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Yoo JY, Ko KS, Vu BN, Lee YE, Choi HN, Lee YN, Fanata WID, Harmoko R, Lee SK, Chung WS, Hong JC, Lee KO. IRE1 is implicated in protein synthesis regulation under ER stress conditions in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 215:108963. [PMID: 39084166 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a crucial cellular mechanism for maintaining protein folding homeostasis during endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In this study, the role of IRE1, a key component of the UPR, was investigated in protein translation regulation under ER stress conditions in Arabidopsis. We discovered that the loss of IRE1A and IRE1B leads to diminished protein translation, indicating a significant role for IRE1 in this process. However, this regulation was not solely dependent on the interaction with bZIP60, a key transcription factor in the UPR. Interestingly, while chemical chaperones TUDCA and PBA effectively alleviated the translation inhibition observed in ire1a ire1b mutants, this effect was more pronounced than the mitigation observed from suppressing GCN2 expression or introducing a non-phosphorylatable eIF2α variant. Additionally, the kinase and ribonuclease activities of IRE1B were demonstrated to be crucial for plant adaptation and protein synthesis regulation under ER stress conditions. Overall, this study not only highlights the complex regulatory mechanisms of IRE1 in plant ER stress responses but also provides insights into its multifaceted roles in protein translation regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yong Yoo
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Ki Seong Ko
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Bich Ngoc Vu
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK4 Program) Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Young Eun Lee
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK4 Program) Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Ha Na Choi
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK4 Program) Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Yoo Na Lee
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK4 Program) Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Wahyu Indra Duwi Fanata
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, South Korea; Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jember, Jember, 68121, Indonesia
| | - Rikno Harmoko
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, South Korea; Research Center for Genetic Engineering, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Cibinong, Bogor, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Sang-Kyu Lee
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, South Korea; Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK4 Program) Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Woo Sik Chung
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, South Korea; Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK4 Program) Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Jong Chan Hong
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, South Korea; Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK4 Program) Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Kyun Oh Lee
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, South Korea; Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK4 Program) Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, South Korea.
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2
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Lohmann J, Herzog O, Rosenzweig K, Weingartner M. Thermal adaptation in plants: understanding the dynamics of translation factors and condensates. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4258-4273. [PMID: 38630631 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Plants, as sessile organisms, face the crucial challenge of adjusting growth and development with ever-changing environmental conditions. Protein synthesis is the fundamental process that enables growth of all organisms. Since elevated temperature presents a substantial threat to protein stability and function, immediate adjustments of protein synthesis rates are necessary to circumvent accumulation of proteotoxic stress and to ensure survival. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms that control translation under high-temperature stress by the modification of components of the translation machinery in plants, and compares them to yeast and metazoa. Recent research also suggests an important role for cytoplasmic biomolecular condensates, named stress granules, in these processes. Current understanding of the role of stress granules in translational regulation and of the molecular processes associated with translation that might occur within stress granules is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lohmann
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Herzog
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Rosenzweig
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Weingartner
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Dabsan S, Twito G, Biadsy S, Igbaria A. Less is better: various means to reduce protein load in the endoplasmic reticulum. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38865586 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important organelle that controls the intracellular and extracellular environments. The ER is responsible for folding almost one-third of the total protein population in the eukaryotic cell. Disruption of ER-protein folding is associated with numerous human diseases, including metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. During ER perturbations, the cells deploy various mechanisms to increase the ER-folding capacity and reduce ER-protein load by minimizing the number of substrates entering the ER to regain homeostasis. These mechanisms include signaling pathways, degradation mechanisms, and other processes that mediate the reflux of ER content to the cytosol. In this review, we will discuss the recent discoveries of five different ER quality control mechanisms, including the unfolded protein response (UPR), ER-associated-degradation (ERAD), pre-emptive quality control, ER-phagy and ER to cytosol signaling (ERCYS). We will discuss the roles of these processes in decreasing ER-protein load and inter-mechanism crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salam Dabsan
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Gal Twito
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Suma Biadsy
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Aeid Igbaria
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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4
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Williams TD, Rousseau A. Translation regulation in response to stress. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38308808 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Cell stresses occur in a wide variety of settings: in disease, during industrial processes, and as part of normal day-to-day rhythms. Adaptation to these stresses requires cells to alter their proteome. Cells modify the proteins they synthesize to aid proteome adaptation. Changes in both mRNA transcription and translation contribute to altered protein synthesis. Here, we discuss the changes in translational mechanisms that occur following the onset of stress, and the impact these have on stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Williams
- MRC-PPU, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, UK
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK
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5
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Namkaew J, Zhang J, Yamakawa N, Hamada Y, Tsugawa K, Oyadomari M, Miyake M, Katagiri T, Oyadomari S. Repositioning of mifepristone as an integrated stress response activator to potentiate cisplatin efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2024; 582:216509. [PMID: 38036042 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer, primarily non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), is a significant cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is a standard treatment for NSCLC; however, its effectiveness is often limited due to the development of resistance, leading to NSCLC recurrence. Thus, the identification of effective chemosensitizers for cisplatin is of paramount importance. The integrated stress response (ISR), activated by various cellular stresses and mediated by eIF2α kinases, has been implicated in drug sensitivity. ISR activation globally suppresses protein synthesis while selectively promoting the translation of ATF4 mRNA, which can induce pro-apoptotic proteins such as CHOP, ATF3, and TRIB3. To expedite and economize the development of chemosensitizers for cisplatin treatment in NSCLC, we employed a strategy to screen an FDA-approved drug library for ISR activators. In this study, we identified mifepristone as a potent ISR activator. Mifepristone activated the HRI/eIF2α/ATF4 axis, leading to the induction of pro-apoptotic factors, independent of its known role as a synthetic steroid. Our in vitro and in vivo models demonstrated mifepristone's potential to inhibit NSCLC re-proliferation following cisplatin treatment and tumor growth, respectively, via the ISR-mediated cell death pathway. These findings suggest that mifepristone, as an ISR activator, could enhance the efficacy of cisplatin-based therapy for NSCLC, highlighting the potential of drug repositioning in the search for effective chemosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirapat Namkaew
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan; ER Stress Research Institute Inc., Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Jun Zhang
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan; ER Stress Research Institute Inc., Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Norio Yamakawa
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan; ER Stress Research Institute Inc., Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Hamada
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan; Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kazue Tsugawa
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Miho Oyadomari
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masato Miyake
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan; Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Toyomasa Katagiri
- Division of Genome Medicine, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan; Laboratory of Biofunctional Molecular Medicine, Center for Drug Design Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Seiichi Oyadomari
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan; Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan; ER Stress Research Institute Inc., Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
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6
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Dolliver SM, Galbraith C, Khaperskyy DA. Human Betacoronavirus OC43 Interferes with the Integrated Stress Response Pathway in Infected Cells. Viruses 2024; 16:212. [PMID: 38399988 PMCID: PMC10893100 DOI: 10.3390/v16020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses evolve many strategies to ensure the efficient synthesis of their proteins. One such strategy is the inhibition of the integrated stress response-the mechanism through which infected cells arrest translation through the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α). We have recently shown that the human common cold betacoronavirus OC43 actively inhibits eIF2α phosphorylation in response to sodium arsenite, a potent inducer of oxidative stress. In this work, we examined the modulation of integrated stress responses by OC43 and demonstrated that the negative feedback regulator of eIF2α phosphorylation GADD34 is strongly induced in infected cells. However, the upregulation of GADD34 expression induced by OC43 was independent from the activation of the integrated stress response and was not required for the inhibition of eIF2α phosphorylation in virus-infected cells. Our work reveals a complex interplay between the common cold coronavirus and the integrated stress response, in which efficient viral protein synthesis is ensured by the inhibition of eIF2α phosphorylation but the GADD34 negative feedback loop is disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Denys A. Khaperskyy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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Li T, Zeng Z, Fan C, Xiong W. Role of stress granules in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:189006. [PMID: 37913942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are membrane-less organelles that cell forms via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) under stress conditions such as oxidative stress, ER stress, heat shock and hypoxia. SG assembly is a stress-responsive mechanism by regulating gene expression and cellular signaling pathways. Cancer cells face various stress conditions in tumor microenvironment during tumorigenesis, while SGs contribute to hallmarks of cancer including proliferation, invasion, migration, avoiding apoptosis, metabolism reprogramming and immune evasion. Here, we review the connection between SGs and cancer development, the limitation of SGs on current cancer therapy and promising cancer therapeutic strategies targeting SGs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiansheng Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chunmei Fan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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8
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Hanquier Z, Misra J, Baxter R, Maiers JL. Stress and Liver Fibrogenesis: Understanding the Role and Regulation of Stress Response Pathways in Hepatic Stellate Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1363-1376. [PMID: 37422148 PMCID: PMC10548279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Stress response pathways are crucial for cells to adapt to physiological and pathologic conditions. Increased transcription and translation in response to stimuli place a strain on the cell, necessitating increased amino acid supply, protein production and folding, and disposal of misfolded proteins. Stress response pathways, such as the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the integrated stress response (ISR), allow cells to adapt to stress and restore homeostasis; however, their role and regulation in pathologic conditions, such as hepatic fibrogenesis, are unclear. Liver injury promotes fibrogenesis through activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which produce and secrete fibrogenic proteins to promote tissue repair. This process is exacerbated in chronic liver disease, leading to fibrosis and, if unchecked, cirrhosis. Fibrogenic HSCs exhibit activation of both the UPR and ISR, due in part to increased transcriptional and translational demands, and these stress responses play important roles in fibrogenesis. Targeting these pathways to limit fibrogenesis or promote HSC apoptosis is a potential antifibrotic strategy, but it is limited by our lack of mechanistic understanding of how the UPR and ISR regulate HSC activation and fibrogenesis. This article explores the role of the UPR and ISR in the progression of fibrogenesis, and highlights areas that require further investigation to better understand how the UPR and ISR can be targeted to limit hepatic fibrosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Hanquier
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jagannath Misra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Reese Baxter
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jessica L Maiers
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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9
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Lamichhane PP, Samir P. Cellular Stress: Modulator of Regulated Cell Death. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1172. [PMID: 37759572 PMCID: PMC10525759 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Cellular stress response activates a complex program of an adaptive response called integrated stress response (ISR) that can allow a cell to survive in the presence of stressors. ISR reprograms gene expression to increase the transcription and translation of stress response genes while repressing the translation of most proteins to reduce the metabolic burden. In some cases, ISR activation can lead to the assembly of a cytoplasmic membraneless compartment called stress granules (SGs). ISR and SGs can inhibit apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis, suggesting that they guard against uncontrolled regulated cell death (RCD) to promote organismal homeostasis. However, ISR and SGs also allow cancer cells to survive in stressful environments, including hypoxia and during chemotherapy. Therefore, there is a great need to understand the molecular mechanism of the crosstalk between ISR and RCD. This is an active area of research and is expected to be relevant to a range of human diseases. In this review, we provided an overview of the interplay between different cellular stress responses and RCD pathways and their modulation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parimal Samir
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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10
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Wang Q, Ma W, Zhang S. Important roles of heme-regulated eIF-2α kinase in cadmium-induced glycolysis under acute exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:88444-88449. [PMID: 37438509 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28473-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a well-known heavy metal pollutant that is a toxic threat to human health. Cadmium can induce anemia and is involved in metabolic disorders. Heme-regulated eIF2α kinase (HRI) is the main regulator of terminal erythropoiesis and is required to prevent anemia and toxicity in the liver and kidneys in response to various stresses including Cd exposure. However, the involvement of HRI in Cd-induced metabolic disorders remains unclear. In this study, we performed proteomics on plasma collected from wild-type and Hri knockout mice treated with or without 5 and 10 mg/kg Cd. In total, 382 proteins were identified and indicated that the number of proteins in wild-type (Wt) mice was 2.4-fold higher than that in Hri knockout mice after Cd exposure, indicating the requirement of HRI for Cd exposure responses. Proteins associated with glycolysis were the most upregulated after Cd exposure in Wt mice, while, the induction of glycolysis after Cd exposure was interrupted in Hri knockout mice, suggesting the involvement of HRI in Cd-induced glycolysis upon acute exposure. Our results will help identify potential targets involved in metabolic disorders following acute exposure to high doses of cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanshu Wang
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Wanqi Ma
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China.
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China.
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11
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Yurttas AG, Okat Z, Elgun T, Cifci KU, Sevim AM, Gul A. Genetic deviation associated with photodynamic therapy in HeLa cell. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103346. [PMID: 36809810 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a method that is used in cancer treatment. The main therapeutic effect is the production of singlet oxygen (1O2). Phthalocyanines for PDT produce high singlet oxygen with absorbers of about 600-700 nm. AIM It is aimed to analyze cancer cell pathways by flow cytometry analysis and cancer-related genes with q-PCR device by applying phthalocyanine L1ZnPC, which we use as photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy, in HELA cell line. In this study, we investigate the molecular basis of L1ZnPC's anti-cancer activity. MATERIAL METHOD The cytotoxic effects of L1ZnPC, a phthalocyanine obtained from our previous study, in HELA cells were evaluated and it was determined that it led to a high rate of death as a result. The result of photodynamic therapy was analyzed using q-PCR. From the data received at the conclusion of this investigation, gene expression values were calculated, and expression levels were assessed using the 2-∆∆Ct method to examine the relative changes in these values. Cell death pathways were interpreted with the FLOW cytometer device. One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey-Kramer Multiple Comparison Test with Post-hoc Test were used for the statistical analysis. CONCLUSION In our study, it was observed that HELA cancer cells underwent apoptosis at a rate of 80% with drug application plus photodynamic therapy by flow cytometry method. According to q-PCR results, CT values of eight out of eighty-four genes were found to be significant and their association with cancer was evaluated. L1ZnPC is a new phthalocyanine used in this study and our findings should be supported by further studies. For this reason, different analyses are needed to be performed with this drug in different cancer cell lines. In conclusion, according to our results, this drug looks promising but still needs to be analyzed through new studies. It is necessary to examine in detail which signaling pathways they use and their mechanism of action. For this, additional experiments are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiye Gok Yurttas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul Health and Technology University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Zehra Okat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugba Elgun
- Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kezban Ucar Cifci
- Division of Basic Sciences and Health, Hemp Research Institute, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey; Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Turkey
| | - Altug Mert Sevim
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Gul
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Matsumiya T, Shiba Y, Ding J, Kawaguchi S, Seya K, Imaizumi T. The double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR negatively regulates the protein expression of IFN-β induced by RIG-I signaling. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22780. [PMID: 36651716 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201520rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) is a cytoplasmic RNA sensor that plays an important role in innate immune responses to viral RNAs. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is a eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) kinase that is initially involved in the responses of the translational machinery to dsRNA. PKR is also thought to play an essential role in antiviral innate immunity. However, the coordinated mechanisms of RIG-I and PKR that induce the expression of type I interferons (IFNs), essential cytokines involved in antiviral defense, are not completely understood. In this study, we show that PKR negatively participates in the RIG-I-mediated induction of IFN-β expression. Stress granule (SG) formation is crucial to sequester mRNA to prevent aberrant protein synthesis by various stresses. SG formation in response to dsRNA was triggered by a PKR-mediated antiviral stress response. However, IFN-β mRNA was not sequestered in the SGs of dsRNA-treated cells. dsRNA-induced translational silencing was thought to be PKR dependent. However, our results indicated that some proteins, including IFN-β, were clearly translated despite PKR-mediated translational silencing. This study suggests that RIG-I responds mainly to IFN-β expression in cells to which non-self dsRNA is introduced. In addition, PKR negatively regulates IFN-β protein expression induced by RIG-I signaling. This may explain the essential role of PKR in fine-tuning the expression of IFN-β in RIG-I-mediated antiviral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoh Matsumiya
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Japan.,Department of Vascular Biology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yuko Shiba
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Japan.,Department of Vascular Biology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Jiangli Ding
- Department of Vascular Biology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shogo Kawaguchi
- Department of Vascular Biology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Seya
- Department of Vascular Biology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tadaatsu Imaizumi
- Department of Vascular Biology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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13
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Beta-Thalassemia Minor and SARS-CoV-2: Physiopathology, Prevalence, Severity, Morbidity, and Mortality. THALASSEMIA REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/thalassrep13010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Since the first year of the COVID-19 global pandemic, a hypothesis concerning the possible protection/immunity of beta-thalassemia carriers has remained in abeyance. Methods: Three databases (Pubmed Central, Scopus, and Google Scholar) were screened and checked in order to extract all studies about the incidence of confirmed COVID-19 cases, mortality rate, severity assessment, or ICU admission among patients with beta-thalassemia minor, were included in this analysis. The language was limited to English. Studies such as case reports, review studies, and studies that did not have complete data for calculating incidences were excluded. Results and discussion: a total of 3 studies out of 2265 were selected. According to our systematic-review meta-analysis, beta-thalassemia carriers could be less affected by COVID-19 than the general population [IRR = 0.9250 (0.5752; 1.4877)], affected by COVID-19 with a worst severity [OR = 1.5933 (0.4884; 5.1981)], less admissible into the ICU [IRR = 0.3620 (0.0025; 51.6821)], and more susceptible to die from COVID-19 or one of its consequences [IRR = 1.8542 (0.7819; 4.3970)]. However, all of those results remain insignificant with a bad p-value (respectively 0.7479, 0.4400, 0.6881, and 0.1610). Other large case-control or registry studies are needed to confirm these trends.
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14
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Brownsword MJ, Locker N. A little less aggregation a little more replication: Viral manipulation of stress granules. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2023; 14:e1741. [PMID: 35709333 PMCID: PMC10078398 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent exciting studies have uncovered how membrane-less organelles, also known as biocondensates, are providing cells with rapid response pathways, allowing them to re-organize their cellular contents and adapt to stressful conditions. Their assembly is driven by the phase separation of their RNAs and intrinsically disordered protein components into condensed foci. Among these, stress granules (SGs) are dynamic cytoplasmic biocondensates that form in response to many stresses, including activation of the integrated stress response or viral infections. SGs sit at the crossroads between antiviral signaling and translation because they concentrate signaling proteins and components of the innate immune response, in addition to translation machinery and stalled mRNAs. Consequently, they have been proposed to contribute to antiviral activities, and therefore are targeted by viral countermeasures. Equally, SGs components can be commandeered by viruses for their own efficient replication. Phase separation processes are an important component of the viral life cycle, for example, driving the assembly of replication factories or inclusion bodies. Therefore, in this review, we will outline the recent understanding of this complex interplay and tug of war between viruses, SGs, and their components. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease Translation > Regulation RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA-Protein Complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Brownsword
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and MedicineUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyUK
| | - Nicolas Locker
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and MedicineUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyUK
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15
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Carvajal P, Bahamondes V, Jara D, Castro I, Matus S, Aguilera S, Molina C, González S, Hermoso M, Barrera MJ, González MJ. The integrated stress response is activated in the salivary glands of Sjögren's syndrome patients. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1118703. [PMID: 37035319 PMCID: PMC10079080 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1118703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune exocrinopathy that affects the structure and function of salivary and lachrymal glands. Labial salivary gland (LSG) acinar cells from SS patients lose cellular homeostasis and experience endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress. The integrated cellular stress response (ISR) is an adaptive pathway essential for restoring homeostasis against various stress-inducing factors, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, and endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress. ISR activation leads eIF2α phosphorylation, which transiently blocks protein synthesis while allowing the ATF4 expression, which induces a gene expression program that seeks to optimize cellular recovery. PKR, HRI, GCN2, and PERK are the four sentinel stress kinases that control eIF2α phosphorylation. Dysregulation and chronic activation of ISR signaling have pathologic consequences associated with inflammation. Methods Here, we analyzed the activation of the ISR in LSGs of SS-patients and non-SS sicca controls, determining the mRNA, protein, and phosphorylated-protein levels of key ISR components, as well as the expression of some of ATF4 targets. Moreover, we performed a qualitative characterization of the distribution of ISR components in LSGs from both groups and evaluated if their levels correlate with clinical parameters. Results We observed that the four ISR sensors are expressed in LSGs of both groups. However, only PKR and PERK showed increased expression and/or activation in LSGs from SS-patients. eIF2α and p-eIF2α protein levels significantly increased in SS-patients; meanwhile components of the PP1c complex responsible for eIF2α dephosphorylation decreased. ATF4 mRNA levels were decreased in LSGs from SS-patients along with hypermethylation of the ATF4 promoter. Despite low mRNA levels, SS-patients showed increased levels of ATF4 protein and ATF4-target genes involved in the antioxidant response. The acinar cells of SS-patients showed increased staining intensity for PKR, p-PKR, p-PERK, p-eIF2α, ATF4, xCT, CHOP, and NRF2. Autoantibodies, focus score, and ESSDAI were correlated with p-PERK/PERK ratio and ATF4 protein levels. Discussion In summary, the results showed an increased ISR activation in LSGs of SS-patients. The increased protein levels of ATF4 and ATF4-target genes involved in the redox homeostasis could be part of a rescue response against the various stressful conditions to which the LSGs of SS-patients are subjected and promote cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Carvajal
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Bahamondes
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Daniela Jara
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Isabel Castro
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Soledad Matus
- Fundación Ciencia and Vida, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Aguilera
- Departamento de Reumatología, Clínica INDISA, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Molina
- Facultad de Odontología y Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio González
- Escuela de Odontología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Hermoso
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María-José Barrera
- Facultad de Odontología y Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista, Santiago, Chile
- María-José Barrera,
| | - María-Julieta González
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: María-Julieta González,
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16
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Sadasivan J, Vlok M, Wang X, Nayak A, Andino R, Jan E. Targeting Nup358/RanBP2 by a viral protein disrupts stress granule formation. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010598. [PMID: 36455064 PMCID: PMC9746944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved mechanisms to modulate cellular pathways to facilitate infection. One such pathway is the formation of stress granules (SG), which are ribonucleoprotein complexes that assemble during translation inhibition following cellular stress. Inhibition of SG assembly has been observed under numerous virus infections across species, suggesting a conserved fundamental viral strategy. However, the significance of SG modulation during virus infection is not fully understood. The 1A protein encoded by the model dicistrovirus, Cricket paralysis virus (CrPV), is a multifunctional protein that can bind to and degrade Ago-2 in an E3 ubiquitin ligase-dependent manner to block the antiviral RNA interference pathway and inhibit SG formation. Moreover, the R146 residue of 1A is necessary for SG inhibition and CrPV infection in both Drosophila S2 cells and adult flies. Here, we uncoupled CrPV-1A's functions and provide insight into its underlying mechanism for SG inhibition. CrPV-1A mediated inhibition of SGs requires the E3 ubiquitin-ligase binding domain and the R146 residue, but not the Ago-2 binding domain. Wild-type but not mutant CrPV-1A R146A localizes to the nuclear membrane which correlates with nuclear enrichment of poly(A)+ RNA. Transcriptome changes in CrPV-infected cells are dependent on the R146 residue. Finally, Nup358/RanBP2 is targeted and degraded in CrPV-infected cells in an R146-dependent manner and the depletion of Nup358 blocks SG formation. We propose that CrPV utilizes a multiprong strategy whereby the CrPV-1A protein interferes with a nuclear event that contributes to SG inhibition in order to promote infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin Sadasivan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marli Vlok
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xinying Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Arabinda Nayak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Jan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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17
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Martin JL, Dawson SJ, Gale JE. An emerging role for stress granules in neurodegenerative disease and hearing loss. Hear Res 2022; 426:108634. [PMID: 36384053 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2022.108634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are membrane-less cytosolic assemblies that form in response to stress (e.g., heat, oxidative stress, hypoxia, viral infection and UV). Composed of mRNA, RNA binding proteins and signalling proteins, SGs minimise stress-related damage and promote cell survival. Recent research has shown that the stress granule response is vital to the cochlea's response to stress. However, emerging evidence suggests stress granule dysfunction plays a key role in the pathophysiology of multiple neurodegenerative diseases, several of which present with hearing loss as a symptom. Hearing loss has been identified as the largest potentially modifiable risk factor for dementia. The underlying reason for the link between hearing loss and dementia remains to be established. However, several possible mechanisms have been proposed including a common pathological mechanism. Here we will review the role of SGs in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases and explore possible links and emerging evidence that they may play an important role in maintenance of hearing and may be a common mechanism underlying age-related hearing loss and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack L Martin
- UCL Ear Institute, 332 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8EE, UK
| | - Sally J Dawson
- UCL Ear Institute, 332 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8EE, UK.
| | - Jonathan E Gale
- UCL Ear Institute, 332 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8EE, UK.
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18
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Andrysik Z, Sullivan KD, Kieft JS, Espinosa JM. PPM1D suppresses p53-dependent transactivation and cell death by inhibiting the Integrated Stress Response. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7400. [PMID: 36456590 PMCID: PMC9715646 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 transcription factor is a master regulator of cellular stress responses inhibited by repressors such as MDM2 and the phosphatase PPM1D. Activation of p53 with pharmacological inhibitors of its repressors is being tested in clinical trials for cancer therapy, but efficacy has been limited by poor induction of tumor cell death. We demonstrate that dual inhibition of MDM2 and PPM1D induces apoptosis in multiple cancer cell types via amplification of the p53 transcriptional program through the eIF2α-ATF4 pathway. PPM1D inhibition induces phosphorylation of eIF2α, ATF4 accumulation, and ATF4-dependent enhancement of p53-dependent transactivation upon MDM2 inhibition. Dual inhibition of p53 repressors depletes heme and induces HRI-dependent eIF2α phosphorylation. Pharmacological induction of eIF2α phosphorylation synergizes with MDM2 inhibition to induce cell death and halt tumor growth in mice. These results demonstrate that PPM1D inhibits both the p53 network and the integrated stress response controlled by eIF2α-ATF4, with clear therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Andrysik
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Kelly D Sullivan
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Kieft
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Joaquin M Espinosa
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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19
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Nwosu GO, Powell JA, Pitson SM. Targeting the integrated stress response in hematologic malignancies. Exp Hematol Oncol 2022; 11:94. [DOI: 10.1186/s40164-022-00348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractWhile numerous targeted therapies have been recently adopted to improve the treatment of hematologic malignancies, acquired or intrinsic resistance poses a significant obstacle to their efficacy. Thus, there is increasing need to identify novel, targetable pathways to further improve therapy for these diseases. The integrated stress response is a signaling pathway activated in cancer cells in response to both dysregulated growth and metabolism, and also following exposure to many therapies that appears one such targetable pathway for improved treatment of these diseases. In this review, we discuss the role of the integrated stress response in the biology of hematologic malignancies, its critical involvement in the mechanism of action of targeted therapies, and as a target for pharmacologic modulation as a novel strategy for the treatment of hematologic malignancies.
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20
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Wolzak K, Nölle A, Farina M, Abbink TE, van der Knaap MS, Verhage M, Scheper W. Neuron-specific translational control shift ensures proteostatic resilience during ER stress. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110501. [PMID: 35791631 PMCID: PMC9379547 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021110501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteostasis is essential for cellular survival and particularly important for highly specialised post‐mitotic cells such as neurons. Transient reduction in protein synthesis by protein kinase R‐like endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kinase (PERK)‐mediated phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (p‐eIF2α) is a major proteostatic survival response during ER stress. Paradoxically, neurons are remarkably tolerant to PERK dysfunction, which suggests the existence of cell type‐specific mechanisms that secure proteostatic stress resilience. Here, we demonstrate that PERK‐deficient neurons, unlike other cell types, fully retain the capacity to control translation during ER stress. We observe rescaling of the ATF4 response, while the reduction in protein synthesis is fully retained. We identify two molecular pathways that jointly drive translational control in PERK‐deficient neurons. Haem‐regulated inhibitor (HRI) mediates p‐eIF2α and the ATF4 response and is complemented by the tRNA cleaving RNase angiogenin (ANG) to reduce protein synthesis. Overall, our study elucidates an intricate back‐up mechanism to ascertain translational control during ER stress in neurons that provides a mechanistic explanation for the thus far unresolved observation of neuronal resilience to proteostatic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Wolzak
- Department of Functional Genomics, Faculty of Science, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Functional Genomics Section, Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC) Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Nölle
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC) Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margherita Farina
- Department of Functional Genomics, Faculty of Science, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Truus Em Abbink
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC) Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- Department of Functional Genomics, Faculty of Science, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC) Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Verhage
- Department of Functional Genomics, Faculty of Science, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Functional Genomics Section, Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC) Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wiep Scheper
- Department of Functional Genomics, Faculty of Science, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Functional Genomics Section, Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC) Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Krause LJ, Herrera MG, Winklhofer KF. The Role of Ubiquitin in Regulating Stress Granule Dynamics. Front Physiol 2022; 13:910759. [PMID: 35694405 PMCID: PMC9174786 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.910759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are dynamic, reversible biomolecular condensates, which assemble in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells under various stress conditions. Formation of SGs typically occurs upon stress-induced translational arrest and polysome disassembly. The increase in cytoplasmic mRNAs triggers the formation of a protein-RNA network that undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation when a critical interaction threshold has been reached. This adaptive stress response allows a transient shutdown of several cellular processes until the stress is removed. During the recovery from stress, SGs disassemble to re-establish cellular activities. Persistent stress and disease-related mutations in SG components favor the formation of aberrant SGs that are impaired in disassembly and prone to aggregation. Recently, posttranslational modifications of SG components have been identified as major regulators of SG dynamics. Here, we summarize new insights into the role of ubiquitination in affecting SG dynamics and clearance and discuss implications for neurodegenerative diseases linked to aberrant SG formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Krause
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- RESOLV Cluster of Excellence, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Maria G. Herrera
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Konstanze F. Winklhofer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- RESOLV Cluster of Excellence, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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22
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eIF2α Phosphorylation in Response to Nutritional Deficiency and Stressors in the Aquaculture Fish, Rachycentron canadum. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10050709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the response of the marine fish cobia, Rachycentron canadum, to stressors as measured by phosphorylation of the α-subunit of the translational initiation factor, eIF2. eIF2α is the target of phosphorylation by a family of kinases that respond to a range of physiological stressors. Phosphorylation of eIF2α inhibits overall protein synthesis, but also facilitates the reprogramming of gene expression to adapt to, and recover from, stress. The deduced coding sequence of cobia eIF2α has 94% identity to both zebrafish (Danio rerio) and human eIF2α sequences with identical phosphorylation and kinase docking sites. Here we use cobia larvae and a cobia cell line derived from muscle (Cm cells) to investigate the response of cobia eIF2α to various stressors. In Cm cells, phosphorylation of eIF2α is increased by nutrient deficiency and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress), consistent with the activation of the eIF2 kinases, GCN2, and PERK. In cobia juveniles, diet and water temperature affect the phosphorylation state of eIF2α. We conclude that evaluation of eIF2α phosphorylation could function as an early marker to evaluate diet, environmental stressors, and disease in cobia and may be of particular use in optimizing conditions for rearing cobia larvae and juveniles.
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23
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Yerlikaya A. Heme-regulated inhibitor: an overlooked eIF2α kinase in cancer investigations. Med Oncol 2022; 39:73. [PMID: 35568791 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01668-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Heme-regulated inhibitor (HRI) kinase is a serine-threonine kinase, controlling the initiation of protein synthesis via phosphorylating α subunit of eIF2 on serine 51 residue, mainly in response to heme deprivation in erythroid cells. However, recent studies showed that HRI is also activated by several diverse signals, causing dysregulations in intracellular homeostatic mechanisms in non-erythroid cells. For instance, it was reported that the decrease in protein synthesis upon the 26S proteasomal inhibition by MG132 or bortezomib is mediated by increased eIF2α phosphorylation in an HRI-dependent manner in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. The increase in eIF2α phosphorylation level through the activation of HRI upon 26S proteasomal inhibition is believed to protect cells against the buildup of misfolded and ubiquitinated proteins, having the potential to trigger the apoptotic response. In contrast, prolonged and sustained HRI-mediated eIF2α phosphorylation can induce cell death, which may involve ATF4 and CHOP expression. Altogether, these studies suggest that HRI-mediated eIF2α phosphorylation may be cytoprotective or cytotoxic depending on the cells, type, and duration of pharmacological agents used. It is thus hypothesized that both HRI activators, inducing eIF2α phosphorylation or HRI inhibitors causing disturbances in eIF2α phosphorylation, may be effective as novel strategies in cancer treatment if the balance in eIF2α phosphorylation is shifted in favor of autophagic or apoptotic response in cancer cells. It is here aimed to review the role of HRI in various biological mechanisms as well as the therapeutic potentials of recently developed HRI activators and inhibitors, targeting eIF2α phosphorylation in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azmi Yerlikaya
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Kutahya Health Sciences University, Kutahya, Turkey.
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24
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Bou-Fakhredin R, De Franceschi L, Motta I, Eid AA, Taher AT, Cappellini MD. Redox Balance in β-Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Disease: A Love and Hate Relationship. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050967. [PMID: 35624830 PMCID: PMC9138068 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease (SCD) are inherited hemoglobinopathies that result in both quantitative and qualitative variations in the β-globin chain. These in turn lead to instability in the generated hemoglobin (Hb) or to a globin chain imbalance that affects the oxidative environment both intracellularly and extracellularly. While oxidative stress is not among the primary etiologies of β-thalassemia and SCD, it plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Different mechanisms exist behind the development of oxidative stress; the result of which is cytotoxicity, causing the oxidation of cellular components that can eventually lead to cell death and organ damage. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of oxidative stress development in β-thalassemia and SCD and describe the current and potential antioxidant therapeutic strategies. Finally, we discuss the role of targeted therapy in achieving an optimal redox balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan Bou-Fakhredin
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (R.B.-F.); (I.M.)
| | - Lucia De Franceschi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Verona, 37128 Verona, Italy;
| | - Irene Motta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (R.B.-F.); (I.M.)
- UOC General Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Assaad A. Eid
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon;
| | - Ali T. Taher
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon;
| | - Maria Domenica Cappellini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (R.B.-F.); (I.M.)
- UOC General Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
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25
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HRI is the heme-regulated elF2α kinase that phosphorylates the α-subunit of elF2. Although the role of HRI in inhibiting globin synthesis in erythroid cells is well established, broader roles of HRI in translation have been uncovered recently. This review is to summarize the new discoveries of HRI in stress erythropoiesis and in fetal γ-globin expression. RECENT FINDINGS HRI and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) mRNAs are highly expressed in early erythroblasts. Inhibition of protein synthesis by HRI-phosphorylated elF2α (elF2αP) is necessary to maintain protein homeostasis in both the cytoplasm and mitochondria. In addition, HRI-elF2αP specifically enhances translation of ATF4 mRNA leading to the repression of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. ATF4-target genes are most highly activated during iron deficiency to maintain mitochondrial function, redox homeostasis, and to enable erythroid differentiation. HRI is therefore a master translation regulator of erythropoiesis sensing intracellular heme concentrations and oxidative stress for effective erythropoiesis. Intriguingly, HRI-elF2αP-ATF4 signaling also inhibits fetal hemoglobin production in human erythroid cells. SUMMARY The primary function of HRI is to maintain protein homeostasis accompanied by the induction of ATF4 to mitigate stress. Role of HRI-ATF4 in γ-globin expression raises the potential of HRI as a therapeutic target for hemoglobinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane-Jane Chen
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250062, China
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The integrated stress response in ischemic diseases. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:750-757. [PMID: 34743204 PMCID: PMC8990009 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00889-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic disease is among the deadliest and most disabling illnesses. Prominent examples include myocardial infarction and stroke. Most, if not all, underlying pathological changes, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and nutrient deprivation, are potent inducers of the integrated stress response (ISR). Four upstream kinases are involved in ISR signaling that sense a myriad of input stress signals and converge on the phosphorylation of serine 51 of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). As a result, translation initiation is halted, creating a window of opportunity for the cell to repair itself and restore homeostasis. A growing number of studies show strong induction of the ISR in ischemic disease. Genetic and pharmacological evidence suggests that the ISR plays critical roles in disease initiation and progression. Here, we review the basic regulation of the ISR, particularly in response to ischemia, and summarize recent findings relevant to the actions of the ISR in ischemic disease. We then discuss therapeutic opportunities by modulating the ISR to treat ischemic heart disease, brain ischemia, ischemic liver disease, and ischemic kidney disease. Finally, we propose that the ISR represents a promising therapeutic target for alleviating symptoms of ischemic disease and improving clinical outcomes.
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Sidibé H, Vande Velde C. Collective Learnings of Studies of Stress Granule Assembly and Composition. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2428:199-228. [PMID: 35171482 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1975-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stress granules have gained considerable exposure and interest in recent years. These micron-sized entities, composed of RNA and protein, form following a stress exposure and have been linked to several pathologies. Understanding stress granule function is paramount but has been arduous due to the membraneless nature of these organelles. Several new methodologies have recently been developed to catalogue the protein and RNA composition of stress granules. Collectively, this work has provided important insights to potential stress granule functions as well as molecular mechanisms for their assembly and disassembly. This chapter reviews the latest advancements in the understanding of stress granule dynamics and discusses the various protocols developed to study their composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadjara Sidibé
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal and CHUM Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christine Vande Velde
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal and CHUM Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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28
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Nabeel-Shah S, Lee H, Ahmed N, Burke GL, Farhangmehr S, Ashraf K, Pu S, Braunschweig U, Zhong G, Wei H, Tang H, Yang J, Marcon E, Blencowe BJ, Zhang Z, Greenblatt JF. SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein binds host mRNAs and attenuates stress granules to impair host stress response. iScience 2022; 25:103562. [PMID: 34901782 PMCID: PMC8642831 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleocapsid (N) protein is essential for viral replication, making it a promising target for antiviral drug and vaccine development. SARS-CoV-2 infected patients exhibit an uncoordinated immune response; however, the underlying mechanistic details of this imbalance remain obscure. Here, starting from a functional proteomics workflow, we cataloged the protein-protein interactions of SARS-CoV-2 proteins, including an evolutionarily conserved specific interaction of N with the stress granule resident proteins G3BP1 and G3BP2. N localizes to stress granules and sequesters G3BPs away from their typical interaction partners, thus attenuating stress granule formation. We found that N binds directly to host mRNAs in cells, with a preference for 3' UTRs, and modulates target mRNA stability. We show that the N protein rewires the G3BP1 mRNA-binding profile and suppresses the physiological stress response of host cells, which may explain the imbalanced immune response observed in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Nabeel-Shah
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hyunmin Lee
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Nujhat Ahmed
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Giovanni L Burke
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Shaghayegh Farhangmehr
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kanwal Ashraf
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Shuye Pu
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | | | - Guoqing Zhong
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Hong Wei
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hua Tang
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Jianyi Yang
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Edyta Marcon
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Benjamin J Blencowe
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Zhaolei Zhang
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jack F Greenblatt
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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29
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Krzyzosiak A, Pitera AP, Bertolotti A. An Overview of Methods for Detecting eIF2α Phosphorylation and the Integrated Stress Response. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2428:3-18. [PMID: 35171470 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1975-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2α is an adaptive signaling event that is essential for cell and organismal survival from yeast to humans. It is central to the integrated stress response (ISR) that maintains cellular homeostasis in the face of threats ranging from viral infection, amino acid, oxygen, and heme deprivation to the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Phosphorylation of eIF2α has broad physiological, pathological, and therapeutic relevance. However, despite more than two decades of research and growing pharmacological interest, phosphorylation of eIF2α remains difficult to detect and quantify, because of its transient nature and because substoichiometric amounts of this modification are sufficient to profoundly reshape cellular physiology. This review aims to provide a roadmap for facilitating a robust evaluation of eIF2α phosphorylation and its downstream consequences in cells and organisms.
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30
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Tian X, Zhang S, Zhou L, Seyhan AA, Hernandez Borrero L, Zhang Y, El-Deiry WS. Targeting the Integrated Stress Response in Cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:747837. [PMID: 34630117 PMCID: PMC8498116 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.747837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrated stress response (ISR) is an evolutionarily conserved intra-cellular signaling network which is activated in response to intrinsic and extrinsic stresses. Various stresses are sensed by four specialized kinases, PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), general control non-derepressible 2 (GCN2), double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) and heme-regulated eIF2α kinase (HRI) that converge on phosphorylation of serine 51 of eIF2α. eIF2α phosphorylation causes a global reduction of protein synthesis and triggers the translation of specific mRNAs, including activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). Although the ISR promotes cell survival and homeostasis, when stress is severe or prolonged the ISR signaling will shift to regulate cellular apoptosis. We review the ISR signaling pathway, regulation and importance in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Tian
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Shengliang Zhang
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Lanlan Zhou
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Attila A Seyhan
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Liz Hernandez Borrero
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Hematology/Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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31
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Asadi MR, Rahmanpour D, Moslehian MS, Sabaie H, Hassani M, Ghafouri-Fard S, Taheri M, Rezazadeh M. Stress Granules Involved in Formation, Progression and Metastasis of Cancer: A Scoping Review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:745394. [PMID: 34604242 PMCID: PMC8485071 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.745394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of stress granules (SGs) is a well-known cellular strategy for reducing stress-related damage and promoting cell survival. SGs have become important players in human health, in addition to their fundamental role in the stress response. The critical role of SGs in cancer cells in formation, progression, and metastasis makes sense. Recent researchers have found that several SG components play a role in tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis via tumor-associated signaling pathways and other mechanisms. Gene-ontology analysis revealed the role of these protein components in the structure of SGs. Involvement in the translation process, regulation of mRNA stability, and action in both the cytoplasm and nucleus are among the main features of SG proteins. The present scoping review aimed to consider all studies on the effect of SGs on cancer formation, proliferation, and metastasis and performed based on a six-stage methodology structure and the PRISMA guideline. A systematic search of seven databases for qualified articles was conducted before July 2021. Publications were screened, and quantitative and qualitative analysis was performed on the extracted data. Go analysis was performed on seventy-one SGs protein components. Remarkably G3BP1, TIA1, TIAR, and YB1 have the largest share among the proteins considered in the studies. Altogether, this scoping review tries to demonstrate and provide a comprehensive summary of the role of SGs in the formation, progression, and metastasis of cancer by reviewing all studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Asadi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dara Rahmanpour
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Hani Sabaie
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hassani
- Student Research Committee, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Rezazadeh
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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32
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Pesticides DEET, fipronil and maneb induce stress granule assembly and translation arrest in neuronal cells. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 28:101110. [PMID: 34485711 PMCID: PMC8405967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides entering our body, either directly or indirectly, are known to increase the risk of developing neurodegenerative disorders. The pesticide-induced animal models of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease recapitulates many of the pathologies seen in human patients and have become popular models for studying disease biology. However, the specific effect of pesticides at the cellular and molecular levels is yet to be fully established. Here we investigated the cellular effect of three commonly used pesticides: DEET, fipronil and maneb. Specifically, we looked at the effect of these pesticides in the formation of stress granules and the concomitant translational arrest in a neuronal cell line. Stress granules represent an ensemble of non-translating mRNAs and appear in cells under physiological stress. Growing evidence indicates that chronic stress may covert the transient stress granules into amyloids and may thus induce neurodegeneration. We demonstrate here that all three pesticides tested induce stress granules and translation arrest through the inactivation of the eukaryotic initiation factor, eIF2α. We also show that oxidative stress could be one of the major intermediary factors in the pesticide-induced stress granule formation and that it is a reversible process. Our results suggest that prolonged pesticide exposure may result in long-lived stress granules, thus compromising the neuronal stress response pathway and leading to neurodegeneration. Pesticides exposure increases the risk of developing neurodegenerative disorders. Cellular effect of three common pesticides (DEET, fipronil and maneb) were tested. All three induce stress granules and translation arrest via inactivation of eIF2α. Compromised stress response may result in pesticide-induced neurodegeneration.
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33
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English AM, Green KM, Moon SL. A (dis)integrated stress response: Genetic diseases of eIF2α regulators. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2021; 13:e1689. [PMID: 34463036 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The integrated stress response (ISR) is a conserved mechanism by which eukaryotic cells remodel gene expression to adapt to intrinsic and extrinsic stressors rapidly and reversibly. The ISR is initiated when stress-activated protein kinases phosphorylate the major translation initiation factor eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2ɑ (eIF2ɑ), which globally suppresses translation initiation activity and permits the selective translation of stress-induced genes including important transcription factors such as activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). Translationally repressed messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and noncoding RNAs assemble into cytoplasmic RNA-protein granules and polyadenylated RNAs are concomitantly stabilized. Thus, regulated changes in mRNA translation, stability, and localization to RNA-protein granules contribute to the reprogramming of gene expression that defines the ISR. We discuss fundamental mechanisms of RNA regulation during the ISR and provide an overview of a growing class of genetic disorders associated with mutant alleles of key translation factors in the ISR pathway. This article is categorized under: RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease Translation > Translation Regulation RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M English
- Department of Human Genetics, Center for RNA Biomedicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Katelyn M Green
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Human Genetics, Center for RNA Biomedicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Stephanie L Moon
- Department of Human Genetics, Center for RNA Biomedicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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34
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Jovanovic B, Eiermann N, Talwar D, Boulougouri M, Dick TP, Stoecklin G. Thioredoxin 1 is required for stress granule assembly upon arsenite-induced oxidative stress. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 156:112508. [PMID: 34390821 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a major water pollutant and health hazard, leading to acute intoxication and, upon chronic exposure, several diseases including cancer development. Arsenic exerts its pronounced cellular toxicity through its trivalent oxide arsenite (ASN), which directly inhibits numerous proteins including Thioredoxin 1 (Trx1), and causes severe oxidative stress. Cells respond to arsenic by inhibition of protein synthesis and subsequent assembly of stress granules (SGs), cytoplasmic condensates of stalled mRNAs, translation factors and RNA-binding proteins. The biological role of SGs is diverse and not completely understood; they are important for regulation of cell signaling and survival under stress conditions, and for adapting de novo protein synthesis to the protein folding capacity during the recovery from stress. In this study, we identified Trx1 as a novel component of SGs. Trx1 is required for the assembly of ASN-induced SGs, but not for SGs induced by energy deprivation or heat shock. Importantly, our results show that Trx1 is essential for cell survival upon acute exposure to ASN, through a mechanism that is independent of translation inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Jovanovic
- Division of Biochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany; Center for Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Nina Eiermann
- Division of Biochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Deepti Talwar
- Division of Redox Regulation, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Boulougouri
- Division of Biochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias P Dick
- Division of Redox Regulation, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg Stoecklin
- Division of Biochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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35
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Garzia A, Meyer C, Tuschl T. The E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF10 modifies 40S ribosomal subunits of ribosomes compromised in translation. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109468. [PMID: 34348161 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible monoubiquitination of small subunit ribosomal proteins RPS2/uS5 and RPS3/uS3 has been noted to occur on ribosomes involved in ZNF598-dependent mRNA surveillance. Subsequent deubiquitination of RPS2 and RPS3 by USP10 is critical for recycling of stalled ribosomes in a process known as ribosome-associated quality control. Here, we identify and characterize the RPS2- and RPS3-specific E3 ligase Really Interesting New Gene (RING) finger protein 10 (RNF10) and its role in translation. Overexpression of RNF10 increases 40S ribosomal subunit degradation similarly to the knockout of USP10. Although a substantial fraction of RNF10-mediated RPS2 and RPS3 monoubiquitination results from ZNF598-dependent sensing of collided ribosomes, ZNF598-independent impairment of translation initiation and elongation also contributes to RPS2 and RPS3 monoubiquitination. RNF10 photoactivatable ribonucleoside-enhanced crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (PAR-CLIP) identifies crosslinked mRNAs, tRNAs, and 18S rRNAs, indicating recruitment of RNF10 to ribosomes stalled in translation. These impeded ribosomes are tagged by ubiquitin at their 40S subunit for subsequent programmed degradation unless rescued by USP10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Garzia
- Laboratory for RNA Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, Box 186, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cindy Meyer
- Laboratory for RNA Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, Box 186, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Tuschl
- Laboratory for RNA Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, Box 186, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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36
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Sensing, signaling and surviving mitochondrial stress. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5925-5951. [PMID: 34228161 PMCID: PMC8316193 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03887-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial fidelity is a key determinant of longevity and was found to be perturbed in a multitude of disease contexts ranging from neurodegeneration to heart failure. Tight homeostatic control of the mitochondrial proteome is a crucial aspect of mitochondrial function, which is severely complicated by the evolutionary origin and resulting peculiarities of the organelle. This is, on one hand, reflected by a range of basal quality control factors such as mitochondria-resident chaperones and proteases, that assist in import and folding of precursors as well as removal of aggregated proteins. On the other hand, stress causes the activation of several additional mechanisms that counteract any damage that may threaten mitochondrial function. Countermeasures depend on the location and intensity of the stress and on a range of factors that are equipped to sense and signal the nature of the encountered perturbation. Defective mitochondrial import activates mechanisms that combat the accumulation of precursors in the cytosol and the import pore. To resolve proteotoxic stress in the organelle interior, mitochondria depend on nuclear transcriptional programs, such as the mitochondrial unfolded protein response and the integrated stress response. If organelle damage is too severe, mitochondria signal for their own destruction in a process termed mitophagy, thereby preventing further harm to the mitochondrial network and allowing the cell to salvage their biological building blocks. Here, we provide an overview of how different types and intensities of stress activate distinct pathways aimed at preserving mitochondrial fidelity.
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37
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Mathangasinghe Y, Fauvet B, Jane SM, Goloubinoff P, Nillegoda NB. The Hsp70 chaperone system: distinct roles in erythrocyte formation and maintenance. Haematologica 2021; 106:1519-1534. [PMID: 33832207 PMCID: PMC8168490 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.233056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoiesis is a tightly regulated cell differentiation process in which specialized oxygen- and carbon dioxide-carrying red blood cells are generated in vertebrates. Extensive reorganization and depletion of the erythroblast proteome leading to the deterioration of general cellular protein quality control pathways and rapid hemoglobin biogenesis rates could generate misfolded/aggregated proteins and trigger proteotoxic stresses during erythropoiesis. Such cytotoxic conditions could prevent proper cell differentiation resulting in premature apoptosis of erythroblasts (ineffective erythropoiesis). The heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) molecular chaperone system supports a plethora of functions that help maintain cellular protein homeostasis (proteostasis) and promote red blood cell differentiation and survival. Recent findings show that abnormalities in the expression, localization and function of the members of this chaperone system are linked to ineffective erythropoiesis in multiple hematological diseases in humans. In this review, we present latest advances in our understanding of the distinct functions of this chaperone system in differentiating erythroblasts and terminally differentiated mature erythrocytes. We present new insights into the protein repair-only function(s) of the Hsp70 system, perhaps to minimize protein degradation in mature erythrocytes to warrant their optimal function and survival in the vasculature under healthy conditions. The work also discusses the modulatory roles of this chaperone system in a wide range of hematological diseases and the therapeutic gain of targeting Hsp70.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Fauvet
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Lausanne University, Lausanne
| | - Stephen M Jane
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, Australia; Department of Hematology, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria
| | | | - Nadinath B Nillegoda
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria.
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Gabriel L, Srinivasan B, Kuś K, Mata JF, João Amorim M, Jansen LET, Athanasiadis A. Enrichment of Zα domains at cytoplasmic stress granules is due to their innate ability to bind to nucleic acids. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:268376. [PMID: 34037233 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Zα domains recognize the left-handed helical Z conformation of double-stranded nucleic acids. They are found in proteins involved in the nucleic acid sensory pathway of the vertebrate innate immune system and host evasion by viral pathogens. Previously, it has been demonstrated that ADAR1 (encoded by ADAR in humans) and DAI (also known as ZBP1) localize to cytoplasmic stress granules (SGs), and this localization is mediated by their Zα domains. To investigate the mechanism, we determined the interactions and localization pattern for the N-terminal region of human DAI (ZαβDAI), which harbours two Zα domains, and for a ZαβDAI mutant deficient in nucleic acid binding. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated the ability of ZαβDAI to bind to hyperedited nucleic acids, which are enriched in SGs. Furthermore, using immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry, we identified several interacting partners of the ZαβDAI-RNA complex in vivo under conditions of arsenite-induced stress. These interactions are lost upon loss of nucleic acid-binding ability or upon RNase treatment. Thus, we posit that the mechanism for the translocation of Zα domain-containing proteins to SGs is mainly mediated by the nucleic acid-binding ability of their Zα domains. This article has an associated First Person interview with Bharath Srinivasan, joint first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Gabriel
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras 2781-156, Portugal
| | - Bharath Srinivasan
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras 2781-156, Portugal
| | - Krzysztof Kuś
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras 2781-156, Portugal
| | - João F Mata
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras 2781-156, Portugal
| | - Maria João Amorim
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras 2781-156, Portugal
| | - Lars E T Jansen
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras 2781-156, Portugal
| | - Alekos Athanasiadis
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras 2781-156, Portugal
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Zheng ZQ, Wang SY, Xu ZS, Fu YZ, Wang YY. SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein impairs stress granule formation to promote viral replication. Cell Discov 2021; 7:38. [PMID: 34035218 PMCID: PMC8147577 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The newly emerging coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 causes severe lung disease and substantial mortality. How the virus evades host defense for efficient replication is not fully understood. In this report, we found that the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (NP) impaired stress granule (SG) formation induced by viral RNA. SARS-CoV-2 NP associated with the protein kinase PKR after dsRNA stimulation. SARS-CoV-2 NP did not affect dsRNA-induced PKR oligomerization, but impaired dsRNA-induced PKR phosphorylation (a hallmark of its activation) as well as SG formation. SARS-CoV-2 NP also targeted the SG-nucleating protein G3BP1 and impaired G3BP1-mediated SG formation. Deficiency of PKR or G3BP1 impaired dsRNA-triggered SG formation and increased SARS-CoV-2 replication. The NP of SARS-CoV also targeted both PKR and G3BP1 to impair dsRNA-induced SG formation, whereas the NP of MERS-CoV targeted PKR, but not G3BP1 for the impairment. Our findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 NP promotes viral replication by impairing formation of antiviral SGs, and reveal a conserved mechanism on evasion of host antiviral responses by highly pathogenic human betacoronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou-Qin Zheng
- grid.439104.b0000 0004 1798 1925Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Su-Yun Wang
- grid.439104.b0000 0004 1798 1925Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- grid.439104.b0000 0004 1798 1925Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Yu-Zhi Fu
- grid.439104.b0000 0004 1798 1925Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Yan-Yi Wang
- grid.439104.b0000 0004 1798 1925Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Campos-Melo D, Hawley ZCE, Droppelmann CA, Strong MJ. The Integral Role of RNA in Stress Granule Formation and Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:621779. [PMID: 34095105 PMCID: PMC8173143 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.621779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are phase-separated, membraneless, cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein (RNP) assemblies whose primary function is to promote cell survival by condensing translationally stalled mRNAs, ribosomal components, translation initiation factors, and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). While the protein composition and the function of proteins in the compartmentalization and the dynamics of assembly and disassembly of SGs has been a matter of study for several years, the role of RNA in these structures had remained largely unknown. RNA species are, however, not passive members of RNA granules in that RNA by itself can form homo and heterotypic interactions with other RNA molecules leading to phase separation and nucleation of RNA granules. RNA can also function as molecular scaffolds recruiting multivalent RBPs and their interactors to form higher-order structures. With the development of SG purification techniques coupled to RNA-seq, the transcriptomic landscape of SGs is becoming increasingly understood, revealing the enormous potential of RNA to guide the assembly and disassembly of these transient organelles. SGs are not only formed under acute stress conditions but also in response to different diseases such as viral infections, cancer, and neurodegeneration. Importantly, these granules are increasingly being recognized as potential precursors of pathological aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we examine the current evidence in support of RNA playing a significant role in the formation of SGs and explore the concept of SGs as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae Campos-Melo
- Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Zachary C E Hawley
- Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Cristian A Droppelmann
- Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J Strong
- Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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41
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Alboushi L, Hackett AP, Naeli P, Bakhti M, Jafarnejad SM. Multifaceted control of mRNA translation machinery in cancer. Cell Signal 2021; 84:110037. [PMID: 33975011 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mRNA translation machinery is tightly regulated through several, at times overlapping, mechanisms that modulate its efficiency and accuracy. Due to their fast rate of growth and metabolism, cancer cells require an excessive amount of mRNA translation and protein synthesis. However, unfavorable conditions, such as hypoxia, amino acid starvation, and oxidative stress, which are abundant in cancer, as well as many anti-cancer treatments inhibit mRNA translation. Cancer cells adapt to the various internal and environmental stresses by employing specialised transcript-specific translation to survive and gain a proliferative advantage. We will highlight the major signaling pathways and mechanisms of translation that regulate the global or mRNA-specific translation in response to the intra- or extra-cellular signals and stresses that are key components in the process of tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilas Alboushi
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Angela P Hackett
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Parisa Naeli
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Mostafa Bakhti
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Seyed Mehdi Jafarnejad
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
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42
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Lee EJ, Neppl RL. Influence of Age on Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Atrophy Signaling: Established Paradigms and Unexpected Links. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050688. [PMID: 34063658 PMCID: PMC8147613 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy in an inevitable occurrence with advancing age, and a consequence of disease including cancer. Muscle atrophy in the elderly is managed by a regimen of resistance exercise and increased protein intake. Understanding the signaling that regulates muscle mass may identify potential therapeutic targets for the prevention and reversal of muscle atrophy in metabolic and neuromuscular diseases. This review covers the major anabolic and catabolic pathways that regulate skeletal muscle mass, with a focus on recent progress and potential new players.
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Arsenicals, the Integrated Stress Response, and Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Gene Expression. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050812. [PMID: 33946406 PMCID: PMC8147158 DOI: 10.3390/v13050812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Following our observation that clofoctol led to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) lytic gene expression upon activation of the integrated stress response (ISR), we decided to investigate the impact of As2O3 on viral lytic gene expression. As2O3 has also been reported to activate the ISR pathway by its activation of the heme-regulated inhibitor (HRI). Our investigations show that As2O3 treatment leads to eIF2α phosphorylation, upregulation of ATF4 and TRB3 expression, and an increase of EBV Zta gene expression in lymphoid tumor cell lines as well as in naturally infected epithelial cancer cell lines. However, late lytic gene expression and virion production were blocked after arsenic treatment. In comparison, a small molecule HRI activator also led to increased Zta expression but did not block late lytic gene expression, suggesting that As2O3 effects on EBV gene expression are also mediated through other pathways.
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Knowles A, Campbell S, Cross N, Stafford P. Bacterial Manipulation of the Integrated Stress Response: A New Perspective on Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:645161. [PMID: 33967983 PMCID: PMC8100032 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.645161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Host immune activation forms a vital line of defence against bacterial pathogenicity. However, just as hosts have evolved immune responses, bacteria have developed means to escape, hijack and subvert these responses to promote survival. In recent years, a highly conserved group of signalling cascades within the host, collectively termed the integrated stress response (ISR), have become increasingly implicated in immune activation during bacterial infection. Activation of the ISR leads to a complex web of cellular reprogramming, which ultimately results in the paradoxical outcomes of either cellular homeostasis or cell death. Therefore, any pathogen with means to manipulate this pathway could induce a range of cellular outcomes and benefit from favourable conditions for long-term survival and replication. This review aims to outline what is currently known about bacterial manipulation of the ISR and present key hypotheses highlighting areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Knowles
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Campbell
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Cross
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Prachi Stafford
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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45
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Gao B, Gong X, Fang S, Weng W, Wang H, Chu H, Sun Y, Meng C, Tan L, Song C, Qiu X, Liu W, Forlenza M, Ding C, Liao Y. Inhibition of anti-viral stress granule formation by coronavirus endoribonuclease nsp15 ensures efficient virus replication. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1008690. [PMID: 33635931 PMCID: PMC7946191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic stress granules (SGs) are generally triggered by stress-induced translation arrest for storing mRNAs. Recently, it has been shown that SGs exert anti-viral functions due to their involvement in protein synthesis shut off and recruitment of innate immune signaling intermediates. The largest RNA viruses, coronaviruses, impose great threat to public safety and animal health; however, the significance of SGs in coronavirus infection is largely unknown. Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) is the first identified coronavirus in 1930s and has been prevalent in poultry farm for many years. In this study, we provided evidence that IBV overcomes the host antiviral response by inhibiting SGs formation via the virus-encoded endoribonuclease nsp15. By immunofluorescence analysis, we observed that IBV infection not only did not trigger SGs formation in approximately 80% of the infected cells, but also impaired the formation of SGs triggered by heat shock, sodium arsenite, or NaCl stimuli. We further demonstrated that the intrinsic endoribonuclease activity of nsp15 was responsible for the interference of SGs formation. In fact, nsp15-defective recombinant IBV (rIBV-nsp15-H238A) greatly induced the formation of SGs, along with accumulation of dsRNA and activation of PKR, whereas wild type IBV failed to do so. Consequently, infection with rIBV-nsp15-H238A strongly triggered transcription of IFN-β which in turn greatly affected rIBV-nsp15-H238A replication. Further analysis showed that SGs function as an antiviral hub, as demonstrated by the attenuated IRF3-IFN response and increased production of IBV in SG-defective cells. Additional evidence includes the aggregation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and signaling intermediates to the IBV-induced SGs. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the endoribonuclease nsp15 of IBV interferes with the formation of antiviral hub SGs by regulating the accumulation of viral dsRNA and by antagonizing the activation of PKR, eventually ensuring productive virus replication. We further demonstrated that nsp15s from PEDV, TGEV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 harbor the conserved function to interfere with the formation of chemically-induced SGs. Thus, we speculate that coronaviruses employ similar nsp15-mediated mechanisms to antagonize the host anti-viral SGs formation to ensure efficient virus replication. Coronavirus encodes the conserved endoribonuclease nsp15, which has been reported to antagonize IFN responses by mediating evasion of recognition by dsRNA sensors. SGs are part of the host cell anti-viral response; not surprisingly, viruses in turn produce an array of antagonists to counteract such host response. Here, we show that IBV prevents the formation of SGs via nsp15, by reducing the accumulation of viral dsRNA, thereby evading the activation of PKR, phosphorylation of eIF2α, and formation of SGs. Depletion of SG scaffold proteins G3BP1/2 decreases IRF3-IFN response and increases the production of IBV. When overexpressed alone, nsp15s from different coronaviruses (IBV, PEDV, TGEV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2) interferes with chemically- and physically-induced SGs, probably by targeting essential SGs assembly factors. In this way, coronaviruses antagonize the formation of SGs by nsp15, via reducing the viral dsRNA accumulation and sequestering/depleting critical component of SGs. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the role of coronavirus nsp15 in the suppression of integral stress response, in crosstalk with anti-innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gao
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqian Gong
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shouguo Fang
- College of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wenlian Weng
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Chu
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Chunchun Meng
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Maria Forlenza
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ying Liao
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Mukherjee T, Ramaglia V, Abdel-Nour M, Bianchi AA, Tsalikis J, Chau HN, Kalia SK, Kalia LV, Chen JJ, Arnoult D, Gommerman JL, Philpott DJ, Girardin SE. The eIF2α kinase HRI triggers the autophagic clearance of cytosolic protein aggregates. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100050. [PMID: 33168630 PMCID: PMC7948985 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Large cytosolic protein aggregates are removed by two main cellular processes, autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and defective clearance of these protein aggregates results in proteotoxicity and cell death. Recently, we found that the eIF2α kinase heme-regulated inhibitory (HRI) induced a cytosolic unfolded protein response to prevent aggregation of innate immune signalosomes, but whether HRI acts as a general sensor of proteotoxicity in the cytosol remains unclear. Here we show that HRI controls autophagy to clear cytosolic protein aggregates when the ubiquitin-proteasome system is inhibited. We further report that silencing the expression of HRI resulted in decreased levels of BAG3 and HSPB8, two proteins involved in chaperone-assisted selective autophagy, suggesting that HRI may control proteostasis in the cytosol at least in part through chaperone-assisted selective autophagy. Moreover, knocking down the expression of HRI resulted in cytotoxic accumulation of overexpressed α-synuclein, a protein known to aggregate in Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. In agreement with these data, protein aggregate accumulation and microglia activation were observed in the spinal cord white matter of 7-month-old Hri-/- mice as compared with Hri+/+ littermates. Moreover, aged Hri-/- mice showed accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein in the lateral collateral pathway, a region of the sacral spinal cord horn that receives visceral sensory afferents from the bladder and distal colon, a pathological feature common to α-synucleinopathies in humans. Together, these results suggest that HRI contributes to a general cytosolic unfolded protein response that could be leveraged to bolster the clearance of cytotoxic protein aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Mukherjee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Valeria Ramaglia
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mena Abdel-Nour
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Athanasia A Bianchi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Tsalikis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hien N Chau
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Suneil K Kalia
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lorraine V Kalia
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jane-Jane Chen
- Institute of Medical Engineering & Science, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Damien Arnoult
- INSERM U1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Bâtiment Lavoisier, Villejuif Cedex, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | | | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen E Girardin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Beauclair G, Streicher F, Chazal M, Bruni D, Lesage S, Gracias S, Bourgeau S, Sinigaglia L, Fujita T, Meurs EF, Tangy F, Jouvenet N. Retinoic Acid Inducible Gene I and Protein Kinase R, but Not Stress Granules, Mediate the Proinflammatory Response to Yellow Fever Virus. J Virol 2020; 94:e00403-20. [PMID: 32878892 PMCID: PMC7592215 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00403-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) is an RNA virus primarily targeting the liver. Severe YF cases are responsible for hemorrhagic fever, plausibly precipitated by excessive proinflammatory cytokine response. Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), such as the cytoplasmic retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), and the viral RNA sensor protein kinase R (PKR), are known to initiate a proinflammatory response upon recognition of viral genomes. Here, we sought to reveal the main determinants responsible for the acute cytokine expression occurring in human hepatocytes following YFV infection. Using a RIG-I-defective human hepatoma cell line, we found that RIG-I largely contributes to cytokine secretion upon YFV infection. In infected RIG-I-proficient hepatoma cells, RIG-I was localized in stress granules. These granules are large aggregates of stalled translation preinitiation complexes known to concentrate RLRs and PKR and are so far recognized as hubs orchestrating RNA virus sensing. Stable knockdown of PKR in hepatoma cells revealed that PKR contributes to both stress granule formation and cytokine induction upon YFV infection. However, stress granule disruption did not affect the cytokine response to YFV infection, as assessed by small interfering RNA (siRNA)-knockdown-mediated inhibition of stress granule assembly. Finally, no viral RNA was detected in stress granules using a fluorescence in situ hybridization approach coupled with immunofluorescence. Our findings suggest that both RIG-I and PKR mediate proinflammatory cytokine induction in YFV-infected hepatocytes, in a stress granule-independent manner. Therefore, by showing the uncoupling of the cytokine response from the stress granule formation, our model challenges the current view in which stress granules are required for the mounting of the acute antiviral response.IMPORTANCE Yellow fever is a mosquito-borne acute hemorrhagic disease caused by yellow fever virus (YFV). The mechanisms responsible for its pathogenesis remain largely unknown, although increased inflammation has been linked to worsened outcome. YFV targets the liver, where it primarily infects hepatocytes. We found that two RNA-sensing proteins, RIG-I and PKR, participate in the induction of proinflammatory mediators in human hepatocytes infected with YFV. We show that YFV infection promotes the formation of cytoplasmic structures, termed stress granules, in a PKR- but not RIG-I-dependent manner. While stress granules were previously postulated to be essential platforms for immune activation, we found that they are not required for the production of proinflammatory mediators upon YFV infection. Collectively, our work uncovered molecular events triggered by the replication of YFV, which could prove instrumental in clarifying the pathogenesis of the disease, with possible repercussions for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felix Streicher
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Chazal
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Daniela Bruni
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Lesage
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ségolène Gracias
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Salomé Bourgeau
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Laura Sinigaglia
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eliane F Meurs
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Nolwenn Jouvenet
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, Paris, France
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48
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Stress relief for cancer immunotherapy: implications for the ER stress response in tumor immunity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 70:1165-1175. [PMID: 33104836 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02740-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The solid tumor microenvironment is replete with factors that present a stress to infiltrating immune cells. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) is primed to sense and respond to the burden of misfolded proteins in the ER lumen induced by cell stressors. PERK has documented roles as a master regulator of acute and chronic responses to cell stress as well as in the regulation of cell metabolism. Here, we provide an overview of the roles of PERK based on what is known and remains to be tested in immune cells in tumors and impacts on tumor control. PERK is one of several ER kinases able to preferentially induce activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) as a response to cell stress. ATF4 orchestrates the oxidative stress response and governs amino acid metabolism. We discuss the tested role of ATF4 in tumor immunity and provide insight on the dueling protective and deleterious roles that ATF4 may play in the stress of solid tumors.
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Girardin SE, Cuziol C, Philpott DJ, Arnoult D. The eIF2α kinase HRI in innate immunity, proteostasis, and mitochondrial stress. FEBS J 2020; 288:3094-3107. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E. Girardin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology University of Toronto ON Canada
| | - Camille Cuziol
- INSERM UMR_S 1197 Hôpital Paul Brousse Villejuif France
- Université Paris‐Saclay France
| | | | - Damien Arnoult
- INSERM UMR_S 1197 Hôpital Paul Brousse Villejuif France
- Université Paris‐Saclay France
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Amyloid Beta-Peptide Increases BACE1 Translation through the Phosphorylation of the Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2 α. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2739459. [PMID: 33014268 PMCID: PMC7525306 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2739459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is tightly linked to oxidative stress since amyloid beta-peptide (Aβ) aggregates generate free radicals. Moreover, the aggregation of Aβ is increased by oxidative stress, and the neurotoxicity induced by the oligomers and fibrils is in part mediated by free radicals. Interestingly, it has been reported that oxidative stress can also induce BACE1 transcription and expression. BACE1 is the key enzyme in the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein to produce Aβ, and the expression of this enzyme has been previously shown to be enhanced in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. Here, we have found that BACE1 expression is increased in the hippocampi from AD patients at both the early (Braak stage II) and late (Braak stage VI) stages of the disease as studied by immunohistochemistry and western blot. To address the role of Aβ and oxidative stress in the regulation of BACE1 expression, we have analyzed the effect of subtoxic concentrations of Aβ oligomers (0.25 μM) and H2O2 (10 mM) on a human neuroblastoma cell line. Firstly, our results show that Aβ oligomers and H2O2 induce an increase of BACE1 mRNA as we studied by qPCR. Regarding BACE1 translation, it is dependent on the phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), since BACE1 mRNA bears a 5′UTR that avoids its translation under basal conditions. BACE1 5′UTR contains four upstream initiating codons (uAUGs), and its translation is activated when eIF2α is phosphorylated. Consistently, we have obtained that Aβ oligomers and H2O2 increase the levels of BACE1 and p-eIF2α assayed by western blot and confocal microscopy. Our results suggest that Aβ oligomers increase BACE1 translation by phosphorylating eIF2α in a process that involves oxidative stress and conforms a pathophysiological loop, where the Aβ once aggregated favors its own production continuously by the increase in BACE1 expression as observed in AD patients.
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