1
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Cai Z, Wu C, Xu Y, Cai J, Zhao M, Zu L. The NO-cGMP-PKG Axis in HFpEF: From Pathological Mechanisms to Potential Therapies. Aging Dis 2023; 14:46-62. [PMID: 36818566 PMCID: PMC9937694 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) accounts for almost half of all heart failure (HF) cases worldwide. Unfortunately, its incidence is expected to continue to rise, and effective therapy to improve clinical outcomes is lacking. Numerous efforts currently directed towards the pathophysiology of human HFpEF are uncovering signal transduction pathways and novel therapeutic targets. The nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine phosphate-protein kinase G (NO-cGMP-PKG) axis has been described as an important regulator of cardiac function. Suppression of the NO-cGMP-PKG signalling pathway is involved in the progression of HFpEF. Therefore, the NO-cGMP-PKG signalling pathway is a potential therapeutic target for HFpEF. In this review, we aim to explore the mechanism of NO-cGMP-PKG in the progression of HFpEF and to summarize potential therapeutic drugs that target this signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhulan Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.,Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, China.
| | - Cencen Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.,Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, China.
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.,Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, China.
| | - Jiageng Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.,Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, China.
| | - Menglin Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.,Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, China.
| | - Lingyun Zu
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.,Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China,Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Lingyun Zu, Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China. .
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2
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Mishra S, Kass DA. Cellular and molecular pathobiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Nat Rev Cardiol 2021; 18:400-423. [PMID: 33432192 PMCID: PMC8574228 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-020-00480-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) affects half of all patients with heart failure worldwide, is increasing in prevalence, confers substantial morbidity and mortality, and has very few effective treatments. HFpEF is arguably the greatest unmet medical need in cardiovascular disease. Although HFpEF was initially considered to be a haemodynamic disorder characterized by hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction, the pandemics of obesity and diabetes mellitus have modified the HFpEF syndrome, which is now recognized to be a multisystem disorder involving the heart, lungs, kidneys, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, vascular system, and immune and inflammatory signalling. This multiorgan involvement makes HFpEF difficult to model in experimental animals because the condition is not simply cardiac hypertrophy and hypertension with abnormal myocardial relaxation. However, new animal models involving both haemodynamic and metabolic disease, and increasing efforts to examine human pathophysiology, are revealing new signalling pathways and potential therapeutic targets. In this Review, we discuss the cellular and molecular pathobiology of HFpEF, with the major focus being on mechanisms relevant to the heart, because most research has focused on this organ. We also highlight the involvement of other important organ systems, including the lungs, kidneys and skeletal muscle, efforts to characterize patients with the use of systemic biomarkers, and ongoing therapeutic efforts. Our objective is to provide a roadmap of the signalling pathways and mechanisms of HFpEF that are being characterized and which might lead to more patient-specific therapies and improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David A. Kass
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,
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3
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Bunbupha S, Apaijit K, Potue P, Maneesai P, Pakdeechote P. Hesperidin inhibits L-NAME-induced vascular and renal alterations in rats by suppressing the renin-angiotensin system, transforming growth factor-β1, and oxidative stress. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 48:412-421. [PMID: 33185907 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The protective effect of hesperidin on vascular and renal alterations and possible underlying mechanisms involved in Nω -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME)-induced hypertensive rats were investigated in this study. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered L-NAME (40 mg/kg/day), L-NAME plus hesperidin (30 mg/kg/day), and L-NAME plus captopril (2.5 mg/kg/day) for 5 weeks. Hesperidin and captopril significantly prevented L-NAME-induced hypertension, vascular and renal dysfunction, intrarenal artery remodelling, glomerular extracellular matrix accumulation, and renal fibrosis. The preventive treatment with hesperidin and captopril also significantly decreased serum angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and plasma transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) levels and downregulated angiotensin II receptor type I and TGF-β1 protein expression in the kidneys. In addition, decreased malondialdehyde levels and increased superoxide dismutase activity in the plasma and kidney were observed after co-treatment with hesperidin or captopril. These findings suggest that hesperidin inhibits L-NAME-induced vascular and renal alterations in rats. The possible mechanism may be related to the suppression of the activation of the renin-angiotensin system and expression of TGF-β1, and reduction of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarawoot Bunbupha
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Kwanjit Apaijit
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Prapassorn Potue
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Research Institute for Human High Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Putcharawipa Maneesai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Research Institute for Human High Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Poungrat Pakdeechote
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Research Institute for Human High Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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4
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Larson-Casey JL, Vaid M, Gu L, He C, Cai GQ, Ding Q, Davis D, Berryhill TF, Wilson LS, Barnes S, Neighbors JD, Hohl RJ, Zimmerman KA, Yoder BK, Longhini ALF, Hanumanthu VS, Surolia R, Antony VB, Carter AB. Increased flux through the mevalonate pathway mediates fibrotic repair without injury. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:4962-4978. [PMID: 31609245 DOI: 10.1172/jci127959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important in mounting an innate immune response to injury as well as in repair of injury. Gene expression of Rho proteins is known to be increased in fibrotic models; however, the role of these proteins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is not known. Here, we show that BAL cells from patients with IPF have a profibrotic phenotype secondary to increased activation of the small GTPase Rac1. Rac1 activation requires a posttranslational modification, geranylgeranylation, of the C-terminal cysteine residue. We found that by supplying more substrate for geranylgeranylation, Rac1 activation was substantially increased, resulting in profibrotic polarization by increasing flux through the mevalonate pathway. The increased flux was secondary to greater levels of acetyl-CoA from metabolic reprogramming to β oxidation. The polarization mediated fibrotic repair in the absence of injury by enhancing macrophage/fibroblast signaling. These observations suggest that targeting the mevalonate pathway may abrogate the role of macrophages in dysregulated fibrotic repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mudit Vaid
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Linlin Gu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Chao He
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Guo-Qiang Cai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Dana Davis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Taylor F Berryhill
- Targeted Metabolomics and Proteomics Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Landon S Wilson
- Targeted Metabolomics and Proteomics Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Stephen Barnes
- Targeted Metabolomics and Proteomics Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Neighbors
- Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.,Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Raymond J Hohl
- Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.,Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Bradley K Yoder
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, and
| | - Ana Leda F Longhini
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Vidya Sagar Hanumanthu
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ranu Surolia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Veena B Antony
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - A Brent Carter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, and.,Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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5
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Bunbupha S, Pakdeechote P, Maneesai P, Prachaney P, Boonprom P. Carthamus Tinctorius L. extract attenuates cardiac remodeling in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats by inhibiting the NADPH oxidase-mediated TGF-β1 and MMP-9 pathway. Ann Anat 2019; 222:120-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Karakus S, Musicki B, Burnett AL. Phosphodiesterase type 5 in men with vasculogenic and post-radical prostatectomy erectile dysfunction: is there a molecular difference? BJU Int 2018; 122:1066-1074. [PMID: 29888556 DOI: 10.1111/bju.14433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To clarify the molecular basis of penile erection at the human level and distinguish the mechanisms underlying vasculogenic and post-radical prostatectomy (RP) erectile dysfunction (ED) subtypes. PATIENTS AND METHODS Erectile tissue was obtained from men without history of ED who underwent penile surgery for Peyronie's disease (control group, n = 5) and from men with ED who underwent penile prosthesis implantation (n = 17). ED was categorized into vasculogenic (n = 8) and post-RP (n = 9) subtypes. Penile erectile tissue samples were collected for molecular analyses of protein expressions of neuronal and endothelial isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS and eNOS, respectively), phospho-nNOS (Ser-1412), phospho-eNOS (Ser-1177), phospho-protein kinase B (Ser-473), phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), α-smooth muscle actin, phospho-myosin phosphatase target subunit 1, RhoA/Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK)-α, ROCK-β, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, and nNOS and eNOS uncoupling by Western blot. RESULTS Vasculogenic ED was characterized by decreased eNOS protein expression and eNOS and nNOS phosphorylation on their activatory sites (Ser-1177 and Ser-1412, respectively), uncoupled eNOS, upregulated PDE5 protein expression, increased ROCK activity, and increased oxidative stress in erectile tissue. Post-RP ED was characterized by decreased nNOS protein expression, increased nNOS phosphorylation on its activatory site (Ser-1412), uncoupled nNOS, downregulated PDE5 protein expression, and increased oxidative stress in erectile tissue. CONCLUSION The mechanisms of vasculogenic and post-RP ED in the human penis involve derangements in constitutive nitric oxide synthase function, PDE5 protein expression and ROCK activity, and increased oxidative stress, which conceivably provide a molecular basis for chronically reduced nitric oxide bioavailability and increased smooth muscle contraction contributing to erectile impairment. Selective differences in PDE5 protein expression suggest distinct molecular mechanisms are in play for these ED subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Karakus
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Biljana Musicki
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arthur L Burnett
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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7
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Kim JG, Islam R, Cho JY, Jeong H, Cap KC, Park Y, Hossain AJ, Park JB. Regulation of RhoA GTPase and various transcription factors in the RhoA pathway. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6381-6392. [PMID: 29377108 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RhoA GTPase plays a variety of functions in regulation of cytoskeletal proteins, cellular morphology, and migration along with various proliferation and transcriptional activity in cells. RhoA activity is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), GTPase activating proteins (GAPs), and the guanine nucleotide dissociation factor (GDI). The RhoA-RhoGDI complex exists in the cytosol and the active GTP-bound form of RhoA is located to the membrane. GDI displacement factors (GDFs) including IκB kinase γ (IKKγ) dissociate the RhoA-GDI complex, allowing activation of RhoA through GEFs. In addition, modifications of Tyr42 phosphorylation and Cys16/20 oxidation in RhoA and Tyr156 phosphorylation and oxidation of RhoGDI promote the dissociation of the RhoA-RhoGDI complex. The expression of RhoA is regulated through transcriptional factors such as c-Myc, HIF-1α/2α, Stat 6, and NF-κB along with several reported microRNAs. As the role of RhoA in regulating actin-filament formation and myosin-actin interaction has been well described, in this review we focus on the transcriptional activity of RhoA and also the regulation of RhoA message itself. Of interest, in the cytosol, activated RhoA induces transcriptional changes through filamentous actin (F-actin)-dependent ("actin switch") or-independent means. RhoA regulates the activity of several transcription regulators such as serum response factor (SRF)/MAL, AP-1, NF-κB, YAP/TAZ, β-catenin, and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α. Interestingly, RhoA also itself is localized to the nucleus by an as-yet-undiscovered mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Rokibul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Y Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwalrim Jeong
- Department of Paediatrics, Chuncheon Sacred Hospital Hallym University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kim-Cuong Cap
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yohan Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Abu J Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Bong Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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8
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Komarova YA, Kruse K, Mehta D, Malik AB. Protein Interactions at Endothelial Junctions and Signaling Mechanisms Regulating Endothelial Permeability. Circ Res 2017; 120:179-206. [PMID: 28057793 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.306534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The monolayer of endothelial cells lining the vessel wall forms a semipermeable barrier (in all tissue except the relatively impermeable blood-brain and inner retinal barriers) that regulates tissue-fluid homeostasis, transport of nutrients, and migration of blood cells across the barrier. Permeability of the endothelial barrier is primarily regulated by a protein complex called adherens junctions. Adherens junctions are not static structures; they are continuously remodeled in response to mechanical and chemical cues in both physiological and pathological settings. Here, we discuss recent insights into the post-translational modifications of junctional proteins and signaling pathways regulating plasticity of adherens junctions and endothelial permeability. We also discuss in the context of what is already known and newly defined signaling pathways that mediate endothelial barrier leakiness (hyperpermeability) that are important in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and lung diseases and vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A Komarova
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Kevin Kruse
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Dolly Mehta
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Asrar B Malik
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago.
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9
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Shen K, Johnson DW, Gobe GC. The role of cGMP and its signaling pathways in kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F671-F681. [PMID: 27413196 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00042.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide signal transduction pathways are an emerging research field in kidney disease. Activated cell surface receptors transduce their signals via intracellular second messengers such as cAMP and cGMP. There is increasing evidence that regulation of the cGMP-cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1-phosphodiesterase (cGMP-cGK1-PDE) signaling pathway may be renoprotective. Selective PDE5 inhibitors have shown potential in treating kidney fibrosis in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), via their downstream signaling, and these inhibitors also have known activity as antithrombotic and anticancer agents. This review gives an outline of the cGMP-cGK1-PDE signaling pathways and details the downstream signaling and regulatory functions that are modulated by cGK1 and PDE inhibitors with regard to antifibrotic, antithrombotic, and antitumor activity. Current evidence that supports the renoprotective effects of regulating cGMP-cGK1-PDE signaling is also summarized. Finally, the effects of icariin, a natural plant extract with PDE5 inhibitory function, are discussed. We conclude that regulation of cGMP-cGK1-PDE signaling might provide novel, therapeutic strategies for the worsening global public health problem of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyu Shen
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Second School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - David W Johnson
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Glenda C Gobe
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia;
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10
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Kuhlmann N, Wroblowski S, Knyphausen P, de Boor S, Brenig J, Zienert AY, Meyer-Teschendorf K, Praefcke GJK, Nolte H, Krüger M, Schacherl M, Baumann U, James LC, Chin JW, Lammers M. Structural and Mechanistic Insights into the Regulation of the Fundamental Rho Regulator RhoGDIα by Lysine Acetylation. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:5484-5499. [PMID: 26719334 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.707091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho proteins are small GTP/GDP-binding proteins primarily involved in cytoskeleton regulation. Their GTP/GDP cycle is often tightly connected to a membrane/cytosol cycle regulated by the Rho guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor α (RhoGDIα). RhoGDIα has been regarded as a housekeeping regulator essential to control homeostasis of Rho proteins. Recent proteomic screens showed that RhoGDIα is extensively lysine-acetylated. Here, we present the first comprehensive structural and mechanistic study to show how RhoGDIα function is regulated by lysine acetylation. We discover that lysine acetylation impairs Rho protein binding and increases guanine nucleotide exchange factor-catalyzed nucleotide exchange on RhoA, these two functions being prerequisites to constitute a bona fide GDI displacement factor. RhoGDIα acetylation interferes with Rho signaling, resulting in alteration of cellular filamentous actin. Finally, we discover that RhoGDIα is endogenously acetylated in mammalian cells, and we identify CBP, p300, and pCAF as RhoGDIα-acetyltransferases and Sirt2 and HDAC6 as specific deacetylases, showing the biological significance of this post-translational modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Kuhlmann
- From the Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sarah Wroblowski
- From the Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Knyphausen
- From the Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanne de Boor
- From the Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Julian Brenig
- From the Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anke Y Zienert
- the Institute for Genetics, Zülpicher Strasse 47a, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Katrin Meyer-Teschendorf
- the Institute for Genetics, Zülpicher Strasse 47a, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gerrit J K Praefcke
- the Institute for Genetics, Zülpicher Strasse 47a, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany,; the Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany, and
| | - Hendrik Nolte
- From the Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- From the Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Magdalena Schacherl
- the Institute for Biochemistry, Zülpicher Strasse 47, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrich Baumann
- the Institute for Biochemistry, Zülpicher Strasse 47, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Leo C James
- the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Jason W Chin
- the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Lammers
- From the Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany,.
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11
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Jafari A, Siersbaek MS, Chen L, Qanie D, Zaher W, Abdallah BM, Kassem M. Pharmacological Inhibition of Protein Kinase G1 Enhances Bone Formation by Human Skeletal Stem Cells Through Activation of RhoA-Akt Signaling. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2219-31. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Jafari
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Research Laboratory (KMEB); Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem); Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Majken S. Siersbaek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Research Laboratory (KMEB); Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem); Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Research Laboratory (KMEB); Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Diyako Qanie
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Research Laboratory (KMEB); Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Walid Zaher
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Research Laboratory (KMEB); Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Basem M. Abdallah
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Research Laboratory (KMEB); Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Research Laboratory (KMEB); Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem); Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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12
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Chatterjee A, Villarreal G, Oh DJ, Kang MH, Rhee DJ. AMP-activated protein kinase regulates intraocular pressure, extracellular matrix, and cytoskeleton in trabecular meshwork. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:3127-39. [PMID: 24713487 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we investigate how adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) affects extracellular matrix (ECM) and cellular tone in the trabecular meshwork (TM), and examine how deletion of its catalytic α2 subunit affects IOP and aqueous humor clearance in mice. METHODS Human TM tissue was examined for expression of AMPKα1 and AMPKα2, genomically distinct isoforms of the AMPK catalytic subunit. Primary cultured human TM cells were treated for 24 hours with the AMPK activator 5-amino-1-β-Dffff-ribofuranosyl-imidazole-4-carboxamide (AICAR), under basal or TGF-β2 stimulatory conditions. Conditioned media (CM) was probed for secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), and ECM proteins, and cells were stained for F-actin. Cells underwent adenoviral infection with a dominant negative AMPKα subunit (ad.DN.AMPKα) and were similarly analyzed. Intraocular pressure, central corneal thickness (CCT), and aqueous clearance were measured in AMPKα2-null and wild-type (WT) mice. RESULTS Both AMPKα1 and AMPKα2 are expressed in TM. AICAR activated AMPKα and suppressed the expression of various ECM proteins under basal and TGF-β2 stimulatory conditions. AICAR decreased F-actin staining and increased the phospho-total RhoA ratio (Ser188). Transforming growth factor-β2 transiently dephosphorylated AMPKα. Infection with ad.DN.AMPKα upregulated various ECM proteins, decreased the phospho-total RhoA ratio, and increased F-actin staining. AMPKα2-null mice exhibited 6% higher IOP and decreased aqueous clearance compared with WT mice, without significant differences in CCT or angle morphology. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data identify AMPK as a critical regulator of ECM homeostasis and cytoskeletal arrangement in the TM. Mice that are AMPKα2-null exhibit higher IOPs and decreased aqueous clearance than their WT counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Chatterjee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Guadalupe Villarreal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Dong-Jin Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Min Hyung Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Douglas J Rhee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Sawada N, Liao JK. Rho/Rho-associated coiled-coil forming kinase pathway as therapeutic targets for statins in atherosclerosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1251-67. [PMID: 23919640 PMCID: PMC3934442 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The 3-hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors or statins are important therapeutic agents for lowering serum cholesterol levels. However, recent studies suggest that statins may exert atheroprotective effects beyond cholesterol lowering. These so-called "pleiotropic effects" include effects of statins on vascular and inflammatory cells. Thus, it is important to understand whether other signaling pathways that are involved in atherosclerosis could be targets of statins, and if so, whether individuals with "overactivity" of these pathways could benefit from statin therapy, regardless of serum cholesterol level. RECENT ADVANCES Statins inhibit the synthesis of isoprenoids, which are important for the function of the Rho/Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinase (ROCK) pathway. Indeed, recent studies suggest that inhibition of the Rho/ROCK pathway by statins could lead to improved endothelial function and decreased vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Thus, the Rho/ROCK pathway has emerged as an important target of statin therapy for reducing atherosclerosis and possibly cardiovascular disease. CRITICAL ISSUES Because atherosclerosis is both a lipid and an inflammatory disease, it is important to understand how inhibition of Rho/ROCK pathway could contribute to statins' antiatherosclerotic effects. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The role of ROCKs (ROCK1 and ROCK2) in endothelial, smooth muscle, and inflammatory cells needs to be determined in the context of atherogenesis. This could lead to the development of specific ROCK1 or ROCK2 inhibitors, which could have greater therapeutic benefits with less toxicity. Also, clinical trials will need to be performed to determine whether inhibition of ROCKs, with and without statins, could lead to further reduction in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sawada
- 1 GCOE Program and Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Tokyo, Japan
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Cui W, Maimaitiyiming H, Qi X, Norman H, Zhou Q, Wang X, Fu J, Wang S. Increasing cGMP-dependent protein kinase activity attenuates unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced renal fibrosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306:F996-1007. [PMID: 24573388 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00657.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies support the protective effect of cGMP and cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (PKG-I) pathway on the development of renal fibrosis. Therefore, in the present studies, we determined whether pharmacologically or genetically increased PKG activity attenuates renal fibrosis in a unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model and also examined the mechanisms involved. To increase PKG activity, we used the phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor sildenafil and PKG transgenic mice. UUO model was induced in wild-type or PKG-I transgenic mice by ligating the left lateral ureteral and the renal fibrosis was observed after 14 days of ligation. Sildenafil was administered into wild-type UUO mice for 14 days. In vitro, macrophage and proximal tubular cell function was also analyzed. We found that sildenafil treatment or PKG transgenic mice had significantly reduced UUO-induced renal fibrosis, which was associated with reduced TGF-β signaling and reduced macrophage infiltration into kidney interstitial. In vitro data further demonstrated that both macrophages and proximal tubular cells were important sources of UUO-induced renal TGF-β levels. The interaction between macrophages and tubular cells contributes to TGF-β-induced renal fibrosis. Taken together, these data suggest that increasing PKG activity ameliorates renal fibrosis in part through regulation of macrophage and tubular cell function, leading to reduced TGF-β-induced fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Cui
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, Univ. of Kentucky, Wethington Bldg., Rm. 583, 900 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY 40536.
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Schinner E, Schramm A, Kees F, Hofmann F, Schlossmann J. The cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase Iα suppresses kidney fibrosis. Kidney Int 2013; 84:1198-206. [PMID: 23760283 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is synthesized by nitric oxide or natriuretic peptide-stimulated guanylyl cyclases and exhibits pleiotropic regulatory functions in the kidney. Hence, integration of cGMP signaling by cGMP-dependent protein kinases (cGKs) might play a critical role in renal physiology; however, detailed renal localization of cGKs is still lacking. Here, we performed an immunohistochemical analysis of cGKIα and cGKIβ isozymes in the mouse kidney and found both in arterioles, the mesangium, and within the cortical interstitium. In contrast to cGKIα, the β-isoform was not detected in the juxtaglomerular apparatus or medullary fibroblasts. Since interstitial fibroblasts play a prominent role in interstitial fibrosis, we focused our study on cGKI function in the interstitium, emphasizing a functional differentiation of both isoforms, and determined whether cGKIs influence renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureter obstruction. Treatment with the guanylyl cyclase activators YC1 or isosorbide dinitrate showed stronger antifibrotic effects in wild-type than in cGKI-knockout or in smooth muscle-cGKIα-rescue mice, which are cGKI deficient in the kidney except in the renal vasculature. Moreover, fibrosis influenced the mRNA and protein expression levels of cGKIα more strongly than cGKIβ. Thus, our results indicate that cGMP, acting primarily through cGKIα, is an important suppressor of kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Schinner
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Xing L, Yao X, Williams KR, Bassell GJ. Negative regulation of RhoA translation and signaling by hnRNP-Q1 affects cellular morphogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:1500-9. [PMID: 22357624 PMCID: PMC3327311 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-10-0867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase RhoA has critical functions in regulating actin dynamics affecting cellular morphogenesis through the RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK) signaling cascade. RhoA signaling controls stress fiber and focal adhesion formation and cell motility in fibroblasts. RhoA signaling is involved in several aspects of neuronal development, including neuronal migration, growth cone collapse, dendrite branching, and spine growth. Altered RhoA signaling is implicated in cancer and neurodegenerative disease and is linked to inherited intellectual disabilities. Although much is known about factors regulating RhoA activity and/or degradation, little is known about molecular mechanisms regulating RhoA expression and the subsequent effects on RhoA signaling. We hypothesized that posttranscriptional control of RhoA expression may provide a mechanism to regulate RhoA signaling and downstream effects on cell morphology. Here we uncover a cellular function for the mRNA-binding protein heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) Q1 in the control of dendritic development and focal adhesion formation that involves the negative regulation of RhoA synthesis and signaling. We show that hnRNP-Q1 represses RhoA translation and knockdown of hnRNP-Q1 induced phenotypes associated with elevated RhoA protein levels and RhoA/ROCK signaling. These morphological changes were rescued by ROCK inhibition and/or RhoA knockdown. These findings further suggest that negative modulation of RhoA mRNA translation can provide control over downstream signaling and cellular morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xing
- Departments of Cell Biology and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Wirostko BM, Tressler C, Hwang LJ, Burgess G, Laties AM. Ocular safety of sildenafil citrate when administered chronically for pulmonary arterial hypertension: results from phase III, randomised, double masked, placebo controlled trial and open label extension. BMJ 2012; 344:e554. [PMID: 22354598 PMCID: PMC3283528 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the ocular effects and safety profile of chronic sildenafil oral dosing in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. DESIGN 12 week, double masked, randomised, placebo controlled, phase III trial with open label extension. SETTING 53 institutions worldwide. PARTICIPANTS 277 adults with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension or pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with connective tissue disease or after congenital heart disease repair (mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥25 mm Hg; pulmonary capillary wedge pressure ≤15 mm Hg at rest). INTERVENTIONS During the double masked study, oral sildenafil 20 mg, 40 mg, or 80 mg or placebo (1:1:1:1) three times daily for 12 weeks was added to baseline drug treatment. In the extension study, the placebo, 20 mg and 40 mg groups received 40 mg three times daily titrated to 80 mg three times daily at week 6. After unmasking, the dose was titrated according to clinical need. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Ocular safety (ocular examinations, visual function tests, participants' reports of adverse events, and visual disturbance questionnaire completed by investigators) by treatment group at 12 weeks, 24 weeks, 18 months, and yearly. RESULTS Findings of the objective assessments-that is, intraocular pressure and visual function tests (visual acuity, colour vision, and visual field)-were similar across groups (20 mg, n=69; 40 mg, n=67; 80 mg, n=71; placebo, n=70). No clinically significant changes occurred between baseline and 12 weeks, except for an efficacy signal in contrast sensitivity for the sildenafil 40 mg three times daily group. In right eyes, changes in intraocular pressure from baseline to week 12 ranged from a mean of -0.5 (95% confidence interval -1.3 to 0.2) mm Hg with placebo, -0.2 (-0.9 to 0.5) mm Hg with sildenafil 40 mg, and -0.1 (-0.7 to 0.5) mm Hg with 80 mg to 0.3 (-0.4 to 0.9) mm Hg with sildenafil 20 mg (the approved dose for pulmonary arterial hypertension). Mean changes from baseline to week 12 in contrast sensitivity in right eyes were -0.02 (SD 0.12) in the sildenafil 20 mg three times daily group compared with -0.05 (0.18) in the placebo group (P=0.044). Percentages of participants with deterioration in visual acuity (Snellen) from baseline to week 12 ranged from 10% (n=7) in the placebo group to 3% (n=2) in the sildenafil 20 mg three times daily group; the same percentages had visual field changes from normal to abnormal during the period in these two groups. The investigators did not deem any findings on colour vision assessment to be clinically significant. Findings of the objective assessments in the 40 mg and 80 mg three times daily sildenafil treatment groups and in left eyes were not substantially different, nor were any measures different throughout the open label extension compared with week 12. However, objective data were limited after month 18, as most participants had missing data or visual parameters were no longer collected by investigators. Incidence of ocular adverse events reported on the case report forms and assessed by the investigator was low with all doses, but a modest, dose related incidence of chromatopsia, cyanopsia, photophobia, and visual disturbance was reported with 80 mg three times daily consistent with the indicated dosing for erectile dysfunction. Retinal haemorrhages, captured on funduscopy, occurred in 2% (4/207) of sildenafil treated participants and none in the placebo group during the double masked study and in 4% (10/259) during the open label extension. CONCLUSIONS Sildenafil dosing up to 80 mg three times daily is safe and well tolerated from an ocular perspective in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Daily chronic dosing in this patient population was not associated with visual change and had no detrimental effect on best corrected visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, colour vision, or visual field, or on slit lamp examinations, funduscopy, or intraocular pressure during the duration of this study. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical trials NCT00644605 and NCT00159887.
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Nithipatikom K, Gomez-Granados AD, Tang AT, Pfeiffer AW, Williams CL, Campbell WB. Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) activation inhibits small GTPase RhoA activity and regulates motility of prostate carcinoma cells. Endocrinology 2012; 153:29-41. [PMID: 22087025 PMCID: PMC3249681 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is activated in an autocrine fashion by the endocannabinoids (EC), N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). The CB1 and its endogenous and synthetic agonists are emerging as therapeutic targets in several cancers due to their ability to suppress carcinoma cell invasion and migration. However, the mechanisms that the CB1 regulates cell motility are not well understood. In this study, we examined the molecular mechanisms that diminish cell migration upon the CB1 activation in prostate carcinoma cells. The CB1 activation with the agonist WIN55212 significantly diminishes the small GTPase RhoA activity but modestly increases the Rac1 and Cdc42 activity. The diminished RhoA activity is accompanied by the loss of actin/myosin microfilaments, cell spreading, and cell migration. Interestingly, the CB1 inactivation with the selective CB1 antagonist AM251 significantly increases RhoA activity, enhances microfilament formation and cell spreading, and promotes cell migration. This finding suggests that endogenously produced EC activate the CB1, resulting in chronic repression of RhoA activity and cell migration. Consistent with this possibility, RhoA activity is significantly diminished by the exogenous application of AEA but not by 2-AG in PC-3 cells (cells with very low AEA hydrolysis). Pretreatment of cells with a monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor, JZL184, which blocks 2-AG hydrolysis, decreases the RhoA activity. These results indicate the unique CB1 signaling and support the model that EC, through their autocrine activation of CB1 and subsequent repression of RhoA activity, suppress migration in prostate carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasem Nithipatikom
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
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Frantz S, Klaiber M, Baba HA, Oberwinkler H, Völker K, Gaβner B, Bayer B, Abeβer M, Schuh K, Feil R, Hofmann F, Kuhn M. Stress-dependent dilated cardiomyopathy in mice with cardiomyocyte-restricted inactivation of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase I. Eur Heart J 2011; 34:1233-44. [PMID: 22199120 PMCID: PMC3631523 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cardiac hypertrophy is a common and often lethal complication of arterial hypertension. Elevation of myocyte cyclic GMP levels by local actions of endogenous atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) or by pharmacological inhibition of phosphodiesterase-5 was shown to counter-regulate pathological hypertrophy. It was suggested that cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI) mediates this protective effect, although the role in vivo is under debate. Here, we investigated whether cGKI modulates myocyte growth and/or function in the intact organism. METHODS AND RESULTS To circumvent the systemic phenotype associated with germline ablation of cGKI, we inactivated the murine cGKI gene selectively in cardiomyocytes by Cre/loxP-mediated recombination. Mice with cardiomyocyte-restricted cGKI deletion exhibited unaltered cardiac morphology and function under resting conditions. Also, cardiac hypertrophic and contractile responses to β-adrenoreceptor stimulation by isoprenaline (at 40 mg/kg/day during 1 week) were unaltered. However, angiotensin II (Ang II, at 1000 ng/kg/min for 2 weeks) or transverse aortic constriction (for 3 weeks) provoked dilated cardiomyopathy with marked deterioration of cardiac function. This was accompanied by diminished expression of the [Ca(2+)]i-regulating proteins SERCA2a and phospholamban (PLB) and a reduction in PLB phosphorylation at Ser16, the specific target site for cGKI, resulting in altered myocyte Ca(2+)i homeostasis. In isolated adult myocytes, CNP, but not ANP, stimulated PLB phosphorylation, Ca(2+)i-handling, and contractility via cGKI. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the loss of cGKI in cardiac myocytes compromises the hypertrophic program to pathological stimulation, rendering the heart more susceptible to dysfunction. In particular, cGKI mediates stimulatory effects of CNP on myocyte Ca(2+)i handling and contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Frantz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Yao F, Sun C, Chang SKC. Lentil polyphenol extract prevents angiotensin II-induced hypertension, vascular remodelling and perivascular fibrosis. Food Funct 2011; 3:127-33. [PMID: 22159297 DOI: 10.1039/c1fo10142k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate whether chronic administration of the Morton lentil polyphenol extract (MLPE), which possesses rich phenolic compounds and a high antioxidant activity, had any protective effects on angiotensin II-induced hypertension. After four weeks of subcutaneous infusion of angiotensin II (200 ng kg(-1) min(-1)) in male SD rats, the water intake and mean artery pressure was significantly increased by 39.8% and 48.3%, respectively, as compared with the control. The media/lumen ratio of the small arteries in the heart and kidneys were increased by 117% and 168% by angiotensin II infusion. The perivascular fibrosis was increased by 65% and 32% in the heart and kidneys, respectively. Levels of the reactive oxygen species in the aorta was enhanced by 115.8%. In another group of rats, which received four weeks of lentil extract administration (1% freeze-dried MLPE in the drinking water), followed by another four weeks of extract administration plus angiotensin II infusion, the angiotensin II-induced enhancement in water intake and mean artery pressures decreased by 12.7% and 8.2%, respectively, as compared with the rats that received angiotensin II infusion alone. The angiotensin II-induced rats showed increases in the media/lumen ratios which were attenuated by 43.6% and 47.2% in the small arteries of heart and kidneys, respectively. Angiotensin II-induced perivascular fibrosis was attenuated by 30% and 26% in the rats that received the extract. Angiotensin II-induced rats showed reactive oxygen species levels in the aorta was reduced by 48.9%. These findings demonstrated that lentil extract attenuated angiotensin II-induced hypertension and associated pathological changes, including remodelling and perivascular fibrosis in the small resistant arteries of heart and kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanrong Yao
- Department of Food and Cereal Sciences, North Dakota State University, 1320 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
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Li Y, Tong X, Maimaitiyiming H, Clemons K, Cao JM, Wang S. Overexpression of cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (PKG-I) attenuates ischemia-reperfusion-induced kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 302:F561-70. [PMID: 22160771 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00355.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) is a multifunctional protein. Whether PKG plays a role in ischemia-reperfusion-induced kidney injury (IRI) is unknown. In this study, using an in vivo mouse model of renal IRI, we determined the effect of renal IRI on kidney PKG-I levels and also evaluated whether overexpression of PKG-I attenuates renal IRI. Our studies demonstrated that PKG-I levels (mRNA and protein) were significantly decreased in the kidney from mice undergoing renal IRI. Moreover, PKG-I transgenic mice had less renal IRI, showing improved renal function and less tubular damage compared with their wild-type littermates. Transgenic mice in the renal IRI group had decreased tubular cell apoptosis accompanied by decreased caspase 3 levels/activity and increased Bcl-2 and Bag-1 levels. In addition, transgenic mice undergoing renal IRI demonstrated reduced macrophage infiltration into the kidney and reduced production of inflammatory cytokines. In vitro studies showed that peritoneal macrophages isolated from transgenic mice had decreased migration compared with control macrophages. Taken together, these results suggest that PKG-I protects against renal IRI, at least in part through inhibiting inflammatory cell infiltration into the kidney, reducing kidney inflammation, and inhibiting tubular cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhang Li
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Huang X, Gai Y, Yang N, Lu B, Samuel CS, Thannickal VJ, Zhou Y. Relaxin regulates myofibroblast contractility and protects against lung fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:2751-65. [PMID: 21983071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Myofibroblasts are specialized contractile cells that participate in tissue fibrosis and remodeling, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Mechanotransduction, a process by which mechanical stimuli are converted into biochemical signals, regulates myofibroblast differentiation. Relaxin is a peptide hormone that mediates antifibrotic effects through regulation of collagen synthesis and turnover. In this study, we demonstrate enhanced myofibroblast contraction in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice and in fibroblastic foci of human subjects with IPF, using phosphorylation of the regulatory myosin light chain (MLC(20)) as a biomarker of in vivo cellular contractility. Compared with wild-type mice, relaxin knockout mice express higher lung levels of phospho-MLC(20) and develop more severe bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Exogenous relaxin inhibits MLC(20) phosphorylation and bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in both relaxin knockout and wild-type mice. Ex vivo studies of IPF lung myofibroblasts demonstrate decreases in MLC(20) phosphorylation and reduced contractility in response to relaxin. Characterization of the signaling pathway reveals that relaxin regulates MLC(20) dephosphorylation and lung myofibroblast contraction by inactivating RhoA/Rho-associated protein kinase through a nitric oxide/cGMP/protein kinase G-dependent mechanism. These studies identify a novel antifibrotic role of relaxin involving the inhibition of the contractile phenotype of lung myofibroblasts and suggest that targeting myofibroblast contractility with relaxin-like peptides may be of therapeutic benefit in the treatment of fibrotic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Huang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Goldberg H, Whiteside C, Fantus IG. O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine supports p38 MAPK activation by high glucose in glomerular mesangial cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E713-26. [PMID: 21712532 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00108.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia augments flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and subsequent O-linkage of single β-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine moieties to serine and threonine residues on cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins (O-GlcNAcylation). Perturbations in this posttranslational modification have been proposed to promote glomerular matrix accumulation in diabetic nephropathy, but clear evidence and mechanism are lacking. We tested the hypothesis that O-GlcNAcylation enhances profibrotic signaling in rat mesangial cells. An adenovirus expressing shRNA directed against O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) markedly reduced basal and high-glucose-stimulated O-GlcNAcylation. Interestingly, O-GlcNAc depletion prevented high-glucose-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase phosphorylation. Downstream of p38, O-GlcNAc controlled the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, fibronectin, and transforming growth factor-β, important factors in matrix accumulation in diabetic nephropathy. Treating mesangial cells with thiamet-G, a highly selective inhibitor of O-GlcNAc-specific hexosaminidase (O-GlcNAcase), increased O-GlcNAcylation and p38 phosphorylation. The high-glucose-stimulated kinase activity of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), an upstream MAPK kinase kinase for p38 that is negatively regulated by Akt, was inhibited by OGT shRNA. Akt Thr(308) and Ser(473) phosphorylation were enhanced following OGT shRNA expression in high-glucose-exposed mesangial cells, but high-glucose-induced p38 phosphorylation was not attenuated by OGT shRNA in cells pretreated with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY-294002. OGT shRNA also reduced high-glucose-stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. In contrast, diminished O-GlcNAcylation caused elevated ERK phosphorylation and PKCδ membrane translocation. Thus, O-GlcNAcylation is coupled to profibrotic p38 MAPK signaling by high glucose in part through Akt and possibly through ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Abstract
Signaling by nitric oxide (NO) determines several cardiovascular functions including blood pressure regulation, cardiac and smooth muscle hypertrophy, and platelet function. NO stimulates the synthesis of cGMP by soluble guanylyl cyclases and thereby activates cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs), mediating most of the cGMP functions. Hence, an elucidation of the PKG signaling cascade is essential for the understanding of the (patho)physiological aspects of NO. Several PKG signaling pathways were identified, meanwhile regulating the intracellular calcium concentration, mediating calcium desensitization or cytoskeletal rearrangement. During the last decade it emerged that the inositol trisphosphate receptor-associated cGMP-kinase substrate (IRAG), an endoplasmic reticulum-anchored 125-kDa membrane protein, is a main signal transducer of PKG activity in the cardiovascular system. IRAG interacts specifically in a trimeric complex with the PKG1β isoform and the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor I and, upon phosphorylation, reduces the intracellular calcium release from the intracellular stores. IRAG motifs for phosphorylation and for targeting to PKG1β and 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor I were identified by several approaches. The (patho)physiological functions for the regulation of smooth muscle contractility and the inhibition of platelet activation were perceived. In this review, the IRAG recognition, targeting, and function are summarized compared with PKG and several PKG substrates in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Schlossmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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Abdel-Hamid IA, Anis T. Peyronie's disease: perspectives on therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:913-29. [PMID: 21492024 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.577419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peyronie's disease (PD) is an acquired benign connective tissue disorder of the penis, characterized by the development of fibrotic plaques, that can cause different degrees of bending, narrowing or shortening. Medical treatment for PD remains a major challenge. Impressive progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of PD pathogenesis has uncovered several promising molecular targets for antifibrotic treatments. AREAS COVERED This review covers the literature pertaining to the exploration of therapeutic targets for PD. The search included: i) a MEDLINE search from 1941 to January 2011, limited to English-language medical literature, ii) relevant abstracts from 2009 and 2010, iii) relevant textbooks and iv) a pipeline search for therapeutics in development. EXPERT OPINION Rapid translational research depends on our ability to develop rational therapies targeted to penile tunical fibrosis, which necessitate a sound knowledge of the biology, biochemistry and the physiological role of fibroblasts, myofibroblasts and stem cells in PD. Much remains to be learned about the pathogenesis of PD. Although there are many interesting therapeutic targets, we are confronted with some questions when identifying new targets, or when validating potential therapeutic options.
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Abstract
Small GTPases of the Rho protein family are master regulators of the actin cytoskeleton and are targeted by potent virulence factors of several pathogenic bacteria. Their dysfunctional regulation can lead to severe human pathologies. Both host and bacterial factors can activate or inactivate Rho proteins by direct post-translational modifications: such as deamidation and transglutamination for activation, or ADP-ribosylation, glucosylation, adenylylation and phosphorylation for inactivation. We review and compare these unconventional ways in which both host cells and bacterial pathogens regulate Rho proteins.
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Desch M, Sigl K, Hieke B, Salb K, Kees F, Bernhard D, Jochim A, Spiessberger B, Höcherl K, Feil R, Feil S, Lukowski R, Wegener JW, Hofmann F, Schlossmann J. IRAG determines nitric oxide- and atrial natriuretic peptide-mediated smooth muscle relaxation. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 86:496-505. [PMID: 20080989 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Nitric oxide (NO) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) signalling via cGMP controls smooth muscle tone. One important signalling pathway of cGMP-dependent protein kinase type I (cGKI) is mediated by IRAG (IP(3) receptor associated cGKI substrate) which is highly expressed in smooth muscle tissues. To elucidate the role of IRAG for NO- and ANP-mediated smooth muscle tone regulation, cGKI localization, and for its possible function in blood pressure adjustment, we generated IRAG-knockout mice by targeted deletion of exon 3. METHODS AND RESULTS IRAG deletion prevented stable interaction of IP(3) receptor type I (IP(3)RI) with cGKIbeta determined by cGMP affinity chromatography. Confocal microscopy in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) showed that localization of cGKIbeta and cGKIalpha did not change in absence of IRAG. NO-, ANP-, and cGMP-dependent relaxation of hormone-contracted aortic vessels and colon was significantly affected in IRAG-knockout mice. The suppression of cGMP-induced relaxation was not rescued by selective expression of cGKIbeta in smooth muscle from cGKIbeta-transgenic mice. NO-, ANP-, and cGMP-mediated inhibition of the hormone-induced increase in intracellular calcium concentration measured by Fura2 was suppressed in IRAG-deficient VSMC. Telemetric measurements revealed that IRAG-deficient animals exhibited normal basal tone, but were resistant to blood pressure reduction induced by lipopolysaccharide-treatment. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that signalling of cGKIbeta via IRAG is an essential functional part for regulation of smooth muscle tone and of intracellular calcium by NO (exogenously applicated or endogenously synthesized) and by ANP. IRAG signalling does not modulate basal tone but might be important for blood pressure regulation under pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Desch
- Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätstr. 31, D-93055 Regensburg, Germany
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Basu N, Arshad N, Visweswariah SS. Receptor guanylyl cyclase C (GC-C): regulation and signal transduction. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 334:67-80. [PMID: 19960363 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Receptor guanylyl cyclase C (GC-C) is the target for the gastrointestinal hormones, guanylin, and uroguanylin as well as the bacterial heat-stable enterotoxins. The major site of expression of GC-C is in the gastrointestinal tract, although this receptor and its ligands play a role in ion secretion in other tissues as well. GC-C shares the domain organization seen in other members of the family of receptor guanylyl cyclases, though subtle differences highlight some of the unique features of GC-C. Gene knock outs in mice for GC-C or its ligands do not lead to embryonic lethality, but modulate responses of these mice to stable toxin peptides, dietary intake of salts, and development and differentiation of intestinal cells. It is clear that there is much to learn in future about the role of this evolutionarily conserved receptor, and its properties in intestinal and extra-intestinal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmalya Basu
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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