan Pathma-Nathan
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Geoff Collins
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - James Toh
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Ellis Patrick
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Maths and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Muzlifah A Haniffa
- Biosciences Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK; Department of Dermatology and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Scott N Byrne
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony L Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew N Harman
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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5
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HIV transmitting mononuclear phagocytes; integrating the old and new. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:542-550. [PMID: 35173293 PMCID: PMC9259493 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00492-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In tissue, mononuclear phagocytes (MNP) are comprised of Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and monocyte-derived cells. They are the first immune cells to encounter HIV during transmission and transmit the virus to CD4 T cells as a consequence of their antigen presenting cell function. To understand the role these cells play in transmission, their phenotypic and functional characterisation is important. With advancements in high parameter single cell technologies, new MNPs subsets are continuously being discovered and their definition and classification is in a state of flux. This has important implications for our knowledge of HIV transmission, which requires a deeper understanding to design effective vaccines and better blocking strategies. Here we review the historical research of the role MNPs play in HIV transmission up to the present day and revaluate these studies in the context of our most recent understandings of the MNP system.
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6
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Masomian M, Lalani S, Poh CL. Molecular Docking of SP40 Peptide towards Cellular Receptors for Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71). Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216576. [PMID: 34770987 PMCID: PMC8587434 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is one of the predominant etiological agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HMFD), which can cause severe central nervous system infections in young children. There is no clinically approved vaccine or antiviral agent against HFMD. The SP40 peptide, derived from the VP1 capsid of EV-A71, was reported to be a promising antiviral peptide that targeted the host receptor(s) involved in viral attachment or entry. So far, the mechanism of action of SP40 peptide is unknown. In this study, interactions between ten reported cell receptors of EV-A71 and the antiviral SP40 peptide were evaluated through molecular docking simulations, followed by in vitro receptor blocking with specific antibodies. The preferable binding region of each receptor to SP40 was predicted by global docking using HPEPDOCK and the cell receptor-SP40 peptide complexes were refined using FlexPepDock. Local molecular docking using GOLD (Genetic Optimization for Ligand Docking) showed that the SP40 peptide had the highest binding score to nucleolin followed by annexin A2, SCARB2 and human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. The average GoldScore for 5 top-scoring models of human cyclophilin, fibronectin, human galectin, DC-SIGN and vimentin were almost similar. Analysis of the nucleolin-SP40 peptide complex showed that SP40 peptide binds to the RNA binding domains (RBDs) of nucleolin. Furthermore, receptor blocking by specific monoclonal antibody was performed for seven cell receptors of EV-A71 and the results showed that the blocking of nucleolin by anti-nucleolin alone conferred a 93% reduction in viral infectivity. Maximum viral inhibition (99.5%) occurred when SCARB2 was concurrently blocked with anti-SCARB2 and the SP40 peptide. This is the first report to reveal the mechanism of action of SP40 peptide in silico through molecular docking analysis. This study provides information on the possible binding site of SP40 peptide to EV-A71 cellular receptors. Such information could be useful to further validate the interaction of the SP40 peptide with nucleolin by site-directed mutagenesis of the nucleolin binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Masomian
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (C.L.P.); Tel.: +603-74918622 (ext. 7603) (M.M.); +603-74918622 (ext. 7338) (C.L.P.)
| | | | - Chit Laa Poh
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (C.L.P.); Tel.: +603-74918622 (ext. 7603) (M.M.); +603-74918622 (ext. 7338) (C.L.P.)
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7
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Bermejo‐Jambrina M, Eder J, Kaptein TM, van Hamme JL, Helgers LC, Vlaming KE, Brouwer PJM, van Nuenen AC, Spaargaren M, de Bree GJ, Nijmeijer BM, Kootstra NA, van Gils MJ, Sanders RW, Geijtenbeek TBH. Infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 depend on heparan sulfate proteoglycans. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106765. [PMID: 34510494 PMCID: PMC8521309 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The current pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and outbreaks of new variants highlight the need for preventive treatments. Here, we identified heparan sulfate proteoglycans as attachment receptors for SARS-CoV-2. Notably, neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 isolated from COVID-19 patients interfered with SARS-CoV-2 binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans, which might be an additional mechanism of antibodies to neutralize infection. SARS-CoV-2 binding to and infection of epithelial cells was blocked by low molecular weight heparins (LMWH). Although dendritic cells (DCs) and mucosal Langerhans cells (LCs) were not infected by SARS-CoV-2, both DC subsets efficiently captured SARS-CoV-2 via heparan sulfate proteoglycans and transmitted the virus to ACE2-positive cells. Notably, human primary nasal cells were infected by SARS-CoV-2, and infection was blocked by pre-treatment with LMWH. These data strongly suggest that heparan sulfate proteoglycans are important attachment receptors facilitating infection and transmission, and support the use of LMWH as prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bermejo‐Jambrina
- Department of Experimental ImmunologyAmsterdam institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdam University Medical CentersUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Julia Eder
- Department of Experimental ImmunologyAmsterdam institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdam University Medical CentersUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Tanja M Kaptein
- Department of Experimental ImmunologyAmsterdam institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdam University Medical CentersUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - John L van Hamme
- Department of Experimental ImmunologyAmsterdam institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdam University Medical CentersUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Leanne C Helgers
- Department of Experimental ImmunologyAmsterdam institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdam University Medical CentersUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Killian E Vlaming
- Department of Experimental ImmunologyAmsterdam institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdam University Medical CentersUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Philip J M Brouwer
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyAmsterdam institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdam University Medical CentersUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ad C van Nuenen
- Department of Experimental ImmunologyAmsterdam institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdam University Medical CentersUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Spaargaren
- Department of Pathology, Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam (LYMMCARE)Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA)Amsterdam University Medical CentersUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Godelieve J de Bree
- Department of Internal MedicineAmsterdam institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdam University Medical CentersUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Bernadien M Nijmeijer
- Department of Experimental ImmunologyAmsterdam institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdam University Medical CentersUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Department of Experimental ImmunologyAmsterdam institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdam University Medical CentersUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyAmsterdam institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdam University Medical CentersUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyAmsterdam institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdam University Medical CentersUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyWeill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Teunis B H Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental ImmunologyAmsterdam institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdam University Medical CentersUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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8
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Rhodes JW, Botting RA, Bertram KM, Vine EE, Rana H, Baharlou H, Vegh P, O'Neil TR, Ashhurst AS, Fletcher J, Parnell GP, Graham JD, Nasr N, Lim JJK, Barnouti L, Haertsch P, Gosselink MP, Di Re A, Reza F, Ctercteko G, Jenkins GJ, Brooks AJ, Patrick E, Byrne SN, Hunter E, Haniffa MA, Cunningham AL, Harman AN. Human anogenital monocyte-derived dendritic cells and langerin+cDC2 are major HIV target cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2147. [PMID: 33846309 PMCID: PMC8042121 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue mononuclear phagocytes (MNP) are specialised in pathogen detection and antigen presentation. As such they deliver HIV to its primary target cells; CD4 T cells. Most MNP HIV transmission studies have focused on epithelial MNPs. However, as mucosal trauma and inflammation are now known to be strongly associated with HIV transmission, here we examine the role of sub-epithelial MNPs which are present in a diverse array of subsets. We show that HIV can penetrate the epithelial surface to interact with sub-epithelial resident MNPs in anogenital explants and define the full array of subsets that are present in the human anogenital and colorectal tissues that HIV may encounter during sexual transmission. In doing so we identify two subsets that preferentially take up HIV, become infected and transmit the virus to CD4 T cells; CD14+CD1c+ monocyte-derived dendritic cells and langerin-expressing conventional dendritic cells 2 (cDC2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake W Rhodes
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel A Botting
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Biosciences Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kirstie M Bertram
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Erica E Vine
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Hafsa Rana
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Heeva Baharlou
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Vegh
- Biosciences Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Thomas R O'Neil
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Anneliese S Ashhurst
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - James Fletcher
- Biosciences Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Grant P Parnell
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - J Dinny Graham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Najla Nasr
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Peter Haertsch
- Burns Unit, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Martijn P Gosselink
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Angelina Di Re
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Faizur Reza
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Grahame Ctercteko
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Gregory J Jenkins
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J Brooks
- Department of Urology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Ellis Patrick
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,School of Maths and Statistics, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott N Byrne
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Muzlifah A Haniffa
- Biosciences Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.,Department of Dermatology and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anthony L Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew N Harman
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia. .,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
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9
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Wu BC, Olivia NA, Tembo JM, He YX, Zhang YM, Xue Y, Ye CL, Lv Y, Li WJ, Jiang LY, Huo XX, Sun ZY, Chen ZJ, Qin JC, Li AY, Park CG, Klena JD, Ding HH, Chen T. Loss of the virulence plasmid by Shigella sonnei promotes its interactions with CD207 and CD209 receptors. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70:001297. [PMID: 33591245 PMCID: PMC8346720 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Shigella sonnei, the cause of bacillary dysentery, belongs to Gram-negative enteropathogenic bacteria. S. sonnei contains a 210 kb virulence plasmid that encodes an O-antigen gene cluster of LPSs. However, this virulence plasmid is frequently lost during replication. It is well-documented that after losing the O-antigen and becoming rough strains, the Gram-negative bacteria may express an LPS core on its surface. Previous studies have suggested that by using the LPS core, Gram-negative bacteria can interact with several C-type lectin receptors that are expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs).Hypothesis/Gap Statement. S. sonnei by losing the virulence plasmid may hijack APCs via the interactions of LPS-CD209/CD207.Aim. This study aimed to investigate if the S. sonnei rough strain, by losing the virulence plasmid, interacted with APCs that express C-type lectins of human CD207, human CD209a and mouse CD209b.Methodology. SDS-PAGE silver staining was used to examine the O-antigen expression of S. sonnei WT and its rough strain. Invasion assays and inhibition assays were used to examine the ability of S. sonnei WT and its rough strain to invade APCs and investigate whether CD209 and CD207 are receptors for phagocytosis of rough S. sonnei. Animal assays were used to observe the dissemination of S. sonnei.Results. S. sonnei did not express O-antigens after losing the virulence plasmid. The S. sonnei rough strain invades with APCs, including human dendritic cells (DCs) and mouse macrophages. CD209 and CD207 are receptors for phagocytosis of rough S. sonnei. Expression of the O-antigen reduces the ability of the S. sonnei rough strain to be disseminated to mesenteric lymph nodes and spleens.Conclusion. This work demonstrated that S. sonnei rough strains - by losing the virulence plasmid - invaded APCs through interactions with CD209 and CD207 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-cong Wu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Njiri A. Olivia
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Chuka University, 109-60400, Kenya
| | - John Mambwe Tembo
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, the University of Zambia – University College London Medical School at Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ying-xia He
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- Clinical Research Center, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Ying-miao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Ying Xue
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Cheng-lin Ye
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yin Lv
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wen-jin Li
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Ling-Yu Jiang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xi-xiang Huo
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zi-yong Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zhong-ju Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Ji-chao Qin
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - An-yi Li
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Chae Gyu Park
- Laboratory of Immunology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - John D. Klena
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GE, USA
| | - Hong-hui Ding
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Tie Chen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
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10
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Arokiasamy S, Balderstone MJM, De Rossi G, Whiteford JR. Syndecan-3 in Inflammation and Angiogenesis. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3031. [PMID: 31998313 PMCID: PMC6962229 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Syndecans are a four member multifunctional family of cell surface molecules with diverse biological roles. Syndecan-3 (SDC3) is the largest of these, but in comparison to the other family members relatively little is known about this molecule. SDC3 null mice grow and develop normally, all be it with subtle anatomical phenotypes in the brain. Roles for this molecule in both neuronal and brain tissue have been identified, and is associated with altered satiety responses. Recent studies suggest that SDC3 expression is not restricted to neuronal tissues and has important roles in inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, disease associated processes such as angiogenesis and in the facilitation of infection of dendritic cells by HIV. The purpose of this review article is to explore these new biological insights into SDC3 functions in inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Arokiasamy
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michaela J. M. Balderstone
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia De Rossi
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - James R. Whiteford
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Bertram KM, Tong O, Royle C, Turville SG, Nasr N, Cunningham AL, Harman AN. Manipulation of Mononuclear Phagocytes by HIV: Implications for Early Transmission Events. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2263. [PMID: 31616434 PMCID: PMC6768965 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes are antigen presenting cells that play a key role in linking the innate and adaptive immune systems. In tissue, these consist of Langerhans cells, dendritic cells and macrophages, all of which express the key HIV entry receptors CD4 and CCR5 making them directly infectible with HIV. Mononuclear phagocytes are the first cells of the immune system to interact with invading pathogens such as HIV. Each cell type expresses a specific repertoire of pathogen binding receptors which triggers pathogen uptake and the release of innate immune cytokines. Langerhans cells and dendritic cells migrate to lymph nodes and present antigens to CD4 T cells, whereas macrophages remain tissue resident. Here we review how HIV-1 manipulates these cells by blocking their ability to produce innate immune cytokines and taking advantage of their antigen presenting cell function in order to gain transport to its primary target cells, CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie Melissa Bertram
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Orion Tong
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Caroline Royle
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart Grant Turville
- HIV Biology, Kirby Institute, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,The University of New South Whales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Najla Nasr
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony Lawrence Cunningham
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Nicholas Harman
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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12
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Rhodes JW, Tong O, Harman AN, Turville SG. Human Dendritic Cell Subsets, Ontogeny, and Impact on HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1088. [PMID: 31156637 PMCID: PMC6532592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play important roles in orchestrating host immunity against invading pathogens, representing one of the first responders to infection by mucosal invaders. From their discovery by Ralph Steinman in the 1970s followed shortly after with descriptions of their in vivo diversity and distribution by Derek Hart, we are still continuing to progressively elucidate the spectrum of DCs present in various anatomical compartments. With the power of high-dimensional approaches such as single-cell sequencing and multiparameter cytometry, recent studies have shed new light on the identities and functions of DC subtypes. Notable examples include the reclassification of plasmacytoid DCs as purely interferon-producing cells and re-evaluation of intestinal conventional DCs and macrophages as derived from monocyte precursors. Collectively, these observations have changed how we view these cells not only in steady-state immunity but also during disease and infection. In this review, we will discuss the current landscape of DCs and their ontogeny, and how this influences our understanding of their roles during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake William Rhodes
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Orion Tong
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Nicholas Harman
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Applied Medical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart Grant Turville
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kirby Institute, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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13
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Elliott J, Fulcher JA, Ibarrondo FJ, Tanner K, McGowan I, Anton PA. Comparative Assessment of Small and Large Intestine Biopsies for Ex Vivo HIV-1 Pathogenesis Studies. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:900-906. [PMID: 29631414 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo mucosal explants have become a mainstay of HIV-1 studies using human tissue. In this study, we examine the baseline phenotypic and virologic differences between biopsies derived from the small intestine (SI) and large intestine (LI) for use in ex vivo explant studies. To do this, we collected endoscopic mucosal biopsies from both SI and LI from the same healthy, HIV-seronegative participants. Mucosal mononuclear cell phenotypes and quantity were compared using flow cytometry. Comparative HIV-1 infectibility of the explants was assessed using an ex vivo explant HIV-1 infection assay. We found that all biopsies had similar numbers of T cells per biopsy. While the percentage of CD4+ T cells from SI biopsies expressed significantly more activation markers (CD38, HLA-DR) and HIV coreceptors (CXCR4, CCR5), the absolute numbers of activated CD4+ T cells were similar between both sites. LI explants, however, supported more efficient HIV-1 infection, as evidenced by earlier rise in p24 accumulation and greater percent of infected explants at limiting infectious doses. These results suggest that explants from LI biopsies support more efficient HIV-1 infection than SI biopsies, despite similar numbers of available, activated HIV-1 target cells. These findings highlight important differences in LI and SI explants, which must be considered in designing and interpreting ex vivo HIV-1 infection studies, and suggest that factors within the tissue other than target cell number and activation state may play a role in regulating HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Elliott
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jennifer A. Fulcher
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - F. Javier Ibarrondo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Karen Tanner
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ian McGowan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter A. Anton
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, California
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14
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Yolitz J, Schwing C, Chang J, Van Ryk D, Nawaz F, Wei D, Cicala C, Arthos J, Fauci AS. Signal peptide of HIV envelope protein impacts glycosylation and antigenicity of gp120. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:2443-2448. [PMID: 29463753 PMCID: PMC5877976 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1722627115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope protein (Env) of early-replicating viruses encodes several distinct transmission signatures. One such signature involves a reduced number of potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGs). This transmission signature underscores the importance of posttranslational modifications in the fitness of early-replicating isolates. An additional signature in Env involves the overrepresentation of basic amino acid residues at a specific position in the Env signal peptide (SP). In this report, we investigated the potential impact of this SP signature on gp120 glycosylation and antigenicity. Two recombinant gp120s were constructed, one derived from an isolate that lacks this signature and a second from an early-replicating isolate that includes this signature. Chimeric gp120s were also constructed in which the two SPs were swapped between the isolates. All four gp120s were probed with glycan-, structure- and receptor- specific probes in a surface plasmon resonance binding assay. We found that the SP of Env influences qualitative aspects of Env glycosylation that in turn affect the antigenicity of Env in a major way. The SP impacts the affinity of Env for DC-SIGN, a lectin receptor expressed on dendritic cells that is believed to play a role in mucosal transmission. Additionally, affinity for the monoclonal antibodies 17b and A32, which recognize a CD4-induced, open conformation of Env is also altered. These results demonstrate that natural variation in the SP of HIV Env can significantly impact the antigenicity of mature gp120. Thus, the SP is likely subject to antibody-mediated immune pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Yolitz
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- National Institutes of Health-Johns Hopkins University Graduate Partnership Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Catherine Schwing
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Julia Chang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Donald Van Ryk
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Fatima Nawaz
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Danlan Wei
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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15
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Abstract
The modulation of tuberculosis (TB)-induced immunopathology caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 coinfection remains incompletely understood but underlies the change seen in the natural history, presentation, and prognosis of TB in such patients. The deleterious combination of these two pathogens has been dubbed a "deadly syndemic," with each favoring the replication of the other and thereby contributing to accelerated disease morbidity and mortality. HIV-1 is the best-recognized risk factor for the development of active TB and accounts for 13% of cases globally. The advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has considerably mitigated this risk. Rapid roll-out of ART globally and the recent recommendation by the World Health Organization (WHO) to initiate ART for everyone living with HIV at any CD4 cell count should lead to further reductions in HIV-1-associated TB incidence because susceptibility to TB is inversely proportional to CD4 count. However, it is important to note that even after successful ART, patients with HIV-1 are still at increased risk for TB. Indeed, in settings of high TB incidence, the occurrence of TB often remains the first presentation of, and thereby the entry into, HIV care. As advantageous as ART-induced immune recovery is, it may also give rise to immunopathology, especially in the lower-CD4-count strata in the form of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. TB-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome will continue to impact the HIV-TB syndemic.
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16
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Hertoghs N, Pul LV, Geijtenbeek TBH. Mucosal dendritic cells in HIV-1 susceptibility: a critical role for C-type lectin receptors. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2017-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sexual transmission is the major route of HIV-1 infection worldwide. The interaction of HIV-1 with mucosal dendritic cells (DCs) might determine HIV-1 susceptibility as well as initial antiviral immunity controlling virus in the chronic phase. Different DC subsets reside in mucosal tissues and express specific C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) that interact with HIV-1 with different outcomes. HIV-1 has been shown to subvert CLRs for viral transmission and immune evasion, whereas CLRs can also protect against HIV-1 infection. Here, we will discuss the role of CLRs in HIV-1 transmission and adaptive immunity, and how the CLRs dictate the function of DCs in infection. Ultimately, understanding the interplay between CLRs and HIV-1 will lead to targeted approaches in the search for preventative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hertoghs
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa van Pul
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teunis BH Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Rodriguez-Garcia M, Shen Z, Barr FD, Boesch AW, Ackerman ME, Kappes JC, Ochsenbauer C, Wira CR. Dendritic cells from the human female reproductive tract rapidly capture and respond to HIV. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:531-544. [PMID: 27579858 PMCID: PMC5332537 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) throughout the female reproductive tract (FRT) were examined for phenotype, HIV capture ability and innate anti-HIV responses. Two main CD11c+ DC subsets were identified: CD11b+ and CD11blow DCs. CD11b+CD14+ DCs were the most abundant throughout the tract. A majority of CD11c+CD14+ cells corresponded to CD1c+ myeloid DCs, whereas the rest lacked CD1c and CD163 expression (macrophage marker) and may represent monocyte-derived cells. In addition, we identified CD103+ DCs, located exclusively in the endometrium, whereas DC-SIGN+ DCs were broadly distributed throughout the FRT. Following exposure to GFP-labeled HIV particles, CD14+ DC-SIGN+ as well as CD14+ DC-SIGN- cells captured virus, with ∼30% of these cells representing CD1c+ myeloid DCs. CD103+ DCs lacked HIV capture ability. Exposure of FRT DCs to HIV induced secretion of CCL2, CCR5 ligands, interleukin (IL)-8, elafin, and secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor (SLPI) within 3 h of exposure, whereas classical pro-inflammatory molecules did not change and interferon-α2 and IL-10 were undetectable. Furthermore, elafin and SLPI upregulation, but not CCL5, were suppressed by estradiol pre-treatment. Our results suggest that specific DC subsets in the FRT have the potential for capture and dissemination of HIV, exert antiviral responses and likely contribute to the recruitment of HIV-target cells through the secretion of innate immune molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rodriguez-Garcia
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA,Corresponding author. Address correspondence to Dr. Marta Rodriguez-Garcia, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756. Fax number: 603-6507717. Telephone number: 603-6502583.
| | - Zheng Shen
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Fiona D. Barr
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | | | | | - John C. Kappes
- Department of Medicine and UAB Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service Birmingham, AL
| | - Christina Ochsenbauer
- Department of Medicine and UAB Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
| | - Charles R. Wira
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
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18
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das Neves J, Nunes R, Rodrigues F, Sarmento B. Nanomedicine in the development of anti-HIV microbicides. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 103:57-75. [PMID: 26829288 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prevention plays an invaluable role in the fight against HIV/AIDS. The use of microbicides is considered an interesting potential approach for topical pre-exposure prophylaxis of HIV sexual transmission. The prospects of having an effective product available are expected to be fulfilled in the near future as driven by recent and forthcoming results of clinical trials. Different dosage forms and delivery strategies have been proposed and tested for multiple microbicide drug candidates presently at different stages of the development pipeline. One particularly interesting approach comprises the application of nanomedicine principles to the development of novel anti-HIV microbicides, but its implications to efficacy and safety are not yet fully understood. Nanotechnology-based systems, either presenting inherent anti-HIV activity or acting as drug nanocarriers, may significantly influence features such as drug solubility, stability of active payloads, drug release, interactions between active moieties and virus/cells, intracellular drug delivery, drug targeting, safety, antiviral activity, mucoadhesive behavior, drug distribution and tissue penetration, and pharmacokinetics. The present manuscript provides a comprehensive and holistic overview of these topics as relevant to the development of vaginal and rectal microbicides. In particular, recent advances pertaining inherently active microbicide nanosystems and microbicide drug nanocarriers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José das Neves
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde & Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra, Portugal.
| | - Rute Nunes
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisca Rodrigues
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde & Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra, Portugal.
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19
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Shinya E, Shimizu M, Owaki A, Paoletti S, Mori L, De Libero G, Takahashi H. Hemopoietic cell kinase (Hck) and p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) are involved in the down-regulation of CD1a lipid antigen presentation by HIV-1 Nef in dendritic cells. Virology 2015; 487:285-95. [PMID: 26584215 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a major role in in vivo pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. Therefore, DCs may provide a promising strategy to control and eventually overcome the fatal infection. Especially, immature DCs express all CD1s, the non-MHC lipid antigen -presenting molecules, and HIV-1 Nef down-regulates CD1 expression besides MHC. Moreover, CD1d-restricted CD4(+) NKT cells are infected by HIV-1, reducing the number of these cells in HIV-1-infected individuals. To understand the exact role of DCs and CD1-mediated immune response during HIV-1 infection, Nef down-regulation of CD1a-restricted lipid/glycolipid Ag presentation in iDCs was analyzed. We demonstrated the involvement of the association of Nef with hemopoietic cell kinase (Hck) and p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2), and that Hck, which is expressed strongly in iDCs, augmented this mutual interaction. Hck might be another therapeutic target to preserve the function of HIV-1 infected DCs, which are potential reservoirs of HIV-1 even after antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Shinya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo city, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Masumi Shimizu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo city, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Atsuko Owaki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo city, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Samantha Paoletti
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Mori
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gennaro De Libero
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hidemi Takahashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo city, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
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Ribeiro CMS, Sarrami-Forooshani R, Geijtenbeek TBH. HIV-1 border patrols: Langerhans cells control antiviral responses and viral transmission. Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) reside in the mucosal epithelia and are refractory to HIV-1 infection; HIV-1 capture by C-type lectin receptor langerin and subsequent targeting to Birbeck granules prevents infection. Furthermore, LCs restrict transmission of CXCR4-using HIV-1 variants, which underscores the role of immature LCs as gatekeepers in the selection of HIV-1 variants. Interaction of langerin on LCs with hyaluronic acid on dendritic cells facilitates cross-presentation of HIV-1 to CD8+ T cells. Activation of LCs upon inflammation bypasses the langerin-dependent barrier, which favors cross-presentation and increases susceptibility of LCs to HIV-1 infection. These recent developments not only highlight the plasticity of LCs but also define an important role for LC-dendritic cell crosstalk at the periphery in directing adaptive immune responses to viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla MS Ribeiro
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ramin Sarrami-Forooshani
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teunis BH Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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The evolution of HIV-1 interactions with coreceptors and mannose C-type lectin receptors. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 129:109-40. [PMID: 25595802 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The phenotype of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) commonly evolves between and within infected individuals, at virus transmission, and during disease progression. This evolution includes altered interactions between the virus and its coreceptors, i.e., chemokine receptors, as well as mannose C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). Transmitted/founder viruses are predominantly restricted to CCR5, whereas the subsequent intrapatient evolution of HIV-1 coreceptor use during progressive disease can be subdivided into two distinct pathways. Accordingly, the CCR5-restricted virus population is either gradually replaced by virus variants able to use CXCR4 or evolves toward an altered, more flexible use of CCR5. Despite a strong dependency on these coreceptors for host cell entry, HIV-1 also interacts with other cell surface molecules during target cell attachment, including the CLRs. The virus interaction with the CLRs may result either in the efficient transfer of virus to CD4(+) T cells or in the degradation of the virus in endosomal compartments. The determinants of the diverse outcomes depend on which CLR is engaged and also on the glycan makeup of the envelope glycoproteins, which may evolve with the strength of the immune pressure during the disease course. With the current clinical introduction of CCR5 antagonists and the development of additional entry inhibitors, knowledge on the evolution and baseline characteristics of HIV-1 interactions with coreceptor and CLR interactions may play important roles for individualized and optimized treatment strategies. This review summarizes our current understanding of the evolution of HIV-1 interactions with these receptors.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The HIV-1 envelope protein (Env) is heavily glycosylated, with approximately 50% of the Env molecular mass being contributed by N-glycans. HIV-1 Env N-glycans shield the protein backbone and have been shown to play key roles in determining Env structure, surface exposure, and, consequently, antigenicity, infectivity, antibody neutralization, and carbohydrate and receptor binding. Studies of HIV-1 glycosylation have focused mainly on the position of glycosylation, rather than the types of glycans. Also, the role of Env glycan moieties on HIV-1 transmission has not been systematically defined. Using viruses with modified Env glycan content and heterogeneity, we examined the effects of Env glycan moieties on the major events of HIV-1 transmission. Compared to viruses with less oligomannose and more complex Env glycans, viruses with more oligomannose and less complex glycans more efficiently (i) transcytosed across an epithelial cell monolayer, (ii) attached to monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), (iii) bound monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs), and (iv) trans-infected primary lymphocytes via MoDCs. However, viruses with more oligomannose and less complex glycans displayed impaired infectivity in TZMbl cells, MDMs, primary lymphocytes, and fresh human intestinal tissue. Thus, N-linked Env glycans display discordant effects on the major events of HIV-1 transmission, with mature oligosaccharide structures on Env playing a crucial role in HIV-1 infection. Env glycosylation should be taken into consideration in the development of vaccine strategies to interdict HIV-1 transmission. IMPORTANCE HIV-1 Env N-glycans shield the protein backbone and play key roles in determining Env structure and surface exposure, thereby impacting Env antigenicity, infectivity, antibody neutralization, and carbohydrate and receptor binding. Studies of HIV-1 glycosylation have focused mainly on the position of glycosylation, rather than the types of glycans. In the study described in this report, we investigated systematically the role of Env glycan moieties on HIV-1 transmission. We show that N-linked Env glycans display discordant effects on the major events of HIV-1 transmission. These data indicate that Env glycan moieties impact HIV-1 transmission and that modulation of Env glycan moieties offers a potential strategy for the development of therapeutic or prophylactic vaccines against HIV-1.
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Nunes R, Sarmento B, das Neves J. Formulation and delivery of anti-HIV rectal microbicides: advances and challenges. J Control Release 2014; 194:278-94. [PMID: 25229988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Men and women engaged in unprotected receptive anal intercourse (RAI) are at higher risk of acquiring HIV from infected partners. The implementation of preventive strategies is urgent and rectal microbicides may be a useful tool in reducing the sexual transmission of HIV. However, pre-clinical and first clinical trials have been able to identify limitations of candidate products, mostly related with safety issues, which can in turn enhance viral infection. Indeed, the development of suitable formulations for the rectal delivery of promising antiretroviral drugs is not an easy task, and has been mostly based on products specifically intended for vaginal delivery, but these have been shown to provide sub-optimal outcomes when administered rectally. Research and development in the rectal microbicide field are now charting their own path and important information is now available. In particular, specific formulation requirements of rectal microbicide products that need to be met have just recently been acknowledged despite additional work being still required. Desirable rectal microbicide product features regarding characteristics such as pH, osmolality, excipients, dosage forms, volume to be administered and the need for applicator use have been studied and defined in recent years, and specific guidance is now possible. This review provides a synopsis of the field of rectal microbicides, namely past and ongoing clinical studies, and details on formulation and drug delivery issues regarding the specific development of rectal microbicide products. Also, future work, as required for the advancement of the field, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Nunes
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - José das Neves
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal.
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Van Breedam W, Pöhlmann S, Favoreel HW, de Groot RJ, Nauwynck HJ. Bitter-sweet symphony: glycan-lectin interactions in virus biology. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:598-632. [PMID: 24188132 PMCID: PMC7190080 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycans are carbohydrate modifications typically found on proteins or lipids, and can act as ligands for glycan-binding proteins called lectins. Glycans and lectins play crucial roles in the function of cells and organs, and in the immune system of animals and humans. Viral pathogens use glycans and lectins that are encoded by their own or the host genome for their replication and spread. Recent advances in glycobiological research indicate that glycans and lectins mediate key interactions at the virus-host interface, controlling viral spread and/or activation of the immune system. This review reflects on glycan-lectin interactions in the context of viral infection and antiviral immunity. A short introduction illustrates the nature of glycans and lectins, and conveys the basic principles of their interactions. Subsequently, examples are discussed highlighting specific glycan-lectin interactions and how they affect the progress of viral infections, either benefiting the host or the virus. Moreover, glycan and lectin variability and their potential biological consequences are discussed. Finally, the review outlines how recent advances in the glycan-lectin field might be transformed into promising new approaches to antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wander Van Breedam
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Herman W. Favoreel
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Raoul J. de Groot
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J. Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Shen R, Richter HE, Smith PD. Interactions between HIV-1 and mucosal cells in the female reproductive tract. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 71:608-17. [PMID: 24689653 PMCID: PMC4073589 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, the heterosexual route is the prevalent mode of HIV-1 transmission, and the female reproductive tract accounts for approximately 40% of all HIV-1 transmissions. HIV-1 infection in the female reproductive tract involves three major events: entry through the mucosal epithelium, productive infection in subepithelial mononuclear cells, and delivery to lymph nodes to initiate systemic infection. Here, we provide a focused review of the interaction between HIV-1 and mucosal epithelial cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells in female genital mucosa. Increased understanding of these interactions could illuminate new approaches for interdicting HIV-1 heterosexual transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhong Shen
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Holly E. Richter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Phillip D. Smith
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Abstract
We report that primary human vaginal dendritic cells (DCs) display a myeloid phenotype and express CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4. Vaginal CD13(+) CD11c(+) DCs rapidly and efficiently bound transmitted/founder (T/F) CCR5-tropic (R5) viruses, transported them through explanted vaginal mucosa, and transmitted them in trans to vaginal and blood lymphocytes. Vaginal myeloid DCs may play a key role in capturing and disseminating T/F R5 HIV-1 in vivo and are candidate "gatekeeper" cells in HIV-1 transmission.
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Preza GC, Tanner K, Elliott J, Yang OO, Anton PA, Ochoa MT. Antigen-presenting cell candidates for HIV-1 transmission in human distal colonic mucosa defined by CD207 dendritic cells and CD209 macrophages. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30:241-9. [PMID: 24134315 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2013.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A common route for HIV-1 infection is sexual transmission across colorectal mucosa, which is thought to be 10-2,000 times more vulnerable to infection than that of the female genital tract. Mucosal surfaces are the first line of defense against many pathogens but the antigen-presenting cells (APCs), key regulators of innate immunity and determinants of adaptive immunity, are not well defined in these target tissues. Using immunohistochemistry, dendritic cells expressing Langerin (CD207(+)), a lectin known to bind and internalize HIV-1, were detected in the periphery of colonic glands and sparsely scattered in the submucosa similarly in colorectal mucosa. This cell type, well known in skin, has generally not been reported in colonic/rectal mucosa. Unexpectedly, the largest APC population observed was a macrophage-like population expressing the well-characterized tissue macrophage markers CD68 and CD163. Confocal microscopy of these cells revealed colocalization of CD209 (DC-SIGN), a presumed dendritic cell marker believed to facilitate HIV-1 transmission, but not other dendritic cell markers. These results show evidence of the unconfirmed presence of Langerhans cells in colorectal mucosa and a predominance of macrophage-like APCs that express CD209 (DC-SIGN). These findings define potential target cells in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 transmission, which may have key implications for the study of early transmission events in normal colorectal mucosa, as well as other infectious diseases and primary immune diseases involving the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria C Preza
- 1 Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
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Abstract
The last few years have seen important progress in demonstrating the efficacy of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis, vaginal microbicides, and treatment as prevention as effective strategies for reducing the risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV infection. There has also been significant progress in the development of rectal microbicides. Preclinical non-human primate studies have demonstrated that antiretroviral microbicides can provide significant protection from rectal challenge with SIV or SHIV. Recent Phase 1 rectal microbicide studies have characterized the safety, acceptability, compartmental pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of both UC781 and tenofovir gels. The tenofovir gel formulation used in vaginal studies was not well tolerated in the rectum and newer rectal-specific formulations have been developed and evaluated in Phase 1 studies. The PK/PD data generated in these Phase 1 studies may reduce the risk of advancing ineffective candidate rectal microbicides into late stage development. Tenofovir gel is currently poised to move into Phase 2 evaluation and it is possible that a Phase 2B/3 effectiveness study with this product could be initiated in the next 2-3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian McGowan
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 204 Craft Ave Room B621, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA,
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Dynamic Micelles of Mannoside Glycolipids are more Efficient than Polymers for Inhibiting HIV-1 trans-Infection. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1813-23. [DOI: 10.1021/bc4000806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Comprehensive assessment of HIV target cells in the distal human gut suggests increasing HIV susceptibility toward the anus. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 63:263-71. [PMID: 23392465 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3182898392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevention of rectal HIV transmission is a high-priority goal for vaccines and topical microbicides because a large fraction of HIV transmissions occurs rectally. Yet, little is known about the specific target-cell milieu in the human rectum other than inferences made from the colon. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive comparative in situ fluorescence study of HIV target cells (CCR5-expressing T cells, macrophages, and putative dendritic cells) at 4 and 30 cm proximal of the anal canal in 29 healthy individuals, using computerized analysis of digitized combination stains. RESULTS Most strikingly, we find that more than 3 times as many CD68 macrophages express the HIV coreceptor CCR5 in the rectum than in the colon (P = 0.0001), and as such rectal macrophages seem biologically closer to the HIV-susceptible CCR5 phenotype in the vagina than the mostly HIV-resistant CCR5 phenotype in the colon. Putative CD209 dendritic cells are generally enriched in the colon compared with the rectum (P = 0.0004), though their CCR5 expression levels are similar in both compartments. CD3 T-cell densities and CCR5 expression levels are comparable in the colon and rectum. CONCLUSIONS Our study establishes the target-cell environment for HIV infection in the human distal gut and demonstrates in general terms that the colon and rectum are immunologically distinct anatomical compartments. Greater expression of CCR5 on rectal macrophages suggests that the most distal sections of the gut may be especially vulnerable to HIV infection. Our findings also emphasize that caution should be exercised when extrapolating data obtained from colon tissues to the rectum.
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Harman AN, Kim M, Nasr N, Sandgren KJ, Cameron PU. Tissue dendritic cells as portals for HIV entry. Rev Med Virol 2013; 23:319-33. [PMID: 23908074 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are found at the portals of pathogen entry such as the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and genital tracts where they represent the first line of contact between the immune system and the foreign invaders. They are found throughout the body in multiple subsets where they express unique combinations of C-type lectin receptors to best aid them in detection of pathogens associated with their anatomical location. DCs are important in the establishment in HIV infection for two reasons. Firstly, they are one of the first cells to encounter the virus, and the specific interaction that occurs between these cells and HIV is critical to HIV establishing a foothold infection. Secondly and most importantly, HIV is able to efficiently transfer the virus to its primary target cell, the CD4(+) T lymphocyte, in which it replicates explosively. Infection of CD4(+) T lymphocytes via DCs is far more efficient than direct infection. This review surveys the various DCs subsets found within the human sexual mucosa and their interactions with HIV. Mechanisms of HIV uptake are discussed as well as how the virus then traffics through the DC and is transferred to T cells. Until recently, most research has focussed on vaginal transmission despite the increased transmission rate associated with anal intercourse. Here, we also discuss recent advances in our understanding of HIV transmission in the colon.
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Ping LH, Joseph SB, Anderson JA, Abrahams MR, Salazar-Gonzalez JF, Kincer LP, Treurnicht FK, Arney L, Ojeda S, Zhang M, Keys J, Potter EL, Chu H, Moore P, Salazar MG, Iyer S, Jabara C, Kirchherr J, Mapanje C, Ngandu N, Seoighe C, Hoffman I, Gao F, Tang Y, Labranche C, Lee B, Saville A, Vermeulen M, Fiscus S, Morris L, Karim SA, Haynes BF, Shaw GM, Korber BT, Hahn BH, Cohen MS, Montefiori D, Williamson C, Swanstrom R. Comparison of viral Env proteins from acute and chronic infections with subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1 identifies differences in glycosylation and CCR5 utilization and suggests a new strategy for immunogen design. J Virol 2013; 87:7218-33. [PMID: 23616655 PMCID: PMC3700278 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03577-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission is central to developing effective prevention strategies, including a vaccine. We compared phenotypic and genetic variation in HIV-1 env genes from subjects in acute/early infection and subjects with chronic infections in the context of subtype C heterosexual transmission. We found that the transmitted viruses all used CCR5 and required high levels of CD4 to infect target cells, suggesting selection for replication in T cells and not macrophages after transmission. In addition, the transmitted viruses were more likely to use a maraviroc-sensitive conformation of CCR5, perhaps identifying a feature of the target T cell. We confirmed an earlier observation that the transmitted viruses were, on average, modestly underglycosylated relative to the viruses from chronically infected subjects. This difference was most pronounced in comparing the viruses in acutely infected men to those in chronically infected women. These features of the transmitted virus point to selective pressures during the transmission event. We did not observe a consistent difference either in heterologous neutralization sensitivity or in sensitivity to soluble CD4 between the two groups, suggesting similar conformations between viruses from acute and chronic infection. However, the presence or absence of glycosylation sites had differential effects on neutralization sensitivity for different antibodies. We suggest that the occasional absence of glycosylation sites encoded in the conserved regions of env, further reduced in transmitted viruses, could expose specific surface structures on the protein as antibody targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Ping
- UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah B. Joseph
- UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Anderson
- UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Melissa-Rose Abrahams
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Services, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Laura P. Kincer
- UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Florette K. Treurnicht
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Services, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leslie Arney
- UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Suany Ojeda
- UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ming Zhang
- Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica Keys
- UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - E. Lake Potter
- UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Haitao Chu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Penny Moore
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maria G. Salazar
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Shilpa Iyer
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cassandra Jabara
- UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer Kirchherr
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Nobubelo Ngandu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Services, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Irving Hoffman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yuyang Tang
- UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Celia Labranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew Saville
- South African National Blood Service, Weltevreden Park, South Africa
| | - Marion Vermeulen
- South African National Blood Service, Weltevreden Park, South Africa
| | - Susan Fiscus
- UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lynn Morris
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Salim Abdool Karim
- Center for AIDS Program Research in South Africa, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - George M. Shaw
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bette T. Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
| | - Beatrice H. Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Myron S. Cohen
- UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Services, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ronald Swanstrom
- UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Rinaldo CR. HIV-1 Trans Infection of CD4(+) T Cells by Professional Antigen Presenting Cells. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:164203. [PMID: 24278768 PMCID: PMC3820354 DOI: 10.1155/2013/164203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1990s we have known of the fascinating ability of a complex set of professional antigen presenting cells (APCs; dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages, and B lymphocytes) to mediate HIV-1 trans infection of CD4(+) T cells. This results in a burst of virus replication in the T cells that is much greater than that resulting from direct, cis infection of either APC or T cells, or trans infection between T cells. Such APC-to-T cell trans infection first involves a complex set of virus subtype, attachment, entry, and replication patterns that have many similarities among APC, as well as distinct differences related to virus receptors, intracellular trafficking, and productive and nonproductive replication pathways. The end result is that HIV-1 can sequester within the APC for several days and be transmitted via membrane extensions intracellularly and extracellularly to T cells across the virologic synapse. Virus replication requires activated T cells that can develop concurrently with the events of virus transmission. Further research is essential to fill the many gaps in our understanding of these trans infection processes and their role in natural HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R. Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3 grabbing nonintegrin mediates HIV-1 infection of and transmission by M2a-polarized macrophages in vitro. AIDS 2013; 27:707-16. [PMID: 23211775 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32835cfc82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess in-vitro effects of monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) polarization into M1 and M2a cells on HIV-1 replication and transmission and obtain new insights into the potential importance of macrophage polarization in vivo. DESIGN Human peripheral blood monocytes were differentiated into MDM for 7 days. Control and MDM polarized into M1 or M2a cells were exposed to different strains of HIV-1 and assessed for their ability to bind and transmit virus to CD4 T lymphocytes. METHODS MDM were incubated with either tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) along with interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) or with interleukin-4 (IL-4) for 18 h to obtain M1 or M2a cells, respectively. Expression of cell surface antigens, including CD4 and dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3 grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), was evaluated by flow cytometry. C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5)-dependent (R5) HIV-1 binding, DNA synthesis and viral replication were assessed in the presence or absence of anti-DC-SIGN blocking mAbs. Transmission of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4)-dependent (X4) and R5 HIV-1 from MDM to IL-2 activated CD4 T cells was also investigated. RESULTS DC-SIGN was strongly upregulated on M2a-MDM and downregulated on M1-MDM compared with control MDM. DC-SIGN facilitated HIV-1 entry and DNA synthesis in M2a-MDM, compensating for their low levels of CD4 cell expression. M2a-MDM efficiently transmitted both R5 and X4 HIV-1 to CD4 T cells in a DC-SIGN-dependent manner. CONCLUSION DC-SIGN facilitates HIV-1 infection of M2a-MDM, and HIV-1 transfer from M2a-MDM to CD4 T cells. M2a-polarized tissue macrophages may play an important role in the capture and spread of HIV-1 in mucosal tissues and placenta.
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Rivera-Morales LG, Lopez-Guillen P, Vazquez-Guillen JM, Palacios-Saucedo GC, Rosas-Taraco AG, Ramirez-Pineda A, Amaya-Garcia PI, Rodriguez-Padilla C. Expression of CCR5, CXCR4 and DC-SIGN in Cervix of HIV-1 Heterosexually Infected Mexican Women. Open AIDS J 2012; 6:239-44. [PMID: 23115608 PMCID: PMC3480693 DOI: 10.2174/1874613601206010239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of studies have demonstrated that receptor and co-receptor expression levels which may affect viral entry, promoting cervical HIV infection. The aim was to evaluate the expression levels of CCR5, CXCR4and DC-SIGN mRNA in a sample of heterosexually HIV infected Mexican women. METHODS We enrolled twenty-six HIV heterosexual infected women attending a local infectious diseases medical unit.RNA was isolated from the cervix and gene expression analysis was performed using real-time PCR. RESULTS Expression rates for mRNA of CCR5 (median 1.82; range 0.003-2934) were higher than those observed for CXCR4 (0.79; 0.0061-3312) and DC-SIGN (0.33; 0.006-532) receptors (p < 0.05). A high correlation was found between the mRNA expression levels of these three receptors (rs = 0.52 to 0.85, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Levels of expression of the tested chemokine receptors in the cervix are different from each other and alsovary from woman to woman, and seem to support the suggestion that chemokine receptor expression in genital tissues may be playing a role in the HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulo Lopez-Guillen
- Unidad de Infectologia “Dr. Juan I. Menchaca”. Hospital General Regional No. 45. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro
Social, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jose Manuel Vazquez-Guillen
- Laboratorio de Inmunologia y Virologia; Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon,
Mexico
| | - Gerardo C Palacios-Saucedo
- Departamento de Pediatria, Unidad Medica de Alta Especialidad No. 25 and Centro de Investigacion Biomedica del
Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Adrian G Rosas-Taraco
- Departamento de Inmunologia del Hospital Universitario “Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez”, Facultad de Medicina,
Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Antonio Ramirez-Pineda
- Laboratorio de Inmunologia y Virologia; Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon,
Mexico
| | - Patricia Irene Amaya-Garcia
- Laboratorio de Inmunologia y Virologia; Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon,
Mexico
| | - Cristina Rodriguez-Padilla
- Laboratorio de Inmunologia y Virologia; Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon,
Mexico
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Turville SG, Peretti S, Pope M. Lymphocyte-dendritic cell interactions and mucosal acquisition of SIV/HIV infection. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2012; 1:3-9. [PMID: 19372776 DOI: 10.1097/01.coh.0000194109.14601.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Several previous models of HIV dissemination implicated dendritic cells as viral conduits to the lymphatics. However, recent macaque transmission and microbicide studies have highlighted a more complex situation. RECENT FINDINGS Resting CD4 lymphocytes are observed to be the major infected population in mucosal tissue after vaginal challenge with SIV. Resting lymphocytes appear to bridge infection over short distances, whereas activated lymphocytes provide long-distance virus dissemination as a result of greater virus amplification. In addition, dendritic cells might be early carriers of virus, transmitting virus to T cells locally and to the lymph nodes, and thus support parallel mechanisms in transmission. Microbicide studies using agents against CCR5 corroborate a model that infection at the mucosa must occur for transmission to be successful. The fast-rate dendritic cell trafficking of virus to the lymphatics may not result in immediate and efficient viral replication in lymphatic tissue. As dendritic cells might also be infected at the mucosa before lymphatic trafficking, this would enable them to transfer virus in this region at a later timepoint. SUMMARY There are now several models that can be attributed to the mucosal acquisition of SIV/HIV. One feature that unites these models is that infection in the mucosa must occur for dissemination to take place. Whether this is a feature of CD4 lymphocytes, dendritic cells or macrophage infection is still unclear. A model that intertwines one or more of the above cell types would be more prudent than addressing each in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Turville
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
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Dehuyser L, Schaeffer E, Chaloin O, Mueller CG, Baati R, Wagner A. Synthesis of Novel Mannoside Glycolipid Conjugates for Inhibition of HIV-1 Trans-Infection. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1731-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bc200644d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laure Dehuyser
- Laboratory of Functional Chemo
Systems, CNRS-UdS UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin,
67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Evelyne Schaeffer
- Laboratory of Immunology and
Therapeutic Chemistry, CNRS UPR 9021, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 15 rue René
Descartes, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Chaloin
- Laboratory of Immunology and
Therapeutic Chemistry, CNRS UPR 9021, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 15 rue René
Descartes, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christopher G. Mueller
- Laboratory of Immunology and
Therapeutic Chemistry, CNRS UPR 9021, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 15 rue René
Descartes, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Rachid Baati
- Laboratory of Functional Chemo
Systems, CNRS-UdS UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin,
67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Alain Wagner
- Laboratory of Functional Chemo
Systems, CNRS-UdS UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin,
67400 Illkirch, France
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Mir KD, Mavigner M, Silvestri G. The myeloid cytokine network in AIDS pathogenesis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 23:223-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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40
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Bifunctional CD4-DC-SIGN fusion proteins demonstrate enhanced avidity to gp120 and inhibit HIV-1 infection and dissemination. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:4640-9. [PMID: 22687513 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00623-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Early stages of mucosal infection are potential targets for HIV-1 prevention. CD4 is the primary receptor in HIV-1 infection whereas DC-SIGN likely plays an important role in HIV-1 dissemination, particularly during sexual transmission. To test the hypothesis that an inhibitor simultaneously targeting both CD4 and DC-SIGN binding sites on gp120 may provide a potent anti-HIV strategy, we designed constructs by fusing the extracellular CD4 and DC-SIGN domains together with varied arrangements of the lengths of CD4, DC-SIGN and the linker. We expressed, purified and characterized a series of soluble CD4-linker-DC-SIGN (CLD) fusion proteins. Several CLDs, composed of a longer linker and an extra neck domain of DC-SIGN, had enhanced affinity for gp120 as evidenced by molecular-interaction analysis. Furthermore, such CLDs exhibited significantly enhanced neutralization activity against both laboratory-adapted and primary HIV-1 isolates. Moreover, CLDs efficiently inhibited HIV-1 infection in trans via a DC-SIGN-expressing cell line and primary human dendritic cells. This was further strengthened by the results from the human cervical explant model, showing that CLDs potently prevented both localized and disseminated infections. This is the first time that soluble DC-SIGN-based bifunctional proteins have demonstrated anti-HIV potency. Our study provides proof of the concept that targeting both CD4 and DC-SIGN binding sites on gp120 represents a novel antiviral strategy. Given that DC-SIGN binding to gp120 increases exposure of the CD4 binding site and that the soluble forms of CD4 and DC-SIGN occur in vivo, further improvement of CLDs may render them potentially useful in prophylaxis or therapeutics.
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St. Gelais C, Coleman CM, Wang JH, Wu L. HIV-1 Nef enhances dendritic cell-mediated viral transmission to CD4+ T cells and promotes T-cell activation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34521. [PMID: 22479639 PMCID: PMC3316695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 Nef enhances dendritic cell (DC)-mediated viral transmission to CD4(+) T cells, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. It is also unknown whether HIV-1 infected DCs play a role in activating CD4(+) T cells and enhancing DC-mediated viral transmission. Here we investigated the role of HIV-1 Nef in DC-mediated viral transmission and HIV-1 infection of primary CD4(+) T cells using wild-type HIV-1 and Nef-mutated viruses. We show that HIV-1 Nef facilitated DC-mediated viral transmission to activated CD4(+) T cells. HIV-1 expressing wild-type Nef enhanced the activation and proliferation of primary resting CD4(+) T cells. However, when co-cultured with HIV-1-infected autologous DCs, there was no significant trend for infection- or Nef-dependent proliferation of resting CD4(+) T cells. Our results suggest an important role of Nef in DC-mediated transmission of HIV-1 to activated CD4(+) T cells and in the activation and proliferation of resting CD4(+) T cells, which likely contribute to viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corine St. Gelais
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Coleman
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mesman AW, Geijtenbeek TB. Pattern Recognition Receptors in HIV Transmission. Front Immunol 2012; 3:59. [PMID: 22566940 PMCID: PMC3341947 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), Langerhans cells (LCs), and macrophages are innate immune cells that reside in genital and intestinal mucosal tissues susceptible to HIV-1 infection. These innate cells play distinct roles in initiation of HIV-1 infection and induction of anti-viral immunity. DCs are potent migratory cells that capture HIV-1 and transfer virus to CD4+ T cells in the lymph nodes, whereas LCs have a protective anti-viral function, and macrophages function as viral reservoirs since they produce viruses over prolonged times. These differences are due to the different immune functions of these cells partly dependent on the expression of specific pattern recognition receptors. Expression of Toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and cell-specific machinery for antigen uptake and processing strongly influence the outcome of virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies W Mesman
- Department for Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Uckun FM, Cahn P, Qazi S, D'Cruz O. Stampidine as a promising antiretroviral drug candidate for pre-exposure prophylaxis against sexually transmitted HIV/AIDS. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:489-500. [PMID: 22360744 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.664635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an evolving new approach to prevention of sexually transmitted HIV-1 that employs antiretroviral (ARV) agents prior to potential HIV-1 exposure in an attempt to reduce the likelihood of HIV-1 infection postexposure. The identification of new ARV agents with potent activity against multidrug-resistant HIV remains an unmet and urgent challenge in the field of PrEP. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the preclinical and early clinical activity and safety profile of stampidine, a novel antiretroviral (ARV) drug candidate that exhibits remarkable subnanomolar to low nanomolar in vitro antiretroviral potency against genotypically and phenotypically nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-resistant primary clinical HIV isolates, non-nucleoside RT-resistant HIV-1 isolates. Stampidine has a favorable pharmacokinetic profile in mice, rats, dogs and cats with 25 or 50 mg/kg tolerable dose levels yielding micromolar plasma concentrations that are 1000-fold higher than its in vitro IC(50) value against HIV. Stampidine has a favorable, safety profile in mice, rats, dogs and cats and it showed significant in vivo ARV activity in HIV-infected Hu-PBL-SCID mice as well as FIV-infected domestic cats. Furthermore, it did not cause any maternal toxicity, developmental toxicity or teratogenicity in rabbits treated at 10 - 40 mg/kg/day dose levels. In a recently completed first-in-human Phase I clinical trial, stampidine did not cause dose-limiting toxicity at single dose levels ranging from 5 to 25 mg/kg. EXPERT OPINION The favorable safety and activity profile of stampidine warrants its further development as a promising next-generation PrEP candidate to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV-1. The discovery of stampidine as a potent antiretroviral agent represents a significant step forward in the development of effective therapeutic as well as preventive strategies against HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih M Uckun
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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Teleshova N, Derby N, Martinelli E, Pugach P, Calenda G, Robbiani M. Simian immunodeficiency virus interactions with macaque dendritic cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 762:155-81. [PMID: 22975875 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4433-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This chapter summarizes advances in the following areas: (1) dendritic cell (DC)-mediated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) transmission, (2) role of DCs in innate and adaptive immunity against SIV, and (3) approaches to harness DC function to induce anti-SIV responses. The nonhuman primate (NHP) model of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in rhesus macaques and other Asian NHP species is highly relevant to advance the understanding of virus-host interactions critical for transmission and disease pathogenesis. HIV infection is associated with changes in frequency, phenotype, and function of the two principal subsets of DCs, myeloid DCs and plasmacytoid DCs. DC biology during pathogenic SIV infection is strikingly similar to that observed in HIV-infected patients. The NHP models provide an opportunity to dissect the requirements for DC-driven SIV infection and to understand how SIV distorts the DC system to its advantage. Furthermore, the SIV model of mucosal transmission enables the study of the earliest events of infection at the portal of entry that cannot be studied in humans, and, importantly, the involvement of DCs. Nonpathogenic infection in African NHP hosts allows investigations into the role of DCs in disease control. Understanding how DCs are altered during SIV infection is critical to the design of therapeutic and preventative strategies against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Teleshova
- HIV and AIDS Program, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Cellular and viral mechanisms of HIV-1 transmission mediated by dendritic cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 762:109-30. [PMID: 22975873 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4433-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in the initial infection and cell-to-cell transmission events that occur upon HIV-1 infection. DCs interact closely with CD4(+) T cells, the main target of HIV-1 replication. HIV-1 challenged DCs and target CD4(+) T cells form a virological synapse that allows highly efficient transmission of HIV-1 to the target CD4(+) T cells, in the absence of productive HIV-1 replication in the DCs. Immature and subsets of mature DCs show distinct patterns of HIV-1 replication and cell-to-cell transmission, depending upon the maturation stimulus that is used. The cellular and viral mechanisms that promote formation of the virological synapse have been the subject of intense study and the most recent progress is discussed here. Characterizing the cellular and viral factors that affect DC-mediated cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1 to CD4(+) T cells is vitally important to understanding, and potentially blocking, the initial dissemination of HIV-1 in vivo.
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The lectins griffithsin, cyanovirin-N and scytovirin inhibit HIV-1 binding to the DC-SIGN receptor and transfer to CD4(+) cells. Virology 2011; 423:175-86. [PMID: 22209231 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
It is generally believed that during the sexual transmission of HIV-1, the glycan-specific DC-SIGN receptor binds the virus and mediates its transfer to CD4(+) cells. The lectins griffithsin (GRFT), cyanovirin-N (CV-N) and scytovirin (SVN) inhibit HIV-1 infection by binding to mannose-rich glycans on gp120. We measured the ability of these lectins to inhibit both the HIV-1 binding to DC-SIGN and the DC-SIGN-mediated HIV-1 infection of CD4(+) cells. While GRFT, CV-N and SVN were moderately inhibitory to DC-SIGN binding, they potently inhibited DC-SIGN-transfer of HIV-1. The introduction of the 234 glycosylation site abolished HIV-1 sensitivity to lectin inhibition of binding to DC-SIGN and virus transfer to susceptible cells. However, the addition of the 295 glycosylation site increased the inhibition of transfer. Our data suggest that GRFT, CV-N and SVN can block two important stages of the sexual transmission of HIV-1, DC-SIGN binding and transfer, supporting their further development as microbicides.
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Guimarães AGDP, Silva Junior RMD, Costa OTFD, Silva ITDCE, Gimenez FS, Araujo JRD, Andrade RVD, Lopes EJDS, Pinheiro JP, Ferreira JRD, Malheiro A, Ferreira LCDL. Morphometric analysis of dendritic cells from anal mucosa of HIV-positive patients and the relation to intraepithelial lesions and cancer seen at a tertiary health institution in Brazil. Acta Cir Bras 2011; 26:521-9. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502011000600019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: To morphometrically quantify CD1a+ dentritic cells and DC-SIGN+ dendritic cells in HIV-positive patients with anal squamous intraepithelial neoplasia and to evaluate the effects of HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy and HPV infection on epithelial and subepithelial dendritic cells. METHODS: A prospective study was performed to morphometrically analyze the relative volume of the dendritic cells and the relationship between anal intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer in HIV-positive patients from the Tropical Medicine Foundation of Amazonas, Brazil. All patients were submitted to biopsies of anorectal mucosa to perform a classic histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis, employing antibodies against CD1a and DC-SIGN for the morphometric quantification of dendritic cells. RESULTS: HIV-negative patients displayed a CD1a DC density significantly higher than that of HIV-positives patients (3.75 versus 2.54) (p=0.018), and in patients with severe anal intraepithelial neoplasia had correlated between DC CD1a density with levels of CD4 + cells (p: 0.04) as well as the viral load of HIV-1 (p: 0.035). A not significant rise in the median density of CD1a+ DC was observed in the HIV positive/ HAART positive subgroup compared to the HIV positive/ HAART negative subgroup. The CD1a+ DC were also significantly increased in HIV-negative patients with anorectal condyloma (2.33 to 3.53; p=0.05), with an opposite effect in HIV-positive patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support an enhancement of the synergistic action caused by HIV-HPV co-infection on the anal epithelium, weakening the DC for its major role in immune surveillance. Notoriously in patients with severe anal intraepithelial neoplasia, the density of CD1a+ epithelial dendritic cells was influenced by the viral load of HIV-1. Our study describes for the first time the density of subepithelial DC-SIGN+ dendritic cells in patients with anal severe anal intraepithelial neoplasia and points to the possibility that a specific therapy for HIV induces the recovery of the density of epithelial DC.
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The role of semen in sexual transmission of HIV: beyond a carrier for virus particles. Microbes Infect 2011; 13:977-82. [PMID: 21767659 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Unprotected sexual intercourse between discordant couples is by far the most frequent mode of HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus type 1) transmission being semen the main vector for HIV-1 dissemination worldwide. Semen is usually considered merely as a vehicle for HIV-1 transmission. In this review we discuss recent observations suggesting that beyond being a carrier for virus particles semen markedly influences the early events involved in sexual transmission of HIV through the mucosal barriers.
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Ribeiro dos Santos P, Rancez M, Prétet JL, Michel-Salzat A, Messent V, Bogdanova A, Couëdel-Courteille A, Souil E, Cheynier R, Butor C. Rapid dissemination of SIV follows multisite entry after rectal inoculation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19493. [PMID: 21573012 PMCID: PMC3090405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptive ano-rectal intercourse is a major cause of HIV infection in men having sex with men and in heterosexuals. Current knowledge of the mechanisms of entry and dissemination during HIV rectal transmission is scarce and does not allow the development of preventive strategies. We investigated the early steps of rectal infection in rhesus macaques inoculated with the pathogenic isolate SIVmac251 and necropsied four hours to nine days later. All macaques were positive for SIV. Control macaques inoculated with heat-inactivated virus were consistently negative for SIV. SIV DNA was detected in the rectum as early as four hours post infection by nested PCR for gag in many laser-microdissected samples of lymphoid aggregates and lamina propria but never in follicle-associated epithelium. Scarce SIV antigen positive cells were observed by immunohistofluorescence in the rectum, among intraepithelial and lamina propria cells as well as in clusters in lymphoid aggregates, four hours post infection and onwards. These cells were T cells and non-T cells that were not epithelial cells, CD68+ macrophages, DC-SIGN+ cells or fascin+ dendritic cells. DC-SIGN+ cells carried infectious virus. Detection of Env singly spliced mRNA in the mucosa by nested RT-PCR indicated ongoing viral replication. Strikingly, four hours post infection colic lymph nodes were also infected in all macaques as either SIV DNA or infectious virus was recovered. Rapid SIV entry and dissemination is consistent with trans-epithelial transport. Virions appear to cross the follicle-associated epithelium, and also the digestive epithelium. Viral replication could however be more efficient in lymphoid aggregates. The initial sequence of events differs from both vaginal and oral infections, which implies that prevention strategies for rectal transmission will have to be specific. Microbicides will need to protect both digestive and follicle-associated epithelia. Vaccines will need to induce immunity in lymph nodes as well as in the rectum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ribeiro dos Santos
- Laboratoire de Transmission et Dissémination Virales, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Magali Rancez
- Laboratoire de Transmission et Dissémination Virales, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Prétet
- Laboratoire de Transmission et Dissémination Virales, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alice Michel-Salzat
- Laboratoire de Transmission et Dissémination Virales, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Messent
- Laboratoire de Transmission et Dissémination Virales, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anna Bogdanova
- Laboratoire de Transmission et Dissémination Virales, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anne Couëdel-Courteille
- Laboratoire de Transmission et Dissémination Virales, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Souil
- Plateforme de Morpho-Histologie, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS URA8104, Université Paris Descartes UMR-S1016, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Cheynier
- Département d'Immunologie-Hématologie, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS URA8104, Université Paris Descartes UMR-S1016, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Butor
- Laboratoire de Transmission et Dissémination Virales, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Shen R, Richter HE, Smith PD. Early HIV-1 target cells in human vaginal and ectocervical mucosa. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 65:261-7. [PMID: 21118402 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
After translocation through the pleuristratified epithelium of the lower female genital tract, HIV-1 encounters potential target mononuclear cells in the lamina propria of the vagina and ectocervix. Here we show that each major type of genital mononuclear cells, including dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages and lymphocytes, are susceptible to HIV-1 in vitro. Among suspensions of vaginal and ectocervical mononuclear cells, DCs were the first cells to take up virus, containing GFP-tagged virions as early as 15 min after exposure. At 2 hr after exposure, DCs still contained the largest proportion of HIV-1(+) cells compared to lamina propria macrophages and lymphocytes from the same mucosal compartment. By 4 days, however, lymphocytes from both vaginal and ectocervical mucosa supported the highest level of HIV-1 replication. Genital macrophages from the same mucosal tissues also were permissive to HIV-1, in sharp contrast to intestinal macrophages, which we have shown previously do not support HIV-1 replication. Thus, among human vaginal and ectocervical mononuclear target cells, DCs are the first to take up HIV-1 and T cells support the most robust viral replication. Further characterization of the parameters of HIV-1 infection in genital mononuclear cells will enhance our understanding of HIV-1 infection in the female genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhong Shen
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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