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Cui A, Xue Y, Su W, Lin J, Liu Y, Cai G, Wan Q, Jiang Y, Ding D, Zheng Z, Wei S, Li W, Shen J, Wen J, Huang M, Zhao J, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Li H, Ying H, Zhang H, Bi Y, Chen Y, Xu A, Xu Y, Li Y. Glucose regulation of adipose tissue browning by CBP/p300- and HDAC3-mediated reversible acetylation of CREBZF. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318935121. [PMID: 38588421 PMCID: PMC11032498 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318935121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucose is required for generating heat during cold-induced nonshivering thermogenesis in adipose tissue, but the regulatory mechanism is largely unknown. CREBZF has emerged as a critical mechanism for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We investigated the roles of CREBZF in the control of thermogenesis and energy metabolism. Glucose induces CREBZF in human white adipose tissue (WAT) and inguinal WAT (iWAT) in mice. Lys208 acetylation modulated by transacetylase CREB-binding protein/p300 and deacetylase HDAC3 is required for glucose-induced reduction of proteasomal degradation and augmentation of protein stability of CREBZF. Glucose induces rectal temperature and thermogenesis in white adipose of control mice, which is further potentiated in adipose-specific CREBZF knockout (CREBZF FKO) mice. During cold exposure, CREBZF FKO mice display enhanced thermogenic gene expression, browning of iWAT, and adaptive thermogenesis. CREBZF associates with PGC-1α to repress thermogenic gene expression. Expression levels of CREBZF are negatively correlated with UCP1 in human adipose tissues and increased in WAT of obese ob/ob mice, which may underscore the potential role of CREBZF in the development of compromised thermogenic capability under hyperglycemic conditions. Our results reveal an important mechanism of glucose sensing and thermogenic inactivation through reversible acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoyuan Cui
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Yaqian Xue
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Weitong Su
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Yuxiao Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Genxiang Cai
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Qin Wan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan646000, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin300457, China
| | - Dong Ding
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Zengpeng Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Shuang Wei
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Jiaxin Shen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Jian Wen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan646000, China
| | - Mengyao Huang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Jiuxiang Zhao
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nutrition, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai200233, China
| | - Yuwu Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai200233, China
| | - Hong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Hao Ying
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Haibing Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Yan Bi
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrine and Metabolic Disease Medical Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing210008, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Nanjing210008, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan646000, China
| | - Yu Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
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2
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Salazar-García S, Ibáñez-Salazar A, Lares-Villaseñor E, Gaytan Pacheco N, Uresti-Rivera E, Portales-Pérez DP, De la Cruz-Mosso U, Vargas-Morales JM. Analysis of SIRT1 genetic variants in young Mexican individuals: relationships with overweight and obesity. Front Genet 2024; 15:1278201. [PMID: 38645486 PMCID: PMC11027998 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1278201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The high prevalence of obesity in Mexico starting from the early stages of life is concerning and represents a major public health problem. Genetic association studies have reported that single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in SIRT1, an NAD+-dependent deacetylase that plays an important role in the regulation of metabolic cellular functions, are associated with multiple metabolic disorders and the risk of obesity. In the present study, we analyzed the effect that the SNVs rs1467568 and rs7895833 of the SIRT1 gene may have on cardiometabolic risk factors in a young adult population from Mexico. A cross-sectional study was carried out with young adults between the ages of 18 and 25 who had a body mass index (BMI) greater than 18.5 kg/m2. This study included 1122 young adults who were classified into the normal weight (n = 731), overweight group (n = 277), and obesity group (n = 114) according to BMI of whom 405 and 404 volunteers were genotyped for rs1467568 and rs7895833 respectively using TaqMan probes through allelic discrimination assays. We found that the male sex carrying the G allele of rs7895833 had slightly lower BMI levels (p = 0.009). Furthermore, subjects carrying rs1467568 (G allele) showed a 34% lower probability of presenting with hyperbetalipoproteinemia where female carrying rs1467568 had lower levels of total cholesterol (p = 0.030), triglycerides (p = 0.026) and LDL cholesterol (p = 0.013). In conclusion, these findings suggest that the presence of both SNVs could have a non-risk effect against dyslipidemia in the Mexican population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Salazar-García
- Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - A. Ibáñez-Salazar
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas ¨Francisco García Salinas, Zacatecas, México
| | - E. Lares-Villaseñor
- Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Noemi Gaytan Pacheco
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas ¨Francisco García Salinas, Zacatecas, México
| | - E. Uresti-Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - D. P. Portales-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - U. De la Cruz-Mosso
- Red de Inmunonutrición y Genómica Nutricional en las Enfermedades Autoinmunes, Instituto de Neurociencias Traslacionales, Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - J. M. Vargas-Morales
- Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
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Hirako S, Kim H, Iizuka Y, Matsumoto A. Fish oil consumption prevents hepatic lipid accumulation induced by high-cholesterol feeding in obese KK mice. Biomed Res 2024; 45:33-43. [PMID: 38325844 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.45.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Fish oil (FO) is rich in the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. It has been demonstrated that FO intake possesses lipid-lowering properties. Conversely, a high-cholesterol (CH) diet promotes lipid accumulation in the liver and induces fatty liver. This study investigated the effects of FO feeding on hepatic lipid accumulation induced by high-cholesterol feeding in KK mice. All experimental diets had a fat energy ratio of 25%, the SO group had all fat sources as safflower oil (SO), the 12.5 FO group had half of the SO replaced with FO, and the 25 FO group had all of the SO replaced with FO, each with or without 2 weight % (wt%) cholesterol (SO/CH, 12.5 FO/CH, and 25 FO/CH groups, respectively), for 8 weeks. The hepatic triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were significantly lower in the 25 FO/CH group than in the SO/CH group. The hepatic mRNAs of fatty acid synthesis-related genes were downregulated by the FO feeding groups. In view of importance to establish the benefit of FO for preventing severe NAFLD, our results suggest that FO intake prevents excessive hepatic fat accumulation induced by a high-cholesterol diet in obese KK mice through the inhibition of fatty acid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hirako
- Department of Health and Nutrition, University of Human Arts and Sciences, 1288 Magome, Iwatsuki-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 339-8539, Japan
| | - HyounJu Kim
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Faculty of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Iizuka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Akiyo Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Dietetics & Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
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Fuentes-Romero R, Velázquez-Villegas LA, Vasquez-Reyes S, Pérez-Jiménez B, Domínguez Velázquez ZN, Sánchez-Tapia M, Vargas-Castillo A, Tobón-Cornejo S, López-Barradas AM, Mendoza V, Torres N, López-Casillas F, Tovar AR. Genistein-mediated thermogenesis and white-to-beige adipocyte differentiation involve transcriptional activation of cAMP response elements in the Ucp1 promoter. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23079. [PMID: 37410022 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300139rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Genistein is an isoflavone present in soybeans and is considered a bioactive compound due to its widely reported biological activity. We have previously shown that intraperitoneal genistein administration and diet supplementation activates the thermogenic program in rats and mice subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT) under multiple environmental cues, including cold exposure and high-fat diet feeding. However, the mechanistic insights of this process were not previously unveiled. Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), a mitochondrial membrane polypeptide responsible for dissipating energy into heat, is considered the most relevant thermogenic marker; thus, we aimed to evaluate whether genistein regulates UCP1 transcription. Here we show that genistein administration to thermoneutral-housed mice leads to the appearance of beige adipocyte markers, including a sharp upregulation of UCP1 expression and protein abundance in scWAT. Reporter assays showed an increase in UCP1 promoter activity after genistein stimulation, and in silico analysis revealed the presence of estrogen (ERE) and cAMP (CRE) response elements as putative candidates of genistein activation. Mutation of the CRE but not the ERE reduced genistein-induced promoter activity by 51%. Additionally, in vitro and in vivo ChIP assays demonstrated the binding of CREB to the UCP1 promoter after acute genistein administration. Taken together, these data elucidate the mechanism of genistein-mediated UCP1 induction and confirm its potential applications in managing metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Fuentes-Romero
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Laura A Velázquez-Villegas
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - Sarai Vasquez-Reyes
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - Berenice Pérez-Jiménez
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - Zuleima N Domínguez Velázquez
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - Mónica Sánchez-Tapia
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - Ariana Vargas-Castillo
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Tobón-Cornejo
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - Adriana M López-Barradas
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - Valentín Mendoza
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Cellular Physiology, UNAM, México City, Mexico
| | - Nimbe Torres
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - Fernando López-Casillas
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Cellular Physiology, UNAM, México City, Mexico
| | - Armando R Tovar
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
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Machado SA, Pasquarelli-do-Nascimento G, da Silva DS, Farias GR, de Oliveira Santos I, Baptista LB, Magalhães KG. Browning of the white adipose tissue regulation: new insights into nutritional and metabolic relevance in health and diseases. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2022; 19:61. [PMID: 36068578 PMCID: PMC9446768 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-022-00694-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissues are dynamic tissues that play crucial physiological roles in maintaining health and homeostasis. Although white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue are currently considered key endocrine organs, they differ functionally and morphologically. The existence of the beige or brite adipocytes, cells displaying intermediary characteristics between white and brown adipocytes, illustrates the plastic nature of the adipose tissue. These cells are generated through white adipose tissue browning, a process associated with augmented non-shivering thermogenesis and metabolic capacity. This process involves the upregulation of the uncoupling protein 1, a molecule that uncouples the respiratory chain from Adenosine triphosphate synthesis, producing heat. β-3 adrenergic receptor system is one important mediator of white adipose tissue browning, during cold exposure. Surprisingly, hyperthermia may also induce beige activation and white adipose tissue beiging. Physical exercising copes with increased levels of specific molecules, including Beta-Aminoisobutyric acid, irisin, and Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), which induce adipose tissue browning. FGF21 is a stress-responsive hormone that interacts with beta-klotho. The central roles played by hormones in the browning process highlight the relevance of the individual lifestyle, including circadian rhythm and diet. Circadian rhythm involves the sleep-wake cycle and is regulated by melatonin, a hormone associated with UCP1 level upregulation. In contrast to the pro-inflammatory and adipose tissue disrupting effects of the western diet, specific food items, including capsaicin and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and dietary interventions such as calorie restriction and intermittent fasting, favor white adipose tissue browning and metabolic efficiency. The intestinal microbiome has also been pictured as a key factor in regulating white tissue browning, as it modulates bile acid levels, important molecules for the thermogenic program activation. During embryogenesis, in which adipose tissue formation is affected by Bone morphogenetic proteins that regulate gene expression, the stimuli herein discussed influence an orchestra of gene expression regulators, including a plethora of transcription factors, and chromatin remodeling enzymes, and non-coding RNAs. Considering the detrimental effects of adipose tissue browning and the disparities between adipose tissue characteristics in mice and humans, further efforts will benefit a better understanding of adipose tissue plasticity biology and its applicability to managing the overwhelming burden of several chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Azevedo Machado
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Debora Santos da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Ribeiro Farias
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Igor de Oliveira Santos
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Luana Borges Baptista
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Kelly Grace Magalhães
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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6
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FGF2 disruption enhances thermogenesis in brown and beige fat to protect against adiposity and hepatic steatosis. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101358. [PMID: 34710640 PMCID: PMC8605413 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) has been reported to play divergent roles in white adipogenic differentiation, however, whether it regulates thermogenesis of fat tissues remains largely unknown. We therefore aimed to investigate the effect of FGF2 on fat thermogenesis and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Methods FGF2-KO and wild-type (WT) mice were fed with chow diet and high-fat diet (HFD) for 14 weeks. The brown and white fat mass, thermogenic capability, respiratory exchange ratio, and hepatic fat deposition were determined. In vitro experiments were conducted to compare the thermogenic ability of FGF2-KO- with WT-derived brown and white adipocytes. Exogenous FGF2 was supplemented to in vitro-cultured WT brown and ISO-induced beige adipocytes. The FGFR inhibitor, PPARγ agonist, and PGC-1α expression lentivirus were used with the aid of technologies including Co-IP, ChIP, and luciferase reporter assay to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the FGF2 regulation of thermogenesis. Results FGF2 gene disruption results in increased thermogenic capability in both brown and beige fat, supporting by increased UCP1 expression, enhanced respiratory exchange ratio, and elevated thermogenic potential in response to cold exposure. Thus, the deletion of FGF2 protects mice from high fat-induced adiposity and hepatic steatosis. Mechanistically, in vitro investigations indicated FGF2 acts in autocrine/paracrine fashions. Exogenous FGF2 supplementation inhibits both PGC-1α and PPARγ expression, leading to suppression of UCP1 expression in brown and beige adipocytes. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that FGF2 is a novel thermogenic regulator, suggesting a viable potential strategy for using FGF2-selective inhibitors in combat adiposity and associated hepatic steatosis. FGF2-KO mice show potentiated stimulation on thermogenic capability under both basal and cold challenge stimulation. FGF2 disruption protected mice against HFD-induced adiposity and hepatic steatosis. FGF2 acts in autocrine/paracrine fashions in vitro. Both PPARγ and PGC-1α play roles in FGF2 suppression of thermogenesis.
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7
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Brandão BB, Poojari A, Rabiee A. Thermogenic Fat: Development, Physiological Function, and Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5906. [PMID: 34072788 PMCID: PMC8198523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The concerning worldwide increase of obesity and chronic metabolic diseases, such as T2D, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease, motivates further investigations into preventive and alternative therapeutic approaches. Over the past decade, there has been growing evidence that the formation and activation of thermogenic adipocytes (brown and beige) may serve as therapy to treat obesity and its associated diseases owing to its capacity to increase energy expenditure and to modulate circulating lipids and glucose levels. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanism of brown and beige adipocytes formation and activation will facilitate the development of strategies to combat metabolic disorders. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of pathways and players involved in the development of brown and beige fat, as well as the role of thermogenic adipocytes in energy homeostasis and metabolism. Furthermore, we discuss the alterations in brown and beige adipose tissue function during obesity and explore the therapeutic potential of thermogenic activation to treat metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna B. Brandão
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Ankita Poojari
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA;
| | - Atefeh Rabiee
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA;
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Volke L, Krause K. Effect of Thyroid Hormones on Adipose Tissue Flexibility. Eur Thyroid J 2021; 10:1-9. [PMID: 33777816 PMCID: PMC7983599 DOI: 10.1159/000508483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment and activation of energy-consuming brown adipocytes is currently considered as potential therapeutic approach to combat obesity. Thyroid hormones (TH) significantly contribute to full thermogenic capacity of brown adipocytes. A number of recent studies suggest that TH also induce the recruitment of brown adipocytes in white adipose depots, a process known as browning. In this review, we will summarize underlying mechanisms by which TH mediate brown adipose tissue activity and white adipose tissue browning. Furthermore, we will discuss the relevance of TH-induced white adipose tissue browning for thermoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Volke
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Krause
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- *Kerstin Krause, Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 21, DE–04103 Leipzig (Germany),
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9
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Liu G, Chen H, Liu H, Zhang W, Zhou J. Emerging roles of SIRT6 in human diseases and its modulators. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:1089-1137. [PMID: 33325563 PMCID: PMC7906922 DOI: 10.1002/med.21753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The biological functions of sirtuin 6 (SIRT6; e.g., deacetylation, defatty-acylation, and mono-ADP-ribosylation) play a pivotal role in regulating lifespan and several fundamental processes controlling aging such as DNA repair, gene expression, and telomeric maintenance. Over the past decades, the aberration of SIRT6 has been extensively observed in diverse life-threatening human diseases. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the critical roles of SIRT6 in the onset and progression of human diseases including cancer, inflammation, diabetes, steatohepatitis, arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, viral infections, renal and corneal injuries, as well as the elucidation of the related signaling pathways. Moreover, we discuss the advances in the development of small molecule SIRT6 modulators including activators and inhibitors as well as their pharmacological profiles toward potential therapeutics for SIRT6-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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10
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Maurer S, Harms M, Boucher J. The colorful versatility of adipocytes: white-to-brown transdifferentiation and its therapeutic potential in humans. FEBS J 2020; 288:3628-3646. [PMID: 32621398 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brown and brite adipocytes contribute to energy expenditure through nonshivering thermogenesis. Though these cell types are thought to arise primarily from the de novo differentiation of precursor cells, their abundance is also controlled through the transdifferentiation of mature white adipocytes. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the regulation of white-to-brown transdifferentiation, as well as the conversion of brown and brite adipocytes to dormant, white-like fat cells. Converting mature white adipocytes into brite cells or reactivating dormant brown and brite adipocytes has emerged as a strategy to ameliorate human metabolic disorders. We analyze the evidence of learning from mice and how they translate to humans to ultimately scrutinize the relevance of this concept. Moreover, we estimate that converting a small percentage of existing white fat mass in obese subjects into active brite adipocytes could be sufficient to achieve meaningful benefits in metabolism. In conclusion, novel browning agents have to be identified before adipocyte transdifferentiation can be realized as a safe and efficacious therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Maurer
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthew Harms
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jeremie Boucher
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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Sugawara S, Kanamaru Y, Sekine S, Maekawa L, Takahashi A, Yamamoto T, Watanabe K, Fujisawa T, Hattori K, Ichijo H. The mitochondrial protein PGAM5 suppresses energy consumption in brown adipocytes by repressing expression of uncoupling protein 1. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5588-5601. [PMID: 32144202 PMCID: PMC7186182 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a potential therapeutic target for managing obesity and related diseases. PGAM family member 5, mitochondrial serine/threonine protein phosphatase (PGAM5), is a protein phosphatase that resides in the mitochondria and regulates many biological processes, including cell death, mitophagy, and immune responses. Because BAT is a mitochondria-rich tissue, we have hypothesized that PGAM5 has a physiological function in BAT. We previously reported that PGAM5-knockout (KO) mice are resistant to severe metabolic stress. Importantly, lipid accumulation is suppressed in PGAM5-KO BAT, even under unstressed conditions, raising the possibility that PGAM5 deficiency stimulates lipid consumption. However, the mechanism underlying this observation is undetermined. Here, using an array of biochemical approaches, including quantitative RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and oxygen consumption assays, we show that PGAM5 negatively regulates energy expenditure in brown adipocytes. We found that PGAM5-KO brown adipocytes have an enhanced oxygen consumption rate and increased expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), a protein that increases energy consumption in the mitochondria. Mechanistically, we found that PGAM5 phosphatase activity and intramembrane cleavage are required for suppression of UCP1 activity. Furthermore, utilizing a genome-wide siRNA screen in HeLa cells to search for regulators of PGAM5 cleavage, we identified a set of candidate genes, including phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (PISD), which catalyzes the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine at the mitochondrial membrane. Taken together, these results indicate that PGAM5 suppresses mitochondrial energy expenditure by down-regulating UCP1 expression in brown adipocytes and that its phosphatase activity and intramembrane cleavage are required for UCP1 suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Sugawara
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kanamaru
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shiori Sekine
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Lila Maekawa
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akinori Takahashi
- Cell Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- Cell Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan; Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kengo Watanabe
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takao Fujisawa
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hattori
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Hidenori Ichijo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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12
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Kim HJ, Kim DY, Cheon HG. Clomiphene promotes browning of white adipocytes via casein kinase-2 inhibition. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 861:172596. [PMID: 31401157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Browning of white adipocytes is considered as a new strategy for the treatment of obesity and its related metabolic diseases. Based on the recent finding that casein kinase-2 (CK2) acts as a negative regulator of browning, new CK2 inhibitors were investigated as potential browning agents. This led to the identification of clomiphene as a candidate. Clomiphene was found to inhibit CK2 activity with an IC50 of 2.39 μM. Accordingly, clomiphene increased mRNA and protein expression of browning markers, including uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) in 3T3-L1 white adipocytes and in murine primary adipocytes. In agreement with the increased expression of browning markers, reduced lipid droplets, increased oxygen consumption rates, and mitochondrial biogenesis were detected after clomiphene treatment. Furthermore, phosphorylation of histone deacetylase (HDAC) 1 and 2, downstream mediators of CK2 actions, was decreased by clomiphene. On the other hand, CK2 overexpression diminished clomiphene-induced mitochondrial biogenesis as well as expression of browning markers, suggesting that clomiphene-induced browning is related to its inhibition of CK2. In vivo administration of clomiphene increased the mRNA expression of browning markers in various adipose tissues, accompanied by reduced fat weights and body weights in mice. In summary, these data suggested that clomiphene induced the browning of white adipocytes via CK2 inhibition, which may implicate it as a new anti-obesity drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jin Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyae Gyeong Cheon
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Jash S, Banerjee S, Lee MJ, Farmer SR, Puri V. CIDEA Transcriptionally Regulates UCP1 for Britening and Thermogenesis in Human Fat Cells. iScience 2019; 20:73-89. [PMID: 31563853 PMCID: PMC6817690 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study identifies a transcriptional role of cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor-like effector A (CIDEA), a lipid-droplet-associated protein, whereby it regulates human adipocyte britening/beiging with consequences for the regulation of energy expenditure. The comprehensive transcriptome analysis revealed CIDEA's control over thermogenic function in brite/beige human adipocytes. In the absence of CIDEA, achieved by the modified dual-RNA-based CRISPR-Cas9nD10A system, adipocytes lost their britening capability, which was recovered upon CIDEA re-expression. Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), the most upregulated gene in brite human adipocytes, was suppressed in CIDEA knockout (KO) primary human adipocytes. Mechanistically, during induced britening, CIDEA shuttled from lipid droplets to the nucleus via an unusual nuclear bipartite signal in a concentration-dependent manner. In the nucleus, it specifically inhibited LXRα repression of UCP1 enhancer activity and strengthened PPARγ binding to UCP1 enhancer, hence driving UCP1 transcription. Overall, our study defines the role of CIDEA in increasing thermogenesis in human adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanta Jash
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Sayani Banerjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Mi-Jeong Lee
- Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen R Farmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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14
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Chang AR, Ferrer CM, Mostoslavsky R. SIRT6, a Mammalian Deacylase with Multitasking Abilities. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:145-169. [PMID: 31437090 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian sirtuins have emerged in recent years as critical modulators of multiple biological processes, regulating cellular metabolism, DNA repair, gene expression, and mitochondrial biology. As such, they evolved to play key roles in organismal homeostasis, and defects in these proteins have been linked to a plethora of diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration, and aging. In this review, we describe the multiple roles of SIRT6, a chromatin deacylase with unique and important functions in maintaining cellular homeostasis. We attempt to provide a framework for such different functions, for the ability of SIRT6 to interconnect chromatin dynamics with metabolism and DNA repair, and the open questions the field will face in the future, particularly in the context of putative therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Chang
- The Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Christina M Ferrer
- The Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Raul Mostoslavsky
- The Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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15
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Senese R, Cioffi F, De Matteis R, Petito G, de Lange P, Silvestri E, Lombardi A, Moreno M, Goglia F, Lanni A. 3,5 Diiodo-l-Thyronine (T₂) Promotes the Browning of White Adipose Tissue in High-Fat Diet-Induced Overweight Male Rats Housed at Thermoneutrality. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030256. [PMID: 30889829 PMCID: PMC6468521 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of white adipose cells into beige adipose cells is known as browning, a process affecting energy metabolism. It has been shown that 3,5 diiodo-l-thyronine (T₂), an endogenous metabolite of thyroid hormones, stimulates energy expenditure and a reduction in fat mass. In light of the above, the purpose of this study was to test whether in an animal model of fat accumulation, T₂ has the potential to activate a browning process and to explore the underlying mechanism. Three groups of rats were used: (i) receiving a standard diet for 14 weeks; (ii) receiving a high-fat diet (HFD) for 14 weeks; and (iii) receiving a high fat diet for 10 weeks and being subsequently treated for four weeks with an HFD together with the administration of T₂. We showed that T₂ was able to induce a browning in the white adipose tissue of T₂-treated rats. We also showed that some miRNA (miR133a and miR196a) and MAP kinase 6 were involved in this process. These results indicate that, among others, the browning may be another cellular/molecular mechanism by which T₂ exerts its beneficial effects of contrast to overweight and of reduction of fat mass in rats subjected to HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Senese
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 81100 Caserta, Italy.
| | - Federica Cioffi
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
| | - Rita De Matteis
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Urbino University, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Petito
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 81100 Caserta, Italy.
| | - Pieter de Lange
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 81100 Caserta, Italy.
| | - Elena Silvestri
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
| | - Assunta Lombardi
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Moreno
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
| | - Fernando Goglia
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
| | - Antonia Lanni
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 81100 Caserta, Italy.
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16
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Kuhn E, Lamribet K, Viengchareun S, Le Menuet D, Fève B, Lombès M. UCP1 transrepression in Brown Fat in vivo and mineralocorticoid receptor anti-thermogenic effects. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2019; 80:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Nelson CN, List EO, Ieremia M, Constantin L, Chhabra Y, Kopchick JJ, Waters MJ. Growth hormone activated STAT5 is required for induction of beige fat in vivo. Growth Horm IGF Res 2018; 42-43:40-51. [PMID: 30193158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The anti-obesity actions of growth hormone (GH) led us to investigate if GH signaling is able to regulate beige/brite fat development of white adipose tissue (WAT). METHODS We studied WAT in GHR-391 mice engineered to be unable to activate STAT5 in response to GH, in mice with adipose specific deletion of GHR, in GHR-/- mice and in bGH transgenic mice. QPCR, immunoblots and immunohistochemistry were used to characterize WAT. The in vivo effects of β-3 adrenergic activation with CL-316,243 and that of FGF21 infusion were also studied. RESULTS GHR-391 mice had lower surface temperature than WT, with deficiency in β-oxidation and beiging transcripts including Ucp1. Oxidative phosphorylation complex subunit proteins were decreased dramatically in GHR-391 inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), but increased in bGH iWAT, as were proteins for beige/brown markers. In accord with its lack of β-3 adrenergic receptors, iWAT of GHR-391 mice did not beige in response to administration of the β-3 specific agonist CL-316,243 in contrast to WT mice. GHR-391 mice are deficient in FGF21, but unlike WT, infusion of the purified protein was without effect on extent of beiging. Finally, fat-specific deletion of the GHR replicated the loss of beiging associated transcripts. CONCLUSION In addition to promoting lipolysis, our study suggests that GH is able to promote formation of beige adipose tissue through activation of STAT5 and induction of Adrb3. This sensitizes WAT to adrenergic input, and may contribute to the anti-obesity actions of GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline N Nelson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, 4069, Australia
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Makerita Ieremia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, 4069, Australia
| | - Lena Constantin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, 4069, Australia
| | - Yash Chhabra
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, 4069, Australia
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Michael J Waters
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, 4069, Australia.
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18
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Bagchi RA, Ferguson BS, Stratton MS, Hu T, Cavasin MA, Sun L, Lin YH, Liu D, Londono P, Song K, Pino MF, Sparks LM, Smith SR, Scherer PE, Collins S, Seto E, McKinsey TA. HDAC11 suppresses the thermogenic program of adipose tissue via BRD2. JCI Insight 2018; 3:120159. [PMID: 30089714 PMCID: PMC6129125 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.120159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the biological function of histone deacetylase 11 (HDAC11), which is the lone class IV HDAC. Here, we demonstrate that deletion of HDAC11 in mice stimulates brown adipose tissue (BAT) formation and beiging of white adipose tissue (WAT). Consequently, HDAC11-deficient mice exhibit enhanced thermogenic potential and, in response to high-fat feeding, attenuated obesity, improved insulin sensitivity, and reduced hepatic steatosis. Ex vivo and cell-based assays revealed that HDAC11 catalytic activity suppresses the BAT transcriptional program, in both the basal state and in response to β-adrenergic receptor signaling, through a mechanism that is dependent on physical association with BRD2, a bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) acetyl-histone-binding protein. These findings define an epigenetic pathway for the regulation of energy homeostasis and suggest the potential for HDAC11-selective inhibitors for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushita A. Bagchi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Matthew S. Stratton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Tianjing Hu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Maria A. Cavasin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lei Sun
- George Washington University Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ying-Hsi Lin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Dianxin Liu
- Integrative Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Pilar Londono
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kunhua Song
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Maria F. Pino
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Lauren M. Sparks
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Steven R. Smith
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sheila Collins
- Integrative Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Edward Seto
- George Washington University Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Timothy A. McKinsey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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19
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Shao M, Gupta RK. Transcriptional brakes on the road to adipocyte thermogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:20-28. [PMID: 29800720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
White adipocytes represent the principle site for energy storage whereas brown/beige adipocytes emerge from seemingly distinct cellular lineages and burn chemical energy to produce heat. Thermogenic adipocytes utilize cell-type selective master regulatory transcription factors to drive the expression of their adipocyte thermogenic gene program. White adipocytes harbor transcriptional mechanisms to suppress the thermogenic gene program and maintain an energy-storing function. Here, we summarize some of the key developmental and transcriptional mechanisms leading to the postnatal recruitment of thermogenic adipocytes under physiological conditions, with a particular emphasis on the transcriptional "brakes" on the thermogenic gene program. We highlight a number of recent studies, including our own work on the transcription factor, ZFP423, that illustrate the potential to engineer the subcutaneous and visceral white fat lineages to adopt a thermogenic fat cell fate by releasing the inhibition of the adipocyte thermogenic gene program. These transcriptional brakes on adipocyte thermogenesis may represent potential targets of therapeutic interventions designed to combat obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengle Shao
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rana K Gupta
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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20
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Weiner J, Hankir M, Heiker JT, Fenske W, Krause K. Thyroid hormones and browning of adipose tissue. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 458:156-159. [PMID: 28089823 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) disorders are associated with profound changes in whole body energy metabolism. A major TH target is thermogenic brown adipose tissue (BAT), which can be stimulated directly through thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) expressed in brown adipocytes and indirectly, through TRs expressed in hypothalamic neurons. White adipose tissue (WAT) adopts BAT characteristics by a diverse range of stimuli in a process referred to as browning. It is now understood that TH also induce WAT browning through peripheral and central mechanisms. In this review, we discuss evidence from animal and human studies that TH disorders are associated with changes in both BAT thermogenesis and WAT browning, thereby influencing body temperature and body weight regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Weiner
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mohammed Hankir
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - John T Heiker
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wiebke Fenske
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Krause
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany.
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21
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Abstract
Brown and beige adipocytes arise from distinct developmental origins. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) develops embryonically from precursors that also give to skeletal muscle. Beige fat develops postnatally and is highly inducible. Beige fat recruitment is mediated by multiple mechanisms, including de novo beige adipogenesis and white-to-brown adipocyte transdifferentiaiton. Beige precursors reside around vasculatures, and proliferate and differentiate into beige adipocytes. PDGFRα+Ebf2+ precursors are restricted to beige lineage cells, while another PDGFRα+ subset gives rise to beige adipocytes, white adipocytes, or fibrogenic cells. White adipocytes can be reprogramed and transdifferentiated into beige adipocytes. Brown and beige adipocytes display many similar properties, including multilocular lipid droplets, dense mitochondria, and expression of UCP1. UCP1-mediated thermogenesis is a hallmark of brown/beige adipocytes, albeit UCP1-independent thermogenesis also occurs. Development, maintenance, and activation of BAT/beige fat are guided by genetic and epigenetic programs. Numerous transcriptional factors and coactivators act coordinately to promote BAT/beige fat thermogenesis. Epigenetic reprograming influences expression of brown/beige adipocyte-selective genes. BAT/beige fat is regulated by neuronal, hormonal, and immune mechanisms. Hypothalamic thermal circuits define the temperature setpoint that guides BAT/beige fat activity. Metabolic hormones, paracrine/autocrine factors, and various immune cells also play a critical role in regulating BAT/beige fat functions. BAT and beige fat defend temperature homeostasis, and regulate body weight and glucose and lipid metabolism. Obesity is associated with brown/beige fat deficiency, and reactivation of brown/beige fat provides metabolic health benefits in some patients. Pharmacological activation of BAT/beige fat may hold promise for combating metabolic diseases. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:1281-1306, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyou Rui
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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22
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Kwan HY, Wu J, Su T, Chao XJ, Liu B, Fu X, Chan CL, Lau RHY, Tse AKW, Han QB, Fong WF, Yu ZL. Cinnamon induces browning in subcutaneous adipocytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2447. [PMID: 28550279 PMCID: PMC5446408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Browning is the process of increasing the number of brite cells, which helps to increase energy expenditure and reduce obesity. Consumption of natural and non-toxic herbal extracts that possess the browning effect is an attractive anti-obesity strategy. In this study, we examined the browning effect of cinnamon extract. We found that cinnamon extract (CE) induced typical brown adipocyte multiocular phenotype in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The treatment also increased brown adipocytes markers and reduced white adipocytes markers in the 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In ex vivo studies, we found that CE increased brown adipocytes markers in the subcutaneous adipocytes isolated from db/db mice and diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice. However, CE did not significantly affect UCP1 expression in the adipocytes isolated from perinephric adipose tissue and epididymal adipose tissue. β3-adernergic receptor (β3-AR) antagonist reduced the CE-enhanced UCP1 expression, suggesting an involvement of the β3-AR activity. Oral administration of CE significantly increased UCP1 expression in the subcutaneous adipose tissue in vivo and reduced the body weight of the DIO mice. Taken together, our data suggest that CE has a browning effect in subcutaneous adipocytes. Our study suggests a natural non-toxic herbal remedy to reduce obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiu Yee Kwan
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China. .,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jiahui Wu
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Su
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Chao
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, and the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuqiong Fu
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chi Leung Chan
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rebecca Hiu Ying Lau
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Anfernee Kai Wing Tse
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Quan Bin Han
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wang Fun Fong
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China. .,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China.
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23
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Ziętak M, Chabowska-Kita A, Kozak LP. Brown fat thermogenesis: Stability of developmental programming and transient effects of temperature and gut microbiota in adults. Biochimie 2017; 134:93-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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24
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Pradhan RN, Zachara M, Deplancke B. A systems perspective on brown adipogenesis and metabolic activation. Obes Rev 2017; 18 Suppl 1:65-81. [PMID: 28164456 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipocytes regulate energy expenditure via mitochondrial uncoupling. This makes these fat cells attractive therapeutic targets to tackle the burgeoning issue of obesity, which itself is coupled to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and fatty liver disease. Recent research has revealed a complex network underlying brown fat cell differentiation and thermogenic activation, involving secreted factors, signal transduction, metabolic pathways and gene regulatory components. Given that brown fat is now reported to be present in adult humans, it is desirable to harness the knowledge from each network module to design effective therapeutic strategies. In this review, we will present a systems perspective on brown adipogenesis and the subsequent metabolic activation of brown adipocytes by integrating signaling, metabolic and gene regulatory modules with a specific focus on known 'druggable' targets within each module.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Pradhan
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Zachara
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - B Deplancke
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
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25
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Shu L, Hoo RLC, Wu X, Pan Y, Lee IPC, Cheong LY, Bornstein SR, Rong X, Guo J, Xu A. A-FABP mediates adaptive thermogenesis by promoting intracellular activation of thyroid hormones in brown adipocytes. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14147. [PMID: 28128199 PMCID: PMC5290165 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The adipokine adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP) has been implicated in obesity-related cardio-metabolic complications. Here we show that A-FABP increases thermogenesis by promoting the conversion of T4 to T3 in brown adipocytes. We find that A-FABP levels are increased in both white (WAT) and brown (BAT) adipose tissues and the bloodstream in response to thermogenic stimuli. A-FABP knockout mice have reduced thermogenesis and whole-body energy expenditure after cold stress or after feeding a high-fat diet, which can be reversed by infusion of recombinant A-FABP. Mechanistically, A-FABP induces the expression of type-II iodothyronine deiodinase in BAT via inhibition of the nuclear receptor liver X receptor α, thereby leading to the conversion of thyroid hormone from its inactive form T4 to active T3. The thermogenic responses to T4 are abrogated in A-FABP KO mice, but enhanced by A-FABP. Thus, A-FABP acts as a physiological stimulator of BAT-mediated adaptive thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruby L. C. Hoo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ida P. C. Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lai Yee Cheong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Xianglu Rong
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong and Hong Kong on Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 510000 Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong and Hong Kong on Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 510000 Guangzhou, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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26
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Villarroya F, Peyrou M, Giralt M. Transcriptional regulation of the uncoupling protein-1 gene. Biochimie 2016; 134:86-92. [PMID: 27693079 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulated transcription of the uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) gene, and subsequent UCP1 protein synthesis, is a hallmark of the acquisition of the differentiated, thermogenically competent status of brown and beige/brite adipocytes, as well as of the responsiveness of brown and beige/brite adipocytes to adaptive regulation of thermogenic activity. The 5' non-coding region of the UCP1 gene contains regulatory elements that confer tissue specificity, differentiation dependence, and neuro-hormonal regulation to UCP1 gene transcription. Two main regions-a distal enhancer and a proximal promoter region-mediate transcriptional regulation through interactions with a plethora of transcription factors, including nuclear hormone receptors and cAMP-responsive transcription factors. Co-regulators, such as PGC-1α, play a pivotal role in the concerted regulation of UCP1 gene transcription. Multiple interactions of transcription factors and co-regulators at the promoter region of the UCP1 gene result in local chromatin remodeling, leading to activation and increased accessibility of RNA polymerase II and subsequent gene transcription. Moreover, a commonly occurring A-to-G polymorphism in close proximity to the UCP1 gene enhancer influences the extent of UCP1 gene transcription. Notably, it has been reported that specific aspects of obesity and associated metabolic diseases are associated with human population variability at this site. On another front, the unique properties of the UCP1 promoter region have been exploited to develop brown adipose tissue-specific gene delivery tools for experimental purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Villarroya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Marion Peyrou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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27
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Guillemot-Legris O, Mutemberezi V, Muccioli GG. Oxysterols in Metabolic Syndrome: From Bystander Molecules to Bioactive Lipids. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:594-614. [PMID: 27286741 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are cholesterol metabolites now considered bona fide bioactive lipids. Recent studies have identified new receptors for oxysterols involved in immune and inflammatory processes, hence reviving their appeal. Through multiple receptors, oxysterols are involved in numerous metabolic and inflammatory processes, thus emerging as key mediators in metabolic syndrome. This syndrome is characterized by complex interactions between inflammation and a dysregulated metabolism. Presently, the use of synthetic ligands and genetic models has facilitated a better understanding of the roles of oxysterols in metabolism, but also raised interesting questions. We discuss recent findings on the absolute levels of oxysterols in tissues, their newly identified targets, and the mechanistic studies emphasizing their importance in metabolic disease, as there is a pressing need to further comprehend these intriguing bioactive lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owein Guillemot-Legris
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E.Mounier, 72 (B1.72.01), 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Valentin Mutemberezi
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E.Mounier, 72 (B1.72.01), 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E.Mounier, 72 (B1.72.01), 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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28
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Inagaki T, Sakai J, Kajimura S. Transcriptional and epigenetic control of brown and beige adipose cell fate and function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2016; 17:480-95. [PMID: 27251423 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2016.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
White adipocytes store excess energy in the form of triglycerides, whereas brown and beige adipocytes dissipate energy in the form of heat. This thermogenic function relies on the activation of brown and beige adipocyte-specific gene programmes that are coordinately regulated by adipose-selective chromatin architectures and by a set of unique transcriptional and epigenetic regulators. A number of transcriptional and epigenetic regulators are also required for promoting beige adipocyte biogenesis in response to various environmental stimuli. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing the generation and function of brown and beige adipocytes is necessary to allow us to control adipose cell fate and stimulate thermogenesis. This may provide a therapeutic approach for the treatment of obesity and obesity-associated diseases, such as type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Inagaki
- Division of Metabolic Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 153-8904.,The Translational Systems Biology and Medicine Initiative (TSBMI), Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 113-8655
| | - Juro Sakai
- Division of Metabolic Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 153-8904.,The Translational Systems Biology and Medicine Initiative (TSBMI), Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 113-8655
| | - Shingo Kajimura
- UCSF Diabetes Center and Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0669, USA
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29
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Miao Y, Warner M, Gustafsson JÅ. Liver X receptor β: new player in the regulatory network of thyroid hormone and 'browning' of white fat. Adipocyte 2016; 5:238-42. [PMID: 27386163 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2016.1142634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) has raised great research interest because of its significant potential in counteracting obesity and type II diabetes. However, the mechanisms underlying browning are still poorly understood. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are one class of nuclear receptors, which play a vital role in regulating cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose metabolism. Following our previous finding that LXRs serve as repressors of UCP1 in classic brown adipose tissue in female mice, we found that LXRs, especially LXRβ, also repress the browning process of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in male rodents fed a normal diet. Depletion of LXRs activated thyrotropin releasing hormone positive neurons in the paraventricular area of the hypothalamus, and thus stimulated secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the pituitary. Consequently production of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland and circulating thyroid hormone level were increased. Moreover, the activity of thyroid signaling in SAT was markedly increased. One unexpected finding of our study is that LXRs are indispensable in the thyroid hormone negative feedback loop at the level of the hypothalamus. LXRs maintain expression of thyroid receptors in the brain and when they are inactivated there is no negative feedback of thyroid hormone in the hypothalamus. Together, our findings have uncovered the basis of increased energy expenditure in male LXR knock-out mice and provided support for targeting LXRs in treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Miao
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Margaret Warner
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Medical Innovations, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Schneider K, Valdez J, Nguyen J, Vawter M, Galke B, Kurtz TW, Chan JY. Increased Energy Expenditure, Ucp1 Expression, and Resistance to Diet-induced Obesity in Mice Lacking Nuclear Factor-Erythroid-2-related Transcription Factor-2 (Nrf2). J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7754-66. [PMID: 26841864 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.673756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The NRF2 (also known as NFE2L2) transcription factor is a critical regulator of genes involved in defense against oxidative stress. Previous studies suggest thatNrf2plays a role in adipogenesisin vitro, and deletion of theNrf2gene protects against diet-induced obesity in mice. Here, we demonstrate that resistance to diet-induced obesity inNrf2(-/-)mice is associated with a 20-30% increase in energy expenditure. Analysis of bioenergetics revealed thatNrf2(-/-)white adipose tissues exhibit greater oxygen consumption. White adipose tissue showed a >2-fold increase inUcp1gene expression. Oxygen consumption is also increased nearly 2.5-fold inNrf2-deficient fibroblasts. Oxidative stress induced by glucose oxidase resulted in increasedUcp1expression. Conversely, antioxidant chemicals (such asN-acetylcysteine and Mn(III)tetrakis(4-benzoic acid)porphyrin chloride) and SB203580 (a known suppressor ofUcp1expression) decreasedUcp1and oxygen consumption inNrf2-deficient fibroblasts. These findings suggest that increasing oxidative stress by limitingNrf2function in white adipocytes may be a novel means to modulate energy balance as a treatment of obesity and related clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schneider
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and
| | - Joshua Valdez
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and
| | - Janice Nguyen
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and
| | - Marquis Vawter
- the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California 92697 and
| | - Brandi Galke
- the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California 92697 and
| | - Theodore W Kurtz
- the Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94107
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31
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Korach-André M, Gustafsson JÅ. Liver X receptors as regulators of metabolism. Biomol Concepts 2016; 6:177-90. [PMID: 25945723 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2015-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver X receptors (LXR) are crucial regulators of metabolism. After ligand binding, they regulate gene transcription and thereby mediate changes in metabolic pathways. Modulation of LXR and their downstream targets has appeared to be a promising treatment for metabolic diseases especially atherosclerosis and cholesterol metabolism. However, the complexity of LXR action in various metabolic tissues and the liver side effect of LXR activation have slowed down the interest for LXR drugs. In this review, we summarized the role of LXR in the main metabolically active tissues with a special focus on obesity and associated diseases in mammals. We will also discuss the dual interplay between the two LXR isoforms suggesting that they may collaborate to establish a fine and efficient system for the maintenance of metabolism homeostasis.
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32
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Liver X receptor β controls thyroid hormone feedback in the brain and regulates browning of subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:14006-11. [PMID: 26504234 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1519358112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) has raised great research interest because of its significant potential in counteracting obesity and type 2 diabetes. Browning is the result of the induction in WAT of a newly discovered type of adipocyte, the beige cell. When mice are exposed to cold or several kinds of hormones or treatments with chemicals, specific depots of WAT undergo a browning process, characterized by highly activated mitochondria and increased heat production and energy expenditure. However, the mechanisms underlying browning are still poorly understood. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are one class of nuclear receptors, which play a vital role in regulating cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose metabolism. Following our previous finding that LXRs serve as repressors of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) in classic brown adipose tissue in female mice, we found that LXRs, especially LXRβ, also repress the browning process of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in male rodents fed a normal diet. Depletion of LXRs activated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-releasing hormone (TRH)-positive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus area of the hypothalamus and thus stimulated secretion of TSH from the pituitary. Consequently, production of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland and circulating thyroid hormone level were increased. Moreover, the activity of thyroid signaling in SAT was markedly increased. Together, our findings have uncovered the basis of increased energy expenditure in male LXR knockout mice and provided support for targeting LXRs in treatment of obesity.
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33
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Brown adipose tissue: a potential target in the fight against obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 129:933-49. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20150339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BAT (brown adipose tissue) is the main site of thermogenesis in mammals. It is essential to ensure thermoregulation in newborns. It is also found in (some) adult humans. Its capacity to oxidize fatty acids and glucose without ATP production contributes to energy expenditure and glucose homoeostasis. Brown fat activation has thus emerged as an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. In the present review, we integrate the recent advances on the metabolic role of BAT and its relation with other tissues as well as its potential contribution to fighting obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
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34
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Of mice and men: novel insights regarding constitutive and recruitable brown adipocytes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY SUPPLEMENTS 2015; 5:S15-20. [PMID: 27152169 DOI: 10.1038/ijosup.2015.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been great attention given to the possibility of combating obesity by targeting brown fat activity or increasing differentiation of brown adipocytes in white fat depots through a process termed 'browning'. Sympathetic innervation of brown and white adipose tissues provides adrenergic input that drives thermogenesis and regulates fatty acid metabolism, as well as stimulating adipogenesis of recruitable brown adipocyte tissue (rBAT, also known as beige or brite) in white fat. Other factors acting in an endocrine or autocrine/paracrine manner in adipose tissue may also stimulate browning. There have been significant recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of increasing adipose tissue energy expenditure, as well as how brown adipocytes appear in white fat depots, including via de novo adipogenesis from tissue precursor cells. In this article, we integrate this new knowledge with a historical perspective on the discovery of 'browning'. We also provide an overview of constitutive BAT vs rBAT in mouse and human.
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35
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Basse AL, Dixen K, Yadav R, Tygesen MP, Qvortrup K, Kristiansen K, Quistorff B, Gupta R, Wang J, Hansen JB. Global gene expression profiling of brown to white adipose tissue transformation in sheep reveals novel transcriptional components linked to adipose remodeling. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:215. [PMID: 25887780 PMCID: PMC4407871 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large mammals are capable of thermoregulation shortly after birth due to the presence of brown adipose tissue (BAT). The majority of BAT disappears after birth and is replaced by white adipose tissue (WAT). RESULTS We analyzed the postnatal transformation of adipose in sheep with a time course study of the perirenal adipose depot. We observed changes in tissue morphology, gene expression and metabolism within the first two weeks of postnatal life consistent with the expected transition from BAT to WAT. The transformation was characterized by massively decreased mitochondrial abundance and down-regulation of gene expression related to mitochondrial function and oxidative phosphorylation. Global gene expression profiling demonstrated that the time points grouped into three phases: a brown adipose phase, a transition phase and a white adipose phase. Between the brown adipose and the transition phase 170 genes were differentially expressed, and 717 genes were differentially expressed between the transition and the white adipose phase. Thirty-eight genes were shared among the two sets of differentially expressed genes. We identified a number of regulated transcription factors, including NR1H3, MYC, KLF4, ESR1, RELA and BCL6, which were linked to the overall changes in gene expression during the adipose tissue remodeling. Finally, the perirenal adipose tissue expressed both brown and brite/beige adipocyte marker genes at birth, the expression of which changed substantially over time. CONCLUSIONS Using global gene expression profiling of the postnatal BAT to WAT transformation in sheep, we provide novel insight into adipose tissue plasticity in a large mammal, including identification of novel transcriptional components linked to adipose tissue remodeling. Moreover, our data set provides a useful resource for further studies in adipose tissue plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid L Basse
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Karen Dixen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Rachita Yadav
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Malin P Tygesen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Klaus Qvortrup
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Bjørn Quistorff
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ramneek Gupta
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
- Princess Al Jawhara Center of Excellence in the Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China.
| | - Jacob B Hansen
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Fang S, Suh JM, Reilly SM, Yu E, Osborn O, Lackey D, Yoshihara E, Perino A, Jacinto S, Lukasheva Y, Atkins AR, Khvat A, Schnabl B, Yu RT, Brenner DA, Coulter S, Liddle C, Schoonjans K, Olefsky JM, Saltiel AR, Downes M, Evans RM. Intestinal FXR agonism promotes adipose tissue browning and reduces obesity and insulin resistance. Nat Med 2015; 21:159-65. [PMID: 25559344 PMCID: PMC4320010 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The systemic expression of the bile acid (BA) sensor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has led to promising new therapies targeting cholesterol metabolism, triglyceride production, hepatic steatosis and biliary cholestasis. In contrast to systemic therapy, bile acid release during a meal selectively activates intestinal FXR. By mimicking this tissue-selective effect, the gut-restricted FXR agonist fexaramine (Fex) robustly induces enteric fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15), leading to alterations in BA composition, but does so without activating FXR target genes in the liver. However, unlike systemic agonism, we find that Fex reduces diet-induced weight gain, body-wide inflammation and hepatic glucose production, while enhancing thermogenesis and browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). These pronounced metabolic improvements suggest tissue-restricted FXR activation as a new approach in the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungsoon Fang
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jae Myoung Suh
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Shannon M Reilly
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Elizabeth Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Olivia Osborn
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Denise Lackey
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Eiji Yoshihara
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alessia Perino
- Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Jacinto
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yelizaveta Lukasheva
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Annette R Atkins
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ruth T Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sally Coulter
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jerrold M Olefsky
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- 1] Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
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Lee J, Ellis JM, Wolfgang MJ. Adipose fatty acid oxidation is required for thermogenesis and potentiates oxidative stress-induced inflammation. Cell Rep 2015; 10:266-79. [PMID: 25578732 PMCID: PMC4359063 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the contribution of adipose tissue fatty acid oxidation to whole-body metabolism, we generated mice with an adipose-specific knockout of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2(A-/-)), an obligate step in mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid oxidation. CPT2(A-/-) mice became hypothermic after an acute cold challenge, and CPT2(A-/-) brown adipose tissue (BAT) failed to upregulate thermogenic genes in response to agonist-induced stimulation. The adipose-specific loss of CPT2 resulted in diet-dependent changes in adiposity but did not result in changes in body weight on low- or high-fat diets. Additionally, CPT2(A-/-) mice had suppressed high-fat diet-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in visceral white adipose tissue (WAT); however, high-fat diet-induced glucose intolerance was not improved. These data show that fatty acid oxidation is required for cold-induced thermogenesis in BAT and high-fat diet-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Lee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jessica M Ellis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michael J Wolfgang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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38
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Sharma BK, Patil M, Satyanarayana A. Negative regulators of brown adipose tissue (BAT)-mediated thermogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:1901-7. [PMID: 24809334 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is specialized for energy expenditure, a process called adaptive thermogenesis. PET-CT scans recently demonstrated the existence of metabolically active BAT in adult humans, which revitalized our interest in BAT. Increasing the amount and/or activity of BAT holds tremendous promise for the treatment of obesity and its associated diseases. PGC1α is the master regulator of UCP1-mediated thermogenesis in BAT. A number of proteins have been identified to influence thermogenesis either positively or negatively through regulating the expression or transcriptional activity of PGC1α. Therefore, BAT activation can be achieved by either inducing the expression of positive regulators of PGC1α or by inhibiting the repressors of the PGC1α/UCP1 pathway. Here, we review the most important negative regulators of PGC1α/UCP1 signaling and their mechanism of action in BAT-mediated thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bal Krishan Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Oncology and Biomarkers Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
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Abstract
Obesity is an escalating threat of pandemic proportions, currently affecting billions of people worldwide and exerting a devastating socioeconomic influence in industrialized countries. Despite intensive efforts to curtail obesity, results have proved disappointing. Although it is well recognized that obesity is a result of gene-environment interactions and that predisposition to obesity lies predominantly in our evolutionary past, there is much debate as to the precise nature of how our evolutionary past contributed to obesity. The "thrifty genotype" hypothesis suggests that obesity in industrialized countries is a throwback to our ancestors having undergone positive selection for genes that favored energy storage as a consequence of the cyclical episodes of famine and surplus after the advent of farming 10 000 years ago. Conversely, the "drifty genotype" hypothesis contends that the prevalence of thrifty genes is not a result of positive selection for energy-storage genes but attributable to genetic drift resulting from the removal of predative selection pressures. Both theories, however, assume that selection pressures the ancestors of modern humans living in western societies faced were the same. Moreover, neither theory adequately explains the impact of globalization and changing population demographics on the genetic basis for obesity in developed countries, despite clear evidence for ethnic variation in obesity susceptibility and related metabolic disorders. In this article, we propose that the modern obesity pandemic in industrialized countries is a result of the differential exposure of the ancestors of modern humans to environmental factors that began when modern humans left Africa around 70 000 years ago and migrated through the globe, reaching the Americas around 20 000 years ago. This article serves to elucidate how an understanding of ethnic differences in genetic susceptibility to obesity and the metabolic syndrome, in the context of historic human population redistribution, could be used in the treatment of obesity in industrialized countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyan Sellayah
- MRC Harwell (D.S., R.D.C.), Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell OX11 ORD, United Kingdom; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (D.S.), University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom; and Institute of Developmental Sciences (F.R.C.), University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
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40
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Dib L, Bugge A, Collins S. LXRα fuels fatty acid-stimulated oxygen consumption in white adipocytes. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:247-57. [PMID: 24259533 PMCID: PMC3886663 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m043422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are transcription factors known for their role in hepatic cholesterol and lipid metabolism. Though highly expressed in fat, the role of LXR in this tissue is not well characterized. We generated adipose tissue LXRα knockout (ATaKO) mice and showed that these mice gain more weight and fat mass on a high-fat diet compared with wild-type controls. White adipose tissue (WAT) accretion in ATaKO mice results from both a decrease in WAT lipolytic and oxidative capacities. This was demonstrated by decreased expression of the β2- and β3-adrenergic receptors, reduced level of phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase, and lower oxygen consumption rates (OCRs) in WAT of ATaKO mice. Furthermore, LXR activation in vivo and in vitro led to decreased adipocyte size in WAT and increased glycerol release from primary adipocytes, respectively, with a concomitant increase in OCR in both models. Our findings show that absence of LXRα in adipose tissue results in elevated adiposity through a decrease in WAT oxidation, secondary to attenuated FA availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Dib
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL
| | - Anne Bugge
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL
| | - Sheila Collins
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL
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41
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Olive leaf extract attenuates obesity in high-fat diet-fed mice by modulating the expression of molecules involved in adipogenesis and thermogenesis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:971890. [PMID: 24624222 PMCID: PMC3927866 DOI: 10.1155/2014/971890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate whether olive leaf extract (OLE) prevents high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in mice and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Mice were randomly divided into groups that received a chow diet (CD), HFD, or 0.15% OLE-supplemented diet (OLD) for 8 weeks. OLD-fed mice showed significantly reduced body weight gain, visceral fat-pad weights, and plasma lipid levels as compared with HFD-fed mice. OLE significantly reversed the HFD-induced upregulation of WNT10b- and galanin-mediated signaling molecules and key adipogenic genes (PPAR γ , C/EBP α , CD36, FAS, and leptin) in the epididymal adipose tissue of HFD-fed mice. Furthermore, the HFD-induced downregulation of thermogenic genes involved in uncoupled respiration (SIRT1, PGC1 α , and UCP1) and mitochondrial biogenesis (TFAM, NRF-1, and COX2) was also significantly reversed by OLE. These results suggest that OLE exerts beneficial effects against obesity by regulating the expression of genes involved in adipogenesis and thermogenesis in the visceral adipose tissue of HFD-fed mice.
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42
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LXRα gene expression, genetic variation and association analysis between novel SNPs and growth traits in Chinese native cattle. J Appl Genet 2013; 55:65-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s13353-013-0175-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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43
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Brown and beige fat: development, function and therapeutic potential. Nat Med 2013; 19:1252-63. [PMID: 24100998 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1666] [Impact Index Per Article: 151.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue, best known for its role in fat storage, can also suppress weight gain and metabolic disease through the action of specialized, heat-producing adipocytes. Brown adipocytes are located in dedicated depots and express constitutively high levels of thermogenic genes, whereas inducible 'brown-like' adipocytes, also known as beige cells, develop in white fat in response to various activators. The activities of brown and beige fat cells reduce metabolic disease, including obesity, in mice and correlate with leanness in humans. Many genes and pathways that regulate brown and beige adipocyte biology have now been identified, providing a variety of promising therapeutic targets for metabolic disease.
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44
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Bonet ML, Oliver P, Palou A. Pharmacological and nutritional agents promoting browning of white adipose tissue. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:969-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Abstract
One of the most promising areas in the therapeutics for metabolic diseases centers around activation of the pathways of energy expenditure. Brown adipose tissue is a particularly appealing target for increasing energy expenditure, given its amazing capacity to transform chemical energy into heat. In addition to classical brown adipose tissue, the last few years have seen great advances in our understanding of inducible thermogenic adipose tissue, also referred to as beige fat. A deeper understanding of the molecular processes involved in the development and function of these cell types may lead to new therapeutics for obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases.
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46
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Griffett K, Solt LA, El-Gendy BEDM, Kamenecka TM, Burris TP. A liver-selective LXR inverse agonist that suppresses hepatic steatosis. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:559-67. [PMID: 23237488 DOI: 10.1021/cb300541g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fatty liver, which often accompanies obesity and type 2 diabetes, frequently leads to a much more debilitating hepatic disease including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current pharmacological therapies lack conclusive efficacy and thus treatment options are limited. Novel therapeutics that suppress either hepatic lipogenesis and/or hepatic inflammation may be useful. Here, we describe the development of the first selective synthetic LXR inverse agonist (SR9238) and demonstrate that this compound effectively suppresses hepatic lipogenesis, inflammation, and hepatic lipid accumulation in a mouse model of non-alcoholic hepatosteatosis. SR9238 displays high potency for both LXRα and LXRβ (40-200 nM IC50) and was designed to display liver specificity so as to avoid potential side effects due to suppression of LXR in the periphery. Unexpectedly, treatment of diet-induced obese mice with SR9238 suppressed plasma cholesterol levels. These data indicate that liver-selective LXR inverse agonists may hold utility in the treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Griffett
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458,
United States
| | - Laura A. Solt
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458,
United States
| | | | | | - Thomas P. Burris
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458,
United States
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47
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Wang C, Xia T, Du Y, Meng Q, Li H, Liu B, Chen S, Guo F. Effects of ATF4 on PGC1α expression in brown adipose tissue and metabolic responses to cold stress. Metabolism 2013; 62:282-9. [PMID: 22980225 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have shown previously that the expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC1α) increases significantly in the white and brown adipose tissue of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) global knockout mice, which suggests that ATF4 is involved in the regulation of PGC1α expression. The goal of the current study is to investigate this possibility and elucidate the underlying cellular mechanisms. MATERIAL/METHODS The effects of ATF4 on PGC1α expression and on PGC1α promoter activity were analyzed in vivo and in vitro using mice, HIB-1B, and 293T cell line. The physiological functions of ATF4 in the regulation of PGC1α expression were confirmed by analysis of body temperature of Atf4(-/-) and Atf4(+/+) mice in response to cold stress as well as expression of Complex I, II, III, V in BAT. RESULTS In this study, we showed ATF4 to be a negative regulator of PGC1α expression through competitive binding with cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) at a cAMP response element (CRE) site in the PGC1α promoter. ATF4 was also found to influence the expression of mitochondria-related proteins, including Complex I, II, III, and IV through regulation of PGC1α. Finally, we showed that Atf4(-/-) mice have higher core body temperatures in reduced-temperature environments than control mice. CONCLUSION This study describes the mechanisms underlying ATF4 regulating PGC1α expression. We demonstrate a novel function of ATF4 in the regulation of thermogenesis. Taken together, these observations provide new insight into the physiological functions of ATF4, especially the regulation of thermogenesis and the response to cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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48
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Zou R, Yang L, Xue J, Ke M, Huang Q, Huang Q, Dai Z, Sun J, Xu Y. WITHDRAWN: RIP140 mediates hyperglycemia-induced glucotoxicity in β-cells via the activation of JNK and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2013:S0168-8227(12)00506-2. [PMID: 23290273 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runmei Zou
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169#, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169#, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Junli Xue
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169#, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Min Ke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169#, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Qian Huang
- Department of Paediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169#, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169#, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Zhe Dai
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169#, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Jiazhong Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169#, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Yancheng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169#, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
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Sheng X, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Cui G, Peng L, Lu X, Zang YQ. Rhein protects against obesity and related metabolic disorders through liver X receptor-mediated uncoupling protein 1 upregulation in brown adipose tissue. Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8:1375-84. [PMID: 23139635 PMCID: PMC3492795 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.4575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) play important roles in regulating cholesterol homeostasis, and lipid and energy metabolism. Therefore, LXR ligands could be used for the management of metabolic disorders. We evaluated rhein, a natural compound from Rheum palmatum L., as an antagonist for LXRs and investigated its anti-obesity mechanism in high-fat diet-fed mice. Surface plasmon resonance assays were performed to examine the direct binding of rhein to LXRs. LXR target gene expression was assessed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and HepG2 hepatic cells in vitro. C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet were orally administered with rhein for 4 weeks, and then the expression levels of LXR-related genes were analyzed. Rhein bound directly to LXRs. The expression levels of LXR target genes were suppressed by rhein in 3T3-L1 and HepG2 cells. In white adipose tissue, muscle and liver, rhein reprogrammed the expression of LXR target genes related to adipogenesis and cholesterol metabolism. Rhein activated uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression in brown adipose tissue (BAT) in wild-type mice, but did not affect UCP1 expression in LXR knockout mice. In HIB-1B brown adipocytes, rhein activated the UCP1 gene by antagonizing the repressive effect of LXR on UCP1 expression. This study suggests that rhein may protect against obesity and related metabolic disorders through LXR antagonism and regulation of UCP1 expression in BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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50
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Development of insulin resistance in mice lacking PGC-1α in adipose tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:9635-40. [PMID: 22645355 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1207287109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) expression and mitochondrial dysfunction in adipose tissue have been associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Whether this association is causally involved in the development of insulin resistance or is only a consequence of this condition has not been clearly determined. Here we studied the effects of adipose-specific deficiency of PGC-1α on systemic glucose homeostasis. Loss of PGC-1α in white fat resulted in reduced expression of the thermogenic and mitochondrial genes in mice housed at ambient temperature, whereas gene expression patterns in brown fat were not altered. When challenged with a high-fat diet, insulin resistance was observed in the mutant mice, characterized by reduced suppression of hepatic glucose output. Resistance to insulin was also associated with an increase in circulating lipids, along with a decrease in the expression of genes regulating lipid metabolism and fatty acid uptake in adipose tissues. Taken together, these data demonstrate a critical role for adipose PGC-1α in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and a potentially causal involvement in the development of insulin resistance.
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