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Fujino M, Ojima M, Ishibashi S, Mizuno S, Takahashi S. Generation and mutational analysis of a transgenic murine model of the human MAF mutation. Am J Med Genet A 2023. [PMID: 37186330 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Aymé-Gripp syndrome is an autosomal dominant multisystem disorder. The major clinical features of this syndrome include congenital cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss, intellectual disability, and a distinctive flat facial appearance. MAF has been identified as a causative gene of the syndrome, and heterozygous variants owing to impairment in glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)-mediated MAF phosphorylation shows related disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms of these types of disorders in affected individuals remain poorly understood. To explore the underlying mechanisms and discover new phenotypes, a murine model with a Maf mutation on a GSK3 phosphorylation motif, p.Thr58Ile, was generated using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing. This is a homologous mutation to that in human patients. Our murine model exhibited similar phenotypes to those in humans, such as lens abnormalities, short stature, growth retardation, and abnormal skull morphology. The murine model showed decreased brain volume and malocclusion. Considering the sequencing and genotyping data, our models were successfully generated for the first time (to the best of our knowledge). Therefore, this study offers new and unique functional insights into human and murine MAF and novel clinical values of MAF pathogenic variants associated with changes in the functions of several organs based on a viable murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Fujino
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masami Ojima
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Fujino M, Morito N, Hayashi T, Ojima M, Ishibashi S, Kuno A, Koshiba S, Yamagata K, Takahashi S. Transcription factor c-Maf deletion improves streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy by directly regulating Sglt2 and Glut2. JCI Insight 2023; 8:163306. [PMID: 36787192 PMCID: PMC10070115 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.163306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor c-Maf has been widely studied and has been reported to play a critical role in embryonic kidney development; however, the postnatal functions of c-Maf in adult kidneys remain unknown as c-Maf-null C57BL/6J mice exhibit embryonic lethality. In this study, we investigated the role of c-Maf in adult mouse kidneys by comparing the phenotypes of tamoxifen-inducible (TAM-inducible) c-Maf-knockout mice (c-Maffl/fl; CAG-Cre-ERTM mice named "c-MafΔTAM") with those of c-Maffl/fl control mice, 10 days after TAM injection [TAM(10d)]. In addition, we examined the effects of c-Maf deletion on diabetic conditions by injecting the mice with streptozotocin, 4 weeks before TAM injection. c-MafΔTAM mice displayed primary glycosuria caused by sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (Sglt2) and glucose transporter 2 (Glut2) downregulation in the kidneys without diabetes, as well as morphological changes and life-threatening injuries in the kidneys on TAM(10d). Under diabetic conditions, c-Maf deletion promoted recovery from hyperglycemia and suppressed albuminuria and diabetic nephropathy by causing similar effects as did Sglt2 knockout and SGLT2 inhibitors. In addition to demonstrating the potentially unique gene regulation of c-Maf, these findings highlight the renoprotective effects of c-Maf deficiency under diabetic conditions and suggest that c-Maf could be a novel therapeutic target gene for treating diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Fujino
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine
- PhD Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors
| | - Naoki Morito
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine; and
| | - Takuto Hayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masami Ojima
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kuno
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Seizo Koshiba
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization and
- Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA)
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), and
- Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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3
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Mafa-dependent GABAergic activity promotes mouse neonatal apneas. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3284. [PMID: 35672398 PMCID: PMC9174494 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30825-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
While apneas are associated with multiple pathological and fatal conditions, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. We report that a mutated form of the transcription factor Mafa (Mafa4A) that prevents phosphorylation of the Mafa protein leads to an abnormally high incidence of breath holding apneas and death in newborn Mafa4A/4A mutant mice. This apneic breathing is phenocopied by restricting the mutation to central GABAergic inhibitory neurons and by activation of inhibitory Mafa neurons while reversed by inhibiting GABAergic transmission centrally. We find that Mafa activates the Gad2 promoter in vitro and that this activation is enhanced by the mutation that likely results in increased inhibitory drives onto target neurons. We also find that Mafa inhibitory neurons are absent from respiratory, sensory (primary and secondary) and pontine structures but are present in the vicinity of the hypoglossal motor nucleus including premotor neurons that innervate the geniohyoid muscle, to control upper airway patency. Altogether, our data reveal a role for Mafa phosphorylation in regulation of GABAergic drives and suggest a mechanism whereby reduced premotor drives to upper airway muscles may cause apneic breathing at birth. Apneas are associated with many pathological conditions. Here, the authors show in a mouse model that stabilization of the transcription factor Mafa in brainstem GABAergic neurons may contribute to apnea, by decreasing motor drive to muscles controlling the airways.
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Liang J, Chirikjian M, Pajvani UB, Bartolomé A. MafA Regulation in β-Cells: From Transcriptional to Post-Translational Mechanisms. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040535. [PMID: 35454124 PMCID: PMC9033020 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
β-cells are insulin-producing cells in the pancreas that maintain euglycemic conditions. Pancreatic β-cell maturity and function are regulated by a variety of transcription factors that enable the adequate expression of the cellular machinery involved in nutrient sensing and commensurate insulin secretion. One of the key factors in this regulation is MAF bZIP transcription factor A (MafA). MafA expression is decreased in type 2 diabetes, contributing to β-cell dysfunction and disease progression. The molecular biology underlying MafA is complex, with numerous transcriptional and post-translational regulatory nodes. Understanding these complexities may uncover potential therapeutic targets to ameliorate β-cell dysfunction. This article will summarize the role of MafA in normal β-cell function and disease, with a special focus on known transcriptional and post-translational regulators of MafA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Liang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (J.L.); (M.C.); (U.B.P.)
| | - Margot Chirikjian
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (J.L.); (M.C.); (U.B.P.)
| | - Utpal B. Pajvani
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (J.L.); (M.C.); (U.B.P.)
| | - Alberto Bartolomé
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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de Mattos K, Viger RS, Tremblay JJ. Transcription Factors in the Regulation of Leydig Cell Gene Expression and Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:881309. [PMID: 35464056 PMCID: PMC9022205 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.881309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell differentiation and acquisition of specialized functions are inherent steps in events that lead to normal tissue development and function. These processes require accurate temporal, tissue, and cell-specific activation or repression of gene transcription. This is achieved by complex interactions between transcription factors that form a unique combinatorial code in each specialized cell type and in response to different physiological signals. Transcription factors typically act by binding to short, nucleotide-specific DNA sequences located in the promoter region of target genes. In males, Leydig cells play a crucial role in sex differentiation, health, and reproductive function from embryonic life to adulthood. To better understand the molecular mechanisms regulating Leydig cell differentiation and function, several transcription factors important to Leydig cells have been identified, including some previously unknown to this specialized cell type. This mini review summarizes the current knowledge on transcription factors in fetal and adult Leydig cells, describing their roles and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine de Mattos
- Reproduction, Mother and Child Health, Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Robert S. Viger
- Reproduction, Mother and Child Health, Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jacques J. Tremblay
- Reproduction, Mother and Child Health, Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Jacques J. Tremblay,
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Yuan D, Yu H, Liu S, Hao L, Zhang J. Prediction and Experimental Verification of a Hierarchical Transcription Factor Regulatory Network of Porcine Myoglobin (Mb). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123599. [PMID: 34944373 PMCID: PMC8698129 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoglobin is a key chemical component that determines meat's color and affects consumers' purchase intentions. In this work, we firstly identified the promoter sequence of the Mb gene from the primary assembly of high-throughput genome sequencing in pigs, and predicted its potential transcription factors by LASAGNA. Through the data mining of the mRNA expression profile of longissimus dorsi muscle of different pig breeds, we constructed a hierarchical interplay network of Mb-TFs (Myoglobin-Transcription Factors), consisting of 16 adaptive transcription factors and 23 secondary transcription factors. The verification of gene expression in longissimus dorsi muscle showed that the Mb mRNA and encoded protein were significantly (p < 0.05) more abundant in Bama pigs than Yorkshire pigs. The qRT-PCR (Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR) validation on genes of the Mb-TFs network showed that FOS, STAT3, STAT1, NEFL21, NFE2L2 and MAFB were significant positive regulatory core transcription factors of Mb-TFs network in Bama pigs, whereas ATF3 was the secondary transcription factor most responsible for the activation of the above transcription factors. Our study provides a new strategy to unravel the mechanism of pork color formation, based on public transcriptome and genome data analysis.
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Nguyen HT, Najih M, Martin LJ. The AP-1 family of transcription factors are important regulators of gene expression within Leydig cells. Endocrine 2021; 74:498-507. [PMID: 34599696 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-021-02888-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Members of the AP-1 family of transcription factors are immediate early genes being modulated by different extracellular signals. The aim of this review is to highlight the important roles of AP-1 members in transcriptional regulation of genes important for testicular Leydig cell function and male testosterone production. METHODS A search of the relevant literature was performed in Google Scholar and NCBI Pubmed for AP-1 members and Leydig cells. Additional information was accessed from references of relevant articles. Only primary data from original peer-reviewed articles was considered for this review. RESULTS Different signaling pathways important for Leydig cells' functions are involved in the regulation of the activity of AP-1 members. These transcription factors participate in the regulation of genes related to different biological processes important for Leydig cells. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that members of the AP-1 family of transcription factors play critical roles in the regulation of Leydig cell proliferation, steroidogenesis, and cell-to-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Tuyen Nguyen
- Biology Department, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Mustapha Najih
- Biology Department, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Luc J Martin
- Biology Department, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada.
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Knockout of mafba Causes Inner-Ear Developmental Defects in Zebrafish via the Impairment of Proliferation and Differentiation of Ionocyte Progenitor Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111699. [PMID: 34829928 PMCID: PMC8616026 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish is an excellent model for exploring the development of the inner ear. Its inner ear has similar functions to that of humans, specifically in the maintenance of hearing and balance. Mafba is a component of the Maf transcription factor family. It participates in multiple biological processes, but its role in inner-ear development remains poorly understood. In this study, we constructed a mafba knockout (mafba−/−) zebrafish model using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The mafba−/− mutant inner ear displayed severe impairments, such as enlarged otocysts, smaller or absent otoliths, and insensitivity to sound stimulation. The proliferation of p63+ epidermal stem cells and dlc+ ionocyte progenitors was inhibited in mafba−/− mutants. Moreover, the results showed that mafba deletion induces the apoptosis of differentiated K+-ATPase-rich (NR) cells and H+-ATPase-rich (HR) cells. The activation of p53 apoptosis and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest resulted from DNA damage in the inner-ear region, providing a mechanism to account for the inner ear deficiencies. The loss of homeostasis resulting from disorders of ionocyte progenitors resulted in structural defects in the inner ear and, consequently, loss of hearing. In conclusion, the present study elucidated the function of ionic channel homeostasis and inner-ear development using a zebrafish Mafba model and clarified the possible physiological roles.
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MafF Is an Antiviral Host Factor That Suppresses Transcription from Hepatitis B Virus Core Promoter. J Virol 2021; 95:e0076721. [PMID: 33980595 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00767-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a stealth virus that exhibits only minimal induction of the interferon system, which is required for both innate and adaptive immune responses. However, 90% of acutely infected adults can clear the virus, suggesting the presence of additional mechanisms that facilitate viral clearance. Here, we report that Maf bZIP transcription factor F (MafF) promotes host defense against infection with HBV. Using a small interfering RNA (siRNA) library and an HBV/NanoLuc (NL) reporter virus, we screened to identify anti-HBV host factors. Our data showed that silencing of MafF led to a 6-fold increase in luciferase activity after HBV/NL infection. Overexpression of MafF reduced HBV core promoter transcriptional activity, which was relieved upon mutation of the putative MafF binding region. Loss of MafF expression through CRISPR/Cas9 editing (in HepG2-hNTCP-C4 cells) or siRNA silencing (in primary hepatocytes [PXB cells]) induced HBV core RNA and HBV pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) levels, respectively, after HBV infection. MafF physically binds to the HBV core promoter and competitively inhibits HNF-4α binding to an overlapping sequence in the HBV enhancer II sequence (EnhII), as seen by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis. MafF expression was induced by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) treatment in both HepG2 and PXB cells, in an NF-κB-dependent manner. Consistently, MafF expression levels were significantly enhanced and positively correlated with the levels of these cytokines in patients with chronic HBV infection, especially in the immune clearance phase. IMPORTANCE HBV is a leading cause of chronic liver diseases, infecting about 250 million people worldwide. HBV has developed strategies to escape interferon-dependent innate immune responses. Therefore, the identification of other anti-HBV mechanisms is important for understanding HBV pathogenesis and developing anti-HBV strategies. MafF was shown to suppress transcription from the HBV core promoter, leading to significant suppression of the HBV life cycle. Furthermore, MafF expression was induced in chronic HBV patients and in primary human hepatocytes (PXB cells). This induction correlated with the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α). These data suggest that the induction of MafF contributes to the host's antiviral defense by suppressing transcription from selected viral promoters. Our data shed light on a novel role for MafF as an anti-HBV host restriction factor.
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Bevington SL, Ng STH, Britton GJ, Keane P, Wraith DC, Cockerill PN. Chromatin Priming Renders T Cell Tolerance-Associated Genes Sensitive to Activation below the Signaling Threshold for Immune Response Genes. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107748. [PMID: 32521273 PMCID: PMC7296351 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological homeostasis in T cells is maintained by a tightly regulated signaling and transcriptional network. Full engagement of effector T cells occurs only when signaling exceeds a critical threshold that enables induction of immune response genes carrying an epigenetic memory of prior activation. Here we investigate the underlying mechanisms causing the suppression of normal immune responses when T cells are rendered anergic by tolerance induction. By performing an integrated analysis of signaling, epigenetic modifications, and gene expression, we demonstrate that immunological tolerance is established when both signaling to and chromatin priming of immune response genes are weakened. In parallel, chromatin priming of immune-repressive genes becomes boosted, rendering them sensitive to low levels of signaling below the threshold needed to activate immune response genes. Our study reveals how repeated exposure to antigens causes an altered epigenetic state leading to T cell anergy and tolerance, representing a basis for treating auto-immune diseases. Activation of immune response genes is suppressed in tolerant T cells Epigenetic priming of repressive genes is boosted when tolerance is established Inhibitory receptor genes have a lower threshold of activation in tolerant cells Induction of tolerance by peptides points toward a therapy for multiple sclerosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Bevington
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sky T H Ng
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Graham J Britton
- Precision Immunology Institute and Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Peter Keane
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - David C Wraith
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Peter N Cockerill
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Hashimoto D, Colet JGR, Murashima A, Fujimoto K, Ueda Y, Suzuki K, Hyuga T, Hemmi H, Kaisho T, Takahashi S, Takahama Y, Yamada G. Radiation inducible MafB gene is required for thymic regeneration. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10439. [PMID: 34001954 PMCID: PMC8129107 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89836-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus facilitates mature T cell production by providing a suitable stromal microenvironment. This microenvironment is impaired by radiation and aging which lead to immune system disturbances known as thymic involution. Young adult thymus shows thymic recovery after such involution. Although various genes have been reported for thymocytes and thymic epithelial cells in such processes, the roles of stromal transcription factors in these remain incompletely understood. MafB (v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog B) is a transcription factor expressed in thymic stroma and its expression was induced a day after radiation exposure. Hence, the roles of mesenchymal MafB in the process of thymic regeneration offers an intriguing research topic also for radiation biology. The current study investigated whether MafB plays roles in the adult thymus. MafB/green fluorescent protein knock-in mutant (MafB+/GFP) mice showed impaired thymic regeneration after the sublethal irradiation, judged by reduced thymus size, total thymocyte number and medullary complexity. Furthermore, IL4 was induced after irradiation and such induction was reduced in mutant mice. The mutants also displayed signs of accelerated age-related thymic involution. Altogether, these results suggest possible functions of MafB in the processes of thymic recovery after irradiation, and maintenance during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Hashimoto
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama City, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Jose Gabriel R Colet
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama City, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan.,Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Aki Murashima
- Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan.
| | - Kota Fujimoto
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama City, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Yuko Ueda
- Department of Urology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama City, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Taiju Hyuga
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama City, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hemmi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime, Japan
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Japan
| | - Yousuke Takahama
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Gen Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama City, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan.
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Wu Z, Nicoll M, Ingham RJ. AP-1 family transcription factors: a diverse family of proteins that regulate varied cellular activities in classical hodgkin lymphoma and ALK+ ALCL. Exp Hematol Oncol 2021; 10:4. [PMID: 33413671 PMCID: PMC7792353 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-020-00197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive, anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK+ ALCL) are B and T cell lymphomas respectively, which express the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member, CD30. Another feature shared by cHL and ALK+ ALCL is the aberrant expression of multiple members of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) family of transcription factors which includes proteins of the Jun, Fos, ATF, and Maf subfamilies. In this review, we highlight the varied roles these proteins play in the pathobiology of these lymphomas including promoting proliferation, suppressing apoptosis, and evading the host immune response. In addition, we discuss factors contributing to the elevated expression of these transcription factors in cHL and ALK+ ALCL. Finally, we examine therapeutic strategies for these lymphomas that exploit AP-1 transcriptional targets or the signalling pathways they regulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoqiao Wu
- grid.17089.37Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Present Address: Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mary Nicoll
- grid.17089.37Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Present Address: Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Robert J. Ingham
- grid.17089.37Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Maciaszczyk-Dziubinska E, Reymer A, Kumar NV, Białek W, Mizio K, Tamás MJ, Wysocki R. The ancillary N-terminal region of the yeast AP-1 transcription factor Yap8 contributes to its DNA binding specificity. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:5426-5441. [PMID: 32356892 PMCID: PMC7261193 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Activator protein 1 (AP-1) is one of the largest families of basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors in eukaryotic cells. How AP-1 proteins achieve target DNA binding specificity remains elusive. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the AP-1-like protein (Yap) family comprises eight members (Yap1 to Yap8) that display distinct genomic target sites despite high sequence homology of their DNA binding bZIP domains. In contrast to the other members of the Yap family, which preferentially bind to short (7–8 bp) DNA motifs, Yap8 binds to an unusually long DNA motif (13 bp). It has been unclear what determines this unique specificity of Yap8. In this work, we use molecular and biochemical analyses combined with computer-based structural design and molecular dynamics simulations of Yap8–DNA interactions to better understand the structural basis of DNA binding specificity determinants. We identify specific residues in the N-terminal tail preceding the basic region, which define stable association of Yap8 with its target promoter. We propose that the N-terminal tail directly interacts with DNA and stabilizes Yap8 binding to the 13 bp motif. Thus, beside the core basic region, the adjacent N-terminal region contributes to alternative DNA binding selectivity within the AP-1 family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Reymer
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nallani Vijay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Wojciech Białek
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mizio
- Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Markus J Tamás
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert Wysocki
- Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland
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14
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Nagy G, Nagy L. Motif grammar: The basis of the language of gene expression. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:2026-2032. [PMID: 32802274 PMCID: PMC7406977 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Collaboration of transcription factors (TFs) and their recognition motifs in DNA is the result of coevolution and forms the basis of gene regulation. However, the way how these short genomic sequences contribute to setting the level of gene products is not understood in sufficient detail. The biological problem to be solved by the cell is complex, because each gene requires a unique regulatory network in each cellular condition using the same genome. Thus far, only some components of these networks have been uncovered. In this review, we compiled the features and principles of the motif grammar, which dictates the characteristics and thus the likelihood of the interactions of the binding TFs and their coregulators. We present how sequence features provide specificity using, as examples, two major TF superfamilies, the bZIP proteins and nuclear receptors. We also discuss the phenomenon of “weak” (low affinity) binding sites, which appear to be components of several important genomic regulatory regions, but paradoxically are barely detectable by the currently used approaches. Assembling the complete set of regulatory regions composed of both weak and strong binding sites will allow one to get more comprehensive lists of factors playing roles in gene regulation, thus making possible the deeper understanding of regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, HU 4032, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, HU 4032, Hungary
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, Saint Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
- Corresponding author at: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, Saint Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
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15
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Abstract
The KEAP1-NRF2 pathway is the principal protective response to oxidative and electrophilic stresses. Under homeostatic conditions, KEAP1 forms part of an E3 ubiquitin ligase, which tightly regulates the activity of the transcription factor NRF2 by targeting it for ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation. In response to stress, an intricate molecular mechanism facilitated by sensor cysteines within KEAP1 allows NRF2 to escape ubiquitination, accumulate within the cell, and translocate to the nucleus, where it can promote its antioxidant transcription program. Recent advances have revealed that KEAP1 contains multiple stress sensors and inactivation modalities, which together allow diverse cellular inputs, from oxidative stress and cellular metabolites to dysregulated autophagy, to regulate NRF2 activity. This integration of the KEAP1-NRF2 system into multiple cellular signaling and metabolic pathways places NRF2 activation as a critical regulatory node in many disease phenotypes and suggests that the pharmaceutical modulation of NRF2's cytoprotective activity will be beneficial for human health in a broad range of noncommunicable diseases.
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16
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Tizian C, Lahmann A, Hölsken O, Cosovanu C, Kofoed-Branzk M, Heinrich F, Mashreghi MF, Kruglov A, Diefenbach A, Neumann C. c-Maf restrains T-bet-driven programming of CCR6-negative group 3 innate lymphoid cells. eLife 2020; 9:52549. [PMID: 32039762 PMCID: PMC7025824 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RORγt+ group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) maintain intestinal homeostasis through secretion of type 3 cytokines such as interleukin (IL)−17 and IL-22. However, CCR6- ILC3s additionally co-express T-bet allowing for the acquisition of type 1 effector functions. While T-bet controls the type 1 programming of ILC3s, the molecular mechanisms governing T-bet are undefined. Here, we identify c-Maf as a crucial negative regulator of murine T-bet+ CCR6- ILC3s. Phenotypic and transcriptomic profiling of c-Maf-deficient CCR6- ILC3s revealed a hyper type 1 differentiation status, characterized by overexpression of ILC1/NK cell-related genes and downregulation of type 3 signature genes. On the molecular level, c-Maf directly restrained T-bet expression. Conversely, c-Maf expression was dependent on T-bet and regulated by IL-1β, IL-18 and Notch signals. Thus, we define c-Maf as a crucial cell-intrinsic brake in the type 1 effector acquisition which forms a negative feedback loop with T-bet to preserve the identity of CCR6- ILC3s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Tizian
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Lahmann
- Chronic Immune Reactions, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Hölsken
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Catalina Cosovanu
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Kofoed-Branzk
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederik Heinrich
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mir-Farzin Mashreghi
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrey Kruglov
- Chronic Inflammation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Neumann
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Abstract
The transcription factor MafB regulates macrophage differentiation. However, studies on
the phenotype of Mafb-deficient macrophages are still limited. Recently,
it was shown that the specific expression of MafB permits macrophages to be distinguished
from dendritic cells. In addition, MafB has been reported to be involved in various
diseases related to macrophages. Studies using macrophage-specific
Mafb-deficient mice show that MafB is linked to atherosclerosis,
autoimmunity, obesity, and ischemic stroke, all of which exhibit macrophage abnormality.
Therefore, MafB is hypothesized to be indispensable for the regulation of macrophages to
maintain systemic homeostasis and may serve as an innovative target for treating
macrophage-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michito Hamada
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yuki Tsunakawa
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hyojung Jeon
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Manoj Kumar Yadav
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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18
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Ray S, Ufot A, Assad N, Singh J, Durell SR, Porollo A, Tillo D, Vinson C. The bZIP mutant CEBPB (V285A) has sequence specific DNA binding propensities similar to CREB1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2019; 1862:486-492. [PMID: 30825655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The bZIP homodimers CEBPB and CREB1 bind DNA containing methylated cytosines differently. CREB1 binds stronger to the C/EBP half-site GCAA when the cytosine is methylated. For CEBPB, methylation of the same cytosine does not affect DNA binding. The X-ray structure of CREB1 binding the half site GTCA identifies an alanine in the DNA binding region interacting with the methyl group of T, structurally analogous to the methyl group of methylated C. This alanine is replaced with a valine in CEBPB. To explore the contribution of this amino acid to binding with methylated cytosine of the GCAA half-site, we made the reciprocal mutants CEBPB(V285A) and CREB1(A297V) and used protein binding microarrays (PBM) to examine binding to four types of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA): 1) DNA with cytosine in both strands (DNA(C|C)), 2) DNA with 5-methylcytosine (M) in one strand and cytosine in the second strand (DNA(M|C)), 3) DNA with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (H) in one strand and cytosine in the second strand (DNA(H|C)), and 4) DNA with both cytosines in all CG dinucleotides containing 5-methylcytosine (DNA(5mCG)). When binding to DNA(C|C), CEBPB (V285A) preferentially binds the CRE consensus motif (TGACGTCA), similar to CREB1. The reciprocal mutant, CREB1(A297V) binds DNA with some similarity to CEBPB, with strongest binding to the methylated PAR site 8-mer TTACGTAA. These data demonstrate that V285 residue inhibits CEBPB binding to methylated cytosine of the GCAA half-site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreejana Ray
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America
| | - Aniekanabasi Ufot
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America
| | - Nima Assad
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America
| | - Jocelyn Singh
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America
| | - Stewart R Durell
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America
| | - Aleksey Porollo
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States of America
| | - Desiree Tillo
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America
| | - Charles Vinson
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America.
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19
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Aschenbrenner D, Foglierini M, Jarrossay D, Hu D, Weiner HL, Kuchroo VK, Lanzavecchia A, Notarbartolo S, Sallusto F. An immunoregulatory and tissue-residency program modulated by c-MAF in human T H17 cells. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:1126-1136. [PMID: 30201991 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Different types of effector and memory T lymphocytes are induced and maintained in protective or pathological immune responses. Here we characterized two human CD4+ TH17 helper cell subsets that, in the recently activated state, could be distinguished on the basis of their expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. IL-10+ TH17 cells upregulated a variety of genes encoding immunoregulatory molecules, as well as genes whose expression is characteristic of tissue-resident T cells. In contrast, IL-10- TH17 cells maintained a pro-inflammatory gene-expression profile and upregulated the expression of homing receptors that guide recirculation from tissues to blood. Expression of the transcription factor c-MAF was selectively upregulated in IL-10+ TH17 cells, and it was bound to a large set of enhancer-like regions and modulated the immunoregulatory and tissue-residency program. Our results identify c-MAF as a relevant factor that drives two highly divergent post-activation fates of human TH17 cells and provide a framework with which to investigate the role of these cells in physiology and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Aschenbrenner
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, NDM Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mathilde Foglierini
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Jarrossay
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Dan Hu
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Samuele Notarbartolo
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland. .,Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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20
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ER stress regulating protein phosphatase 2A-B56γ, targeted by hepatitis B virus X protein, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of hepatocytes. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:762. [PMID: 29988038 PMCID: PMC6037732 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0787-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus X (HBx) protein contributes to the progression of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatic injury and diseases, but the exact mechanism remains unclear. Protein phosphatase 2 A (PP2A) is a major serine/threonine phosphatase involved in regulating many cellular phosphorylation signals that are important for regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis. Does HBx target to PP2A-B56γ and therefore affect HBx-induced hepatotoxicity? In the present study, the expression of B56γ positively correlated with the level of HBx in HBV-infected primary human hepatocytes in human-liver-chimeric mice, HBx-transgenic mice, HBV-infected cells, and HBx-expressing hepatic cells. B56γ promoted p53/p21-dependent cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Mechanistically, B56γ was transactivated by AP-1, which was under the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced CREBH signaling in HBx-expressing hepatic cells. B56γ dephosphorylated p-Thr55-p53 to trigger p53/p21 pathway-dependent cell cycle G1 phase arrest, resulting in apoptosis of hepatic cells. In conclusion, this study provides a novel insight into a mechanism of B56γ mediating cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of HBx-expressing hepatic cells and a basis for B56γ being a potential therapeutic target for HBV-infected hepatic cells.
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21
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Raghunath A, Sundarraj K, Nagarajan R, Arfuso F, Bian J, Kumar AP, Sethi G, Perumal E. Antioxidant response elements: Discovery, classes, regulation and potential applications. Redox Biol 2018; 17:297-314. [PMID: 29775961 PMCID: PMC6007815 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to antioxidants and xenobiotics triggers the expression of a myriad of genes encoding antioxidant proteins, detoxifying enzymes, and xenobiotic transporters to offer protection against oxidative stress. This articulated universal mechanism is regulated through the cis-acting elements in an array of Nrf2 target genes called antioxidant response elements (AREs), which play a critical role in redox homeostasis. Though the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE system involves many players, AREs hold the key in transcriptional regulation of cytoprotective genes. ARE-mediated reporter constructs have been widely used, including xenobiotics profiling and Nrf2 activator screening. The complexity of AREs is brought by the presence of other regulatory elements within the AREs. The diversity in the ARE sequences not only bring regulatory selectivity of diverse transcription factors, but also confer functional complexity in the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway. The different transcription factors either homodimerize or heterodimerize to bind the AREs. Depending on the nature of partners, they may activate or suppress the transcription. Attention is required for deeper mechanistic understanding of ARE-mediated gene regulation. The computational methods of identification and analysis of AREs are still in their infancy. Investigations are required to know whether epigenetics mechanism plays a role in the regulation of genes mediated through AREs. The polymorphisms in the AREs leading to oxidative stress related diseases are warranted. A thorough understanding of AREs will pave the way for the development of therapeutic agents against cancer, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, metabolic and other diseases with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhwar Raghunath
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Kiruthika Sundarraj
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Raju Nagarajan
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Frank Arfuso
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jinsong Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alan P Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600 Singapore, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; Medical Science Cluster, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600 Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Ekambaram Perumal
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamilnadu, India.
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22
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Gabryšová L, Alvarez-Martinez M, Luisier R, Cox LS, Sodenkamp J, Hosking C, Pérez-Mazliah D, Whicher C, Kannan Y, Potempa K, Wu X, Bhaw L, Wende H, Sieweke MH, Elgar G, Wilson M, Briscoe J, Metzis V, Langhorne J, Luscombe NM, O'Garra A. c-Maf controls immune responses by regulating disease-specific gene networks and repressing IL-2 in CD4 + T cells. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:497-507. [PMID: 29662170 PMCID: PMC5988041 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor c-Maf induces the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in CD4+ T cells in vitro. However, the global effects of c-Maf on diverse immune responses in vivo are unknown. Here we found that c-Maf regulated IL-10 production in CD4+ T cells in disease models involving the TH1 subset of helper T cells (malaria), TH2 cells (allergy) and TH17 cells (autoimmunity) in vivo. Although mice with c-Maf deficiency targeted to T cells showed greater pathology in TH1 and TH2 responses, TH17 cell-mediated pathology was reduced in this context, with an accompanying decrease in TH17 cells and increase in Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Bivariate genomic footprinting elucidated the c-Maf transcription-factor network, including enhanced activity of NFAT; this led to the identification and validation of c-Maf as a negative regulator of IL-2. The decreased expression of the gene encoding the transcription factor RORγt (Rorc) that resulted from c-Maf deficiency was dependent on IL-2, which explained the in vivo observations. Thus, c-Maf is a positive and negative regulator of the expression of cytokine-encoding genes, with context-specific effects that allow each immune response to occur in a controlled yet effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona Gabryšová
- The Francis Crick Institute, Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, London, UK
| | | | - Raphaëlle Luisier
- The Francis Crick Institute, Computational Biology Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Luke S Cox
- The Francis Crick Institute, Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, London, UK
| | - Jan Sodenkamp
- The Francis Crick Institute, Malaria Laboratory, London, UK
| | | | | | - Charlotte Whicher
- The Francis Crick Institute, Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, London, UK
| | - Yashaswini Kannan
- The Francis Crick Institute, Helminth Immunology Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Krzysztof Potempa
- The Francis Crick Institute, Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, London, UK
| | - Xuemei Wu
- The Francis Crick Institute, Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, London, UK
| | - Leena Bhaw
- The Francis Crick Institute, Advanced Sequencing Facility Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Hagen Wende
- Heidelberg University, Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael H Sieweke
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtzgemeinschaft (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Greg Elgar
- The Francis Crick Institute, Advanced Sequencing Facility Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Mark Wilson
- The Francis Crick Institute, Helminth Immunology Laboratory, London, UK
| | - James Briscoe
- The Francis Crick Institute, Developmental Dynamics Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Vicki Metzis
- The Francis Crick Institute, Developmental Dynamics Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Jean Langhorne
- The Francis Crick Institute, Malaria Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Nicholas M Luscombe
- The Francis Crick Institute, Computational Biology Laboratory, London, UK
- UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anne O'Garra
- The Francis Crick Institute, Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, London, UK.
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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23
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Abstract
The transcription factor MafB is expressed by monocytes and macrophages. Efferocytosis (apoptotic cell uptake) by macrophages is important for inhibiting the development of autoimmune diseases, and is greatly reduced in Mafb-deficient macrophages. Here, we show the expression of the first protein in the classical complement pathway C1q is important for mediating efferocytosis and is reduced in Mafb-deficient macrophages. The efferocytosis defect in Mafb-deficient macrophages can be rescued by adding serum from wild-type mice, but not by adding serum from C1q-deficient mice. By hemolysis assay we also show that activation of the classical complement pathway is decreased in Mafb-deficient mice. In addition, MafB overexpression induces C1q-dependent gene expression and signals that induce C1q genes are less effective in the absence of MafB. We also show that Mafb-deficiency can increase glomerular autoimmunity, including anti-nuclear antibody deposition. These results show that MafB is an important regulator of C1q.
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24
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A Simple Grammar Defines Activating and Repressing cis-Regulatory Elements in Photoreceptors. Cell Rep 2017; 17:1247-1254. [PMID: 27783940 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors often activate and repress different target genes in the same cell. How activation and repression are encoded by different arrangements of transcription factor binding sites in cis-regulatory elements is poorly understood. We investigated how sites for the transcription factor CRX encode both activation and repression in photoreceptors by assaying thousands of genomic and synthetic cis-regulatory elements in wild-type and Crx-/- retinas. We found that sequences with high affinity for CRX repress transcription, whereas sequences with lower affinity activate. This rule is modified by a cooperative interaction between CRX sites and sites for the transcription factor NRL, which overrides the repressive effect of high affinity for CRX. Our results show how simple rearrangements of transcription factor binding sites encode qualitatively different responses to a single transcription factor and explain how CRX plays multiple cis-regulatory roles in the same cell.
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Lu R, Mucaki EJ, Rogan PK. Discovery and validation of information theory-based transcription factor and cofactor binding site motifs. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:e27. [PMID: 27899659 PMCID: PMC5389469 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Data from ChIP-seq experiments can derive the genome-wide binding specificities of transcription factors (TFs) and other regulatory proteins. We analyzed 765 ENCODE ChIP-seq peak datasets of 207 human TFs with a novel motif discovery pipeline based on recursive, thresholded entropy minimization. This approach, while obviating the need to compensate for skewed nucleotide composition, distinguishes true binding motifs from noise, quantifies the strengths of individual binding sites based on computed affinity and detects adjacent cofactor binding sites that coordinate with the targets of primary, immunoprecipitated TFs. We obtained contiguous and bipartite information theory-based position weight matrices (iPWMs) for 93 sequence-specific TFs, discovered 23 cofactor motifs for 127 TFs and revealed six high-confidence novel motifs. The reliability and accuracy of these iPWMs were determined via four independent validation methods, including the detection of experimentally proven binding sites, explanation of effects of characterized SNPs, comparison with previously published motifs and statistical analyses. We also predict previously unreported TF coregulatory interactions (e.g. TF complexes). These iPWMs constitute a powerful tool for predicting the effects of sequence variants in known binding sites, performing mutation analysis on regulatory SNPs and predicting previously unrecognized binding sites and target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruipeng Lu
- Department of Computer Science, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Eliseos J Mucaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Peter K Rogan
- Department of Computer Science, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 4L6, Canada.,Cytognomix Inc., London, Ontario, N5X 3X5, Canada
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Boortz KA, Syring KE, Lee RA, Dai C, Oeser JK, McGuinness OP, Wang JC, O'Brien RM. G6PC2 Modulates the Effects of Dexamethasone on Fasting Blood Glucose and Glucose Tolerance. Endocrinology 2016; 157:4133-4145. [PMID: 27653037 PMCID: PMC5086534 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 2 (G6PC2) gene encodes an islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit. G6PC2 forms a substrate cycle with glucokinase that determines the glucose sensitivity of insulin secretion. Consequently, deletion of G6pc2 lowers fasting blood glucose (FBG) without affecting fasting plasma insulin. Although chronic elevation of FBG is detrimental to health, glucocorticoids induce G6PC2 expression, suggesting that G6PC2 evolved to transiently modulate FBG under conditions of glucocorticoid-related stress. We show, using competition and mutagenesis experiments, that the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex) induces G6PC2 promoter activity through a mechanism involving displacement of the islet-enriched transcription factor MafA by the glucocorticoid receptor. The induction of G6PC2 promoter activity by Dex is modulated by a single nucleotide polymorphism, previously linked to altered FBG in humans, that affects FOXA2 binding. A 5-day repeated injection paradigm was used to examine the chronic effect of Dex on FBG and glucose tolerance in wild-type (WT) and G6pc2 knockout mice. Acute Dex treatment only induces G6pc2 expression in 129SvEv but not C57BL/6J mice, but this chronic treatment induced G6pc2 expression in both. In 6-hour fasted C57BL/6J WT mice, Dex treatment lowered FBG and improved glucose tolerance, with G6pc2 deletion exacerbating the decrease in FBG and enhancing the improvement in glucose tolerance. In contrast, in 24-hour fasted C57BL/6J WT mice, Dex treatment raised FBG but still improved glucose tolerance, with G6pc2 deletion limiting the increase in FBG and enhancing the improvement in glucose tolerance. These observations demonstrate that G6pc2 modulates the complex effects of Dex on both FBG and glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla A Boortz
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., J.K.O., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (R.A.L., J.-C.W.), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Kristen E Syring
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., J.K.O., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (R.A.L., J.-C.W.), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Rebecca A Lee
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., J.K.O., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (R.A.L., J.-C.W.), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Chunhua Dai
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., J.K.O., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (R.A.L., J.-C.W.), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - James K Oeser
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., J.K.O., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (R.A.L., J.-C.W.), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Owen P McGuinness
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., J.K.O., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (R.A.L., J.-C.W.), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Jen-Chywan Wang
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., J.K.O., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (R.A.L., J.-C.W.), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Richard M O'Brien
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., J.K.O., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (R.A.L., J.-C.W.), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
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Abstract
Terminal erythroid differentiation occurs in the bone marrow, within specialized niches termed erythroblastic islands. These functional units consist of a macrophage surrounded by differentiating erythroblasts and have been described more than five decades ago, but their function in the pathophysiology of erythropoiesis has remained unclear until recently. Here we propose that the central macrophage in the erythroblastic island contributes to the pathophysiology of anemia of inflammation. After introducing erythropoiesis and the interactions between the erythroblasts and the central macrophage within the erythroblastic islands, we will discuss the immunophenotypic characterization of this specific subpopulation of macrophages. We will then integrate these concepts into the currently known pathophysiological drivers of anemia of inflammation and address the role of the central macrophage in this disorder. Finally, as a means of furthering our understanding of the various concepts, we will discuss the differences between murine and rat models with regard to developmental and stress erythropoiesis in an attempt to define a model system representative of human pathophysiology.
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Park JG, Tischfield MA, Nugent AA, Cheng L, Di Gioia SA, Chan WM, Maconachie G, Bosley TM, Summers CG, Hunter DG, Robson CD, Gottlob I, Engle EC. Loss of MAFB Function in Humans and Mice Causes Duane Syndrome, Aberrant Extraocular Muscle Innervation, and Inner-Ear Defects. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 98:1220-1227. [PMID: 27181683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) is a congenital eye-movement disorder defined by limited outward gaze and retraction of the eye on attempted inward gaze. Here, we report on three heterozygous loss-of-function MAFB mutations causing DRS and a dominant-negative MAFB mutation causing DRS and deafness. Using genotype-phenotype correlations in humans and Mafb-knockout mice, we propose a threshold model for variable loss of MAFB function. Postmortem studies of DRS have reported abducens nerve hypoplasia and aberrant innervation of the lateral rectus muscle by the oculomotor nerve. Our studies in mice now confirm this human DRS pathology. Moreover, we demonstrate that selectively disrupting abducens nerve development is sufficient to cause secondary innervation of the lateral rectus muscle by aberrant oculomotor nerve branches, which form at developmental decision regions close to target extraocular muscles. Thus, we present evidence that the primary cause of DRS is failure of the abducens nerve to fully innervate the lateral rectus muscle in early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong G Park
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Max A Tischfield
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alicia A Nugent
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Long Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Silvio Alessandro Di Gioia
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wai-Man Chan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gail Maconachie
- Ulverscroft Eye Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Behavior, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Thomas M Bosley
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - C Gail Summers
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David G Hunter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Caroline D Robson
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Irene Gottlob
- Ulverscroft Eye Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Behavior, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Elizabeth C Engle
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Tran MTN, Hamada M, Nakamura M, Jeon H, Kamei R, Tsunakawa Y, Kulathunga K, Lin YY, Fujisawa K, Kudo T, Takahashi S. MafB deficiency accelerates the development of obesity in mice. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:540-7. [PMID: 27419056 PMCID: PMC4887969 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
MafB, a transcription factor expressed selectively in macrophages, has important roles in some macrophage-related diseases, especially in atherosclerosis. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which hematopoietic-specific MafB deficiency induces the development of obesity. Wild-type and hematopoietic cell-specific Mafb-deficient mice were fed a high-fat diet for 10 weeks. The Mafb-deficient mice exhibited higher body weights and faster rates of body weight increase than control mice. The Mafb-deficient mice also had a higher percentage of body fat than the wild-type mice, due to increased adipocyte size and serum cholesterol levels. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed a reduction in apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM) in Mafb-deficient adipose tissue. AIM is known as an inhibitor of lipogenesis in adipocytes and is expressed in adipose tissue macrophages. Collectively, our data suggest that Mafb deficiency in hematopoietic cells accelerates the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Thi Nhu Tran
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Michito Hamada
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan; Laboratory Animal Resource Center Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) University of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Megumi Nakamura
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Hyojung Jeon
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Risa Kamei
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Yuki Tsunakawa
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan; Ph.D. Program in Human Biology School of Integrative and Global Majors University of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Kaushalya Kulathunga
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan; Ph.D. Program in Human Biology School of Integrative and Global Majors University of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Yuan-Yu Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology Department of Animal Science and Technology National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Kumiko Fujisawa
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Takashi Kudo
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan; Laboratory Animal Resource Center Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) University of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan; Laboratory Animal Resource Center Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) University of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
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Small Maf proteins (MafF, MafG, MafK): History, structure and function. Gene 2016; 586:197-205. [PMID: 27058431 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The small Maf proteins (sMafs) are basic region leucine zipper (bZIP)-type transcription factors. The basic region of the Maf family is unique among the bZIP factors, and it contributes to the distinct DNA-binding mode of this class of proteins. MafF, MafG and MafK are the three vertebrate sMafs, and no functional differences have been observed among them in terms of their bZIP structures. sMafs form homodimers by themselves, and they form heterodimers with cap 'n' collar (CNC) proteins (p45 NF-E2, Nrf1, Nrf2, and Nrf3) and also with Bach proteins (Bach1 and Bach2). Because CNC and Bach proteins cannot bind to DNA as monomers, sMafs are indispensable partners that are required by CNC and Bach proteins to exert their functions. sMafs lack the transcriptional activation domain; hence, their homodimers act as transcriptional repressors. In contrast, sMafs participate in transcriptional activation or repression depending on their heterodimeric partner molecules and context. Mouse genetic analyses have revealed that various biological pathways are under the regulation of CNC-sMaf heterodimers. In this review, we summarize the history and current progress of sMaf studies in relation to their partners.
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Yang Y, Cvekl A. Large Maf Transcription Factors: Cousins of AP-1 Proteins and Important Regulators of Cellular Differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:2-11. [PMID: 18159220 DOI: 10.23861/ejbm20072347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A large number of mammalian transcription factors possess the evolutionary conserved basic and leucine zipper domain (bZIP). The basic domain interacts with DNA while the leucine zipper facilitates homo- and hetero-dimerization. These factors can be grouped into at least seven families: AP-1, ATF/CREB, CNC, C/EBP, Maf, PAR, and virus-encoded bZIPs. Here, we focus on a group of four large Maf proteins: MafA, MafB, c-Maf, and NRL. They act as key regulators of terminal differentiation in many tissues such as bone, brain, kidney, lens, pancreas, and retina, as well as in blood. The DNA-binding mechanism of large Mafs involves cooperation between the basic domain and an adjacent ancillary DNA-binding domain. Many genes regulated by Mafs during cellular differentiation use functional interactions between the Pax/Maf, Sox/Maf, and Ets/Maf promoter and enhancer modules. The prime examples are crystallin genes in lens and glucagon and insulin in pancreas. Novel roles for large Mafs emerged from studying generations of MafA and MafB knockouts and analysis of combined phenotypes in double or triple null mice. In addition, studies of this group of factors in invertebrates revealed the evolutionarily conserved function of these genes in the development of multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
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β-Cell-Specific Mafk Overexpression Impairs Pancreatic Endocrine Cell Development. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150010. [PMID: 26901059 PMCID: PMC4763111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The MAF family transcription factors are homologs of v-Maf, the oncogenic component of the avian retrovirus AS42. They are subdivided into 2 groups, small and large MAF proteins, according to their structure, function, and molecular size. MAFK is a member of the small MAF family and acts as a dominant negative form of large MAFs. In previous research we generated transgenic mice that overexpress MAFK in order to suppress the function of large MAF proteins in pancreatic β-cells. These mice developed hyperglycemia in adulthood due to impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The aim of the current study is to examine the effects of β-cell-specific Mafk overexpression in endocrine cell development. The developing islets of Mafk-transgenic embryos appeared to be disorganized with an inversion of total numbers of insulin+ and glucagon+ cells due to reduced β-cell proliferation. Gene expression analysis by quantitative RT-PCR revealed decreased levels of β-cell-related genes whose expressions are known to be controlled by large MAF proteins. Additionally, these changes were accompanied with a significant increase in key β-cell transcription factors likely due to compensatory mechanisms that might have been activated in response to the β-cell loss. Finally, microarray comparison of gene expression profiles between wild-type and transgenic pancreata revealed alteration of some uncharacterized genes including Pcbd1, Fam132a, Cryba2, and Npy, which might play important roles during pancreatic endocrine development. Taken together, these results suggest that Mafk overexpression impairs endocrine development through a regulation of numerous β-cell-related genes. The microarray analysis provided a unique data set of differentially expressed genes that might contribute to a better understanding of the molecular basis that governs the development and function of endocrine pancreas.
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de Vasconcellos JF, Laranjeira ABA, Leal PC, Bhasin MK, Zenatti PP, Nunes RJ, Yunes RA, Nowill AE, Libermann TA, Zerbini LF, Yunes JA. SB225002 Induces Cell Death and Cell Cycle Arrest in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells through the Activation of GLIPR1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134783. [PMID: 26302043 PMCID: PMC4547718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is the most frequent childhood malignancy. In the effort to find new anti-leukemic agents, we evaluated the small drug SB225002 (N-(2-hydroxy-4-nitrophenyl)-N’-(2-bromophenyl)urea). Although initially described as a selective antagonist of CXCR2, later studies have identified other cellular targets for SB225002, with potential medicinal use in cancer. We found that SB225002 has a significant pro-apoptotic effect against both B- and T-ALL cell lines. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated that treatment with SB225002 induces G2-M cell cycle arrest. Transcriptional profiling revealed that SB225002-mediated apoptosis triggered a transcriptional program typical of tubulin binding agents. Network analysis revealed the activation of genes linked to the JUN and p53 pathways and inhibition of genes linked to the TNF pathway. Early cellular effects activated by SB225002 included the up-regulation of GLIPR1, a p53-target gene shown to have pro-apoptotic activities in prostate and bladder cancer. Silencing of GLIPR1 in B- and T-ALL cell lines resulted in increased resistance to SB225002. Although SB225002 promoted ROS increase in ALL cells, antioxidant N-Acetyl Cysteine pre-treatment only modestly attenuated cell death, implying that the pro-apoptotic effects of SB225002 are not exclusively mediated by ROS. Moreover, GLIPR1 silencing resulted in increased ROS levels both in untreated and SB225002-treated cells. In conclusion, SB225002 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in different B- and T-ALL cell lines. Inhibition of tubulin function with concurrent activation of the p53 pathway, in particular, its downstream target GLIPR1, seems to underlie the anti-leukemic effect of SB225002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaíra Ferreira de Vasconcellos
- Centro Infantil Boldrini, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- BIDMC Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Paulo C. Leal
- Department of Chemistry, Santa Catarina Federal University, Florianopólis, SC, Brazil
| | - Manoj K. Bhasin
- BIDMC Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Ricardo J. Nunes
- Department of Chemistry, Santa Catarina Federal University, Florianopólis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rosendo A. Yunes
- Department of Chemistry, Santa Catarina Federal University, Florianopólis, SC, Brazil
| | - Alexandre E. Nowill
- Centro Integrado de Pesquisas Oncohematológicas da Infancia, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Towia A. Libermann
- BIDMC Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Luiz Fernando Zerbini
- BIDMC Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cancer Genomics Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and Medical Biochemistry Division, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - José Andrés Yunes
- Centro Infantil Boldrini, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Friedman AD. C/EBPα in normal and malignant myelopoiesis. Int J Hematol 2015; 101:330-41. [PMID: 25753223 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-015-1764-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) dimerizes via its leucine zipper (LZ) domain to bind DNA via its basic region and activate transcription via N-terminal trans-activation domains. The activity of C/EBPα is modulated by several serine/threonine kinases and via sumoylation, its gene is activated by RUNX1 and additional transcription factors, its mRNA stability is modified by miRNAs, and its mRNA is subject to translation control that affects AUG selection. In addition to inducing differentiation, C/EBPα inhibits cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Within hematopoiesis, C/EBPα levels increase as long-term stem cells progress to granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (GMP). Absence of C/EBPα prevents GMP formation, and higher levels are required for granulopoiesis compared to monopoiesis. C/EBPα interacts with AP-1 proteins to bind hybrid DNA elements during monopoiesis, and induction of Gfi-1, C/EBPε, KLF5, and miR-223 by C/EBPα enables granulopoiesis. The CEBPA ORF is mutated in approximately 10 % of acute myeloid leukemias (AML), leading to expression of N-terminally truncated C/EBPαp30 and C-terminal, in-frame C/EBPαLZ variants, which inhibit C/EBPα activities but also play additional roles during myeloid transformation. RUNX1 mutation, CEBPA promoter methylation, Trib1 or Trib2-mediated C/EBPαp42 degradation, and signaling pathways leading to C/EBPα serine 21 phosphorylation reduce C/EBPα expression or activity in additional AML cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Friedman
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Cancer Research Building I, Room 253, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA,
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Toropainen S, Malinen M, Kaikkonen S, Rytinki M, Jääskeläinen T, Sahu B, Jänne OA, Palvimo JJ. SUMO ligase PIAS1 functions as a target gene selective androgen receptor coregulator on prostate cancer cell chromatin. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 43:848-61. [PMID: 25552417 PMCID: PMC4333416 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays a central role in the development and growth of prostate carcinoma. PIAS1 is an AR- and SUMO-interacting protein and a putative transcriptional coregulator overexpressed in prostate cancer. To study the importance of PIAS1 for the androgen-regulated transcriptome of VCaP prostate cancer cells, we silenced its expression by RNAi. Transcriptome analyses revealed that a subset of the AR-regulated genes is significantly influenced, either activated or repressed, by PIAS1 depletion. Interestingly, PIAS1 depletion also exposed a new set of genes to androgen regulation, suggesting that PIAS1 can mask distinct genomic loci from AR access. In keeping with gene expression data, silencing of PIAS1 attenuated VCaP cell proliferation. ChIP-seq analyses showed that PIAS1 interacts with AR at chromatin sites harboring also SUMO2/3 and surrounded by H3K4me2; androgen exposure increased the number of PIAS1-occupying sites, resulting in nearly complete overlap with AR chromatin binding events. PIAS1 interacted also with the pioneer factor FOXA1. Of note, PIAS1 depletion affected AR chromatin occupancy at binding sites enriched for HOXD13 and GATA motifs. Taken together, PIAS1 is a genuine chromatin-bound AR coregulator that functions in a target gene selective fashion to regulate prostate cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Toropainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo Malinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna Kaikkonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miia Rytinki
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tiina Jääskeläinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Biswajyoti Sahu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli A Jänne
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma J Palvimo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Fang M, Ou J, Hutchinson L, Green MR. The BRAF oncoprotein functions through the transcriptional repressor MAFG to mediate the CpG Island Methylator phenotype. Mol Cell 2014; 55:904-915. [PMID: 25219500 PMCID: PMC4170521 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Most colorectal cancers (CRCs) containing activated BRAF (BRAF[V600E]) have a CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) characterized by aberrant hypermethylation of many genes, including the mismatch repair gene MLH1. MLH1 silencing results in microsatellite instability and a hypermutable phenotype. Through an RNAi screen, here we identify the transcriptional repressor MAFG as the pivotal factor required for MLH1 silencing and CIMP in CRCs containing BRAF(V600E). In BRAF-positive human CRC cell lines and tumors, MAFG is bound at the promoters of MLH1 and other CIMP genes, and recruits a corepressor complex that includes its heterodimeric partner BACH1, the chromatin remodeling factor CHD8, and the DNA methyltransferase DNMT3B, resulting in hypermethylation and transcriptional silencing. BRAF(V600E) increases BRAF/MEK/ERK signaling resulting in phosphorylation and elevated levels of MAFG, which drives DNA binding. Analysis of transcriptionally silenced CIMP genes in KRAS-positive CRCs indicates that different oncoproteins direct the assembly of distinct repressor complexes on common promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minggang Fang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Programs in Gene Function and Expression and Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jianhong Ou
- Programs in Gene Function and Expression and Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Lloyd Hutchinson
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Michael R Green
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Programs in Gene Function and Expression and Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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ADAMTS-12: a multifaced metalloproteinase in arthritis and inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:649718. [PMID: 24876675 PMCID: PMC4020202 DOI: 10.1155/2014/649718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ADAMTS-12 is a member of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) family of proteases, which were known to play important roles in various biological and pathological processes, such as development, angiogenesis, inflammation, cancer, arthritis, and atherosclerosis. In this review, we briefly summarize the structural organization of ADAMTS-12; concentrate on the emerging role of ADAMTS-12 in several pathophysiological conditions, including intervertebral disc degeneration, tumorigenesis and angioinhibitory effects, pediatric stroke, gonad differentiation, trophoblast invasion, and genetic linkage to schizophrenia and asthma, with special focus on its role in arthritis and inflammation; and end with the perspective research of ADAMTS-12 and its potential as a promising diagnostic and therapeutic target in various kinds of diseases and conditions.
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Morito N, Yoh K, Ojima M, Okamura M, Nakamura M, Hamada M, Shimohata H, Moriguchi T, Yamagata K, Takahashi S. Overexpression of Mafb in podocytes protects against diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:2546-57. [PMID: 24722438 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013090993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that the transcription factor Mafb is essential for podocyte differentiation and foot process formation. Podocytes are susceptible to injury in diabetes, and this injury leads to progression of diabetic nephropathy. In this study, we generated transgenic mice that overexpress Mafb in podocytes using the nephrin promoter/enhancer. To examine a potential pathogenetic role for Mafb in diabetic nephropathy, Mafb transgenic mice were treated with either streptozotocin or saline solution. Diabetic nephropathy was assessed by renal histology and biochemical analyses of urine and serum. Podocyte-specific overexpression of Mafb had no effect on body weight or blood glucose levels in either diabetic or control mice. Notably, albuminuria and changes in BUN levels and renal histology observed in diabetic wild-type animals were ameliorated in diabetic Mafb transgenic mice. Moreover, hyperglycemia-induced downregulation of Nephrin was mitigated in diabetic Mafb transgenic mice, and reporter assay results suggested that Mafb regulates Nephrin directly. Mafb transgenic glomeruli also overexpressed glutathione peroxidase, an antioxidative stress enzyme, and levels of the oxidative stress marker 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine decreased in the urine of diabetic Mafb transgenic mice. Finally, Notch2 expression increased in diabetic glomeruli, and this effect was enhanced in diabetic Mafb transgenic glomeruli. These data indicate Mafb has a protective role in diabetic nephropathy through regulation of slit diaphragm proteins, antioxidative enzymes, and Notch pathways in podocytes and suggest that Mafb could be a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Homare Shimohata
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Inashiki, Ibaraki, Japan; and
| | - Takashi Moriguchi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | | | - Satoru Takahashi
- Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), and Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Blonska M, Joo D, Nurieva RI, Zhao X, Chiao P, Sun SC, Dong C, Lin X. Activation of the transcription factor c-Maf in T cells is dependent on the CARMA1-IKKβ signaling cascade. Sci Signal 2013; 6:ra110. [PMID: 24345681 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2004273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The proto-oncogene c-Maf is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in the differentiation of various T helper (T(H)) cell subsets. The amount of c-Maf increases after stimulation of the T cell receptor (TCR), which results in the production of multiple cytokines. We showed that two essential regulators of the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), the scaffold protein CARMA1 and the kinase IKKβ [inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB) kinase β], are also critical for the activation of c-Maf. Although CARMA1 deficiency did not affect the TCR-dependent increase in c-Maf abundance in T cells, CARMA1-dependent activation of the IKK complex was required for the nuclear translocation of c-Maf and its binding to the promoters of its target genes. Consistent with a role for c-Maf in the development of T follicular helper (T(FH)) cells, which provide help to B cells in the germinal centers of the spleen, CARMA1- or IKKβ-deficient mice immunized with peptide antigen had defects in the generation of T(FH) cells, formation of germinal centers, and production of antigen-specific antibodies. Together, these data suggest a mechanism by which c-Maf is regulated during T cell activation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzenna Blonska
- 1Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Jun dimerization protein 2 is a critical component of the Nrf2/MafK complex regulating the response to ROS homeostasis. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e921. [PMID: 24232097 PMCID: PMC3847324 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are associated with diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular complications, inflammation and neurodegeneration. Cellular defense systems must work constantly to control ROS levels and to prevent their accumulation. We report here that the Jun dimerization protein 2 (JDP2) has a critical role as a cofactor for transcription factors nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and small Maf protein family K (MafK) in the regulation of the antioxidant-responsive element (ARE) and production of ROS. Chromatin immunoprecipitation–quantitative PCR (qPCR), electrophoresis mobility shift and ARE-driven reporter assays were carried out to examine the role of JDP2 in ROS production. JDP2 bound directly to the ARE core sequence, associated with Nrf2 and MafK (Nrf2–MafK) via basic leucine zipper domains, and increased DNA-binding activity of the Nrf2–MafK complex to the ARE and the transcription of ARE-dependent genes. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts from Jdp2-knockout (Jdp2 KO) mice, the coordinate transcriptional activation of several ARE-containing genes and the ability of Nrf2 to activate expression of target genes were impaired. Moreover, intracellular accumulation of ROS and increased thickness of the epidermis were detected in Jdp2 KO mice in response to oxidative stress-inducing reagents. These data suggest that JDP2 is required to protect against intracellular oxidation, ROS activation and DNA oxidation. qPCR demonstrated that several Nrf2 target genes such as heme oxygenase-1, glutamate–cysteine ligase catalytic and modifier subunits, the notch receptor ligand jagged 1 and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 are also dependent on JDP2 for full expression. Taken together, these results suggest that JDP2 is an integral component of the Nrf2–MafK complex and that it modulates antioxidant and detoxification programs by acting via the ARE.
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Chiou SS, Wang SSW, Wu DC, Lin YC, Kao LP, Kuo KK, Wu CC, Chai CY, Lin CLS, Lee CY, Liao YM, Wuputra K, Yang YH, Wang SW, Ku CC, Nakamura Y, Saito S, Hasegawa H, Yamaguchi N, Miyoshi H, Lin CS, Eckner R, Yokoyama KK. Control of Oxidative Stress and Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-like Cells by Jun Dimerization Protein 2. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:959-84. [PMID: 24202329 PMCID: PMC3795374 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5030959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here that the Jun dimerization protein 2 (JDP2) plays a critical role as a cofactor for the transcription factors nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and MafK in the regulation of the antioxidants and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). JDP2 associates with Nrf2 and MafK (Nrf2-MafK) to increase the transcription of antioxidant response element-dependent genes. Oxidative-stress-inducing reagent led to an increase in the intracellular accumulation of ROS and cell proliferation in Jdp2 knock-out mouse embryonic fibroblasts. In Jdp2-Cre mice mated with reporter mice, the expression of JDP2 was restricted to granule cells in the brain cerebellum. The induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-like cells were generated from DAOY medulloblastoma cell by introduction of JDP2, and the defined factor OCT4. iPSC-like cells expressed stem cell-like characteristics including alkaline phosphatase activity and some stem cell markers. However, such iPSC-like cells also proliferated rapidly, became neoplastic, and potentiated cell malignancy at a later stage in SCID mice. This study suggests that medulloblastoma cells can be reprogrammed successfully by JDP2 and OCT4 to become iPSC-like cells. These cells will be helpful for studying the generation of cancer stem cells and ROS homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyh-Shin Chiou
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-Y.L.); (Y.-M.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Sophie Sheng-Wen Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (S.S.-W.W.); (D.-C.W.); (S.-W.W.)
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (S.S.-W.W.); (D.-C.W.); (S.-W.W.)
| | - Ying-Chu Lin
- School of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Li-Pin Kao
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-P.K.); (C.-L.S.L.); (K.W.); (C.-C.K.); (S.S.); (C.-S.L.)
| | - Kung-Kai Kuo
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (K.-K.K.); (Y.-H.Y.)
| | - Chun-Chieh Wu
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-C.W.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Chee-Yin Chai
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-C.W.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Cheng-Lung Steve Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-P.K.); (C.-L.S.L.); (K.W.); (C.-C.K.); (S.S.); (C.-S.L.)
| | - Cheng-Yi Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-Y.L.); (Y.-M.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Mei Liao
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-Y.L.); (Y.-M.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Kenly Wuputra
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-P.K.); (C.-L.S.L.); (K.W.); (C.-C.K.); (S.S.); (C.-S.L.)
| | - Ya-Han Yang
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (K.-K.K.); (Y.-H.Y.)
| | - Shin-Wei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (S.S.-W.W.); (D.-C.W.); (S.-W.W.)
| | - Chia-Chen Ku
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-P.K.); (C.-L.S.L.); (K.W.); (C.-C.K.); (S.S.); (C.-S.L.)
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan; E-Mails: (Y.N.); (H.M.)
| | - Shigeo Saito
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-P.K.); (C.-L.S.L.); (K.W.); (C.-C.K.); (S.S.); (C.-S.L.)
- Saito Laboratory of Cell Technology, Yaita, Tochigi 329-1571, Japan
| | - Hitomi Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan; E-Mails: (H.H.); (N.Y.)
| | - Naoto Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan; E-Mails: (H.H.); (N.Y.)
| | - Hiroyuki Miyoshi
- RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan; E-Mails: (Y.N.); (H.M.)
| | - Chang-Sheng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-P.K.); (C.-L.S.L.); (K.W.); (C.-C.K.); (S.S.); (C.-S.L.)
| | - Richard Eckner
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Kazunari K. Yokoyama
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-P.K.); (C.-L.S.L.); (K.W.); (C.-C.K.); (S.S.); (C.-S.L.)
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Hong E, Yik J, Amanatullah DF, Di Cesare PE, Haudenschild DR. c-Maf Transcription Factor Regulates ADAMTS-12 Expression in Human Chondrogenic Cells. Cartilage 2013; 4:177-86. [PMID: 26069660 PMCID: PMC4297105 DOI: 10.1177/1947603512472697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type-1 motif) zinc metalloproteinases are important during the synthesis and breakdown of cartilage extracellular matrix. ADAMTS-12 is up-regulated during in vitro chondrogenesis and embryonic limb development; however, the regulation of ADAMTS-12 expression in cartilage remains unknown. The transcription factor c-Maf is a member of Maf family of basic ZIP (bZIP) transcription factors. Expression of c-Maf is highest in hypertrophic chondrocytes during embryonic development and postnatal growth. We hypothesize that c-Maf and ADAMTS-12 are co-expressed during chondrocyte differentiation and that c-Maf regulates ADAMTS-12 expression during chondrogenesis. DESIGN Promoter analysis and species alignments identified potential c-Maf binding sites in the ADAMTS-12 promoter. c-Maf and ADAMTS-12 co-expression was monitored during chondrogenesis of stem cell pellet cultures. Luciferase expression driven by ADAMTS-12 promoter segments was measured in the presence and absence of c-Maf, and synthetic oligonucleotides were used to confirm specific binding of c-Maf to ADAMTS-12 promoter sequences. RESULTS In vitro chondrogenesis from human mesenchymal stem cells revealed co-expression of ADAMTS-12 and c-Maf during differentiation. Truncation and point mutations of the ADAMTS-12 promoter evaluated in reporter assays localized the response to the proximal 315 bp of the ADAMTS-12 promoter, which contained a predicted c-Maf recognition element (MARE) at position -61. Electorphoretic mobility shift assay confirmed that c-Maf directly interacted with the MARE at position -61. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that c-Maf is involved in chondrocyte differentiation and hypertrophy, at least in part, through the regulation of ADAMTS-12 expression at a newly identified MARE in its proximal promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunmee Hong
- Lawrence J. Ellison Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jasper Yik
- Lawrence J. Ellison Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Derek F. Amanatullah
- Lawrence J. Ellison Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Paul E. Di Cesare
- Lawrence J. Ellison Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Dominik R. Haudenschild
- Lawrence J. Ellison Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Hunter CS, Stein R. Characterization of an apparently novel β-cell line-enriched 80-88 kDa transcriptional activator of the MafA and Pdx1 genes. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:3795-803. [PMID: 23269676 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.434282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MafA and Pdx1 represent critical transcriptional regulators required for the maintenance of pancreatic islet β-cell function. The in vivo β-cell-enriched expression pattern of these genes is principally directed by islet transcription factors binding within conserved Region 3 (base pairs (bp) -8118/-7750) of MafA and Area II (bp -2153/-1923) of the Pdx1 gene. Comprehensive mutational analysis of conserved MafA Region 3 revealed two new β-cell line-specific cis-activation elements, termed Site 4 (bp -7997 to -7988) and Site 12 (bp -7835 to -7826). Gel mobility and antibody super-shift analysis identified Pdx1 as the Site 4 binding factor, while an 80-88 kilodalton (kDa) β-cell line-enriched protein complex bound Site 12 and similar aligned nucleotides within Pdx1 Area II. The 80-88 kDa activator was also found in adult mouse islet extract. Strikingly, the molecular weight, DNA binding, and antibody recognition properties of this activator were unique when compared with all other key islet transcription factors tested, including Prox1 (83 kDa), Hnf1α (67 kDa), FoxA2 (48 kDa), MafA (46 kDa), Isl1 (44 kDa), Pdx1 (42 kDa), and Nkx2.2 (30 kDa). Collectively, these data define an apparently novel MafA Region 3 and Pdx1 Area II activator contributing to expression in β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad S Hunter
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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Kwasnieski JC, Mogno I, Myers CA, Corbo JC, Cohen BA. Complex effects of nucleotide variants in a mammalian cis-regulatory element. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:19498-503. [PMID: 23129659 PMCID: PMC3511131 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1210678109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) control gene expression by recruiting transcription factors (TFs) and other DNA binding proteins. We aim to understand how individual nucleotides contribute to the function of CREs. Here we introduce CRE analysis by sequencing (CRE-seq), a high-throughput method for producing and testing large numbers of reporter genes in mammalian cells. We used CRE-seq to assay >1,000 single and double nucleotide mutations in a 52-bp CRE in the Rhodopsin promoter that drives strong and specific expression in mammalian photoreceptors. We find that this particular CRE is remarkably complex. The majority (86%) of single nucleotide substitutions in this sequence exert significant effects on regulatory activity. Although changes in the affinity of known TF binding sites explain some of these expression changes, we present evidence for complex phenomena, including binding site turnover and TF competition. Analysis of double mutants revealed complex, nucleotide-specific interactions between residues in different TF binding sites. We conclude that some mammalian CREs are finely tuned by evolution and function through complex, nonadditive interactions between bound TFs. CRE-seq will be an important tool to uncover the rules that govern these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie C. Kwasnieski
- Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108; and
| | - Ilaria Mogno
- Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108; and
| | - Connie A. Myers
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Joseph C. Corbo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Barak A. Cohen
- Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108; and
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Ma Q, He X. Molecular basis of electrophilic and oxidative defense: promises and perils of Nrf2. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:1055-81. [PMID: 22966037 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.004333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes through the antioxidant response element (ARE)-dependent transcription was initially implicated in chemoprevention against cancer by antioxidants. Recent progress in understanding the biology and mechanism of induction revealed a critical role of induction in cellular defense against electrophilic and oxidative stress. Induction is mediated through a novel signaling pathway via two regulatory proteins, the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with CNC homology-associated protein 1 (Keap1). Nrf2 binds to Keap1 at a two site-binding interface and is ubiquitinated by the Keap1/cullin 3/ring box protein-1-ubiquitin ligase, resulting in a rapid turnover of Nrf2 protein. Electrophiles and oxidants modify critical cysteine thiols of Keap1 and Nrf2 to inhibit Nrf2 ubiquitination, leading to Nrf2 activation and induction. Induction increases stress resistance critical for cell survival, because knockout of Nrf2 in mice increased susceptibility to a variety of toxicity and disease processes. Collateral to diverse functions of Nrf2, genome-wide search has led to the identification of a plethora of ARE-dependent genes regulated by Nrf2 in an inducer-, tissue-, and disease-dependent manner to control drug metabolism, antioxidant defense, stress response, proteasomal degradation, and cell proliferation. The protective nature of Nrf2 could also be hijacked in a number of pathological conditions by means of somatic mutation, epigenetic alteration, and accumulation of disruptor proteins, promoting drug resistance in cancer and pathologic liver features in autophagy deficiency. The repertoire of ARE inducers has expanded enormously; the therapeutic potential of the inducers has been examined beyond cancer prevention. Developing potent and specific ARE inducers and Nrf2 inhibitors holds certain new promise for the prevention and therapy against cancer, chronic disease, and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ma
- Receptor Biology Laboratory, Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute forOccupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia.
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Zhang M, Clausell A, Robinson T, Yin J, Chen E, Johnson L, Weiss G, Sabbaj S, Lowe RM, Wagner FH, Goepfert PA, Kutsch O, Cron RQ. Host factor transcriptional regulation contributes to preferential expression of HIV type 1 in IL-4-producing CD4 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2746-57. [PMID: 22875803 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HIV type 1 (HIV-1) replicates preferentially in IL-4-producing CD4 T cells for unclear reasons. We show increased HIV-1 expression is irrespective of viral tropism for chemokine receptors as previously suggested, but rather transcription of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) is increased in IL-4-producing CD4 T cells. Increased expression of HIV-1 message is also confirmed in IL-4-producing CD4 T cells from HIV-1-infected individuals ex vivo. In exploring a transcriptional mechanism, we identify a novel c-maf (required for IL-4 expression) transcription factor binding site just upstream of the dual NF-κB/NFAT binding sites in the proximal HIV-1 LTR. We demonstrate that c-maf binds this site in vivo and synergistically augments HIV-1 transcription in cooperation with NFAT2 and NF-κB p65, but not NFAT1 or NF-κB p50. Conversely, small interfering RNA inhibition of c-maf reduces HIV-1 transcription in IL-4-producing T cells. Thus, c-maf increases HIV-1 expression in IL-4-producing CD4 T cells by binding the proximal HIV-1 LTR and augmenting HIV-1 transcription in partnership with NFAT2 and NF-κB p65 specifically. This has important implications for selective targeting of transcription factors during HIV-1 infection because, over the course of HIV-1 progression/AIDS, IL-4-producing T cells frequently predominate and substantially contribute to disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingce Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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Koh KH, Jurkovic S, Yang K, Choi SY, Jung JW, Kim KP, Zhang W, Jeong H. Estradiol induces cytochrome P450 2B6 expression at high concentrations: implication in estrogen-mediated gene regulation in pregnancy. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:93-103. [PMID: 22484313 PMCID: PMC3376749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy alters the rate and extent of drug metabolism, but little is known about the underlying molecular mechanism. We have found that 17β-estradiol (E2) upregulates expression of the major drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP2B6 in primary human hepatocytes. Results from promoter reporter assays in HepG2 cells revealed that E2 activates constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and enhances promoter activity of CYP2B6, for which high concentrations of E2 reached during pregnancy were required. E2 triggered nuclear translocation of CAR in primary rat hepatocytes that were transiently transfected with human CAR as well as in primary human hepatocytes, further confirming transactivation of CAR by E2. E2-activated estrogen receptor (ER) also enhanced CYP2B6 promoter activity. The DNA-binding domain of ER was not required for the induction of CYP2B6 promoter activity by E2, suggesting involvement of a non-classical mechanism of ER action. Results from deletion and mutation assays as well as electrophorectic mobility shift and supershift assays revealed that two AP-1 binding sites (-1782/-1776 and -1664/-1658 of CYP2B6) are critical for ER-mediated activation of the CYP2B6 promoter by E2. Concurrent activation of both ER and CAR by E2 enhanced CYP2B6 expression in a synergistic manner. Our data demonstrate that at high concentrations reached during pregnancy, E2 activates both CAR and ER that synergistically induce CYP2B6 expression. These results illustrate pharmacological activity of E2 that would likely become prominent during pregnancy.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/genetics
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Constitutive Androstane Receptor
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Estradiol/blood
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Estrogens/blood
- Estrogens/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Genes, Reporter
- Hep G2 Cells
- Hepatocytes/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/enzymology
- Humans
- Luciferases/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/genetics
- Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/metabolism
- Pregnancy/blood
- Pregnancy/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Tandem Mass Spectrometry
- Transcription Factor AP-1/genetics
- Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism
- Transcriptional Activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwi Hye Koh
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Steve Jurkovic
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kyunghee Yang
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Su-Young Choi
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jin Woo Jung
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Hyunyoung Jeong
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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NF-E2-related factor 1 (Nrf1) serves as a novel regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism through regulation of the Lipin1 and PGC-1β genes. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:2760-70. [PMID: 22586274 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06706-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic lipid metabolism is under elaborate regulation, and perturbations in this regulatory process at the transcriptional level lead to pathological conditions. NF-E2-related factor 1 (Nrf1) is a member of the cap'n'collar (CNC) transcription factor family. Hepatocyte-specific Nrf1 gene conditional-knockout mice are known to develop hepatic steatosis, but it remains unclear how Nrf1 contributes to the lipid homeostasis. Therefore, in this study we examined the gene expression profiles of Nrf1-deficient mouse livers. A pathway analysis based on the profiling results revealed that the levels of expression of the genes related to lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and mitochondrial respiratory function were decreased in Nrf1-deficient mouse livers, indicating the profound effects that the Nrf1 deficiency conferred to various metabolic pathways. We discovered that the Nrf1 deficiency leads to the reduced expression of the transcriptional coactivator genes Lipin1 and PGC-1β (for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1β). Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses showed that Nrf1 binds to the antioxidant response elements (AREs) in regulatory regions of the Lipin1 and PGC-1β genes and the binding of Nrf1 to the AREs activates reporter gene transcription. These results thus identified Nrf1 to be a novel regulator of the Lipin1 and PGC-1β genes, providing new insights into the Nrf1 function in hepatic lipid metabolism.
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Embryonic lethality and fetal liver apoptosis in mice lacking all three small Maf proteins. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 32:808-16. [PMID: 22158967 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06543-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryogenesis is a period during which cells are exposed to dynamic changes of various intracellular and extracellular stresses. Oxidative stress response genes are regulated by heterodimers composed of Cap'n'Collar (CNC) and small Maf proteins (small Mafs) that bind to antioxidant response elements (ARE). Whereas CNC factors have been shown to contribute to the expression of ARE-dependent cytoprotective genes during embryogenesis, the specific contribution of small Maf proteins to such gene regulation remains to be fully examined. To delineate the small Maf function in vivo, in this study we examined mice lacking all three small Mafs (MafF, MafG, and MafK). The small Maf triple-knockout mice developed normally until embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5). Thereafter, however, the triple-knockout embryos showed severe growth retardation and liver hypoplasia, and the embryos died around E13.5. ARE-dependent cytoprotective genes were expressed normally in E10.5 triple-knockout embryos, but the expression was significantly reduced in the livers of E13.5 mutant embryos. Importantly, the embryonic lethality could be completely rescued by transgenic expression of exogenous MafG under MafG gene regulatory control. These results thus demonstrate that small Maf proteins are indispensable for embryonic development after E9.5, especially for liver development, but early embryonic development does not require small Mafs.
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50
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Rutz S, Noubade R, Eidenschenk C, Ota N, Zeng W, Zheng Y, Hackney J, Ding J, Singh H, Ouyang W. Transcription factor c-Maf mediates the TGF-β-dependent suppression of IL-22 production in T(H)17 cells. Nat Immunol 2011; 12:1238-45. [PMID: 22001828 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 22 (IL-22), which is produced by cells of the T(H)17 subset of helper T cells and other leukocytes, not only enhances proinflammatory innate defense mechanisms in epithelial cells but also provides crucial protection to tissues from damage caused by inflammation and infection. In T(H)17 cells, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) regulates IL-22 and IL-17 differently. IL-6 alone induces T cells to produce only IL-22, whereas the combination of IL-6 and high concentrations of TGF-β results in the production of IL-17 but not IL-22 by T cells. Here we identify the transcription factor c-Maf, which is induced by TGF-β, as a downstream repressor of Il22. We found that c-Maf bound to the Il22 promoter and was both necessary and sufficient for the TGF-β-dependent suppression of IL-22 production in T(H)17 cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/genetics
- Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Interleukins/biosynthesis
- Interleukins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Nucleotide Motifs
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-maf/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-maf/metabolism
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/genetics
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Rutz
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
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