1
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Ji E, Zhang Y, Li Z, Wei L, Wu Z, Li Y, Yu X, Song TJ. The Chemokine CCL2 Promotes Excitatory Synaptic Transmission in Hippocampal Neurons via GluA1 Subunit Trafficking. Neurosci Bull 2024:10.1007/s12264-024-01236-9. [PMID: 38954270 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01236-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2, also known as MCP-1) and its cognate receptor CCR2 have well-characterized roles in chemotaxis. CCL2 has been previously shown to promote excitatory synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability. However, the detailed molecular mechanism underlying this process remains largely unclear. In cultured hippocampal neurons, CCL2 application rapidly upregulated surface expression of GluA1, in a CCR2-dependent manner, assayed using SEP-GluA1 live imaging, surface GluA1 antibody staining, and electrophysiology. Using pharmacology and reporter assays, we further showed that CCL2 upregulated surface GluA1 expression primarily via Gαq- and CaMKII-dependent signaling. Consistently, using i.p. injection of lipopolysaccharide to induce neuroinflammation, we found upregulated phosphorylation of S831 and S845 sites on AMPA receptor subunit GluA1 in the hippocampus, an effect blocked in Ccr2-/- mice. Together, these results provide a mechanism through which CCL2, and other secreted molecules that signal through G-protein coupled receptors, can directly regulate synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Ji
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhaofa Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Tian-Jia Song
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics of Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China.
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2
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Badal KK, Zhao Y, Raveendra BL, Lozano-Villada S, Miller KE, Puthanveettil SV. PKA Activity-Driven Modulation of Bidirectional Long-Distance transport of Lysosomal vesicles During Synapse Maintenance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.28.601272. [PMID: 38979384 PMCID: PMC11230415 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.28.601272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The bidirectional long-distance transport of organelles is crucial for cell body-synapse communication. However, the mechanisms by which this transport is modulated for synapse formation, maintenance, and plasticity are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate through quantitative analyses that maintaining sensory neuron-motor neuron synapses in the Aplysia gill-siphon withdrawal reflex is linked to a sustained reduction in the retrograde transport of lysosomal vesicles in sensory neurons. Interestingly, while mitochondrial transport in the anterograde direction increases within 12 hours of synapse formation, the reduction in lysosomal vesicle retrograde transport appears three days after synapse formation. Moreover, we find that formation of new synapses during learning induced by neuromodulatory neurotransmitter serotonin further reduces lysosomal vesicle transport within 24 hours, whereas mitochondrial transport increases in the anterograde direction within one hour of exposure. Pharmacological inhibition of several signaling pathways pinpoints PKA as a key regulator of retrograde transport of lysosomal vesicles during synapse maintenance. These results demonstrate that synapse formation leads to organelle-specific and direction specific enduring changes in long-distance transport, offering insights into the mechanisms underlying synapse maintenance and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerriann. K. Badal
- Department of Neuroscience, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
- Integrative Biology PhD Program, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Yibo. Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Bindu L Raveendra
- Department of Neuroscience, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Sebastian Lozano-Villada
- Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Kyle. E. Miller
- Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Sathyanarayanan V. Puthanveettil
- Department of Neuroscience, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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3
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Johansen A, Thiede B, Anonsen JH, Nilsson GE. Phosphoproteomic changes in response to anoxia are tissue-specific in the anoxia-tolerant crucian carp ( Carassius carassius). Front Physiol 2024; 15:1407834. [PMID: 38872833 PMCID: PMC11170284 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1407834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Crucian carp (Carassius carassius), a freshwater fish, can survive chronic anoxia for several months at low temperatures. Consequently, anoxia-related physiological and biochemical adaptations in this species have been studied for more than half a century. Still, despite for the well-known role of protein phosphorylation in regulating cellular processes, no studies have comprehensively characterized the phosphoproteome in crucian carp. In this study, we report the global phosphoproteome in crucian carp brain and liver during anoxia and reoxygenation. By applying a bottom-up proteomic approach on enriched phosphopeptides we found that the brain phosphoproteome shows surprisingly few changes during anoxia-reoxygenation exposure with only 109 out of 4200 phosphopeptides being differentially changed compared to normoxic controls. By contrast, in the liver 395 out of 1287 phosphopeptides changed. Although most changes occurred in the liver phosphoproteome, the pattern of changes indicated metabolic depression and decreased translation in both brain and liver. We also found changes in phosphoproteins involved in apoptotic regulation and reactive oxygen species handling in both tissues. In the brain, some of the most changed phosphopeptides belonged to proteins involved in central nervous system development and neuronal activity at the synaptic cleft. Changed phosphoproteins specific for liver tissue were related to glucose metabolism, such as glycolytic flux and glycogenolysis. In conclusion, protein phosphorylation in response to anoxia and reoxygenation showed both common and tissue-specific changes related to the functional differences between brain and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernd Thiede
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Haug Anonsen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Research Centre AS, Climate and Environment Department, Stavanger, Norway
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4
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Veth TS, Francavilla C, Heck AJR, Altelaar M. Elucidating Fibroblast Growth Factor-Induced Kinome Dynamics Using Targeted Mass Spectrometry and Dynamic Modeling. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100594. [PMID: 37328066 PMCID: PMC10368922 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are paracrine or endocrine signaling proteins that, activated by their ligands, elicit a wide range of health and disease-related processes, such as cell proliferation and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. The detailed molecular pathway dynamics that coordinate these responses have remained to be determined. To elucidate these, we stimulated MCF-7 breast cancer cells with either FGF2, FGF3, FGF4, FGF10, or FGF19. Following activation of the receptor, we quantified the kinase activity dynamics of 44 kinases using a targeted mass spectrometry assay. Our system-wide kinase activity data, supplemented with (phospho)proteomics data, reveal ligand-dependent distinct pathway dynamics, elucidate the involvement of not earlier reported kinases such as MARK, and revise some of the pathway effects on biological outcomes. In addition, logic-based dynamic modeling of the kinome dynamics further verifies the biological goodness-of-fit of the predicted models and reveals BRAF-driven activation upon FGF2 treatment and ARAF-driven activation upon FGF4 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim S Veth
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chiara Francavilla
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, and Manchester Breast Centre, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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5
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Hitz E, Wiedemar N, Passecker A, Graça BAS, Scheurer C, Wittlin S, Brancucci NMB, Vakonakis I, Mäser P, Voss TS. The 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 is an essential upstream activator of protein kinase A in malaria parasites. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001483. [PMID: 34879056 PMCID: PMC8687544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) signalling is essential for the proliferation of Plasmodium falciparum malaria blood stage parasites. The mechanisms regulating the activity of the catalytic subunit PfPKAc, however, are only partially understood, and PfPKAc function has not been investigated in gametocytes, the sexual blood stage forms that are essential for malaria transmission. By studying a conditional PfPKAc knockdown (cKD) mutant, we confirm the essential role for PfPKAc in erythrocyte invasion by merozoites and show that PfPKAc is involved in regulating gametocyte deformability. We furthermore demonstrate that overexpression of PfPKAc is lethal and kills parasites at the early phase of schizogony. Strikingly, whole genome sequencing (WGS) of parasite mutants selected to tolerate increased PfPKAc expression levels identified missense mutations exclusively in the gene encoding the parasite orthologue of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PfPDK1). Using targeted mutagenesis, we demonstrate that PfPDK1 is required to activate PfPKAc and that T189 in the PfPKAc activation loop is the crucial target residue in this process. In summary, our results corroborate the importance of tight regulation of PfPKA signalling for parasite survival and imply that PfPDK1 acts as a crucial upstream regulator in this pathway and potential new drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hitz
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Natalie Wiedemar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Armin Passecker
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beatriz A. S. Graça
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Scheurer
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas M. B. Brancucci
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis Vakonakis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pascal Mäser
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Till S. Voss
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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6
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Lone AM, Giansanti P, Jørgensen MJ, Gjerga E, Dugourd A, Scholten A, Saez-Rodriguez J, Heck AJR, Taskén K. Systems approach reveals distinct and shared signaling networks of the four PGE 2 receptors in T cells. Sci Signal 2021; 14:eabc8579. [PMID: 34609894 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abc8579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Lone
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute of Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy and K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Piero Giansanti
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands.,Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Marthe Jøntvedt Jørgensen
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy and K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Enio Gjerga
- Joint Research Centre for Computational Biomedicine (JRC-Combine), RWTH-Aachen University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Aachen 52074, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Aurelien Dugourd
- Joint Research Centre for Computational Biomedicine (JRC-Combine), RWTH-Aachen University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Aachen 52074, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Arjen Scholten
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Julio Saez-Rodriguez
- Joint Research Centre for Computational Biomedicine (JRC-Combine), RWTH-Aachen University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Aachen 52074, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute of Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy and K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
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7
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Loza-Valdes A, Mayer AE, Kassouf T, Trujillo-Viera J, Schmitz W, Dziaczkowski F, Leitges M, Schlosser A, Sumara G. A phosphoproteomic approach reveals that PKD3 controls PKA-mediated glucose and tyrosine metabolism. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/8/e202000863. [PMID: 34145024 PMCID: PMC8321662 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase D3 (PKD3) regulates hepatic metabolism in a PKA-dependent manner and reveals many other putative PKD3 targets in the liver. Members of the protein kinase D (PKD) family (PKD1, 2, and 3) integrate hormonal and nutritional inputs to regulate complex cellular metabolism. Despite the fact that a number of functions have been annotated to particular PKDs, their molecular targets are relatively poorly explored. PKD3 promotes insulin sensitivity and suppresses lipogenesis in the liver of animals fed a high-fat diet. However, its substrates are largely unknown. Here we applied proteomic approaches to determine PKD3 targets. We identified more than 300 putative targets of PKD3. Furthermore, biochemical analysis revealed that PKD3 regulates cAMP-dependent PKA activity, a master regulator of the hepatic response to glucagon and fasting. PKA regulates glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism in the liver, by targeting key enzymes in the respective processes. Among them the PKA targets phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) catalyzes the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine. Consistently, we showed that PKD3 is activated by glucagon and promotes glucose and tyrosine levels in hepatocytes. Therefore, our data indicate that PKD3 might play a role in the hepatic response to glucagon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Loza-Valdes
- Rudolf Virchow Center, Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alexander E Mayer
- Rudolf Virchow Center, Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Toufic Kassouf
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jonathan Trujillo-Viera
- Rudolf Virchow Center, Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Werner Schmitz
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Filip Dziaczkowski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michael Leitges
- Tier 1, Canada Research Chair in Cell Signaling and Translational Medicine, Division of BioMedical Sciences/Faculty of Medicine, Craig L Dobbin Genetics Research Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Health Science Centre, St. Johns, Canada
| | - Andreas Schlosser
- Rudolf Virchow Center, Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Grzegorz Sumara
- Rudolf Virchow Center, Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany .,Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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8
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Potent PDE4 inhibitor activates AMPK and Sirt1 to induce mitochondrial biogenesis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253269. [PMID: 34138962 PMCID: PMC8211267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an evolutionarily conserved energy sensor. Activation of AMPK leads to a number of metabolic benefits, including improved mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle and lowering of serum glucose levels in type-2 diabetes models. However, direct activation of AMPK leads to cardiac enlargement, and an alternative strategy that activates AMPK without affecting the heart is needed. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), which is poorly expressed in the human heart, activates AMPK in other tissues. In a screen to identify novel PDE4 inhibitors, we discovered compound CBU91, which is 5-10 fold more potent than rolipram, the best characterized PDE4 inhibitor. CBU91, like rolipram, is able to activate AMPK and Sirt1 and increase mitochondrial function in myotubes. These findings suggest that activation of AMPK in myotubes is a general property of PDE4 inhibition and that PDE4 inhibition may activate AMPK in metabolically relevant tissues without affecting the heart.
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9
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Zhu WZ, El-Nachef D, Yang X, Ledee D, Olson AK. O-GlcNAc Transferase Promotes Compensated Cardiac Function and Protein Kinase A O-GlcNAcylation During Early and Established Pathological Hypertrophy From Pressure Overload. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 8:e011260. [PMID: 31131693 PMCID: PMC6585351 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.011260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Protein posttranslational modifications by O‐linked β‐N‐acetylglucosamine (O‐GlcNAc) increase with cardiac hypertrophy, yet the functional effects of these changes are incompletely understood. In other organs, O‐GlcNAc promotes adaptation to acute physiological stressors; however, prolonged O‐GlcNAc elevations are believed to be detrimental. We hypothesize that early O‐GlcNAcylation improves cardiac function during initial response to pressure overload hypertrophy, but that sustained elevations during established pathological hypertrophy negatively impact cardiac function by adversely affecting calcium handling proteins. Methods and Results Transverse aortic constriction or sham surgeries were performed on littermate controls or cardiac‐specific, inducible O‐GlcNAc transferase knockout (OGTKO) mice to reduce O‐GlcNAc levels. O‐GlcNAc transferase deficiency was induced at different times. To evaluate the initial response to pressure overload, OGTKO was completed preoperatively and mice were followed for 2 weeks post‐surgery. To assess prolonged O‐GlcNAcylation during established hypertrophy, OGTKO was performed starting 18 days after surgery and mice were followed until 6 weeks post‐surgery. In both groups, OGTKO with transverse aortic constriction caused significant left ventricular dysfunction. OGTKO did not affect levels of the calcium handling protein SERCA2a. OGTKO reduced phosphorylation of phospholamban and cardiac troponin I, which would negatively impact cardiac function. O‐GlcNAcylation of protein kinase A catalytic subunit, a kinase for phospholamban, decreased with OGTKO. Conclusions O‐GlcNAcylation promotes compensated cardiac function in both early and established pathological hypertrophy. We identified a novel O‐GlcNAcylation of protein kinase A catalytic subunit, which may regulate calcium handling and cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Zhong Zhu
- 1 Center for Integrative Brain Research Seattle Children's Research Institute Seattle WA
| | - Danny El-Nachef
- 2 Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA
| | - Xiulan Yang
- 3 Center for Cardiovascular Biology Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Department of Pathology University of Washington Seattle WA
| | - Dolena Ledee
- 1 Center for Integrative Brain Research Seattle Children's Research Institute Seattle WA.,4 Division of Cardiology Department of Pediatrics University of Washington Seattle WA
| | - Aaron K Olson
- 1 Center for Integrative Brain Research Seattle Children's Research Institute Seattle WA.,4 Division of Cardiology Department of Pediatrics University of Washington Seattle WA
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10
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Zirnheld AL, Villard M, Harrison AM, Kosiewicz MM, Alard P. β-Catenin stabilization in NOD dendritic cells increases IL-12 production and subsequent induction of IFN-γ-producing T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1349-1358. [PMID: 31568613 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0919-244r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) from diabetes-prone NOD mice and patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) produce excess IL-12 that drives development of β-cell-destroying IFN-γ-producing T cells. The molecular mechanisms that control IL-12 production in T1D are unclear. In this study, we report that β-catenin, a multifunctional protein involved in inflammation, is dramatically increased in DC from NOD mice. We further investigated the mechanisms leading to accumulation of β-catenin in NOD DC and its role in the inflammatory pathogenic responses associated with T1D. Hyperphosphorylation of β-catenin at a stabilizing residue, serine 552, mediated by activation of Akt, appears to lead to β-catenin accumulation in NOD DC. Elevated β-catenin in DC correlated with IL-12 production and induction of IFN-γ-producing CD4 cells. On the one hand, knockdown/inhibition of β-catenin significantly reduced NOD DC production of IL-12 and their ability to induce IFN-γ-producing CD4 cells. On the other hand, overexpression of β-catenin in control DC resulted in increased IL-12 production and induction of IFN-γ-production in T cells. Additionally, we found that β-catenin inhibitors decreased NF-κB activation in NOD DC and IFN-γ production by NOD T cells in vivo. These data strongly suggest that accumulation of β-catenin in DC from NOD mice drives IL-12 production, and consequently, development of pathogenic IFN-γ-producing T cells. Targeting the defect responsible for β-catenin accumulation and subsequent overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines by NOD DC could be an effective therapeutic strategy for the prevention and/or treatment of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arin L Zirnheld
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Marine Villard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Hospices Civils, Lyon, France
| | - Alisha M Harrison
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Michele M Kosiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Pascale Alard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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11
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Brito V, Giralt A, Masana M, Royes A, Espina M, Sieiro E, Alberch J, Castañé A, Girault JA, Ginés S. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 Dysfunction Contributes to Depressive-like Behaviors in Huntington's Disease by Altering the DARPP-32 Phosphorylation Status in the Nucleus Accumbens. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 86:196-207. [PMID: 31060804 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is the most common psychiatric condition in Huntington's disease (HD), with rates more than twice those found in the general population. At the present time, there is no established molecular evidence to use as a basis for depression treatment in HD. Indeed, in some patients, classic antidepressant drugs exacerbate chorea or anxiety. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) has been involved in processes associated with anxiety and depression. This study evaluated the involvement of Cdk5 in the development and prevalence of depressive-like behaviors in HD and aimed to validate Cdk5 as a target for depression treatment. METHODS We evaluated the impact of pharmacological inhibition of Cdk5 in depressive-like and anxiety-like behaviors in Hdh+/Q111 knock-in mutant mice by using a battery of behavioral tests. Biochemical and morphological studies were performed to define the molecular mechanisms acting downstream of Cdk5 activation. A double huntingtin/DARPP-32 (dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein 32) knock-in mutant mouse was generated to analyze the role of DARPP-32 in HD depression. RESULTS We found that Hdh+/Q111 mutant mice exhibited depressive-like, but not anxiety-like, behaviors starting at 2 months of age. Cdk5 inhibition by roscovitine infusion prevented depressive-like behavior and reduced DARPP-32 phosphorylation at Thr75 in the nucleus accumbens. Hdh+/Q111 mice heterozygous for DARPP-32 Thr75Ala point mutation were resistant to depressive-like behaviors. We identified β-adducin phosphorylation as a Cdk5 downstream mechanism potentially mediating structural spine plasticity changes in the nucleus accumbens and depressive-like behavior. CONCLUSIONS These results point to Cdk5 in the nucleus accumbens as a critical contributor to depressive-like behaviors in HD mice by altering DARPP-32/β-adducin signaling and disrupting the dendritic spine cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Brito
- Department of Biomedical Science, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Albert Giralt
- Department of Biomedical Science, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercè Masana
- Department of Biomedical Science, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida Royes
- Department of Biomedical Science, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marc Espina
- Department of Biomedical Science, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Sieiro
- Department of Biomedical Science, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Alberch
- Department of Biomedical Science, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Castañé
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, CSIC-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jean-Antoine Girault
- Inserm UMR-S 839, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Institut du Fer a Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Silvia Ginés
- Department of Biomedical Science, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Reprogramming of Trypanosoma cruzi metabolism triggered by parasite interaction with the host cell extracellular matrix. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007103. [PMID: 30726203 PMCID: PMC6380580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas' disease, affects 8 million people predominantly living in socioeconomic underdeveloped areas. T. cruzi trypomastigotes (Ty), the classical infective stage, interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM), an obligatory step before invasion of almost all mammalian cells in different tissues. Here we have characterized the proteome and phosphoproteome of T. cruzi trypomastigotes upon interaction with ECM (MTy) and the data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD010970. Proteins involved with metabolic processes (such as the glycolytic pathway), kinases, flagellum and microtubule related proteins, transport-associated proteins and RNA/DNA binding elements are highly represented in the pool of proteins modified by phosphorylation. Further, important metabolic switches triggered by this interaction with ECM were indicated by decreases in the phosphorylation of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase, phosphoglucomutase, phosphoglycerate kinase in MTy. Concomitantly, a decrease in the pyruvate and lactate and an increase of glucose and succinate contents were detected by GC-MS. These observations led us to focus on the changes in the glycolytic pathway upon binding of the parasite to the ECM. Inhibition of hexokinase, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities in MTy were observed and this correlated with the phosphorylation levels of the respective enzymes. Putative kinases involved in protein phosphorylation altered upon parasite incubation with ECM were suggested by in silico analysis. Taken together, our results show that in addition to cytoskeletal changes and protease activation, a reprogramming of the trypomastigote metabolism is triggered by the interaction of the parasite with the ECM prior to cell invasion and differentiation into amastigotes, the multiplicative intracellular stage of T. cruzi in the vertebrate host.
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Tschida BR, Temiz NA, Kuka TP, Lee LA, Riordan JD, Tierrablanca CA, Hullsiek R, Wagner S, Hudson WA, Linden MA, Amin K, Beckmann PJ, Heuer RA, Sarver AL, Yang JD, Roberts LR, Nadeau JH, Dupuy AJ, Keng VW, Largaespada DA. Sleeping Beauty Insertional Mutagenesis in Mice Identifies Drivers of Steatosis-Associated Hepatic Tumors. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6576-6588. [PMID: 28993411 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis is a strong risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), yet little is known about the molecular pathology associated with this factor. In this study, we performed a forward genetic screen using Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon insertional mutagenesis in mice treated to induce hepatic steatosis and compared the results to human HCC data. In humans, we determined that steatosis increased the proportion of female HCC patients, a pattern also reflected in mice. Our genetic screen identified 203 candidate steatosis-associated HCC genes, many of which are altered in human HCC and are members of established HCC-driving signaling pathways. The protein kinase A/cyclic AMP signaling pathway was altered frequently in mouse and human steatosis-associated HCC. We found that activated PKA expression drove steatosis-specific liver tumorigenesis in a mouse model. Another candidate HCC driver, the N-acetyltransferase NAT10, which we found to be overexpressed in human steatosis-associated HCC and associated with decreased survival in human HCC, also drove liver tumorigenesis in a steatotic mouse model. This study identifies genes and pathways promoting HCC that may represent novel targets for prevention and treatment in the context of hepatic steatosis, an area of rapidly growing clinical significance. Cancer Res; 77(23); 6576-88. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara R Tschida
- Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Nuri A Temiz
- Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Timothy P Kuka
- Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Lindsey A Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Carlos A Tierrablanca
- Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Robert Hullsiek
- Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sandra Wagner
- Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Wendy A Hudson
- Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michael A Linden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Khalid Amin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Pauline J Beckmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Rachel A Heuer
- Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Aaron L Sarver
- Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ju Dong Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lewis R Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Adam J Dupuy
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Vincent W Keng
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China. .,Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - David A Largaespada
- Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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Min SJ, Hyun HW, Kang TC. Leptomycin B attenuates neuronal death via PKA- and PP2B-mediated ERK1/2 activation in the rat hippocampus following status epilepticus. Brain Res 2017; 1670:14-23. [PMID: 28601633 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Leptomycin B (LMB), originally developed as an anti-fungal agent, has potent neuroprotective properties against status epilepticus (SE, a prolonged seizure activity). However, the pharmacological profiles and mechanisms of LMB for neuroprotection remain elusive. In the present study, we found that LMB increased phosphorylation levels of protein kinase A (PKA) catalytic subunits, protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B, calcineurin) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) under normal condition, and abolished SE-induced neuronal death. Co-treatment of H-89 (a PKA inhibitor) with LMB could not affect the seizure latency and its severity in response to pilocarpine. However, H-89 co-treatment abrogated the protective effect of LMB on SE-induced neuronal damage. Cyclosporin A (CsA, a PP2B inhibitor) co-treatment effectively prevented SE-induced neuronal death without altered seizure susceptibility in response to pilocarpine more than LMB alone. H-89 co-treatment inhibited LMB-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation, but CsA enhanced it. U0126 (an ERK1/2 inhibitor) co-treatment abolished the protective effect of LMB on SE-induced neuronal death without alterations in PKA and PP2B phosphorylations. To the best of our knowledge, the present data demonstrate a previously unreported potential neuroprotective role of LMB against SE via PKA- and PP2B-mediated ERK1/2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ji Min
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, South Korea; Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, South Korea
| | - Hye-Won Hyun
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, South Korea; Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, South Korea
| | - Tae-Cheon Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, South Korea; Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, South Korea.
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Hirst NL, Lawton SP, Walker AJ. Protein kinase A signalling in Schistosoma mansoni cercariae and schistosomules. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:425-37. [PMID: 26777870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase/protein kinase A regulates multiple processes in eukaryotes by phosphorylating diverse cellular substrates, including metabolic and signalling enzymes, ion channels and transcription factors. Here we provide insight into protein kinase A signalling in cercariae and 24h in vitro cultured somules of the blood parasite, Schistosoma mansoni, which causes human intestinal schistosomiasis. Functional mapping of activated protein kinase A using anti-phospho protein kinase A antibodies and confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed activated protein kinase A in the central and peripheral nervous system, oral-tip sensory papillae, oesophagus and excretory system of intact cercariae. Cultured 24h somules, which biologically represent the skin-resident stage of the parasite, exhibited similar activation patterns in oesophageal and nerve tissues but also displayed striking activation at the tegument and activation in a region resembling the germinal 'stem' cell cluster. The adenylyl cyclase activator, forskolin, stimulated somule protein kinase A activation and produced a hyperkinesia phenotype. The biogenic amines, serotonin and dopamine known to be present in skin also induced protein kinase A activation in somules, whereas neuropeptide Y or [Leu(31),Pro(34)]-neuropeptide Y attenuated protein kinase A activation. However, neuropeptide Y did not block the forskolin-induced somule hyperkinesia. Bioinformatic investigation of potential protein associations revealed 193 medium confidence and 59 high confidence protein kinase A interacting partners in S. mansoni, many of which possess putative protein kinase A phosphorylation sites. These data provide valuable insight into the intricacies of protein kinase A signalling in S. mansoni and a framework for further physiological investigations into the roles of protein kinase A in schistosomes, particularly in the context of interactions between the parasite and the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha L Hirst
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Scott P Lawton
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Anthony J Walker
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK.
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Repeated Mu-Opioid Exposure Induces a Novel Form of the Hyperalgesic Priming Model for Transition to Chronic Pain. J Neurosci 2015; 35:12502-17. [PMID: 26354917 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1673-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary afferent nociceptor was used as a model system to study mechanisms of pain induced by chronic opioid administration. Repeated intradermal injection of the selective mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist DAMGO induced mechanical hyperalgesia and marked prolongation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) hyperalgesia, a key feature of hyperalgesic priming. However, in contrast to prior studies of priming induced by receptor-mediated (i.e., TNFα, NGF, or IL-6 receptor) or direct activation of protein kinase Cε (PKCε), the pronociceptive effects of PGE2 in DAMGO-treated rats demonstrated the following: (1) rapid induction (4 h compared with 3 d); (2) protein kinase A (PKA), rather than PKCε, dependence; (3) prolongation of hyperalgesia induced by an activator of PKA, 8-bromo cAMP; (4) failure to be reversed by a protein translation inhibitor; (5) priming in females as well as in males; and (6) lack of dependence on the isolectin B4-positive nociceptor. These studies demonstrate a novel form of hyperalgesic priming induced by repeated administration of an agonist at the Gi-protein-coupled MOR to the peripheral terminal of the nociceptor. Significance statement: The current study demonstrates the molecular mechanisms involved in the sensitization of nociceptors produced by repeated activation of mu-opioid receptors and contributes to our understanding of the painful condition observed in patients submitted to chronic use of opioids.
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Mechanisms of cyclic AMP/protein kinase A- and glucocorticoid-mediated apoptosis using S49 lymphoma cells as a model system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12681-6. [PMID: 26417071 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516057112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) and glucocorticoids promote the death of many cell types, including cells of hematopoietic origin. In wild-type (WT) S49 T-lymphoma cells, signaling by cAMP and glucocorticoids converges on the induction of the proapoptotic B-cell lymphoma-family protein Bim to produce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Kin(-), a clonal variant of WT S49 cells, lacks PKA catalytic (PKA-Cα) activity and is resistant to cAMP-mediated apoptosis. Using sorbitol density gradient fractionation, we show here that in kin(-) S49 cells PKA-Cα is not only depleted but the residual PKA-Cα mislocalizes to heavier cell fractions and is not phosphorylated at two conserved residues (Ser(338) or Thr(197)). In WT S49 cells, PKA-regulatory subunit I (RI) and Bim coimmunoprecipitate upon treatment with cAMP analogs and forskolin (which increases endogenous cAMP concentrations). By contrast, in kin(-) cells, expression of PKA-RIα and Bim is prominently decreased, and increases in cAMP do not increase Bim expression. Even so, kin(-) cells undergo apoptosis in response to treatment with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex). In WT cells, glucorticoid-mediated apoptosis involves an increase in Bim, but in kin(-) cells, Dex-promoted cell death appears to occur by a caspase 3-independent apoptosis-inducing factor pathway. Thus, although cAMP/PKA-Cα and PKA-R1α/Bim mediate apoptotic cell death in WT S49 cells, kin(-) cells resist this response because of lower levels of PKA-Cα and PKA-RIα subunits as well as Bim. The findings for Dex-promoted apoptosis imply that these lymphoma cells have adapted to selective pressure that promotes cell death by altering canonical signaling pathways.
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Darr J, Klochendler A, Isaac S, Geiger T, Geiger T, Eden A. Phosphoproteomic analysis reveals Smarcb1 dependent EGFR signaling in Malignant Rhabdoid tumor cells. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:167. [PMID: 26370283 PMCID: PMC4570560 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0439-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SWI/SNF ATP dependent chromatin remodeling complex is a multi-subunit complex, conserved in eukaryotic evolution that facilitates nucleosomal re-positioning relative to the DNA sequence. In recent years the SWI/SNF complex has emerged to play a role in cancer development as various sub-units of the complex are found to be mutated in a variety of tumors. One core-subunit of the complex, which has been well established as a tumor suppressor gene is SMARCB1 (SNF5/INI1/BAF47). Mutation and inactivation of SMARCB1 have been identified as the underlying mechanism leading to Malignant Rhabdoid Tumors (MRT) and Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumors (AT/RT), two highly aggressive forms of pediatric neoplasms. METHODS We present a phosphoproteomic study of Smarcb1 dependent changes in signaling networks. The SILAC (Stable Isotopic Labeling of Amino Acids in Cell Culture) protocol was used to quantify in an unbiased manner any changes in the phosphoproteomic profile of Smarcb1 deficient murine rhabdoid tumor cell lines following Smarcb1 stable re-expression and under different serum conditions. RESULTS This study illustrates broad changes in the regulation of multiple biological networks including cell cycle progression, chromatin remodeling, cytoskeletal regulation and focal adhesion. Specifically, we identify Smarcb1 dependent changes in phosphorylation and expression of the EGF receptor, demonstrate downstream signaling and show that inhibition of EGFR signaling specifically hinders the proliferation of Smarcb1 deficient cells. CONCLUSIONS These results support recent findings regarding the effectivity of EGFR inhibitors in hindering the proliferation of human MRT cells and demonstrate that activation of EGFR signaling in Rhabdoid tumors is SMARCB1 dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Darr
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Agnes Klochendler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Sara Isaac
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Tamar Geiger
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Tami Geiger
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Amir Eden
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Watson RL, Buck J, Levin LR, Winger RC, Wang J, Arase H, Muller WA. Endothelial CD99 signals through soluble adenylyl cyclase and PKA to regulate leukocyte transendothelial migration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1021-41. [PMID: 26101266 PMCID: PMC4493416 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CD99 is a critical regulator of leukocyte transendothelial migration (TEM). Watson et al. describe the CD99 signaling pathway responsible. This involves a complex of CD99 with the A-kinase anchoring protein ezrin and soluble adenylyl cyclase that activates protein kinase A during leukocyte TEM. CD99 is a critical regulator of leukocyte transendothelial migration (TEM). How CD99 signals during this process remains unknown. We show that during TEM, endothelial cell (EC) CD99 activates protein kinase A (PKA) via a signaling complex formed with the lysine-rich juxtamembrane cytoplasmic tail of CD99, the A-kinase anchoring protein ezrin, and soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC). PKA then stimulates membrane trafficking from the lateral border recycling compartment to sites of TEM, facilitating the passage of leukocytes across the endothelium. Pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of EC sAC or PKA, like CD99 blockade, arrests neutrophils and monocytes partway through EC junctions, in vitro and in vivo, without affecting leukocyte adhesion or the expression of relevant cellular adhesion molecules. This is the first description of the CD99 signaling pathway in TEM as well as the first demonstration of a role for sAC in leukocyte TEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Watson
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208
| | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Lonny R Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Ryan C Winger
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center and Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hisashi Arase
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center and Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - William A Muller
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208
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Regulation of PKA activity by an autophosphorylation mechanism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem J 2014; 462:567-79. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20140577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications can modulate kinase protein activity. We show that autophosphorylation of catalytic subunit of PKA Tpk1 upon glucose stimulus increases its catalytic efficiency. Our findings describe a new control layer on PKA activity in response to nutrient availability.
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Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis reveals system-wide signaling pathways downstream of SDF-1/CXCR4 in breast cancer stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E2182-90. [PMID: 24782546 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1404943111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide, with an estimated 1.7 million new cases and 522,000 deaths around the world in 2012 alone. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are essential for tumor reoccurrence and metastasis which is the major source of cancer lethality. G protein-coupled receptor chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) is critical for tumor metastasis. However, stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1)/CXCR4-mediated signaling pathways in breast CSCs are largely unknown. Using isotope reductive dimethylation and large-scale MS-based quantitative phosphoproteome analysis, we examined protein phosphorylation induced by SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling in breast CSCs. We quantified more than 11,000 phosphorylation sites in 2,500 phosphoproteins. Of these phosphosites, 87% were statistically unchanged in abundance in response to SDF-1/CXCR4 stimulation. In contrast, 545 phosphosites in 266 phosphoproteins were significantly increased, whereas 113 phosphosites in 74 phosphoproteins were significantly decreased. SDF-1/CXCR4 increases phosphorylation in 60 cell migration- and invasion-related proteins, of them 43 (>70%) phosphoproteins are unrecognized. In addition, SDF-1/CXCR4 upregulates the phosphorylation of 44 previously uncharacterized kinases, 8 phosphatases, and 1 endogenous phosphatase inhibitor. Using computational approaches, we performed system-based analyses examining SDF-1/CXCR4-mediated phosphoproteome, including construction of kinase-substrate network and feedback regulation loops downstream of SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling in breast CSCs. We identified a previously unidentified SDF-1/CXCR4-PKA-MAP2K2-ERK signaling pathway and demonstrated the feedback regulation on MEK, ERK1/2, δ-catenin, and PPP1Cα in SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling in breast CSCs. This study gives a system-wide view of phosphorylation events downstream of SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling in breast CSCs, providing a resource for the study of CSC-targeted cancer therapy.
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Huang H, Wang H, Figueiredo-Pereira ME. Regulating the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway via cAMP-signaling: neuroprotective potential. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 67:55-66. [PMID: 23686612 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9628-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The cAMP-signaling pathway has been under intensive investigation for decades. It is a wonder that such a small simple molecule like cAMP can modulate a vast number of diverse processes in different types of cells. The ubiquitous involvement of cAMP-signaling in a variety of cellular events requires tight spatial and temporal control of its generation, propagation, compartmentalization, and elimination. Among the various steps of the cAMP-signaling pathway, G-protein-coupled receptors, adenylate cyclases, phosphodiesterases, the two major cAMP targets, i.e., protein kinase A and exchange protein activated by cAMP, as well as the A-kinase anchoring proteins, are potential targets for drug development. Herein we review the recent progress on the regulation and manipulation of different steps of the cAMP-signaling pathway. We end by focusing on the emerging role of cAMP-signaling in modulating protein degradation via the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. New discoveries on the regulation of the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway by cAMP-signaling support the development of new therapeutic approaches to prevent proteotoxicity in chronic neurodegenerative disorders and other human disease conditions associated with impaired protein turnover by the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway and the accumulation of ubiquitin-protein aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Han YS, Arroyo J, Ogut O. Human heart failure is accompanied by altered protein kinase A subunit expression and post-translational state. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 538:25-33. [PMID: 23942052 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
β-Adrenergic receptor blockade reduces total mortality and all-cause hospitalizations in patients with heart failure (HF). Nonetheless, β-blockade does not halt disease progression, suggesting that cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) signaling downstream of β-adrenergic receptor activation may persist through unique post-translational states. In this study, human myocardial tissue was used to examine the state of PKA subunits. As expected, total myosin binding protein-C phosphorylation and Ser23/24 troponin I phosphorylation significantly decreased in HF. Examination of PKA subunits demonstrated no change in type II regulatory (RIIα) or catalytic (Cα) subunit expression, although site specific RIIα (Ser96) and Cα (Thr197) phosphorylation were increased in HF. Further, the expression of type I regulatory subunit (RI) was increased in HF. Isoelectric focusing of RIα demonstrated up to three variants, consistent with reports that Ser77 and Ser83 are in vivo phosphorylation sites. Western blots with site-specific monoclonal antibodies showed increased Ser83 phosphorylation in HF. 8-fluo-cAMP binding by wild type and phosphomimic Ser77 and Ser83 mutant RIα proteins demonstrated reduced Kd for the double mutant as compared to WT RIα. Therefore, failing myocardium displays altered expression and post-translational modification of PKA subunits that may impact downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Soo Han
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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24
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Khan PP, Maitra S. Participation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and MAP kinase pathways during Anabas testudineus oocyte maturation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 181:88-97. [PMID: 23174698 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Possible involvement of cyclic nucleotide dependent protein kinase (PKA) and MAP kinase (MAPK) pathways during oocyte maturation in Anabas testudineus was investigated. Pre-incubation with phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), inhibited 17α, 20β-DHP-induced GVBD dose dependently. PKA inhibitor, H89 could induce resumption of meiosis independent of 17α, 20β-DHP, in dose and duration dependent manner. The maximum response was obtained with the dose of 10 μM of H89 and 95% of cells underwent GVBD within 18 h. Moreover, stimulation with 17α, 20β-DHP inhibited endogenous PKA activity significantly within first hour and this effect was attenuated by PDE inhibitor IBMX at all time points. The pattern of PKA inhibition corresponded well with kinetics of histone H1 kinase activation and p34cdc2 phosphorylation. These results suggest physiological relevance of cAMP/PKA signaling in perch oocytes undergoing G2/M transition. MAPK was demonstrated as two distinct isoforms (ERK1 and ERK2) which resolved in the range of 42-44 kDa in immunoblot. Though total protein content did not show significant variation, H89 stimulation was able to stimulate phosphorylation of ERK1/2 from 5h onwards and the strongest response was observed between 10 and 18 h. MEK inhibitor, U0126 completely blocked PKA inhibition induced MAPK activation and GVBD. In addition, inhibition of endogenous PKA by a more selective peptide inhibitor [PKI-(6-22)-amide] was sufficient to resume GVBD and MAPK activation in intact perch oocytes. Also, significant ERK1/2 phosphorylation could be stimulated in cell-free extracts of perch oocytes supplemented with PKI-(6-22)-amide. The results suggest an interaction between cAMP/PKA and MAPK pathways in mediating meiosis resumption in perch oocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Khan
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
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25
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de Saram PSR, Ressurreição M, Davies AJ, Rollinson D, Emery AM, Walker AJ. Functional mapping of protein kinase A reveals its importance in adult Schistosoma mansoni motor activity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e1988. [PMID: 23326613 PMCID: PMC3542114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase/protein kinase A (PKA) is the major transducer of cAMP signalling in eukaryotic cells. Here, using laser scanning confocal microscopy and 'smart' anti-phospho PKA antibodies that exclusively detect activated PKA, we provide a detailed in situ analysis of PKA signalling in intact adult Schistosoma mansoni, a causative agent of debilitating human intestinal schistosomiasis. In both adult male and female worms, activated PKA was consistently found associated with the tegument, oral and ventral suckers, oesophagus and somatic musculature. In addition, the seminal vesicle and gynaecophoric canal muscles of the male displayed activated PKA whereas in female worms activated PKA localized to the ootype wall, the ovary, and the uterus particularly around eggs during expulsion. Exposure of live worms to the PKA activator forskolin (50 µM) resulted in striking PKA activation in the central and peripheral nervous system including at nerve endings at/near the tegument surface. Such neuronal PKA activation was also observed without forskolin treatment, but only in a single batch of worms. In addition, PKA activation within the central and peripheral nervous systems visibly increased within 15 min of worm-pair separation when compared to that observed in closely coupled worm pairs. Finally, exposure of adult worms to forskolin induced hyperkinesias in a time and dose dependent manner with 100 µM forskolin significantly increasing the frequency of gross worm movements to 5.3 times that of control worms (P≤0.001). Collectively these data are consistent with PKA playing a central part in motor activity and neuronal communication, and possibly interplay between these two systems in S. mansoni. This study, the first to localize a protein kinase when exclusively in an activated state in adult S. mansoni, provides valuable insight into the intricacies of functional protein kinase signalling in the context of whole schistosome physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulu S. R. de Saram
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
| | - Margarida Ressurreição
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Zoology Department, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Angela J. Davies
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
| | - David Rollinson
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Zoology Department, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan M. Emery
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Zoology Department, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J. Walker
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Cotranslational cis-phosphorylation of the COOH-terminal tail is a key priming step in the maturation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E1221-9. [PMID: 22493239 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1202741109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells, regulates a plethora of cellular processes through its ability to phosphorylate many protein substrates, including transcription factors, ion channels, apoptotic proteins, transporters, and metabolic enzymes. The PKA catalytic subunit has two phosphorylation sites, a well-studied site in the activation loop (Thr(197)) and another site in the C-terminal tail (Ser(338)) for which the role of phosphorylation is unknown. We show here, using in vitro studies and experiments with S49 lymphoma cells, that cis-autophosphorylation of Ser(338) occurs cotranslationally, when PKA is associated with ribosomes and precedes posttranslational phosphorylation of the activation loop Thr(197). Ser(338) phoshorylation is not required for PKA activity or formation of the holoenzyme complex; however, it is critical for processing and maturation of PKA, and it is a prerequisite for phosphorylation of Thr(197). After Thr(197) and Ser(338) are phosphorylated, both sites are remarkably resistant to phosphatases. Phosphatase resistance of the activation loop, a unique feature of both PKA and PKG, reflects the distinct way that signal transduction dynamics are controlled by cyclic nucleotide-dependent PKs.
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Giacometti R, Kronberg F, Biondi RM, Hernández AI, Passeron S. Cross regulation between Candida albicans catalytic and regulatory subunits of protein kinase A. Fungal Genet Biol 2011; 49:74-85. [PMID: 22198055 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In the pathogen Candida albicans protein kinase A (PKA) catalytic subunit is encoded by two genes TPK1 and TPK2 and the regulatory subunit by one gene, BCY1. PKA mediates several cellular processes such as cell cycle regulation and the yeast to hyphae transition, a key factor for C. albicans virulence. The catalytic isoforms Tpk1p and Tpk2p share redundant functions in vegetative growth and hyphal development, though they differentially regulate glycogen metabolism, the stress response pathway and pseudohyphal formation. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae it was earlier reported that BCY1 overexpression not only increased the amount of TPK3 mRNA but also its catalytic activity. In C. albicans a significant decrease in Bcy1p expression levels was already observed in tpk2Δ null strains. In this work we showed that the upregulation in Bcy1p expression was observed in a set of strains having a TPK1 or TPK2 allele reintegrated in its own locus, as well as in strains expressing the TPKs under the control of the constitutive ACT1 promoter. To confirm the cross regulation event between Bcy1p and Tpkp expression we generated a mutant strain with the lowest PKA activity carrying one TPK1 and a unique BCY1 allele with the aim to obtain two derived strains in which BCY1 or TPK1 were placed under their own promoters inserted in the RPS10 neutral locus. We found that placing one copy of BCY1 upregulated the levels of Tpk1p and its catalytic activity; while TPK1 insertion led to an increase in BCY1 mRNA, Bcy1p and in a high cAMP binding activity. Our results suggest that C. albicans cells were able to compensate for the increased levels of either Tpk1p or Tpk2p subunits with a corresponding elevation of Bcy1 protein levels and vice versa, implying a tightly regulated mechanism to balance holoenzyme formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Giacometti
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, INBA-CONICET, Avda. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Dwivedi Y, Pandey GN. Elucidating biological risk factors in suicide: role of protein kinase A. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:831-41. [PMID: 20817068 PMCID: PMC3026860 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Suicide is a major public health concern. Although there have been several studies of suicidal behavior that focused on the roles of psychosocial and sociocultural factors, these factors are of too little predictive value to be clinically useful. Therefore, research on the biological perspective of suicide has gained a stronghold and appears to provide a promising approach to identify biological risk factors associated with suicidal behavior. Recent studies demonstrate that an alteration in synaptic and structural plasticity is key to affective illnesses and suicide. Signal transduction molecules play an important role in such plastic events. Protein kinase A (PKA) is a crucial enzyme in the adenylyl cyclase signal transduction pathway and is involved in regulating gene transcription, cell survival, and plasticity. In this review, we critically and comprehensively discuss the role of PKA in suicidal behavior. Because stress is an important component of suicide, we also discuss whether stress affects PKA and how this may be associated with suicidal behavior. In addition, we also discuss the functional significance of the findings regarding PKA by describing the role of important PKA substrates (i.e., Rap1, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein, and target gene brain-derived neurotrophic factor). These studies suggest the interesting possibility that PKA and related signaling molecules may serve as important neurobiological factors in suicide and may be relevant in target-specific therapeutic interventions for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Dwivedi
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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29
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Inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition by protein kinase A in rat liver mitochondria and hepatocytes. Biochem J 2010; 431:411-21. [PMID: 20738255 DOI: 10.1042/bj20091741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NO and cGMP administered at reperfusion after ischaemia prevent injury to hepatocytes mediated by the MPT (mitochondrial permeability transition). To characterize further the mechanism of protection, the ability of hepatic cytosol in combination with cyclic nucleotides to delay onset of the calcium-induced MPT was evaluated in isolated rat liver mitochondria. Liver cytosol plus cGMP or cAMP dose-dependently inhibited the MPT, required ATP hydrolysis for inhibition and did not inhibit mitochondrial calcium uptake. Specific peptide inhibitors for PKA (protein kinase A), but not PKG (protein kinase G), abolished cytosol-induced inhibition of MPT onset. Activity assays showed a cGMP- and cAMP-stimulated protein kinase activity in liver cytosol that was completely inhibited by PKI, a PKA peptide inhibitor. Size-exclusion chromatography of liver cytosol produced a single peak of cGMP/cAMP-stimulated kinase activity with an estimated protein size of 180-220 kDa. This fraction was PKI-sensitive and delayed onset of the MPT. Incubation of active catalytic PKA subunit directly with mitochondria in the absence of cytosol and cyclic nucleotide also delayed MPT onset, and incubation with purified outer membranes led to phosphorylation of a major 31 kDa band. After ischaemia, administration at reperfusion of membrane-permeant cAMPs and cAMP-mobilizing glucagon prevented reperfusion injury to hepatocytes. In conclusion, PKA in liver cytosol activated by cGMP or cAMP acts directly on mitochondria to delay onset of the MPT and protect hepatocytes from cell death after ischaemia/reperfusion.
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cAMP initiates early phase neuron-like morphology changes and late phase neural differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 68:863-76. [PMID: 20725762 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0497-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular second messenger cAMP is frequently used in induction media to induce mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into neural lineage cells. To date, an understanding of the role cAMP exerts on MSCs and whether cAMP can induce MSCs into functional neurons is still lacking. We found cAMP initiated neuron-like morphology changes early and neural differentiation much later. The early phase changes in morphology were due to cell shrinkage, which subsequently rendered some cells apoptotic. While the morphology changes occurred prior to the expression of neural markers, it is not required for neural marker expression and the two processes are differentially regulated downstream of cAMP-activated protein kinase A. cAMP enabled MSCs to gain neural marker expressions with neuronal function, such as, calcium rise in response to neuronal activators, dopamine, glutamate, and potassium chloride. However, only some of the cells induced by cAMP responded to the three neuronal activators and further lack the neuronal morphology, suggesting that although cAMP is able to direct MSCs towards neural differentiation, they do not achieve terminal differentiation.
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31
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Steichen JM, Iyer GH, Li S, Saldanha SA, Deal MS, Woods VL, Taylor SS. Global consequences of activation loop phosphorylation on protein kinase A. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:3825-3832. [PMID: 19965870 PMCID: PMC2823524 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.061820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the activation loop is one of the most common mechanisms for regulating protein kinase activity. The catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase autophosphorylates Thr(197) in the activation loop when expressed in Escherichia coli. Although mutation of Arg(194) to Ala prevents autophosphorylation, phosphorylation of Thr(197) can still be achieved by a heterologous protein kinase, phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase (PDK1), in vitro. In this study, we examined the structural and functional consequences of adding a single phosphate to the activation loop of cAMP-dependent protein kinase by comparing the wild type C-subunit to the R194A mutant either in the presence or the absence of activation loop phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of Thr(197) decreased the K(m) by approximately 15- and 7-fold for kemptide and ATP, respectively, increased the stability of the enzyme as measured by fluorescence and circular dichroism, and enhanced the binding between the C-subunit and IP20, a protein kinase inhibitor peptide. Additionally, deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry was used to compare the structural dynamics of these proteins. All of the regions of the C-subunit analyzed underwent amide hydrogen exchange at a higher or equal rate in the unphosphorylated enzyme compared with the phosphorylated enzyme. The largest changes occurred at the C terminus of the activation segment in the p + 1 loop/APE regions and the alphaH-alphaI loop motifs and leads to the prediction of a coordinated phosphorylation-induced salt bridge between two conserved residues, Glu(208) and Arg(280).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon M Steichen
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Ganesh H Iyer
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Sheng Li
- the Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - S Adrian Saldanha
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Michael S Deal
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Virgil L Woods
- the Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Susan S Taylor
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; Departments of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; the Departments of Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093.
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32
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Egan JD, García-Pedrajas MD, Andrews DL, Gold SE. Calcineurin is an antagonist to PKA protein phosphorylation required for postmating filamentation and virulence, while PP2A is required for viability in Ustilago maydis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:1293-1301. [PMID: 19737102 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-10-1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ustilago maydis is a dimorphic basidiomycete and the causal agent of corn smut disease. It serves as a genetic model for understanding dimorphism, pathogenicity, and mating response in filamentous fungi. Previous studies indicated the importance of regulated cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) for filamentous growth and pathogenicity in U. maydis. The roles of two protein phosphatases that potentially act antagonistically to PKA were assessed. A reverse genetics approach to mutate the catalytic subunits of calcineurin (CN, protein phosphatase [PP]2B) and PP2A in U. maydis was employed. A mutation in the CN catalytic subunit ucn1 caused a dramatic multiple-budding phenotype and mating between two ucn1 mutants was severely reduced. The pathogenicity of ucn1 mutant strains was also severely reduced, even in a solopathogenic haploid strain. Importantly, mutations disrupting protein phosphorylation by PKA were epistatic to ucn1 mutation, indicating a major role of ucn1 as a PKA antagonistic phosphatase. Genetic and inhibitor studies indicated that the U. maydis PP2A catalytic subunit gene (upa2) was essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Egan
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7274, USA
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Zanivan S, Gnad F, Wickström SA, Geiger T, Macek B, Cox J, Fässler R, Mann M. Solid tumor proteome and phosphoproteome analysis by high resolution mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2009; 7:5314-26. [PMID: 19367708 DOI: 10.1021/pr800599n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Kinases play a prominent role in tumor development, pointing to the presence of specific phosphorylation patterns in tumor tissues. Here, we investigate whether recently developed high resolution mass spectrometric (MS) methods for proteome and phosphoproteome analysis can also be applied to solid tumors. As tumor model, we used TG3 mutant mice carrying skin melanomas. At total of 100 microg of solid tumor lysate yielded a melanoma proteome of 4443 identified proteins, including at least 88 putative melanoma markers previously found by cDNA microarray technology. Analysis of 2 mg of lysate from dissected melanoma with titansphere chromatography and 8 mg with strong cation exchange together resulted in the identification of more than 5600 phosphorylation sites on 2250 proteins. The phosphoproteome included many hits from pathways important in melanoma. One-month storage at -80 degrees C did not significantly decrease the number of identified phosphorylation sites. Thus, solid tumor can be analyzed by MS-based proteomics with similar efficiency as cell culture models and in amounts compatible with biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zanivan
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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34
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Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms comprise a family of lipid-activated enzymes that have been implicated in a wide range of cellular functions. PKCs are modular enzymes comprised of a regulatory domain (that contains the membrane-targeting motifs that respond to lipid cofactors, and in the case of some PKCs calcium) and a relatively conserved catalytic domain that binds ATP and substrates. These enzymes are coexpressed and respond to similar stimulatory agonists in many cell types. However, there is growing evidence that individual PKC isoforms subserve unique (and in some cases opposing) functions in cells, at least in part as a result of isoform-specific subcellular compartmentalization patterns, protein-protein interactions, and posttranslational modifications that influence catalytic function. This review focuses on the structural basis for differences in lipid cofactor responsiveness for individual PKC isoforms, the regulatory phosphorylations that control the normal maturation, activation, signaling function, and downregulation of these enzymes, and the intra-/intermolecular interactions that control PKC isoform activation and subcellular targeting in cells. A detailed understanding of the unique molecular features that underlie isoform-specific posttranslational modification patterns, protein-protein interactions, and subcellular targeting (i.e., that impart functional specificity) should provide the basis for the design of novel PKC isoform-specific activator or inhibitor compounds that can achieve therapeutically useful changes in PKC signaling in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan F Steinberg
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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35
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Cheng X, Ji Z, Tsalkova T, Mei F. Epac and PKA: a tale of two intracellular cAMP receptors. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2008; 40:651-62. [PMID: 18604457 PMCID: PMC2630796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2008.00438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
cAMP-mediated signaling pathways regulate a multitude of important biological processes under both physiological and pathological conditions, including diabetes, heart failure and cancer. In eukaryotic cells, the effects of cAMP are mediated by two ubiquitously expressed intracellular cAMP receptors, the classic protein kinase A (PKA)/cAMP-dependent protein kinase and the recently discovered exchange protein directly activated by camp (Epac)/cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factors. Like PKA, Epac contains an evolutionally conserved cAMP binding domain that acts as a molecular switch for sensing intracellular second messenger cAMP levels to control diverse biological functions. The existence of two families of cAMP effectors provides a mechanism for a more precise and integrated control of the cAMP signaling pathways in a spatial and temporal manner. Depending upon the specific cellular environments as well as their relative abundance, distribution and localization, Epac and PKA may act independently, converge synergistically or oppose each other in regulating a specific cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1031, USA.
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36
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Sun H, Low KE, Woo S, Noble RL, Graham RJ, Connaughton SS, Gee MA, Lee LG. Real-time protein kinase assay. Anal Chem 2007; 77:2043-9. [PMID: 15801736 DOI: 10.1021/ac048280e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel, real-time fluorogenic kinase assay. The peptide substrates are synthesized with a fluorescent dye and a hydrocarbon tail. The substrate self-assembles into micelles, increasing the local concentration of the dye and quenching its fluorescence. Upon phosphorylation, the fluorescence intensity increases 4-6-fold due to micelle reorganization. Both dynamic light scattering data and cryoelectron microscope images show that the size and the shape of the phosphopeptide micelles are significantly different from micelles of substrate peptide. The system provides a robust fluorescence increase in a real-time protein kinase assay. Unlike other fluorogenic systems, the fluorophore may be distant from the serine, threonine, or tyrosine that is phosphorylated. Assays for several kinases, including PKA, PKC, p38, MAPKAP K2, akt, Erk1, and src-family kinases, have been developed. IC(50) values of inhibitors for PKC betaII determined with this technology are consistent with published values. The utility of this assay to high-throughput screening was demonstrated with Sigma's LOPAC library, a collection of 640 compounds with known biological activities, and satisfactory results were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongye Sun
- Applied Biosystems, 850 Lincoln Centre Drive, Foster City, California 94404, USA
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37
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Gesellchen F, Bertinetti O, Herberg FW. Analysis of posttranslational modifications exemplified using protein kinase A. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2006; 1764:1788-800. [PMID: 17097931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With the completion of the major genome projects, one focus in biomedical research has shifted from the analysis of the rather static genome to the highly dynamic proteome. The sequencing of whole genomes did not lead to much anticipated insights into disease mechanisms; however, it paved the way for proteomics by providing the databases for protein identification by peptide mass fingerprints. The relative protein distribution within a cell or tissue is subject to change upon external and internal stimuli. Signal transduction events extend beyond a simple change in protein levels; rather they are governed by posttranslational modifications (PTMs), which provide a quick and efficient way to modulate cellular signals. Because most PTMs change the mass of a protein, they are amenable to analysis by mass spectrometry. Their investigation adds a level of functionality to proteomics, which can be expected to greatly aid in the understanding of the complex cellular machinery involved in signal transduction, metabolism, differentiation or in disease. This review provides an overview on posttranslational modifications exemplified on the model system cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Strategies for detection of selected PTMs are described and discussed in the context of protein kinase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Gesellchen
- Universität Kassel, FB 18 Naturwissenschaften, Abt. Biochemie, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
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38
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Nirula A, Ho M, Phee H, Roose J, Weiss A. Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 targets protein kinase A in a pathway that regulates interleukin 4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:1733-44. [PMID: 16785309 PMCID: PMC2118337 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20051715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
CD28 plays a critical role in T cell immune responses. Although the kinase Akt has been shown to act downstream of CD28 in T helper (Th)1 cytokine induction, it does not induce Th2 cytokines such as interleukin 4 (IL-4). We recently reported that phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) partially corrects the defect in IL-4 production present in CD28-deficient T cells, suggesting that PDK1 regulates IL-4 independently of Akt. We now describe a signaling pathway in which PDK1 targets IL-4 in the murine Th2 cell line D10. PDK1-mediated activation of this pathway is dependent on protein kinase A (PKA) and the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) P1 transcriptional element in the IL-4 promoter. PDK1 localizes to the immune synapse in a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase–dependent manner, partially colocalizes with PKA at the synapse, and physically interacts with PKA. In RNA interference knockdown experiments, PDK1 is necessary for phosphorylation of PKA in T cells, as well as for activation of the IL-4 NFAT P1 element by the T cell receptor (TCR) and CD28. Phosphorylation of the critical PKA threonine residue is stimulated by engagement of TCR/CD28 via a PDK1-dependent mechanism. These findings together define a pathway linking the kinases PDK1 and PKA in the induction of the Th2 cytokine IL-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Nirula
- Department of Medicine, The Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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39
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Cantin GT, Venable JD, Cociorva D, Yates JR. Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of the tumor necrosis factor pathway. J Proteome Res 2006; 5:127-34. [PMID: 16396503 PMCID: PMC2570265 DOI: 10.1021/pr050270m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation has become a focus of many proteomic studies due to the central role that it plays in biology. We combine peptide-based gel-free isoelectric focusing and immobilized metal affinity chromatography to enhance the detection of phosphorylation events within complex protein samples using LC-MS. This method is then used to carry out a quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) pathway using HeLa cells metabolically labeled with 15N-containing amino acids, where 145 phosphorylation sites were found to be up-regulated upon the activation of the TNF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John R. Yates
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: . Tel: 858-784-8862. Fax: 858-784-8883
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40
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Tang Y, McLeod M. In vivo activation of protein kinase A in Schizosaccharomyces pombe requires threonine phosphorylation at its activation loop and is dependent on PDK1. Genetics 2005; 168:1843-53. [PMID: 15611161 PMCID: PMC1448717 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.104.032466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) plays a central role in cellular signaling by phosphorylating members of the AGC family of kinases. This family includes protein kinase C (PKC), protein kinase B (PKB), p70/p90 ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK and S6K), and the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Although PDK1 phosphorylates and activates PKC, PKB, and RSK in vivo, PDK1 regulation of PKA remains controversial. We isolated ksg1, the fission yeast ortholog of mammalian PDK1, as a suppressor of growth defects caused by loss of the stress-activated MAP kinase, Spc1. Here, we demonstrate that Ksg1 is required for activation of PKA. Cells containing the ksg1.12 thermolabile allele exhibit pleiotropic phenotypes, including the failure to arrest in G(1) and an inability to conjugate. The ksg1.12 allele strongly suppresses defects associated with unregulated PKA. Pka1, the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, is phosphorylated in vivo at Thr-356, which is located in the activation loop of the kinase and corresponds to Thr-197 in mammalian PKA. Phosphorylation of Thr-356 is required for in vivo activation of Pka1 and is dependent upon Ksg1. These data provide experimental evidence that PKA is a physiological substrate for PDK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203-2098, USA
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41
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Lochhead PA, Sibbet G, Morrice N, Cleghon V. Activation-loop autophosphorylation is mediated by a novel transitional intermediate form of DYRKs. Cell 2005; 121:925-36. [PMID: 15960979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2004] [Revised: 02/10/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Autophosphorylation of a critical residue in the activation loop of several protein kinases is an essential maturation event required for full enzyme activity. However, the molecular mechanism by which this happens is unknown. We addressed this question for two dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated protein kinases (DYRKs), as they autophosphorylate their activation loop on an essential tyrosine but phosphorylate their substrates on serine and threonine. Here we demonstrate that autophosphorylation of the critical activation-loop tyrosine is intramolecular and mediated by the nascent kinase passing through a transitory intermediate form. This DYRK intermediate differs in residue and substrate specificity, as well as sensitivity to small-molecule inhibitors, compared with its mature counterpart. The intermediate's characteristics are lost upon completion of translation, making the critical tyrosine autophosphorylation a "one-off" inceptive event. This mechanism is likely to be shared with other kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Lochhead
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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42
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Iyer GH, Moore MJ, Taylor SS. Consequences of lysine 72 mutation on the phosphorylation and activation state of cAMP-dependent kinase. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:8800-7. [PMID: 15618230 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m407586200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
General strategies to obtain inactive kinases have utilized mutation of key conserved residues in the kinase core, and the equivalent Lys72 in cAMP-dependent kinase has often been used to generate a "dead" kinase. Here, we have analyzed the consequences of this mutation on kinase structure and function. Mutation of Lys72 to histidine (K72H) generated an inactive enzyme, which was unphosphorylated. Treatment with an exogenous kinase (PDK-1) resulted in a mutant that was phosphorylated only at Thr197 and remained inactive but nevertheless capable of binding ATP. Ser338 in K72H cannot be autophosphorylated, nor can it be phosphorylated in an intermolecular process by active wild type C-subunit. The Lys72 mutant, once phosphorylated on Thr197, can bind with high affinity to the RIalpha subunits. Thus a dead kinase can still act as a scaffold for binding substrates and inhibitors; it is only phosphoryl transfer that is defective. Using a potent inhibitor of C-subunit activity, H-89, Escherichia coli-expressed C-subunit was also obtained in its unphosphorylated state. This protein is able to mature into its active form in the presence of PDK-1 and is able to undergo secondary autophosphorylation on Ser338. Unlike the H-89-treated wild type protein, the mutant protein (K72H) cannot undergo the subsequent cis autophosphorylation following phosphorylation at Thr197. Using these two substrates and mammalian-expressed PDK-1, we can elucidate a possible two-step process for the activation of the C-subunit: initial phosphorylation on the activation loop at Thr197 by PDK-1, or a PDK-1-like enzyme, followed by second cis autophosphorylation step at Ser338.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh H Iyer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0654, USA
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43
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Humphries KM, Deal MS, Taylor SS. Enhanced dephosphorylation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase by oxidation and thiol modification. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:2750-8. [PMID: 15533936 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410242200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is phosphorylated at threonine 197 and serine 338. Phosphorylation of threonine 197, located in the activation loop, is required for coordinating the active site conformation and optimal enzymatic activity. However, this phosphorylation has not been widely appreciated as a regulatory site because of the apparent constitutive nature of the phosphorylation and the general resistance of the kinase to phosphatase treatment. We demonstrate here that the observed resistance of the catalytic subunit to dephosphorylation is due, in part, to the presence of the highly nucleophilic cysteine 199 located proximal to the phosphate on threonine 197. Experiments performed in vitro demonstrated that mutation (cysteine 199 to alanine), oxidation, such as by glutathionylation or internal disulfide bond formation, or alkylation of the C-subunit enhanced its ability to be dephosphorylated. Furthermore, rephosphorylation of reduced C-subunit by PDK1 created a cycle whereby the inactive kinase could be reactivated. To demonstrate that thiol modification of PKA can lead to enhanced dephosphorylation in vivo, PC12 cells were treated with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). Such treatment resulted in complete PKA inactivation and dephosphorylation of threonine 197. This effect of NEM was contingent upon prior treatment of the cells with PKA activators, demonstrating the resistance of the holoenzyme to thiol alkylation-mediated dephosphorylation. Our results also demonstrated that NEM treatment of PC12 cells enhanced the dephosphorylation of the protein kinase Calpha activation loop, suggesting a common mechanism of regulation among members of the AGC family of kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Humphries
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, The University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0654, USA
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44
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Zhang W, Morris GZ, Beebe SJ. Characterization of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit Cγ expressed and purified from sf9 cells. Protein Expr Purif 2004; 35:156-69. [PMID: 15039079 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2004.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Revised: 01/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Cgamma and Calpha subunits of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) contain 350 amino acids that are highly homologous (83% amino acid sequence), with 91% homology within the catalytic domain (a.a. 40-300). Unlike Cgamma, the Calpha subunit has been readily purified and characterized as a recombinant protein in vitro, in intact cells, and in vivo. This report describes for the first time the expression, purification, and characterization of Cgamma. The expression of active Cgamma was eukaryote-specific, from mammalian and insect cells, but not bacteria. Active recombinant Cgamma was optimally expressed and purified to homogeneity from Sf9 cells with a 273-fold increase in specific activity and a 21% recovery after sequential CM-Sepharose and Sephacryl S-300 chromatography. The specific activity of pure Cgamma was 0.31 and 0.81 U/mg with kemptide and histone as substrates, respectively. Physical characterization showed Cgamma had a lower apparent molecular weight and Stokes radii than Calpha, suggesting differences in tertiary structures. Steady-state kinetics demonstrated that like Calpha and Cbeta, Cgamma phosphorylates substrates requiring basic amino acids at P-3 and P-2. However, Cgamma generally exhibited a lower Km and Vmax than Calpha for peptide substrates tested. Cgamma also exhibited a distinct pseudosubstrate specificity showing inhibition by homogeneous preparations of RIalpha and RIIalpha-subunits, but not by pure recombinant protein kinase inhibitors PKIalpha and PKIbeta, PKA-specific inhibitors. These studies suggest that Cgamma and Calpha exhibit differences in structure and function in vitro, supporting the hypothesis that functionally different C-subunit isozymes could diversify and/or fine-tune cAMP signal transduction downstream of PKA activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Zhang
- Center For Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry, 801 S. Paulina Street (M/C 860) Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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45
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Boo YC, Jo H. Flow-dependent regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase: role of protein kinases. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2003; 285:C499-508. [PMID: 12900384 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00122.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells are directly and continuously exposed to fluid shear stress generated by blood flow. Shear stress regulates endothelial structure and function by controlling expression of mechanosensitive genes and production of vasoactive factors such as nitric oxide (NO). Though it is well known that shear stress stimulates NO production from endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear and controversial. Shear-induced production of NO involves Ca2+/calmodulin-independent mechanisms, including phosphorylation of eNOS at several sites and its interaction with other proteins, including caveolin and heat shock protein-90. There have been conflicting results as to which protein kinases-protein kinase A, protein kinase B (Akt), other Ser/Thr protein kinases, or tyrosine kinases-are responsible for shear-dependent eNOS regulation. The functional significance of each phosphorylation site is still unclear. We have attempted to summarize the current status of understanding in shear-dependent eNOS regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chool Boo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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46
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Moore MJ, Kanter JR, Jones KC, Taylor SS. Phosphorylation of the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A. Autophosphorylation versus phosphorylation by phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:47878-84. [PMID: 12372837 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m204970200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK-1) as an activating kinase for members of the AGC family of kinases has led to its implication as the activating kinase for cAMP-dependent protein kinase. It has been established in vitro that PDK-1 can phosphorylate the catalytic (C) subunit (), but the Escherichia coli-expressed C-subunit undergoes autophosphorylation. To assess which of these mechanisms occurs in mammalian cells, a set of mutations was engineered flanking the site of PDK-1 phosphorylation, Thr-197, on the activation segment of the C-subunit. Two distinct requirements appeared for autophosphorylation and phosphorylation by PDK-1. Autophosphorylation was disrupted by mutations that compromised activity (Thr-201 and Gly-200) or altered substrate recognition (Arg-194). Conversely, only residues peripheral to Thr-197 altered PDK-1 phosphorylation, including a potential hydrophobic PDK-1 binding site at the C terminus. To address the in vivo requirements for phosphorylation, select mutant proteins were transfected into COS-7 cells, and their phosphorylation state was assessed with phospho-specific antibodies. The phosphorylation pattern of these mutant proteins indicates that autophosphorylation is not the maturation mechanism in the eukaryotic cell; instead, a heterologous kinase with properties resembling the in vitro characteristics of PDK-1 is responsible for in vivo phosphorylation of PKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Moore
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0654, USA
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47
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Boo YC, Hwang J, Sykes M, Michell BJ, Kemp BE, Lum H, Jo H. Shear stress stimulates phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser(635) by a protein kinase A-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 283:H1819-28. [PMID: 12384459 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00214.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Shear stress stimulates nitric oxide (NO) production by phosphorylating endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) at Ser(1179) in a phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)- and protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent manner. The eNOS has additional potential phosphorylation sites, including Ser(116), Thr(497), and Ser(635). Here, we studied these potential phosphorylation sites in response to shear, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and 8-bromocAMP (8-BRcAMP) in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC). All three stimuli induced phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser(635), which was consistently slower than that at Ser(1179). Thr(497) was rapidly dephosphorylated by 8-BRcAMP but not by shear and VEGF. None of the stimuli phosphorylated Ser(116). Whereas shear-stimulated Ser(635) phosphorylation was not affected by phosphoinositide-3-kinase inhibitors wortmannin and LY-294002, it was blocked by either treating the cells with a PKA inhibitor H89 or infecting them with a recombinant adenovirus-expressing PKA inhibitor. These results suggest that shear stress stimulates eNOS by two different mechanisms: 1) PKA- and PI3K-dependent and 2) PKA-dependent but PI3K-independent pathways. Phosphorylation of Ser(635) may play an important role in chronic regulation of eNOS in response to mechanical and humoral stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chool Boo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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48
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Zou K, Cheley S, Givens RS, Bayley H. Catalytic subunit of protein kinase A caged at the activating phosphothreonine. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:8220-9. [PMID: 12105899 DOI: 10.1021/ja020405e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Caged reagents are photoactivatable molecules with applications in biological research. While a great deal of work has been carried out on small caged molecules, less has been done on caged macromolecules, such as proteins. Caged proteins would be especially useful in signal transduction research. Since most proteins involved in cell signaling are regulated by phosphorylation, a means to cage phosphorylated proteins would be generally applicable. Here we show that the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A can be activated by thiophosphorylation at Thr-197. The modified protein can then be caged with 4-hydroxyphenacyl bromide to yield a derivative with a specific catalytic activity that is reduced by approximately 17-fold. Upon photolysis at near UV wavelengths, an approximately 15-fold increase in activity is observed, representing an approximately 85-90% yield of uncaged product with a quantum yield phi(P) = 0.21. Because protein kinases belong to a superfamily with structurally related catalytic domains, the protein chemistry demonstrated here should be applicable to a wide range of signaling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyong Zou
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, The Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843-1114, USA
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49
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Modulation of Drosophila slowpoke calcium-dependent potassium channel activity by bound protein kinase a catalytic subunit. J Neurosci 2002. [PMID: 12019304 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.22-10-03855.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila Slowpoke (dSlo) calcium-dependent potassium channels bind directly to the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKAc). We demonstrate here that coexpression of PKAc with dSlo in mammalian cells results in a dramatic decrease of dSlo channel activity. This modulation requires catalytically active PKAc but is not mediated by phosphorylation of S942, the only PKA consensus site in the dSlo C-terminal domain. dSlo binds to free PKAc but not to the PKA holoenzyme that includes regulatory subunits and is inactive. Activators of endogenous PKA that stimulate dSlo phosphorylation, but do not produce detectable PKAc binding to dSlo, do not modulate channel function. Furthermore, the catalytically inactive PKAc mutant does bind to dSlo but does not modulate channel activity. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that both binding of active PKAc to dSlo and phosphorylation of dSlo or some other protein are necessary for channel modulation.
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50
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Zhou Y, Wang J, Wen H, Kucherovsky O, Levitan IB. Modulation of Drosophila slowpoke calcium-dependent potassium channel activity by bound protein kinase a catalytic subunit. J Neurosci 2002; 22:3855-63. [PMID: 12019304 PMCID: PMC6757639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila Slowpoke (dSlo) calcium-dependent potassium channels bind directly to the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKAc). We demonstrate here that coexpression of PKAc with dSlo in mammalian cells results in a dramatic decrease of dSlo channel activity. This modulation requires catalytically active PKAc but is not mediated by phosphorylation of S942, the only PKA consensus site in the dSlo C-terminal domain. dSlo binds to free PKAc but not to the PKA holoenzyme that includes regulatory subunits and is inactive. Activators of endogenous PKA that stimulate dSlo phosphorylation, but do not produce detectable PKAc binding to dSlo, do not modulate channel function. Furthermore, the catalytically inactive PKAc mutant does bind to dSlo but does not modulate channel activity. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that both binding of active PKAc to dSlo and phosphorylation of dSlo or some other protein are necessary for channel modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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