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Sun L, Qiu Q, Ban C, Fan S, Xiao S, Li X. Decrease levels of bone morphogenetic protein 6 and noggin in chronic schizophrenia elderly. Cogn Neurodyn 2023; 17:695-701. [PMID: 37265647 PMCID: PMC10229485 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-022-09855-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6) and noggin both have been implicated in the pathophysiology of chronic dementia, and chronic schizophrenia (SCZ) has high risk for progressing to dementia in later life. The current study investigated the relationship between blood BMP6/noggin levels and cognitive function in chronic SCZ elderly. Methods A total of 159 chronic SCZ elderly and 171 community normal controls (NC) were involved in the present study. Blood cytokines including BMP6 and its antagonist-noggin, and cognitive function were measured in all subjects, 157 subjects among them received apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype test, and 208 subjects received cognitive assessment at 1-year follow-up. Results Chronic SCZ elderly had decreased levels of blood BMP6 and noggin compared to healthy controls, especially in the subgroup of chronic SCZ with dementia. Blood BMP6 combing with noggin could distinguish chronic SCZ from NC elderly. APOE ε4 carriers had lower levels of BMP6 than APOE non-ε4 carriers under chronic SCZ. Conclusions There was a significant relationship of blood BMP6/noggin with cognitive performance in chronic SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600 South Wanping Road, Xuhui Distinct, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Qiu
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600 South Wanping Road, Xuhui Distinct, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunxia Ban
- Department of Psychiatry, Jiading Mental Health Center, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sijia Fan
- Department of Psychiatry, Qingpu Mental Health Center, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shifu Xiao
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600 South Wanping Road, Xuhui Distinct, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600 South Wanping Road, Xuhui Distinct, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Axonal Regeneration: Underlying Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123186. [PMID: 36551942 PMCID: PMC9775075 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Axons in the peripheral nervous system have the ability to repair themselves after damage, whereas axons in the central nervous system are unable to do so. A common and important characteristic of damage to the spinal cord, brain, and peripheral nerves is the disruption of axonal regrowth. Interestingly, intrinsic growth factors play a significant role in the axonal regeneration of injured nerves. Various factors such as proteomic profile, microtubule stability, ribosomal location, and signalling pathways mark a line between the central and peripheral axons' capacity for self-renewal. Unfortunately, glial scar development, myelin-associated inhibitor molecules, lack of neurotrophic factors, and inflammatory reactions are among the factors that restrict axonal regeneration. Molecular pathways such as cAMP, MAPK, JAK/STAT, ATF3/CREB, BMP/SMAD, AKT/mTORC1/p70S6K, PI3K/AKT, GSK-3β/CLASP, BDNF/Trk, Ras/ERK, integrin/FAK, RhoA/ROCK/LIMK, and POSTN/integrin are activated after nerve injury and are considered significant players in axonal regeneration. In addition to the aforementioned pathways, growth factors, microRNAs, and astrocytes are also commendable participants in regeneration. In this review, we discuss the detailed mechanism of each pathway along with key players that can be potentially valuable targets to help achieve quick axonal healing. We also identify the prospective targets that could help close knowledge gaps in the molecular pathways underlying regeneration and shed light on the creation of more powerful strategies to encourage axonal regeneration after nervous system injury.
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Kuznitsov-Yanovsky L, Shapira G, Gildin L, Shomron N, Ben-Yosef D. Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Fragile X Syndrome Neurons Reveals Neurite Outgrowth Modulation by the TGFβ/BMP Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169278. [PMID: 36012539 PMCID: PMC9409179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is the main genetic reason for intellectual disability and is caused by the silencing of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), an RNA-binding protein regulating the translation of many neuronal mRNAs. Neural differentiation of FX human embryonic stem cells (hESC) mimics the neurodevelopment of FXS fetuses and thus serves as a good model to explore the mechanisms underlining the development of FXS. Isogenic hESC clones with and without the FX mutation that share the same genetic background were in vitro differentiated into neurons, and their transcriptome was analyzed by RNA sequencing. FX neurons inactivating FMR1 expression presented delayed neuronal development and maturation, concomitant with dysregulation of the TGFβ/BMP signaling pathway, and genes related to the extracellular matrix. Migration assay showed decreased neurite outgrowth in FX neurons that was rescued by inhibition of the TGFβ/BMP signaling pathway. Our results provide new insights into the molecular pathway by which loss of FMRP affects neuronal network development. In FX neurons, the lack of FMRP dysregulates members of the BMP signaling pathway associated with ECM organization which, in a yet unknown mechanism, reduces the guidance of axonal growth cones, probably leading to the aberrant neuronal network function seen in FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron Kuznitsov-Yanovsky
- Wolfe PGD Stem Cell Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Guy Shapira
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Lital Gildin
- Wolfe PGD Stem Cell Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Noam Shomron
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dalit Ben-Yosef
- Wolfe PGD Stem Cell Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Correspondence:
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Jensen GS, Leon-Palmer NE, Townsend KL. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in the central regulation of energy balance and adult neural plasticity. Metabolism 2021; 123:154837. [PMID: 34331962 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The current worldwide obesity pandemic highlights a need to better understand the regulation of energy balance and metabolism, including the role of the nervous system in controlling energy intake and energy expenditure. Neural plasticity in the hypothalamus of the adult brain has been implicated in full-body metabolic health, however, the mechanisms surrounding hypothalamic plasticity are incompletely understood. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) control metabolic health through actions in the brain as well as in peripheral tissues such as adipose, together regulating both energy intake and energy expenditure. BMP ligands, receptors, and inhibitors are found throughout plastic adult brain regions and have been demonstrated to modulate neurogenesis and gliogenesis, as well as synaptic and dendritic plasticity. This role for BMPs in adult neural plasticity is distinct from their roles in brain development. Existing evidence suggests that BMPs induce weight loss through hypothalamic pathways, and part of the mechanism of action may be through inducing neural plasticity. In this review, we summarize the data regarding how BMPs affect neural plasticity in the adult mammalian brain, as well as the relationship between central BMP signaling and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Jensen
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America; Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Noelle E Leon-Palmer
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America
| | - Kristy L Townsend
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America; Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America; School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America.
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Mondal A, NeMoyer R, Vora M, Napoli L, Syed Z, Langenfeld E, Jia D, Peng Y, Gilleran J, Roberge J, Rongo C, Jabbour SK, Langenfeld J. Bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 inhibition destabilizes microtubules promoting the activation of lysosomes and cell death of lung cancer cells. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:97. [PMID: 34563224 PMCID: PMC8466694 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00743-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have shown that bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) regulates cell survival signaling events in cancer cells independent of the BMP type 1 receptor (BMPR1) or the Smad-1/5 transcription factor. Mutations in BMPR2 trafficking proteins leads to overactive BMP signaling, which leads to neurological diseases caused by BMPR2 stabilization of the microtubules. It is not known whether BMPR2 regulates the microtubules in cancer cells and what effect this has on cell survival. It is also not known whether alterations in BMPR2 trafficking effects activity and response to BMPR2 inhibitors. Methods We utilized BMPR2 siRNA and the BMP receptor inhibitors JL5 and Ym155, which decrease BMPR2 signaling and cause its mislocalization to the cytoplasm. Using the JL5 resistant MDA-MD-468 cell line and sensitive lung cancer cell lines, we examined the effects of BMPR2 inhibition on BMPR2 mislocalization to the cytoplasm, microtubule destabilization, lysosome activation and cell survival. Results We show that the inhibition of BMPR2 destabilizes the microtubules. Destabilization of the microtubules leads to the activation of the lysosomes. Activated lysosomes further decreases BMPR2 signaling by causing it to mislocalizated to the cytoplasm and/or lysosome for degradation. Inhibition of the lysosomes with chloroquine attenuates BMPR2 trafficking to the lysosome and cell death induced by BMPR2 inhibitors. Furthermore, in MDA-MD-468 cells that are resistant to JL5 induced cell death, BMPR2 was predominately located in the cytoplasm. BMPR2 failed to localize to the cytoplasm and/or lysosome following treatment with JL5 and did not destabilize the microtubules or activate the lysosomes. Conclusions These studies reveal that the inhibition of BMPR2 destabilizes the microtubules promoting cell death of cancer cells that involves the activation of the lysosomes. Resistance to small molecules targeting BMPR2 may occur if the BMPR2 is localized predominantly to the cytoplasm and/or fails to localize to the lysosome for degradation. Video Abstract
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12964-021-00743-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Mondal
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Rachel NeMoyer
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Mehul Vora
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | | | - Zoya Syed
- Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Elaine Langenfeld
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Dongxuan Jia
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Youyi Peng
- Biomedical Informatics Shared Resources, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - John Gilleran
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Jacques Roberge
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Christopher Rongo
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Salma K Jabbour
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - John Langenfeld
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA.
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Aihara S, Fujimoto S, Sakaguchi R, Imai T. BMPR-2 gates activity-dependent stabilization of primary dendrites during mitral cell remodeling. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109276. [PMID: 34161760 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing neurons initially form excessive neurites and then remodel them based on molecular cues and neuronal activity. Developing mitral cells in the olfactory bulb initially extend multiple primary dendrites. They then stabilize single primary dendrites while eliminating others. However, the mechanisms underlying selective dendrite remodeling remain elusive. Using CRISPR-Cas9-based knockout screening combined with in utero electroporation, we identify BMPR-2 as a key regulator for selective dendrite stabilization. Bmpr2 knockout and its rescue experiments show that BMPR-2 inhibits LIMK without ligands and thereby permits dendrite destabilization. In contrast, the overexpression of antagonists and agonists indicates that ligand-bound BMPR-2 stabilizes dendrites, most likely by releasing LIMK. Using genetic and FRET imaging experiments, we demonstrate that free LIMK is activated by NMDARs via Rac1, facilitating dendrite stabilization through F-actin formation. Thus, the selective stabilization of primary dendrites is ensured by concomitant inputs of BMP ligands and neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Aihara
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Sensory Circuit Formation, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Sensory Circuit Formation, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Richi Sakaguchi
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Sensory Circuit Formation, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Imai
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Sensory Circuit Formation, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Involvement of JNK1 in Neuronal Polarization During Brain Development. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081897. [PMID: 32823764 PMCID: PMC7466125 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal Kinases (JNKs) are a group of regulatory elements responsible for the control of a wide array of functions within the cell. In the central nervous system (CNS), JNKs are involved in neuronal polarization, starting from the cell division of neural stem cells and ending with their final positioning when migrating and maturing. This review will focus mostly on isoform JNK1, the foremost contributor of total JNK activity in the CNS. Throughout the text, research from multiple groups will be summarized and discussed in order to describe the involvement of the JNKs in the different steps of neuronal polarization. The data presented support the idea that isoform JNK1 is highly relevant to the regulation of many of the processes that occur in neuronal development in the CNS.
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Schellino R, Boido M, Vercelli A. JNK Signaling Pathway Involvement in Spinal Cord Neuron Development and Death. Cells 2019; 8:E1576. [PMID: 31817379 PMCID: PMC6953032 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase (JNK) is a Janus-faced kinase, which, in the nervous system, plays important roles in a broad range of physiological and pathological processes. Three genes, encoding for 10 JNK isoforms, have been identified: jnk1, jnk2, and jnk3. In the developing spinal cord, JNK proteins control neuronal polarity, axon growth/pathfinding, and programmed cell death; in adulthood they can drive degeneration and regeneration, after pathological insults. Indeed, recent studies have highlighted a role for JNK in motor neuron (MN) diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophy. In this review we discuss how JNK-dependent signaling regulates apparently contradictory functions in the spinal cord, in both the developmental and adult stages. In addition, we examine the evidence that the specific targeting of JNK signaling pathway may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of MN diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Schellino
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Marina Boido
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano (TO), Italy
- National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vercelli
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano (TO), Italy
- National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), 10125 Turin, Italy
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Choi S, Yu J, Park A, Dubon MJ, Do J, Kim Y, Nam D, Noh J, Park KS. BMP-4 enhances epithelial mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell properties of breast cancer cells via Notch signaling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11724. [PMID: 31409851 PMCID: PMC6692307 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48190-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and Notch signaling play important roles in tumorigenesis in various organs and tissues, including the breast. BMP-4 enhanced epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stem cell properties in both mammary epithelial cell line and breast carcinoma cell line. BMP-4 increased the expression of EMT biomarkers, such as fibronectin, laminin, N-cadherin, and Slug. BMP-4 also activated Notch signaling in these cells and increased the sphere forming efficiency of the non-transformed mammary epithelial cell line MCF-10A. In addition, BMP-4 upregulated the sphere forming efficiency, colony formation efficiency, and the expression of cancer stem cell markers, such as Nanog and CD44, in the breast carcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231. Inhibition of Notch signaling downregulated EMT and stem cell properties induced by BMP-4. Down-regulation of Smad4 using siRNA impaired the BMP-4-induced activation of Notch signaling, as well as the BMP-4-mediated EMT. These results suggest that EMT and stem cell properties are increased in mammary epithelial cells and breast cancer cells through the activation of Notch signaling in a Smad4-dependent manner in response to BMP-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyuk Choi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Jinyeong Yu
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Aran Park
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Maria Jose Dubon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Jungbeom Do
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Youngjae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Donghyun Nam
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Jinok Noh
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Ki-Sook Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea. .,East-West Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea. .,College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
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MicroRNAs: Game Changers in the Regulation of α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2019; 2019:1743183. [PMID: 31191899 PMCID: PMC6525811 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1743183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Its neuropathological hallmarks include neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the presence of Lewy bodies containing aggregates of α-synuclein (α-syn). An imbalance between the rates of α-syn synthesis, aggregation, and clearance can result in abnormal α-syn levels and contribute to the pathogenesis of PD. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous single-stranded noncoding RNAs (∼22 nucleotides) that have recently emerged as key posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. In this review, we summarize the functions of miRNAs that directly target α-syn. We also review miRNAs that indirectly impact α-syn levels or toxicity through different pathways, including those involved in the clearance of α-syn and neuroinflammation.
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11
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Sánchez-Duffhues G, García de Vinuesa A, van de Pol V, Geerts ME, de Vries MR, Janson SG, van Dam H, Lindeman JH, Goumans MJ, Ten Dijke P. Inflammation induces endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and promotes vascular calcification through downregulation of BMPR2. J Pathol 2019; 247:333-346. [PMID: 30430573 PMCID: PMC6590480 DOI: 10.1002/path.5193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EndMT) has been unveiled as a common cause for a multitude of human pathologies, including cancer and cardiovascular disease. Vascular calcification is a risk factor for ischemic vascular disorders and slowing calcification may reduce mortality in affected patients. The absence of early biomarkers hampers the identification of patients at risk. EndMT and vascular calcification are induced upon cooperation between distinct stimuli, including inflammatory cytokines and transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) family members. However, how these signaling pathways interplay to promote cell differentiation and eventually vascular calcification is not well understood. Using in vitro and ex vivo analysis in animal models and patient‐derived tissues, we have identified that the pro‐inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β) induce EndMT in human primary aortic endothelial cells, thereby sensitizing them for BMP‐9‐induced osteogenic differentiation. Downregulation of the BMP type II receptor BMPR2 is a key event in this process. Rather than compromising BMP canonical signal transduction, loss of BMPR2 results in decreased JNK signaling in ECs, thus enhancing BMP‐9‐induced mineralization. Altogether, our results point at the BMPR2–JNK signaling axis as a key pathway regulating inflammation‐induced EndMT and contributing to calcification. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Sánchez-Duffhues
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amaya García de Vinuesa
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vera van de Pol
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marlieke E Geerts
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet R de Vries
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stef Gt Janson
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van Dam
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H Lindeman
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-José Goumans
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Haque MN, Moon IS. Stigmasterol promotes neuronal migration via reelin signaling in neurosphere migration assays. Nutr Neurosci 2018; 23:679-687. [PMID: 30433855 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1544970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Stigmasterol (ST) is a multifunctional phytosterol and is found in diverse food. In our previous transcriptomics study, we found ST upregulated migration-related genes. In the present study, we carried out in vitro neurosphere migration assays to investigate the effects of ST on neuronal migration. For this purpose, neurospheres were produced by culturing rat (Sprague-Dawley) E14 cortical neurons. The addition of ST (75 μM) to culture medium increased not only the numbers of migratory neurons by 15% but the distance of movement up to 120 μm from the centers of neurospheres as compared to vehicle cultures. Immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting showed ST upregulated the expressions of Reelin (Reln) and its downstream signaling molecules like phospho-JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), doublecortin (DCX) and dynein heavy chain (DHC) in migratory neurons. Furthermore, in silico molecular docking simulation indicated that ST interacts with Relin receptor ApoER2 by forming a hydrogen bond with Lys2467 and other van der Waals interactions. Taken together, our study shows that ST upregulates Reln signaling and promotes neuronal migration and suggests that ST supplementation is considered as a potential means of treating migration-related CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nazmul Haque
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University Graduate School of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Soo Moon
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University Graduate School of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
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Morris G, Walker AJ, Berk M, Maes M, Puri BK. Cell Death Pathways: a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Neuroscientists. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:5767-5786. [PMID: 29052145 PMCID: PMC5994217 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0793-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the first part, the following mechanisms involved in different forms of cell death are considered, with a view to identifying potential therapeutic targets: tumour necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) and their engagement by tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α); poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase (PARP)-1 cleavage; the apoptosis signalling kinase (ASK)-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) axis; lysosomal permeability; activation of programmed necrotic cell death; oxidative stress, caspase-3 inhibition and parthanatos; activation of inflammasomes by reactive oxygen species and the development of pyroptosis; oxidative stress, calcium dyshomeostasis and iron in the development of lysosomal-mediated necrosis and lysosomal membrane permeability; and oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, iron dyshomeostasis and ferroptosis. In the second part, there is a consideration of the role of lethal and sub-lethal activation of these pathways in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of neurodegenerative and neuroprogressive disorders, with particular reference to the TNF-α-TNFR signalling axis; dysregulation of ASK-1-JNK signalling; prolonged or chronic PARP-1 activation; the role of pyroptosis and chronic inflammasome activation; and the roles of lysosomal permeabilisation, necroptosis and ferroptosis. Finally, it is suggested that, in addition to targeting oxidative stress and inflammatory processes generally, neuropsychiatric disorders may respond to therapeutic targeting of TNF-α, PARP-1, the Nod-like receptor NLRP3 inflammasome and the necrosomal molecular switch receptor-interacting protein kinase-3, since their widespread activation can drive and/or exacerbate peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation even in the absence of cell death. To this end, the use is proposed of a combination of the tetracycline derivative minocycline and N-acetylcysteine as adjunctive treatment for a range of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Morris
- , Bryn Road Seaside 87, Llanelli, Wales, , SA15 2LW, UK
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, 3220, Australia
| | - A J Walker
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, 3220, Australia
| | - M Berk
- The Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, 3220, Australia
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-040, Brazil
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, 3220, Australia
- Orygen Youth Health Research Centre and the Centre of Youth Mental Health, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - M Maes
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, 3220, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - B K Puri
- Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, W12 0HS, UK.
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14
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Kim BJ, Zack DJ. The Role of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK) in Retinal Degeneration and Vision Loss. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1074:351-357. [PMID: 29721963 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75402-4_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), a member of stress-induced mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family, has been shown to modulate a variety of biological processes associated with neurodegenerative pathology of the retina. In particular, various retinal cell culture and animal models related to glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and retinitis pigmentosa indicate that JNK signaling may contribute to disease pathogenesis. This mini-review discusses the impact of JNK signaling in retinal disease, with a focus on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), photoreceptor cells, retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, and animal studies, with particular attention to modulation of JNK signaling as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Jin Kim
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Donald J Zack
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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15
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Lin S, Wei L, Ping Y, Xia L, Xiao S. Upregulated BMP6 pathway involved in the pathogenesis of Aβ toxicity in vivo. Neurosci Lett 2017; 664:152-159. [PMID: 29129677 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In our previous work, we demonstrated the protective effect of BMP6 on neuron against Aβ toxicity in vitro. In the present study, our aim was to determine the effects of BMP6 in Aβ toxicity in vivo. Firstly, we evaluated the levels and localization of endogenous BMP6 in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Secondly, dose-response effects of exogenous BMP6 and BMP6 pathway antagonists were tested in transgenic CL2006C. elegans (expressing Aβ3-42) lifespan and locomotor activity. We have three findings: 1) BMP6 was upregulated in the hippocampus in APP/PS1 mice. 2) The endogenous BMP6 is mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of neuron and nuclear of microglia, not in astrocyte in APP/PS1 mice. 3) BMP6 supplementation did not benefit transgenic worms, even toxic at certain concentrations, and antagonizing BMP downstream pathways including Smad and LIMK1 could alleviate the toxicity caused by 0.1μg/ml BMP6. The results suggest there is elevated BMP6 pathway in Aβ toxicity, and normalization of BMPs may be an important target for therapeutic intervention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Lin
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wei
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Ping
- Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Xia
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shifu Xiao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Meyers EA, Kessler JA. TGF-β Family Signaling in Neural and Neuronal Differentiation, Development, and Function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a022244. [PMID: 28130363 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family is necessary for proper neural development and function throughout life. Sequential waves of activation, inhibition, and reactivation of TGF-β family members regulate numerous elements of the nervous system from the earliest stages of embryogenesis through adulthood. This review discusses the expression, regulation, and function of TGF-β family members in the central nervous system at various developmental stages, beginning with induction and patterning of the nervous system to their importance in the adult as modulators of inflammatory response and involvement in degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Meyers
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - John A Kessler
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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17
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Liu X, Zhao Y, Peng S, Zhang S, Wang M, Chen Y, Zhang S, Yang Y, Sun C. BMP7 retards peripheral myelination by activating p38 MAPK in Schwann cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31049. [PMID: 27491681 PMCID: PMC4974506 DOI: 10.1038/srep31049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cell (SC) myelination is pivotal for the proper physiological functioning of the nervous system, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains less well understood. Here, we showed that the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) inversely correlates with myelin gene expression during peripheral myelination, which suggests that BMP7 is likely a negative regulator for myelin gene expression. Our experiments further showed that the application of BMP7 attenuates the cAMP induced myelin gene expression in SCs. Downstream pathway analysis suggested that both p38 MAPK and SMAD are activated by exogenous BMP7 in SCs. The pharmacological intervention and gene silence studies revealed that p38 MAPK, not SMAD, is responsible for BMP7-mediated suppression of myelin gene expression. In addition, c-Jun, a potential negative regulator for peripheral myelination, was up-regulated by BMP7. In vivo experiments showed that BMP7 treatment greatly impaired peripheral myelination in newborn rats. Together, our results established that BMP7 is a negative regulator for peripheral myelin gene expression and that p38 MAPK/c-Jun axis might be the main downstream target of BMP7 in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yahong Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Su Peng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Shuqiang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Meihong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yeyue Chen
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Yumin Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
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18
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JNK Signaling: Regulation and Functions Based on Complex Protein-Protein Partnerships. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:793-835. [PMID: 27466283 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00043-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), as members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, mediate eukaryotic cell responses to a wide range of abiotic and biotic stress insults. JNKs also regulate important physiological processes, including neuronal functions, immunological actions, and embryonic development, via their impact on gene expression, cytoskeletal protein dynamics, and cell death/survival pathways. Although the JNK pathway has been under study for >20 years, its complexity is still perplexing, with multiple protein partners of JNKs underlying the diversity of actions. Here we review the current knowledge of JNK structure and isoforms as well as the partnerships of JNKs with a range of intracellular proteins. Many of these proteins are direct substrates of the JNKs. We analyzed almost 100 of these target proteins in detail within a framework of their classification based on their regulation by JNKs. Examples of these JNK substrates include a diverse assortment of nuclear transcription factors (Jun, ATF2, Myc, Elk1), cytoplasmic proteins involved in cytoskeleton regulation (DCX, Tau, WDR62) or vesicular transport (JIP1, JIP3), cell membrane receptors (BMPR2), and mitochondrial proteins (Mcl1, Bim). In addition, because upstream signaling components impact JNK activity, we critically assessed the involvement of signaling scaffolds and the roles of feedback mechanisms in the JNK pathway. Despite a clarification of many regulatory events in JNK-dependent signaling during the past decade, many other structural and mechanistic insights are just beginning to be revealed. These advances open new opportunities to understand the role of JNK signaling in diverse physiological and pathophysiological states.
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19
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Kashima R, Roy S, Ascano M, Martinez-Cerdeno V, Ariza-Torres J, Kim S, Louie J, Lu Y, Leyton P, Bloch KD, Kornberg TB, Hagerman PJ, Hagerman R, Lagna G, Hata A. Augmented noncanonical BMP type II receptor signaling mediates the synaptic abnormality of fragile X syndrome. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra58. [PMID: 27273096 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf6060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic silencing of fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) causes fragile X syndrome (FXS), a common inherited form of intellectual disability and autism. FXS correlates with abnormal synapse and dendritic spine development, but the molecular link between the absence of the FMR1 product FMRP, an RNA binding protein, and the neuropathology is unclear. We found that the messenger RNA encoding bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor (BMPR2) is a target of FMRP. Depletion of FMRP increased BMPR2 abundance, especially that of the full-length isoform that bound and activated LIM domain kinase 1 (LIMK1), a component of the noncanonical BMP signal transduction pathway that stimulates actin reorganization to promote neurite outgrowth and synapse formation. Heterozygosity for BMPR2 rescued the morphological abnormalities in neurons both in Drosophila and in mouse models of FXS, as did the postnatal pharmacological inhibition of LIMK1 activity. Compared with postmortem prefrontal cortex tissue from healthy subjects, the amount of full-length BMPR2 and of a marker of LIMK1 activity was increased in this brain region from FXS patients. These findings suggest that increased BMPR2 signal transduction is linked to FXS and that the BMPR2-LIMK1 pathway is a putative therapeutic target in patients with FXS and possibly other forms of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Kashima
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sougata Roy
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Manuel Ascano
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Veronica Martinez-Cerdeno
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817, USA. MIND (Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817, USA
| | - Jeanelle Ariza-Torres
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817, USA
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Justin Louie
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yao Lu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Patricio Leyton
- Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kenneth D Bloch
- Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Thomas B Kornberg
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Paul J Hagerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817, USA
| | - Randi Hagerman
- MIND (Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817, USA
| | - Giorgio Lagna
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Akiko Hata
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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20
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Kim BJ, Silverman SM, Liu Y, Wordinger RJ, Pang IH, Clark AF. In vitro and in vivo neuroprotective effects of cJun N-terminal kinase inhibitors on retinal ganglion cells. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:30. [PMID: 27098079 PMCID: PMC4839164 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway plays an important role in neuronal pathophysiology. Using JNK inhibitors, we examined involvement of the JNK pathway in cultured rat retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and in mouse retinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of the visual axis. The in vitro effects of JNK inhibitors were evaluated in cultured adult rat retinal cells enriched in RGCs. Retinal I/R was induced in C57BL/6J mice through elevation of intraocular pressure to 120 mmHg for 60 min followed by reperfusion. SP600125 was administered intraperitoneally once daily for 28 days. Phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun in the retina was examined by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. The thickness of retinal layers and cell numbers in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) were examined using H&E stained retinal cross sections and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Retinal function was measured by scotopic flash electroretinography (ERG). Volumetric measurement of the superior colliculus (SC) as well as VGLUT2 and PSD95 expression were studied. Results JNK inhibitors SP600125 and TAT-JNK-III, dose-dependently and significantly (p < 0.05) protected against glutamate excitotoxicity and trophic factor withdrawal induced RGC death in culture. In the I/R model, phosphorylation of JNK (pJNK) in the retina was significantly (p < 0.05) increased after injury. I/R injury significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the thickness of retinal layers, including the whole retina, inner plexiform layer, and inner nuclear layer and cell numbers in the GCL. Administration of SP600125 for 28 days protected against all these degenerative morphological changes (p < 0.05). In addition, SP600125 significantly (p < 0.05) protected against I/R-induced reduction in scotopic ERG b-wave amplitude at 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after injury. SP600125 also protected against the I/R-induced losses in volume and levels of synaptic markers in the SC. Moreover, the protective effects of SP600125 in the retina and SC were also detected even with only 7 days (Days 1–7 after I/R) of SP600125 treatment. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the important role the JNK pathway plays in retinal degeneration in both in vitro and in vivo models and suggest that JNK inhibitors may be a useful therapeutic strategy for neuroprotection of RGCs in the retina. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-016-0093-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Jin Kim
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA.,Present Address: Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Sean M Silverman
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA.,Department of Cell Biology & Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA.,Department of Cell Biology & Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Robert J Wordinger
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA.,Department of Cell Biology & Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Iok-Hou Pang
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Abbot F Clark
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology & Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA.
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21
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Ehrlich M. Endocytosis and trafficking of BMP receptors: Regulatory mechanisms for fine-tuning the signaling response in different cellular contexts. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 27:35-42. [PMID: 26776724 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptors is regulated at multiple levels in order to ensure proper interpretation of BMP stimuli in different cellular settings. As with other signaling receptors, regulation of the amount of exposed and signaling-competent BMP receptors at the plasma-membrane is predicted to be a key mechanism in governing their signaling output. Currently, the endocytosis of BMP receptors is thought to resemble that of the structurally related transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptors, as BMP receptors are constitutively internalized (independently of ligand binding), with moderate kinetics, and mostly via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Also similar to TGF-β receptors, BMP receptors are able to signal from the plasma membrane, while internalization to endosomes may have a signal modulating effect. When at the plasma membrane, BMP receptors localize to different membrane domains including cholesterol rich domains and caveolae, suggesting a complex interplay between membrane distribution and internalization. An additional layer of complexity stems from the putative regulatory influence on the signaling and trafficking of BMP receptors exerted by ligand traps and/or co-receptors. Furthermore, the trafficking and signaling of BMP receptors are subject to alterations in cellular context. For example, genetic diseases involving changes in the expression of auxiliary factors of endocytic pathways hamper retrograde BMP signals in neurons, and perturb the regulation of synapse formation. This review summarizes current understanding of the trafficking of BMP receptors and discusses the role of trafficking in regulation of BMP signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Ehrlich
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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22
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Zeke A, Bastys T, Alexa A, Garai Á, Mészáros B, Kirsch K, Dosztányi Z, Kalinina OV, Reményi A. Systematic discovery of linear binding motifs targeting an ancient protein interaction surface on MAP kinases. Mol Syst Biol 2015; 11:837. [PMID: 26538579 PMCID: PMC4670726 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20156269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) are broadly used regulators of cellular signaling. However, how these enzymes can be involved in such a broad spectrum of physiological functions is not understood. Systematic discovery of MAPK networks both experimentally and in silico has been hindered because MAPKs bind to other proteins with low affinity and mostly in less‐characterized disordered regions. We used a structurally consistent model on kinase‐docking motif interactions to facilitate the discovery of short functional sites in the structurally flexible and functionally under‐explored part of the human proteome and applied experimental tools specifically tailored to detect low‐affinity protein–protein interactions for their validation in vitro and in cell‐based assays. The combined computational and experimental approach enabled the identification of many novel MAPK‐docking motifs that were elusive for other large‐scale protein–protein interaction screens. The analysis produced an extensive list of independently evolved linear binding motifs from a functionally diverse set of proteins. These all target, with characteristic binding specificity, an ancient protein interaction surface on evolutionarily related but physiologically clearly distinct three MAPKs (JNK, ERK, and p38). This inventory of human protein kinase binding sites was compared with that of other organisms to examine how kinase‐mediated partnerships evolved over time. The analysis suggests that most human MAPK‐binding motifs are surprisingly new evolutionarily inventions and newly found links highlight (previously hidden) roles of MAPKs. We propose that short MAPK‐binding stretches are created in disordered protein segments through a variety of ways and they represent a major resource for ancient signaling enzymes to acquire new regulatory roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Zeke
- Lendület Protein Interaction Group, Institute of Enzymology Research Center for Natural Sciences Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tomas Bastys
- Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany Graduate School of Computer Science, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Anita Alexa
- Lendület Protein Interaction Group, Institute of Enzymology Research Center for Natural Sciences Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Garai
- Lendület Protein Interaction Group, Institute of Enzymology Research Center for Natural Sciences Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Mészáros
- Institute of Enzymology Research Center for Natural Sciences Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Klára Kirsch
- Lendület Protein Interaction Group, Institute of Enzymology Research Center for Natural Sciences Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Dosztányi
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Bioinformatics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Attila Reményi
- Lendület Protein Interaction Group, Institute of Enzymology Research Center for Natural Sciences Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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23
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Chandrasekaran V, Lea C, Sosa JC, Higgins D, Lein PJ. Reactive oxygen species are involved in BMP-induced dendritic growth in cultured rat sympathetic neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 67:116-25. [PMID: 26079955 PMCID: PMC4550485 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) promote dendritic growth in sympathetic neurons; however, the downstream signaling molecules that mediate the dendrite promoting activity of BMPs are not well characterized. Here we test the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated signaling links BMP receptor activation to dendritic growth. In cultured rat sympathetic neurons, exposure to any of the three mechanistically distinct antioxidants, diphenylene iodinium (DPI), nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NGA) or desferroxamine (DFO), blocked de novo BMP-induced dendritic growth. Addition of DPI to cultures previously induced with BMP to extend dendrites caused dendritic retraction while DFO and NGA prevented further growth of dendrites. The inhibition of the dendrite promoting activity of BMPs by antioxidants was concentration-dependent and occurred without altering axonal growth or neuronal cell survival. Antioxidant treatment did not block BMP activation of SMAD 1,5 as determined by nuclear localization of these SMADs. While BMP treatment did not cause a detectable increase in intracellular ROS in cultured sympathetic neurons as assessed using fluorescent indicator dyes, BMP treatment increased the oxygen consumption rate in cultured sympathetic neurons as determined using the Seahorse XF24 Analyzer, suggesting increased mitochondrial activity. In addition, BMPs upregulated expression of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) and either pharmacological inhibition or siRNA knockdown of NOX2 significantly decreased BMP-7 induced dendritic growth. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that ROS are involved in the downstream signaling events that mediate BMP7-induced dendritic growth in sympathetic neurons, and suggest that ROS-mediated signaling positively modulates dendritic complexity in peripheral neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charlotte Lea
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's College of California, Moraga, CA, USA
| | - Jose Carlo Sosa
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's College of California, Moraga, CA, USA
| | - Dennis Higgins
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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24
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Park KS, Gumbiner BM. Cadherin-6B is required for the generation of Islet-1-expressing dorsal interneurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 459:504-8. [PMID: 25747715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cadherin-6B induces bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling to promote the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the neural crest. We have previously found that knockdown of Cadherin-6B inhibits both BMP signaling and the emigration of the early pre-migratory neural crest cells from the dorsal neural tube. In this study, we found that inhibition of BMP signaling in the neural tube, mediated by the ectopic expression of Smad-6 or Noggin, decreased the size of the Islet-1-positive dorsal cell population. Knockdown or loss of function of Cadherin-6B suppressed the generation of Islet-1-expressing cells in the dorsal neural tube, but not the Lim-1/2 positive dorsal cell population. Our results thus indicate that Cadherin-6B is necessary for the generation of Islet-1-positive dorsal interneurons, as well as the initiation of pre-migratory neural crest cell emigration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Sook Park
- East-West Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Barry M Gumbiner
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Osses N, Henríquez JP. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling in vertebrate motor neurons and neuromuscular communication. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 8:453. [PMID: 25674047 PMCID: PMC4307192 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
An accurate communication between motor neurons and skeletal muscle fibers is required for the proper assembly, growth and maintenance of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). Several signaling and extracellular matrix molecules play stimulatory and inhibitory roles on the assembly of functional synapses. Studies in Drosophila have revealed crucial functions for early morphogens, such as members of the Wnt and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMP) signaling pathways, during the assembly and maturation of the NMJ. Here, we bring together recent findings that led us to propose that BMPs also work in vertebrate organisms as diffusible cues to communicate motor neurons and skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Osses
- BMP Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Juan P Henríquez
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Millennium Nucleus of Regenerative Biology, Center for Advanced Microscopy (CMA Bio-Bio), Universidad de Concepción Concepción, Chile
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Sury MD, McShane E, Hernandez-Miranda LR, Birchmeier C, Selbach M. Quantitative proteomics reveals dynamic interaction of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) with RNA transport granule proteins splicing factor proline- and glutamine-rich (Sfpq) and non-POU domain-containing octamer-binding protein (Nono) during neuronal differentiation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 14:50-65. [PMID: 25326457 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.039370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is an important mediator of physiological and pathophysiological processes in the central nervous system. Importantly, JNK not only is involved in neuronal cell death, but also plays a significant role in neuronal differentiation and regeneration. For example, nerve growth factor induces JNK-dependent neuronal differentiation in several model systems. The mechanism by which JNK mediates neuronal differentiation is not well understood. Here, we employed a proteomic strategy to better characterize the function of JNK during neuronal differentiation. We used SILAC-based quantitative proteomics to identify proteins that interact with JNK in PC12 cells in a nerve growth factor-dependent manner. Intriguingly, we found that JNK interacted with neuronal transport granule proteins such as Sfpq and Nono upon NGF treatment. We validated the specificity of these interactions by showing that they were disrupted by a specific peptide inhibitor that blocks the interaction of JNK with its substrates. Immunoprecipitation and Western blotting experiments confirmed the interaction of JNK1 with Sfpq/Nono and demonstrated that it was RNA dependent. Confocal microscopy indicated that JNK1 associated with neuronal granule proteins in the cytosol of PC12 cells, primary cortical neurons, and P19 neuronal cells. Finally, siRNA experiments confirmed that Sfpq was necessary for neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells and that it most likely acted in the same pathway as JNK. In summary, our data indicate that the interaction of JNK1 with transport granule proteins in the cytosol of differentiating neurons plays an important role during neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias D Sury
- From ‡Cell Signaling/Mass Spectrometry, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Erik McShane
- From ‡Cell Signaling/Mass Spectrometry, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Luis Rodrigo Hernandez-Miranda
- §Developmental Biology/Signal Transduction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Birchmeier
- §Developmental Biology/Signal Transduction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Selbach
- From ‡Cell Signaling/Mass Spectrometry, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany;
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Chen WK, Yeap YY, Bogoyevitch MA. The JNK1/JNK3 interactome – Contributions by the JNK3 unique N-terminus and JNK common docking site residues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 453:576-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.09.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Komulainen E, Zdrojewska J, Freemantle E, Mohammad H, Kulesskaya N, Deshpande P, Marchisella F, Mysore R, Hollos P, Michelsen KA, Mågard M, Rauvala H, James P, Coffey ET. JNK1 controls dendritic field size in L2/3 and L5 of the motor cortex, constrains soma size, and influences fine motor coordination. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:272. [PMID: 25309320 PMCID: PMC4162472 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic anomalies on the JNK pathway confer susceptibility to autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and intellectual disability. The mechanism whereby a gain or loss of function in JNK signaling predisposes to these prevalent dendrite disorders, with associated motor dysfunction, remains unclear. Here we find that JNK1 regulates the dendritic field of L2/3 and L5 pyramidal neurons of the mouse motor cortex (M1), the main excitatory pathway controlling voluntary movement. In Jnk1-/- mice, basal dendrite branching of L5 pyramidal neurons is increased in M1, as is cell soma size, whereas in L2/3, dendritic arborization is decreased. We show that JNK1 phosphorylates rat HMW-MAP2 on T1619, T1622, and T1625 (Uniprot P15146) corresponding to mouse T1617, T1620, T1623, to create a binding motif, that is critical for MAP2 interaction with and stabilization of microtubules, and dendrite growth control. Targeted expression in M1 of GFP-HMW-MAP2 that is pseudo-phosphorylated on T1619, T1622, and T1625 increases dendrite complexity in L2/3 indicating that JNK1 phosphorylation of HMW-MAP2 regulates the dendritic field. Consistent with the morphological changes observed in L2/3 and L5, Jnk1-/- mice exhibit deficits in limb placement and motor coordination, while stride length is reduced in older animals. In summary, JNK1 phosphorylates HMW-MAP2 to increase its stabilization of microtubules while at the same time controlling dendritic fields in the main excitatory pathway of M1. Moreover, JNK1 contributes to normal functioning of fine motor coordination. We report for the first time, a quantitative Sholl analysis of dendrite architecture, and of motor behavior in Jnk1-/- mice. Our results illustrate the molecular and behavioral consequences of interrupted JNK1 signaling and provide new ground for mechanistic understanding of those prevalent neuropyschiatric disorders where genetic disruption of the JNK pathway is central.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Komulainen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Justyna Zdrojewska
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Erika Freemantle
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Hasan Mohammad
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | | | - Prasannakumar Deshpande
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Francesca Marchisella
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Raghavendra Mysore
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Patrik Hollos
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | | | - Mats Mågard
- Institute for Immune Technology, Medicon Village, University of Lund Lund, Sweden
| | - Heikki Rauvala
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter James
- Institute for Immune Technology, Medicon Village, University of Lund Lund, Sweden
| | - Eleanor T Coffey
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku Turku, Finland
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Fragkouli A, Doxakis E. miR-7 and miR-153 protect neurons against MPP(+)-induced cell death via upregulation of mTOR pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:182. [PMID: 25071443 PMCID: PMC4080263 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential expression of microRNAs (miRs) in the brain of patients with neurodegenerative diseases suggests that they may have key regulatory roles in the development of these disorders. Two such miRs, miR-7, and miR-153 have recently been shown to target α-synuclein, a protein critically involved in the pathological process of Parkinson's disease. By using a well-established in culture Parkinson's disease model that of neurotoxin 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-Pyridinium (MPP+), we examined whether miR-7 and miR-153 display neuroprotective properties. Herein, we demonstrate that treatment of cortical neurons with MPP+ induced a dose-dependent cell death with apoptotic characteristics. This was reflected in altered intracellular signaling characterized by increased levels of activated kinases p38MAPK and ERK1/2 and reduced levels of activated AKT, p70S6K, and SAPK/JNK. Overexpression of miR-7 or miR-153 by adenoviral transduction protected cortical neurons from MPP+-induced toxicity, restored neuronal viability and anti-apoptotic BCL-2 protein levels while attenuated activation of caspase-3. Moreover, both miR-7 and miR-153 interfered with MPP+-induced alterations in intracellular signaling pathways in a partially overlapping manner; specifically, they preserved activation of mTOR and SAPK/JNK signaling pathways in the MPP+-treated neurons, while miR-153 also attenuated MPP+-induced activation of p38MAPK. No major effects were observed in the rest of signaling cascades or proteins investigated. Furthermore, the neuroprotective effect of miR-7 and miR-153 was alleviated when MPP+ was co-administered with rapamycin. Taken together, our results suggest that miR-7 and miR-153 protect neurons from cell death by interfering with the MPP+-induced downregulation of mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolia Fragkouli
- Lab of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Epaminondas Doxakis
- Lab of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens Athens, Greece
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Kuribayashi H, Baba Y, Watanabe S. BMP signaling participates in late phase differentiation of the retina, partly via upregulation of Hey2. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 74:1172-83. [PMID: 24890415 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) plays pivotal roles in early retinal development. However, its roles in the late phase of retinal development remain unclear. We found that BMP receptors and ligands were expressed in the postnatal mouse retina. Furthermore, immunostaining revealed that phosphorylated Smads were enriched in various cells types in the inner nuclear layer postnatally. However, phosphorylated Smads were not detected in photoreceptors, suggesting that BMP may play roles in retinal cells in the inner nuclear layer. Forced expression of constitutively active BMP receptors during retinal development resulted in an increased number of bipolar cells and Müller glia and a decreased number of rod photoreceptors; however, proliferation was not perturbed. The expression of dominant negative BMP receptors resulted in a decreased number of Müller glia and bipolar cells. In addition, inhibiting BMP signaling in retinal monolayer cultures abrogated Müller glial process extension, suggesting that BMP signaling also plays a role in the maturation of Müller glia. The expression of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Hey2 was induced by BMP signaling in retinas. The coexpression of sh-Hey2 with constitutively active BMP receptors suggested that the effects of BMP signaling on retinal differentiation could be attributed partly to the induction of Hey2 by BMP. We propose that BMP signaling plays pivotal roles in the differentiation of retinal progenitor cells into late differentiating retinal cell types and in the maturation of Müller glia; these effects were mediated, at least in part, by Hey2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kuribayashi
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Saglam A, Kim S, Ahn K, Oh I, Lee KH. BMP2 shows neurotrophic effects including neuroprotection against neurodegeneration. Neuroreport 2014; 25:549-55. [PMID: 24686133 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we found that BMP2 exerts neurotrophic effects, including a neuroprotective effect against nocodazole-induced neuritic degeneration, on neuronal cells. We also found that BMP2-induced neurotrophic effects are directly involved in Smad-dependent signaling as well as PI3K/PTEN-Akt-mTOR signaling. Moreover, BMP2-induced neurotrophic effects occur by stabilization of neuronal microtubules. Thus, these findings suggest that BMP2 can be a potential therapeutic target for nerve injury treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aybike Saglam
- aTissueGene Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA bDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon cDepartment of Orthopedics, The Uniformed Force Capital Hospital, Kyunggido, Republic of Korea
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Pietersen CY, Mauney SA, Kim SS, Lim MP, Rooney RJ, Goldstein JM, Petryshen TL, Seidman LJ, Shenton ME, McCarley RW, Sonntag KC, Woo TUW. Molecular profiles of pyramidal neurons in the superior temporal cortex in schizophrenia. J Neurogenet 2014; 28:53-69. [PMID: 24702465 PMCID: PMC4196521 DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2014.882918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Disrupted synchronized oscillatory firing of pyramidal neuronal networks in the cerebral cortex in the gamma frequency band (i.e., 30-100 Hz) mediates many of the cognitive deficits and symptoms of schizophrenia. In fact, the density of dendritic spines and the average somal area of pyramidal neurons in layer 3 of the cerebral cortex, which mediate both long-range (associational) and local (intrinsic) corticocortical connections, are decreased in subjects with this illness. To explore the molecular pathophysiology of pyramidal neuronal dysfunction, we extracted ribonucleic acid (RNA) from laser-captured pyramidal neurons from layer 3 of Brodmann's area 42 of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) from postmortem brains from schizophrenia and normal control subjects. We then profiled the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of these neurons, using microarray technology. We identified 1331 mRNAs that were differentially expressed in schizophrenia, including genes that belong to the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) signaling pathways. Disturbances of these signaling mechanisms may in part contribute to the altered expression of other genes found to be differentially expressed in this study, such as those that regulate extracellular matrix (ECM), apoptosis, and cytoskeletal and synaptic plasticity. In addition, we identified 10 microRNAs (miRNAs) that were differentially expressed in schizophrenia; enrichment analysis of their predicted gene targets revealed signaling pathways and gene networks that were found by microarray to be dysregulated, raising an interesting possibility that dysfunction of pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia may in part be mediated by a concerted dysregulation of gene network functions as a result of the altered expression of a relatively small number of miRNAs. Taken together, findings of this study provide a neurobiological framework within which specific hypotheses about the molecular mechanisms of pyramidal cell dysfunction in schizophrenia can be formulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine Y. Pietersen
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuropathology, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah A. Mauney
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuropathology, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susie S. Kim
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuropathology, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maribel P. Lim
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuropathology, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jill M. Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tracey L. Petryshen
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Larry J. Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Martha E. Shenton
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert W. McCarley
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Brockton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kai-C. Sonntag
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tsung-Ung W. Woo
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuropathology, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Ipulan LA, Suzuki K, Matsushita S, Suzuki H, Okazawa M, Jacinto S, Hirai SI, Yamada G. Development of the external genitalia and their sexual dimorphic regulation in mice. Sex Dev 2014; 8:297-310. [PMID: 24503953 DOI: 10.1159/000357932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the external genitalia is divided into 2 developmental stages: the formation and growth of a bipotential genital tubercle (GT) and the sexual differentiation of the male and female GT. The sexually dimorphic processes, which occur during the second part of GT differentiation, are suggested to be governed by androgen signaling and more recently crosstalk with other signaling factors. The process of elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of hormone signaling towards other signaling networks in the GT is still in its early stages. Nevertheless, it is becoming a productive area of research. This review summarizes various studies on the development of the murine GT and the defining characteristics of a masculinized GT and presents the different signaling pathways possibly involved during masculinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lerrie Ann Ipulan
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University (WMU), Wakayama, Japan
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The Impact of JNK on Neuronal Migration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 800:37-57. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7687-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Dendrite complexity of sympathetic neurons is controlled during postnatal development by BMP signaling. J Neurosci 2013; 33:15132-44. [PMID: 24048844 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4748-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrite development is controlled by the interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic signals affecting initiation, growth, and maintenance of complex dendrites. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) stimulate dendrite growth in cultures of sympathetic, cortical, and hippocampal neurons but it was unclear whether BMPs control dendrite morphology in vivo. Using a conditional knock-out strategy to eliminate Bmpr1a and Smad4 in immature noradrenergic sympathetic neurons we now show that dendrite length, complexity, and neuron cell body size are reduced in adult mice deficient of Bmpr1a. The combined deletion of Bmpr1a and Bmpr1b causes no further decrease in dendritic features. Sympathetic neurons devoid of Bmpr1a/1b display normal Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation, which suggests that Smad-independent signaling paths are involved in dendritic growth control downstream of BMPR1A/B. Indeed, in the Smad4 conditional knock-out dendrite and cell body size are not affected and dendrite complexity and number are increased. Together, these results demonstrate an in vivo function for BMPs in the generation of mature sympathetic neuron dendrites. BMPR1 signaling controls dendrite complexity postnatally during the major dendritic growth period of sympathetic neurons.
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Osório C, Chacón PJ, Kisiswa L, White M, Wyatt S, Rodríguez-Tébar A, Davies AM. Growth differentiation factor 5 is a key physiological regulator of dendrite growth during development. Development 2013; 140:4751-62. [PMID: 24173804 PMCID: PMC3833432 DOI: 10.1242/dev.101378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dendrite size and morphology are key determinants of the functional properties of neurons. Here, we show that growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5), a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) subclass of the transforming growth factor β superfamily with a well-characterised role in limb morphogenesis, is a key regulator of the growth and elaboration of pyramidal cell dendrites in the developing hippocampus. Pyramidal cells co-express GDF5 and its preferred receptors, BMP receptor 1B and BMP receptor 2, during development. In culture, GDF5 substantially increased dendrite, but not axon, elongation from these neurons by a mechanism that depends on activation of SMADs 1/5/8 and upregulation of the transcription factor HES5. In vivo, the apical and basal dendritic arbours of pyramidal cells throughout the hippocampus were markedly stunted in both homozygous and heterozygous Gdf5 null mutants, indicating that dendrite size and complexity are exquisitely sensitive to the level of endogenous GDF5 synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Osório
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
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38
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Slater PG, Ramirez VT, Gonzalez-Billault C, Varela-Nallar L, Inestrosa NC. Frizzled-5 receptor is involved in neuronal polarity and morphogenesis of hippocampal neurons. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78892. [PMID: 24205342 PMCID: PMC3800132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway plays important roles during different stages of neuronal development, including neuronal polarization and dendritic and axonal outgrowth. However, little is known about the identity of the Frizzled receptors mediating these processes. In the present study, we investigated the role of Frizzled-5 (Fzd5) on neuronal development in cultured Sprague-Dawley rat hippocampal neurons. We found that Fzd5 is expressed early in cultured neurons on actin-rich structures localized at minor neurites and axonal growth cones. At 4 DIV, Fzd5 polarizes towards the axon, where its expression is detected mainly at the peripheral zone of axonal growth cones, with no obvious staining at dendrites; suggesting a role of Fzd5 in neuronal polarization. Overexpression of Fzd5 during the acquisition of neuronal polarity induces mislocalization of the receptor and a loss of polarized axonal markers. Fzd5 knock-down leads to loss of axonal proteins, suggesting an impaired neuronal polarity. In contrast, overexpression of Fzd5 in neurons that are already polarized did not alter polarity, but decreased the total length of axons and increased total dendrite length and arborization. Fzd5 activated JNK in HEK293 cells and the effects triggered by Fzd5 overexpression in neurons were partially prevented by inhibition of JNK, suggesting that a non-canonical Wnt signaling mechanism might be involved. Our results suggest that, Fzd5 has a role in the establishment of neuronal polarity, and in the morphogenesis of neuronal processes, in part through the activation of the non-canonical Wnt mechanism involving JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula G. Slater
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valerie T. Ramirez
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Lorena Varela-Nallar
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C. Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * . E-mail:
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p21-Activated kinase (PAK) is required for Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP)-induced dendritogenesis in cortical neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 57:83-92. [PMID: 24141051 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are crucial for many aspects of the development and differentiation of the nervous system and are important in controlling cytoskeletal remodeling during neuronal morphogenesis. BMPs are TGFβ superfamily members that signal through a heteromeric complex of type I and type II BMP receptors. The BMPRII receptor is particularly important in mediating remodeling of the neuronal cytoskeleton through the activation of BMPRII-bound cytoskeletal regulators, such as LIM Kinase (LIMK). Here, we show that PAK1, a key regulator of diverse neuronal processes and an upstream activator of LIMK, binds to the BMP type I receptor, ALK2. Although, PAK1 is dispensable for activation of the Smad transcriptional mediators, abrogation of PAK1 expression or inhibition of PAK1 activity prevents BMP-induced neurite outgrowth in cultured neuroblastoma cell lines. Moreover, in primary murine embryonic cortical neurons, inhibition of PAK activity blocks BMP7-induced cofilin phosphorylation, prevents remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton and thereby blocks BMP7-induced dendrite formation. Thus, we propose a model in which BMP7 signaling leads to the recruitment of ALK2-bound PAK1 to BMPRII, which binds a downstream regulator of the actin cytoskeleton, LIMK1, and that the BMP receptor complex thereby acts as a scaffold to localize and coordinate actin cytoskeletal remodeling. We propose that this scaffold plays a key role in mediating BMP7-dependent dendritogenesis in primary cortical neurons.
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Wrana
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
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Rosso SB, Inestrosa NC. WNT signaling in neuronal maturation and synaptogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:103. [PMID: 23847469 PMCID: PMC3701138 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway plays a role in the development of the central nervous system and growing evidence indicates that Wnts also regulates the structure and function of the adult nervous system. Wnt components are key regulators of a variety of developmental processes, including embryonic patterning, cell specification, and cell polarity. In the nervous system, Wnt signaling also regulates the formation and function of neuronal circuits by controlling neuronal differentiation, axon outgrowth and guidance, dendrite development, synaptic function, and neuronal plasticity. Wnt factors can signal through three very well characterized cascades: canonical or β-catenin pathway, planar cell polarity pathway and calcium pathway that control different processes. However, divergent downstream cascades have been identified to control neuronal morphogenesis. In the nervous system, the expression of Wnt proteins is a highly controlled process. In addition, deregulation of Wnt signaling has been associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we will review different aspects of neuronal and dendrite maturation, including spinogenesis and synaptogenesis. Finally, the role of Wnt pathway components on Alzheimer’s disease will be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana B Rosso
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
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42
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Gámez B, Rodriguez-Carballo E, Ventura F. BMP signaling in telencephalic neural cell specification and maturation. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:87. [PMID: 23761735 PMCID: PMC3671186 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) make up a family of morphogens that are critical for patterning, development, and function of the central and peripheral nervous system. Their effects on neural cells are pleiotropic and highly dynamic depending on the stage of development and the local niche. Neural cells display a broad expression profile of BMP ligands, receptors, and transducer molecules. Moreover, interactions of BMP signaling with other incoming morphogens and signaling pathways are crucial for most of these processes. The key role of BMP signaling suggests that it includes many regulatory mechanisms that restrict BMP activity both temporally and spatially. BMPs affect neural cell fate specification in a dynamic fashion. Initially they inhibit proliferation of neural precursors and promote the first steps in neuronal differentiation. Later on, BMP signaling effects switch from neuronal induction to promotion of astroglial identity and inhibition of neuronal or oligodendroglial lineage commitment. Furthermore, in postmitotic cells, BMPs regulate cell survival and death, to modulate neuronal subtype specification, promote dendritic and axonal growth and induce synapse formation and stabilization. In this review, we examine the canonical and non-canonical mechanisms of BMP signal transduction. Moreover, we focus on the specific role of BMPs in the nervous system including their ability to regulate neural stem cell proliferation, self-renewal, lineage specification, and neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Gámez
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Spain
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43
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Kawashita E, Kanno Y, Asayama H, Okada K, Ueshima S, Matsuo O, Matsuno H. Involvement of α2-antiplasmin in dendritic growth of hippocampal neurons. J Neurochem 2013; 126:58-69. [PMID: 23646899 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The α2-Antiplasmin (α2AP) protein is known as a principal physiological inhibitor of plasmin, but we previously demonstrated that it acts as a regulatory factor for cellular functions independent of plasmin. α2AP is highly expressed in the hippocampus, suggesting a potential role for α2AP in hippocampal neuronal functions. However, the role for α2AP was unclear. This study is the first to investigate the involvement of α2AP in the dendritic growth of hippocampal neurons. The expression of microtubule-associated protein 2, which contributes to neurite initiation and neuronal growth, was lower in the neurons from α2AP⁻/⁻ mice than in the neurons from α2AP⁺/⁺ mice. Exogenous treatment with α2AP enhanced the microtubule-associated protein 2 expression, dendritic growth and filopodia formation in the neurons. This study also elucidated the mechanism underlying the α2AP-induced dendritic growth. Aprotinin, another plasmin inhibitor, had little effect on the dendritic growth of neurons, and α2AP induced its expression in the neurons from plaminogen⁻/⁻ mice. The activation of p38 MAPK was involved in the α2AP-induced dendritic growth. Therefore, our findings suggest that α2AP induces dendritic growth in hippocampal neurons through p38 MAPK activation, independent of plasmin, providing new insights into the role of α2AP in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Kawashita
- Department of Clinical Pathological Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan.
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44
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Nahm M, Lee MJ, Parkinson W, Lee M, Kim H, Kim YJ, Kim S, Cho YS, Min BM, Bae YC, Broadie K, Lee S. Spartin regulates synaptic growth and neuronal survival by inhibiting BMP-mediated microtubule stabilization. Neuron 2013; 77:680-95. [PMID: 23439121 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Troyer syndrome is a hereditary spastic paraplegia caused by human spartin (SPG20) gene mutations. We have generated a Drosophila disease model showing that Spartin functions presynaptically with endocytic adaptor Eps15 to regulate synaptic growth and function. Spartin inhibits bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling by promoting endocytic degradation of BMP receptor wishful thinking (Wit). Drosophila fragile X mental retardation protein (dFMRP) and Futsch/MAP1B are downstream effectors of Spartin and BMP signaling in regulating microtubule stability and synaptic growth. Loss of Spartin or elevation of BMP signaling induces age-dependent progressive defects resembling hereditary spastic paraplegias, including motor dysfunction and brain neurodegeneration. Null spartin phenotypes are prevented by administration of the microtubule-destabilizing drug vinblastine. Together, these results demonstrate that Spartin regulates both synaptic development and neuronal survival by controlling microtubule stability via the BMP-dFMRP-Futsch pathway, suggesting that impaired regulation of microtubule stability is a core pathogenic component in Troyer syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyeop Nahm
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
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45
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Bond AM, Bhalala OG, Kessler JA. The dynamic role of bone morphogenetic proteins in neural stem cell fate and maturation. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:1068-84. [PMID: 22489086 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of powerful morphogens that are critical for development of the nervous system. The effects of BMP signaling on neural stem cells are myriad and dynamic, changing with each stage of development. During early development inhibition of BMP signaling differentiates neuroectoderm from ectoderm, and BMP signaling helps to specify neural crest. Thus modulation of BMP signaling underlies formation of both the central and peripheral nervous systems. BMPs secreted from dorsal structures then form a gradient which helps pattern the dorsal-ventral axis of the developing spinal cord and brain. During forebrain development BMPs sequentially induce neurogenesis and then astrogliogenesis and participate in neurite outgrowth from immature neurons. BMP signaling also plays a critical role in maintaining adult neural stem cell niches in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone (SGZ). BMPs are able to exert such diverse effects through closely regulated temporospatial expression and interaction with other signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Bond
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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46
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Weiss A, Attisano L. The TGFbeta superfamily signaling pathway. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 2:47-63. [PMID: 23799630 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor (TGF)beta superfamily of secreted factors is comprised of over 30 members including Activins, Nodals, Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs), and Growth and Differentiation Factors (GDFs). Members of the family, which are found in both vertebrates and invertebrates, are ubiquitously expressed in diverse tissues and function during the earliest stages of development and throughout the lifetime of animals. Indeed, key roles in embryonic stem cell self-renewal, gastrulation, differentiation, organ morphogenesis, and adult tissue homeostasis have been delineated. Consistent with this ubiquitous activity, aberrant TGFbeta superfamily signaling is associated with a wide range of human pathologies including autoimmune, cardiovascular and fibrotic diseases, as well as cancer. TGFbeta superfamily ligands signal through cell-surface serine/threonine kinase receptors to the intracellular Smad proteins, which in turn accumulate in the nucleus to regulate gene expression. In addition to this universal cascade, Smad-independent pathways are also employed in a cell-specific manner to transduce TGFbeta signals. Ligand access to the signaling receptors is regulated by numerous secreted agonists and antagonists and by membrane-associated coreceptors that act in a context-dependent manner. Given the fundamental role of the TGFbeta superfamily in metazoans and the diversity of biological responses, it is not surprising that the signaling pathway is subject to tight and complex regulation at levels both outside and inside the cell. WIREs Dev Biol 2013, 2:47-63. doi: 10.1002/wdev.86 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Weiss
- Centre for Systems Biology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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47
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Twumasi‐Boateng K, Wang TW, Tsai L, Lee K, Salehpour A, Bhat S, Tan M, Shapira M. An age-dependent reversal in the protective capacities of JNK signaling shortens Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan. Aging Cell 2012; 11:659-67. [PMID: 22554143 PMCID: PMC3440580 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2012.00829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) pathways are evolutionarily conserved signaling modules that orchestrate protective responses to adverse environmental conditions. However, under certain conditions, their activation can be deleterious. Thus, activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) SAPK pathway exacerbates a diverse set of pathologies, many of which are typical of old age. The contexts determining whether the outcome of JNK signaling is protective or detrimental are not fully understood. Here, we show that the age of an animal defines such a context. The Caenorhabditis elegans JNK homolog, KGB-1, provides protection from heavy metals and protein folding stress in developing animals. However, we found that with the onset of adulthood, KGB-1 activity becomes detrimental, reducing stress resistance and lifespan. Genetic analyses coupled with fluorescent imaging linked this phenotypic switch to age-dependent antagonistic modulation of DAF-16/FOXO: KGB-1 activation enhanced DAF-16 nuclear localization and transcriptional activity during development but decreased it in adults. Epistasis analyses showed that DAF-16 was necessary and sufficient to explain some of the kgb-1-dependent detrimental phenotypes, but not all. The identification of early adulthood as a point following which the contribution of KGB-1 activity reverses from beneficial to detrimental sheds new light on the involvement of JNK signaling in age-related pathologies. Furthermore, the age-dependent reversal has intriguing implications for our understanding of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwame Twumasi‐Boateng
- Graduate Group in Microbiology, University of California at Berkeley, CA 94720‐3102, USA
| | - Tim W. Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, CA 94720‐3102, USA
| | - Linda Tsai
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, CA 94720‐3102, USA
| | - Kuang‐Hui Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, CA 94720‐3102, USA
| | - Ali Salehpour
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, CA 94720‐3102, USA
| | - Sudarshan Bhat
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, CA 94720‐3102, USA
| | - Man‐Wah Tan
- Departments of Genetics and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Shapira
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, CA 94720‐3102, USA
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Benavente F, Pinto C, Parada M, Henríquez JP, Osses N. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 inhibits neurite outgrowth of motor neuron-like NSC-34 cells and up-regulates its type II receptor. J Neurochem 2012; 122:594-604. [PMID: 22612292 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) regulate several aspects of neuronal behavior. For instance, BMP-2 has the ability to modulate, either positively or negatively, the outgrowth of neuronal processes in diverse cell types. In Drosophila motor neurons, the BMP type II receptor (BMPRII) homolog wishful thinking plays crucial roles on neuromuscular synaptogenesis signaling through Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways. However, a role for BMP signaling at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction has not been addressed. Herein, we have analyzed the expression of BMPRII and the effect of BMP-2 during the morphological differentiation of motor neuron-like NSC-34 cells. Our data indicate that BMPRII is up-regulated and becomes accumulated in somas and growth cones upon motor neuronal differentiation. BMP-2 inhibits the differentiation of NSC-34 cells, an effect that correlates with activation of a Smad-dependent pathway, induction of the inhibitory Id1 transcription factor, and down-regulation of the neurogenic factor Mash1. BMP-2 also activates effectors of Smad-independent pathways. Remarkably, BMP-2 treatment significantly increases the expression of BMPRII. Our findings provide the first evidence to suggest a role for BMP pathways on the differentiation of motor neurons leading to successful assembly and/or regeneration of the vertebrate neuromuscular synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Benavente
- Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
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Cadherin-6B stimulates an epithelial mesenchymal transition and the delamination of cells from the neural ectoderm via LIMK/cofilin mediated non-canonical BMP receptor signaling. Dev Biol 2012; 366:232-43. [PMID: 22537493 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We previously provided evidence that cadherin-6B induces de-epithelialization of the neural crest prior to delamination and is required for the overall epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Furthermore, de-epithelialization induced by cadherin-6B was found to be mediated by BMP receptor signaling independent of BMP. We now find that de-epithelialization is mediated by non-canonical BMP signaling through the BMP type II receptor (BMPRII) and not by canonical Smad dependent signaling through BMP Type I receptor. The LIM kinase/cofilin pathway mediates non-canonical BMPRII induced de-epithelialization, in response to either cadherin-6B or BMP. LIMK1 induces de-epithelialization in the neural tube and dominant negative LIMK1 decreases de-epithelialization induced by either cadherin-6B or BMP. Cofilin is the major known LIMK1 target and a S3A phosphorylation deficient mutated cofilin inhibits de-epithelialization induced by cadherin-6B as well as LIMK1. Importantly, LIMK1 as well as cadherin-6B can trigger ectopic delamination when co-expressed with the competence factor SOX9, showing that this cadherin-6B stimulated signaling pathway can mediate the full EMT in the appropriate context. These findings suggest that the de-epithelialization step of the neural crest EMT by cadherin-6B/BMPRII involves regulation of actin dynamics via LIMK/cofilin.
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Xu K, Wu X, Shapiro E, Huang H, Zhang L, Hickling D, Deng Y, Lee P, Li J, Lepor H, Grishina I. Bmp7 functions via a polarity mechanism to promote cloacal septation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29372. [PMID: 22253716 PMCID: PMC3258230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During normal development in human and other placental mammals, the embryonic cloacal cavity separates along the axial longitudinal plane to give rise to the urethral system, ventrally, and the rectum, dorsally. Defects in cloacal development are very common and present clinically as a rectourethral fistula in about 1 in 5,000 live human births. Yet, the cellular mechanisms of cloacal septation remain poorly understood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We previously detected Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (Bmp7) expression in the urorectal mesenchyme (URM), and have shown that loss of Bmp7 function results in the arrest of cloacal septation. Here, we present evidence that cloacal partitioning is driven by Bmp7 signaling in the cloacal endoderm. We performed TUNEL and immunofluorescent analysis on cloacal sections from Bmp7 null and control littermate embryos. We found that loss of Bmp7 results in a dramatic decrease in the endoderm survival and a delay in differentiation. We used immunological methods to show that Bmp7 functions by activating the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. We carried out confocal and 3D imaging analysis of mitotic chromosome bundles to show that during normal septation cells in the cloacal endoderm divide predominantly in the apical-basal direction. Loss of Bmp7/JNK signaling results in randomization of mitotic angles in the cloacal endoderm. We also conducted immunohistochemical analysis of human fetal sections to show that BMP/phospho-SMAD and JNK pathways function in the human cloacal region similar as in the mouse. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our results strongly indicate that Bmp7/JNK signaling regulates remodeling of the cloacal endoderm resulting in a topological separation of the urinary and digestive systems. Our study points to the importance of Bmp and JNK signaling in cloacal development and rectourethral malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xu
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Toxicology, Jilin University, Changchun City, China
| | - Xinyu Wu
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ellen Shapiro
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Honging Huang
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Duane Hickling
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yan Deng
- Microscopy Core, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Peng Lee
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Toxicology, Jilin University, Changchun City, China
| | - Herbert Lepor
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Irina Grishina
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
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