1
|
Rabino A, Awadia S, Ali N, Edson A, Garcia-Mata R. The Scribble-SGEF-Dlg1 complex regulates E-cadherin and ZO-1 stability, turnover and transcription in epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs262181. [PMID: 39350674 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.262181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
SGEF (also known as ARHGEF26), a RhoG specific GEF, can form a ternary complex with the Scribble polarity complex proteins Scribble and Dlg1, which regulates the formation and maintenance of adherens junctions and barrier function of epithelial cells. Notably, silencing SGEF results in a dramatic downregulation of both E-cadherin and ZO-1 (also known as TJP1) protein levels. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of this pathway are not known. Here, we describe a novel signaling pathway governed by the Scribble-SGEF-Dlg1 complex. Our results show that the three members of the ternary complex are required to maintain the stability of the apical junctions, ZO-1 protein levels and tight junction (TJ) permeability. In contrast, only SGEF is necessary to regulate E-cadherin levels. The absence of SGEF destabilizes the E-cadherin-catenin complex at the membrane, triggering a positive feedback loop that exacerbates the phenotype through the repression of E-cadherin transcription in a process that involves the internalization of E-cadherin by endocytosis, β-catenin signaling and the transcriptional repressor Slug (also known as SNAI2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Rabino
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Sahezeel Awadia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Nabaa Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Amber Edson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Rafael Garcia-Mata
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rezi CK, Aslanyan MG, Diwan GD, Cheng T, Chamlali M, Junger K, Anvarian Z, Lorentzen E, Pauly KB, Afshar-Bahadori Y, Fernandes EF, Qian F, Tosi S, Christensen ST, Pedersen SF, Strømgaard K, Russell RB, Miner JH, Mahjoub MR, Boldt K, Roepman R, Pedersen LB. DLG1 functions upstream of SDCCAG3 and IFT20 to control ciliary targeting of polycystin-2. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:3040-3063. [PMID: 38849673 PMCID: PMC11239879 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Polarized vesicular trafficking directs specific receptors and ion channels to cilia, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we describe a role for DLG1, a core component of the Scribble polarity complex, in regulating ciliary protein trafficking in kidney epithelial cells. Conditional knockout of Dlg1 in mouse kidney causes ciliary elongation and cystogenesis, and cell-based proximity labeling proteomics and fluorescence microscopy show alterations in the ciliary proteome upon loss of DLG1. Specifically, the retromer-associated protein SDCCAG3, IFT20, and polycystin-2 (PC2) are reduced in the cilia of DLG1-deficient cells compared to control cells. This phenotype is recapitulated in vivo and rescuable by re-expression of wild-type DLG1, but not a Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract (CAKUT)-associated DLG1 variant, p.T489R. Finally, biochemical approaches and Alpha Fold modelling suggest that SDCCAG3 and IFT20 form a complex that associates, at least indirectly, with DLG1. Our work identifies a key role for DLG1 in regulating ciliary protein composition and suggests that ciliary dysfunction of the p.T489R DLG1 variant may contribute to CAKUT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Csenge K Rezi
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mariam G Aslanyan
- Department of Human Genetics, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gaurav D Diwan
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tao Cheng
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology Division) and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mohamed Chamlali
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrin Junger
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zeinab Anvarian
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Esben Lorentzen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics - Protein Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kleo B Pauly
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Eduardo Fa Fernandes
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Feng Qian
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sébastien Tosi
- Danish BioImaging Infrastructure Image Analysis Core Facility (DBI-INFRA IACF), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Stine F Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert B Russell
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology Division) and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Moe R Mahjoub
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology Division) and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Human Genetics, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte B Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu X, Qin H, Liu Y, Ma J, Li Y, He Y, Zhu H, Mao L. The biological functions and pathological mechanisms of CASK in various diseases. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28863. [PMID: 38638974 PMCID: PMC11024568 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background As a scaffold protein, calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) has been extensively studied in a variety of tissues throughout the body. The Cask gene is ubiquitous in several tissues, such as the neurons, islets, heart, kidneys and sperm, and is mostly localised in the cytoplasm adjacent to the basement membrane. CASK binds to a variety of proteins through its domains to exerting its biological activity. Scope of review Here, we discuss the role of CASK in multiple tissues throughout the body. The role of different CASK domains in regulating neuronal development, neurotransmitter release and synaptic vesicle secretion was emphasised; the regulatory mechanism of CASK on the function of pancreatic islet β cells was analysed; the role of CASK in cardiac physiology, kidney and sperm development was discussed; and the role of CASK in different tumours was compared. Finally, we clarify the importance of the Cask gene in the body, and how deletion or mutation of the Cask gene can have adverse consequences. Major conclusions CASK is a conserved gene with similar roles in various tissues. The function of the Cask gene in the nervous system is mainly involved in the development of the nervous system and the release of neurotransmitters. In the endocrine system, an involvement of CASK has been reported in the process of insulin vesicle transport. CASK is also involved in cardiomyocyte ion channel regulation, kidney and sperm development, and tumour proliferation. CASK is an indispensable gene for the whole body, and CASK mutations can cause foetal malformations or death at birth. In this review, we summarise the biological functions and pathological mechanisms of CASK in various systems, thereby providing a basis for further in-depth studies of CASK functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingjing Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haonan Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu He
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huimin Zhu
- Department of Electrophysiology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rezi CK, Aslanyan MG, Diwan GD, Cheng T, Chamlali M, Junger K, Anvarian Z, Lorentzen E, Pauly KB, Afshar-Bahadori Y, Fernandes EFA, Qian F, Tosi S, Christensen ST, Pedersen SF, Strømgaard K, Russell RB, Miner JH, Mahjoub MR, Boldt K, Roepman R, Pedersen LB. DLG1 functions upstream of SDCCAG3 and IFT20 to control ciliary targeting of polycystin-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.10.566524. [PMID: 37987012 PMCID: PMC10659422 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.10.566524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Polarized vesicular trafficking directs specific receptors and ion channels to cilia, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we describe a role for DLG1, a core component of the Scribble polarity complex, in regulating ciliary protein trafficking in kidney epithelial cells. Conditional knockout of Dlg1 in mouse kidney caused ciliary elongation and cystogenesis, and cell-based proximity labelling proteomics and fluorescence microscopy showed alterations in the ciliary proteome upon loss of DLG1. Specifically, the retromer-associated protein SDCCAG3, IFT20 and polycystin-2 (PC2) were reduced in cilia of DLG1 deficient cells compared to control cells. This phenotype was recapitulated in vivo and rescuable by re-expression of wildtype DLG1, but not a Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract (CAKUT)-associated DLG1 variant, p.T489R. Finally, biochemical approaches and Alpha Fold modelling suggested that SDCCAG3 and IFT20 form a complex that associates, at least indirectly, with DLG1. Our work identifies a key role for DLG1 in regulating ciliary protein composition and suggests that ciliary dysfunction of the p.T489R DLG1 variant may contribute to CAKUT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Csenge K. Rezi
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mariam G. Aslanyan
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gaurav D. Diwan
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tao Cheng
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology Division) and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Katrin Junger
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Esben Lorentzen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics - Protein Science, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Kleo B. Pauly
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Eduardo F. A. Fernandes
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Feng Qian
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sébastien Tosi
- Danish BioImaging Infrastructure Image Analysis Core Facility (DBI-INFRA IACF), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert B. Russell
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jeffrey H. Miner
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology Division) and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Moe R. Mahjoub
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology Division) and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dąbrowska J, Biedziak B, Bogdanowicz A, Mostowska A. Identification of Novel Risk Variants of Non-Syndromic Cleft Palate by Targeted Gene Panel Sequencing. J Clin Med 2023; 12:2051. [PMID: 36902838 PMCID: PMC10004578 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12052051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-syndromic cleft palate (ns-CP) has a genetically heterogeneous aetiology. Numerous studies have suggested a crucial role of rare coding variants in characterizing the unrevealed component of genetic variation in ns-CP called the "missing heritability". Therefore, this study aimed to detect low-frequency variants that are implicated in ns-CP aetiology in the Polish population. For this purpose, coding regions of 423 genes associated with orofacial cleft anomalies and/or involved with facial development were screened in 38 ns-CP patients using the next-generation sequencing technology. After multistage selection and prioritisation, eight novel and four known rare variants that may influence an individual's risk of ns-CP were identified. Among detected alternations, seven were located in novel candidate genes for ns-CP, including COL17A1 (c.2435-1G>A), DLG1 (c.1586G>C, p.Glu562Asp), NHS (c.568G>C, p.Val190Leu-de novo variant), NOTCH2 (c.1997A>G, p.Tyr666Cys), TBX18 (c.647A>T, p.His225Leu), VAX1 (c.400G>A, p.Ala134Thr) and WNT5B (c.716G>T, p.Arg239Leu). The remaining risk variants were identified within genes previously linked to ns-CP, confirming their contribution to this anomaly. This list included ARHGAP29 (c.1706G>A, p.Arg569Gln), FLNB (c.3605A>G, Tyr1202Cys), IRF6 (224A>G, p.Asp75Gly-de novo variant), LRP6 (c.481C>A, p.Pro161Thr) and TP63 (c.353A>T, p.Asn118Ile). In summary, this study provides further insights into the genetic components contributing to ns-CP aetiology and identifies novel susceptibility genes for this craniofacial anomaly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Dąbrowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Swiecickiego Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Barbara Biedziak
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Anomalies, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bogdanowicz
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Anomalies, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Adrianna Mostowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Swiecickiego Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Veljačić Visković D, Lozić M, Vukoja M, Šoljić V, Vukojević K, Glavina Durdov M, Filipović N, Lozić B. Spatio-Temporal Expression Pattern of CAKUT Candidate Genes DLG1 and KIF12 during Human Kidney Development. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020340. [PMID: 36830709 PMCID: PMC9953652 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate expression of the novel susceptibility genes for CAKUT, DLG1 and KIF12, proposed by a systematic in silico approach, in developing and postnatal healthy human kidneys to provide information about their spatiotemporal expression pattern. We analyzed expression of their protein products by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence and quantified relative mRNA levels by RT-qPCR. Statistically significant differences in expression patterns were observed between certain developmental stages. Strong expression of DLG1 was observed in the developing kidney, with a gradual decrease from the first phase of kidney development (Ph1) until the third phase (Ph3), when most nephrons are formed; at later stages, the highest expression was observed in the tubules. KIF12 was highly expressed in the developing structures, especially in Ph1, with a gradual decrease until the postnatal phase, which would indicate a significant role in nephrogenesis. Co-localization of DLG1 and KIF12 was pronounced in Ph1, especially on the apical side of the tubular epithelial cells. Thereafter, their expression gradually became weaker and was only visible as punctate staining in Ph4. The direct association of DLG1 with KIF12 as control genes of normal kidney development may reveal their new functional aspect in renal tubular epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirela Lozić
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2, 21 000 Split, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-21-557-800
| | - Martina Vukoja
- Laboratory of Morphology, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88 000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Violeta Šoljić
- Laboratory of Morphology, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88 000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Mostar, 88 000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Katarina Vukojević
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2, 21 000 Split, Croatia
- Laboratory of Morphology, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88 000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Mostar, 88 000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Department of Anatomy, University of Mostar, 88 000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedicine, University of Split School of Medicine, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Merica Glavina Durdov
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Split, 21 000 Split, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Natalija Filipović
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2, 21 000 Split, Croatia
- Department of Anatomy, University of Mostar, 88 000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedicine, University of Split School of Medicine, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Bernarda Lozić
- Paediatric Diseases Department, University Hospital of Split, Spinčićeva 1, 21 000 Split, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Castillo-Azofeifa D, Wald T, Reyes EA, Gallagher A, Schanin J, Vlachos S, Lamarche-Vane N, Bomidi C, Blutt S, Estes MK, Nystul T, Klein OD. A DLG1-ARHGAP31-CDC42 axis is essential for the intestinal stem cell response to fluctuating niche Wnt signaling. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:188-206.e6. [PMID: 36640764 PMCID: PMC9922544 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A central factor in the maintenance of tissue integrity is the response of stem cells to variations in the levels of niche signals. In the gut, intestinal stem cells (ISCs) depend on Wnt ligands for self-renewal and proliferation. Transient increases in Wnt signaling promote regeneration after injury or in inflammatory bowel diseases, whereas constitutive activation of this pathway leads to colorectal cancer. Here, we report that Discs large 1 (Dlg1), although dispensable for polarity and cellular turnover during intestinal homeostasis, is required for ISC survival in the context of increased Wnt signaling. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and genetic mouse models demonstrated that DLG1 regulates the cellular response to increased canonical Wnt ligands. This occurs via the transcriptional regulation of Arhgap31, a GTPase-activating protein that deactivates CDC42, an effector of the non-canonical Wnt pathway. These findings reveal a DLG1-ARHGAP31-CDC42 axis that is essential for the ISC response to increased niche Wnt signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Castillo-Azofeifa
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Regenerative Medicine, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tomas Wald
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Efren A Reyes
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and TETRAD Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Gallagher
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julia Schanin
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Vlachos
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nathalie Lamarche-Vane
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Carolyn Bomidi
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sarah Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Todd Nystul
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bahouth SW, Nooh MM, Mancarella S. Involvement of SAP97 anchored multiprotein complexes in regulating cardiorenal signaling and trafficking networks. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 208:115406. [PMID: 36596415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
SAP97 is a member of the MAGUK family of proteins, but unlike other MAGUK proteins that are selectively expressed in the CNS, SAP97 is also expressed in peripheral organs, like the heart and kidneys. SAP97 has several protein binding cassettes, and this review will describe their involvement in creating SAP97-anchored multiprotein networks. SAP97-anchored networks localized at the inner leaflet of the cell membrane play a major role in trafficking and targeting of membrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), channels, and structural proteins. SAP97 plays a major role in compartmentalizing voltage gated sodium and potassium channels to specific cellular compartments of heart cells. SAP97 undergoes extensive alternative splicing. These splice variants give rise to different SAP97 isoforms that alter its cellular localization, networking, signaling and trafficking effects. Regarding GPCR, SAP97 binds to the β1-adrenergic receptor and recruits AKAP5/PKA and PDE4D8 to create a multiprotein complex that regulates trafficking and signaling of cardiac β1-AR. In the kidneys, SAP97 anchored networks played a role in trafficking of aquaporin-2 water channels. Cardiac specific ablation of SAP97 (SAP97-cKO) resulted in cardiac hypertrophy and failure in aging mice. Similarly, instituting transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in young SAP97 c-KO mice exacerbated TAC-induced cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. These findings highlight a critical role for SAP97 in the pathophysiology of a number of cardiac and renal diseases, suggesting that SAP97 is a relevant target for drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suleiman W Bahouth
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science and Toxicology, The University of Tennessee-Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, United States.
| | - Mohammed M Nooh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Salvatore Mancarella
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee-Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Biedziak B, Dąbrowska J, Szponar-Żurowska A, Bukowska-Olech E, Jamsheer A, Mojs E, Mulle J, Płoski R, Mostowska A. Identification of a new familial case of 3q29 deletion syndrome associated with cleft lip and palate via whole-exome sequencing. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:205-219. [PMID: 36317839 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Many unbalanced large copy number variants reviewed in the paper are associated with syndromic orofacial clefts, including a 1.6 Mb deletion on chromosome 3q29. The current report presents a new family with this recurrent deletion identified via whole-exome sequencing and confirmed by array comparative genomic hybridization. The proband exhibited a more severe clinical phenotype than his affected mother, comprising right-sided cleft lip/alveolus and cleft palate, advanced dental caries, heart defect, hypospadias, psychomotor, and speech delay, and an intellectual disability. Data analysis from the 3q29 registry revealed that the 3q29 deletion increases the risk of clefting by nearly 30-fold. No additional rare and pathogenic nucleotide variants were identified that could explain the clefting phenotype and observed intrafamilial phenotypic heterogeneity. These data suggest that the 3q29 deletion may be the primary risk factor for clefting, with additional genomic variants located outside the coding sequences, methylation changes, or environmental exposure serving as modifiers of this risk. Additional studies, including whole-genome sequencing or methylation analyses, should be performed to identify genetic factors underlying the phenotypic variation associated with the recurrent 3q29 deletion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Biedziak
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Anomalies, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Justyna Dąbrowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Szponar-Żurowska
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Anomalies, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Aleksander Jamsheer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Mojs
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jennifer Mulle
- Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rafał Płoski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrianna Mostowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang Y, Jeske NA. A-kinase anchoring protein 79/150 coordinates α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor sensitization in sensory neurons. Mol Pain 2023; 19:17448069231222406. [PMID: 38073552 PMCID: PMC10722943 DOI: 10.1177/17448069231222406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in sensory afferent activity contribute to the transition from acute to chronic pain. However, it is unlikely that a single sensory receptor is entirely responsible for persistent pain. It is more probable that extended changes to multiple receptor proteins expressed by afferent neurons support persistent pain. A-Kinase Anchoring Protein 79/150 (AKAP) is an intracellular scaffolding protein expressed in sensory neurons that spatially and temporally coordinates signaling events. Since AKAP scaffolds biochemical modifications of multiple TRP receptors linked to pain phenotypes, we probed for other ionotropic receptors that may be mediated by AKAP and contribute to persistent pain. Here, we identify a role for AKAP modulation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid Receptor (AMPA-R) functionality in sensory neurons. Pharmacological manipulation of distinct AMPA-R subunits significantly reduces persistent mechanical hypersensitivity observed during hyperalgesic priming. Stimulation of both protein kinases C and A (PKC, PKA, respectively) modulate AMPA-R subunit GluR1 and GluR2 phosphorylation and surface expression in an AKAP-dependent manner in primary cultures of DRG neurons. Furthermore, AKAP knock out reduces sensitized AMPA-R responsivity in DRG neurons. Collectively, these data indicate that AKAP scaffolds AMPA-R subunit organization in DRG neurons that may contribute to the transition from acute-to-chronic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Jeske
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Machado DA, Ontiveros AE, Behringer RR. Mammalian uterine morphogenesis and variations. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 148:51-77. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
12
|
Sharp KA, Khoury MJ, Wirtz-Peitz F, Bilder D. Evidence for a nuclear role for Drosophila Dlg as a regulator of the NURF complex. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:ar23. [PMID: 34495684 PMCID: PMC8693970 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-04-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scribble (Scrib), Discs-large (Dlg), and Lethal giant larvae (Lgl) are basolateral regulators of epithelial polarity and tumor suppressors whose molecular mechanisms of action remain unclear. We used proximity biotinylation to identify proteins localized near Dlg in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc epithelium. In addition to expected membrane- and cytoskeleton-associated protein classes, nuclear proteins were prevalent in the resulting mass spectrometry dataset, including all four members of the nucleosome remodeling factor (NURF) chromatin remodeling complex. Subcellular fractionation demonstrated a nuclear pool of Dlg and proximity ligation confirmed its position near the NURF complex. Genetic analysis showed that NURF activity is also required for the overgrowth of dlg tumors, and this growth suppression correlated with a reduction in Hippo pathway gene expression. Together, these data suggest a nuclear role for Dlg in regulating chromatin and transcription through a more direct mechanism than previously thought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Sharp
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720
| | - Mark J Khoury
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720
| | | | - David Bilder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ullman S, Danielsen PL, Fledelius HC, Daugaard-Jensen J, Serup J. Scleroderma en Coup de Sabre, Parry-Romberg Hemifacial Atrophy and Associated Manifestations of the Eye, the Oral Cavity and the Teeth: A Danish Follow-Up Study of 35 Patients Diagnosed between 1975 and 2015. Dermatology 2020; 237:204-212. [PMID: 33017821 DOI: 10.1159/000507925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scleroderma en coup de sabre (ECDS) and Parry-Romberg idiopathic hemifacial atrophy (IHA) may affect the eyes, oral cavity, teeth and possibly the brain. OBJECTIVE Systematic follow-up study of ECDS/IHA-associated manifestations including ophthalmic and dental status. METHODS Medical records of ECDS and IHA patients diagnosed in a 40-year period (1975-2015) were reviewed, and patients were re-examined. RESULTS Thirty-five patients were included. Twenty-two patients (63%) had ECDS and 4 patients (11%) IHA. In 9 cases (26%), ECDS and IHA were found in the same patient. The ipsilateral eye was affected in 9 patients (26%). Ipsilateral abnormalities of the teeth and the tongue were found in 13 (46%) out of 28 examined. Eleven (31%) had extrafacial scleroderma on the trunk or the extremities. Neurological findings were not verified as ECDS/IHA related. CONCLUSION ECDS and IHA are related and often overlap with concomitant affections of the connective tissues of the face on the ipsilateral side. Ocular and dental abnormalities are common and follow the distribution of the primary affection, for example, a paramedian line in the front and segmental affection of the maxilla and the mandible. The affections point to predisposing dysmorphogenetic events in embryonal life affecting the face, with abnormality of crest cells at the stage when they migrate from behind over the scalp or laterally to the face to mix up with mesenchymal tissues of the frontonasal, maxillary and mandibular processes. The study emphasizes that routine evaluation of ECDS and IHA should include ophthalmological and dental specialist examinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Ullman
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Patricia L Danielsen
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,
| | - Hans C Fledelius
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jette Daugaard-Jensen
- The Resource Centre of Rare Oral Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Serup
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yusuff T, Jensen M, Yennawar S, Pizzo L, Karthikeyan S, Gould DJ, Sarker A, Gedvilaite E, Matsui Y, Iyer J, Lai ZC, Girirajan S. Drosophila models of pathogenic copy-number variant genes show global and non-neuronal defects during development. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008792. [PMID: 32579612 PMCID: PMC7313740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While rare pathogenic copy-number variants (CNVs) are associated with both neuronal and non-neuronal phenotypes, functional studies evaluating these regions have focused on the molecular basis of neuronal defects. We report a systematic functional analysis of non-neuronal defects for homologs of 59 genes within ten pathogenic CNVs and 20 neurodevelopmental genes in Drosophila melanogaster. Using wing-specific knockdown of 136 RNA interference lines, we identified qualitative and quantitative phenotypes in 72/79 homologs, including 21 lines with severe wing defects and six lines with lethality. In fact, we found that 10/31 homologs of CNV genes also showed complete or partial lethality at larval or pupal stages with ubiquitous knockdown. Comparisons between eye and wing-specific knockdown of 37/45 homologs showed both neuronal and non-neuronal defects, but with no correlation in the severity of defects. We further observed disruptions in cell proliferation and apoptosis in larval wing discs for 23/27 homologs, and altered Wnt, Hedgehog and Notch signaling for 9/14 homologs, including AATF/Aatf, PPP4C/Pp4-19C, and KIF11/Klp61F. These findings were further supported by tissue-specific differences in expression patterns of human CNV genes, as well as connectivity of CNV genes to signaling pathway genes in brain, heart and kidney-specific networks. Our findings suggest that multiple genes within each CNV differentially affect both global and tissue-specific developmental processes within conserved pathways, and that their roles are not restricted to neuronal functions. Rare copy-number variants (CNVs), or large deletions and duplications in the genome, are associated with both neuronal and non-neuronal clinical features. Previous functional studies for these disorders have primarily focused on understanding the cellular mechanisms for neurological and behavioral phenotypes. To understand how genes within these CNVs contribute to developmental defects in non-neuronal tissues, we assessed 79 homologs of CNV and known neurodevelopmental genes in Drosophila models. We found that most homologs showed developmental defects when knocked down in the adult fly wing, ranging from mild size changes to severe wrinkled wings or lethality. Although a majority of tested homologs showed defects when knocked down specifically in wings or eyes, we found no correlation in the severity of the observed defects in these two tissues. A subset of the homologs showed disruptions in cellular processes in the developing fly wing, including alterations in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cellular signaling pathways. Furthermore, human CNV genes also showed differences in gene expression patterns and interactions with signaling pathway genes across multiple human tissues. Our findings suggest that genes within CNV disorders affect global developmental processes in both neuronal and non-neuronal tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanzeen Yusuff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sneha Yennawar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lucilla Pizzo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Siddharth Karthikeyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dagny J. Gould
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Avik Sarker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Erika Gedvilaite
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yurika Matsui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Janani Iyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zhi-Chun Lai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Santhosh Girirajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dong X, Li X, Liu C, Xu K, Shi Y, Liu W. Discs large homolog 1 regulates B-cell proliferation and antibody production. Int Immunol 2020; 31:759-770. [PMID: 31169885 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody production results from B-cell activation and proliferation upon antigen binding. Discs large homolog 1 (Dlg1), a scaffold protein from the membrane-associated guanylate kinase family, has been shown to regulate the antigen receptor signaling and cell polarity in lymphocytes; however, the physiological function of Dlg1 in humoral responses is not completely clear. Here, we addressed this question using a conditional knockout (KO) mouse model with Dlg1 deficiency in different B-cell subsets by crossing dlg1fl/fl mice with either mb1cre/+ or aicdacre/+ mice, respectively. In both mouse models, we observed that Dlg1 deficiency in B cells (Dlg1-KO B cells) led to obvious hyper-antibody responses upon immunization, the effect of which was more obvious in antigen-recall responses. Mechanistically, we found that Dlg1-KO B cells exhibited hyper-proliferation compared with wild-type B cells upon antigen stimulation, suggesting that the hyper-antibody responses are likely induced by the hyper-proliferation of Dlg1-KO B cells. Indeed, further studies demonstrated that Dlg1 deficiency in B cells led to the down-regulation of a tumor suppressor, FoxO1. Thus, all these results reveal an unexpected function of Dlg1 in restraining hyper-antibody responses through the inhibition of FoxO1 and thus antigen-binding-induced proliferation in B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Dong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Center for Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Center for Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ce Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Center for Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanli Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Center for Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Translating preclinical findings in clinically relevant new antipsychotic targets: focus on the glutamatergic postsynaptic density. Implications for treatment resistant schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:795-827. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
17
|
Demeer B, Revencu N, Helaers R, Gbaguidi C, Dakpe S, François G, Devauchelle B, Bayet B, Vikkula M. Likely Pathogenic Variants in One Third of Non-Syndromic Discontinuous Cleft Lip and Palate Patients. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10100833. [PMID: 31652620 PMCID: PMC6826364 DOI: 10.3390/genes10100833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral clefts are composed of cleft of the lip, cleft of the lip and palate, or cleft of the palate, and they are associated with a wide range of expression and severity. When cleft of the palate is associated with cleft of the lip with preservation of the primary palate, it defines an atypical phenotype called discontinuous cleft. Although this phenotype may represent 5% of clefts of the lip and/or palate (CLP), it is rarely specifically referred to and its pathophysiology is unknown. We conducted whole exome sequencing (WES) and apply a candidate gene approach to non-syndromic discontinuous CLP individuals in order to identify genes and deleterious variants that could underlie this phenotype. We discovered loss-of-function variants in two out of the seven individuals, implicating FGFR1 and DLG1 genes, which represents almost one third of this cohort. Whole exome sequencing of clinically well-defined subgroups of CLP, such as discontinuous cleft, is a relevant approach to study CLP etiopathogenesis. It could facilitate more accurate clinical, epidemiological and fundamental research, ultimately resulting in better diagnosis and care of CLP patients. Non-syndromic discontinuous cleft lip and palate seems to have a strong genetic basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Demeer
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, University of Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
- Center for Human Genetics, CLAD Nord de France, CHU Amiens-Picardie, 80054 Amiens, France.
- Université Picardie Jules Verne, EA CHIMERE, EA 7516, 80054 Amiens, France.
- Facing Faces Institute, 80054 Amiens, France.
| | - Nicole Revencu
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, University of Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
- Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Raphael Helaers
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, University of Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Cica Gbaguidi
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Stomatology, Centre de Compétence Fentes et Malformations Faciales (MAFACE), CHU Amiens-Picardie, 80054 Amiens, France.
| | - Stéphanie Dakpe
- Université Picardie Jules Verne, EA CHIMERE, EA 7516, 80054 Amiens, France.
- Facing Faces Institute, 80054 Amiens, France.
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Stomatology, Centre de Compétence Fentes et Malformations Faciales (MAFACE), CHU Amiens-Picardie, 80054 Amiens, France.
| | - Geneviève François
- Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Bernard Devauchelle
- Université Picardie Jules Verne, EA CHIMERE, EA 7516, 80054 Amiens, France.
- Facing Faces Institute, 80054 Amiens, France.
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Stomatology, Centre de Compétence Fentes et Malformations Faciales (MAFACE), CHU Amiens-Picardie, 80054 Amiens, France.
| | - Bénédicte Bayet
- Centre Labiopalatin, Division of Plastic Surgery, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Miikka Vikkula
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, University of Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mills J, Hanada T, Hase Y, Liscum L, Chishti AH. LDL receptor related protein 1 requires the I 3 domain of discs-large homolog 1/DLG1 for interaction with the kinesin motor protein KIF13B. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:118552. [PMID: 31487503 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
KIF13B, a kinesin-3 family motor, was originally identified as GAKIN due to its biochemical interaction with human homolog of Drosophila discs-large tumor suppressor (hDLG1). Unlike its homolog KIF13A, KIF13B contains a carboxyl-terminal CAP-Gly domain. To investigate the function of the CAP-Gly domain, we developed a mouse model that expresses a truncated form of KIF13B protein lacking its CAP-Gly domain (KIF13BΔCG), whereas a second mouse model lacks the full-length KIF13A. Here we show that the KIF13BΔCG mice exhibit relatively higher serum cholesterol consistent with the reduced uptake of [3H]CO-LDL in KIF13BΔCG mouse embryo fibroblasts. The plasma level of factor VIII was not significantly elevated in the KIF13BΔCG mice, suggesting that the CAP-Gly domain region of KIF13B selectively regulates LRP1-mediated lipoprotein endocytosis. No elevation of either serum cholesterol or plasma factor VIII was observed in the full length KIF13A null mouse model. The deletion of the CAP-Gly domain region caused subcellular mislocalization of truncated KIF13B concomitant with the mislocalization of LRP1. Mechanistically, the cytoplasmic domain of LRP1 interacts specifically with the alternatively spliced I3 domain of DLG1, which complexes with KIF13B via their GUK-MBS domains, respectively. Importantly, double mutant mice generated by crossing KIF13A null and KIF13BΔCG mice suffer from perinatal lethality showing potential craniofacial defects. Together, this study provides first evidence that the carboxyl-terminal region of KIF13B containing the CAP-Gly domain is important for the LRP1-DLG1-KIF13B complex formation with implications in the regulation of metabolism, cell polarity, and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joslyn Mills
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Toshihiko Hanada
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yoichi Hase
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura Liscum
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Athar H Chishti
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hakanen J, Ruiz-Reig N, Tissir F. Linking Cell Polarity to Cortical Development and Malformations. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:244. [PMID: 31213986 PMCID: PMC6558068 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity refers to the asymmetric distribution of signaling molecules, cellular organelles, and cytoskeleton in a cell. Neural progenitors and neurons are highly polarized cells in which the cell membrane and cytoplasmic components are compartmentalized into distinct functional domains in response to internal and external cues that coordinate polarity and behavior during development and disease. In neural progenitor cells, polarity has a prominent impact on cell shape and coordinate several processes such as adhesion, division, and fate determination. Polarity also accompanies a neuron from the beginning until the end of its life. It is essential for development and later functionality of neuronal circuitries. During development, polarity governs transitions between multipolar and bipolar during migration of postmitotic neurons, and directs the specification and directional growth of axons. Once reaching final positions in cortical layers, neurons form dendrites which become compartmentalized to ensure proper establishment of neuronal connections and signaling. Changes in neuronal polarity induce signaling cascades that regulate cytoskeletal changes, as well as mRNA, protein, and vesicle trafficking, required for synapses to form and function. Hence, defects in establishing and maintaining cell polarity are associated with several neural disorders such as microcephaly, lissencephaly, schizophrenia, autism, and epilepsy. In this review we summarize the role of polarity genes in cortical development and emphasize the relationship between polarity dysfunctions and cortical malformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janne Hakanen
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nuria Ruiz-Reig
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fadel Tissir
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cho C, Wang Y, Smallwood PM, Williams J, Nathans J. Dlg1 activates beta-catenin signaling to regulate retinal angiogenesis and the blood-retina and blood-brain barriers. eLife 2019; 8:45542. [PMID: 31066677 PMCID: PMC6506210 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-catenin (i.e., canonical Wnt) signaling controls CNS angiogenesis and the blood-brain and blood-retina barriers. To explore the role of the Discs large/membrane-associated guanylate kinase (Dlg/MAGUK) family of scaffolding proteins in beta-catenin signaling, we studied vascular endothelial cell (EC)-specific knockout of Dlg1/SAP97. EC-specific loss of Dlg1 produces a retinal vascular phenotype that closely matches the phenotype associated with reduced beta-catenin signaling, synergizes with genetically-directed reductions in beta-catenin signaling components, and can be rescued by stabilizing beta-catenin in ECs. In reporter cells with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated inactivation of Dlg1, transfection of Dlg1 enhances beta-catenin signaling ~4 fold. Surprisingly, Frizzled4, which contains a C-terminal PDZ-binding motif that can bind to Dlg1 PDZ domains, appears to function independently of Dlg1 in vivo. These data expand the repertoire of Dlg/MAGUK family functions to include a role in beta-catenin signaling, and they suggest that proteins other than Frizzled receptors interact with Dlg1 to enhance beta-catenin signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Cho
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Yanshu Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Philip M Smallwood
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - John Williams
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Jeremy Nathans
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fritz DI, Hanada T, Lu Y, Martin Johnston J, Chishti AH. MPP1/p55 gene deletion in a hemophilia A patient with ectrodactyly and severe developmental defects. Am J Hematol 2019; 94:E29-E32. [PMID: 30358901 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I. Fritz
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology; Tufts University School of Medicine; Boston Massachusetts
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Developmental Biology; Tufts University School of Medicine; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Toshihiko Hanada
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology; Tufts University School of Medicine; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Yunzhe Lu
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology; Tufts University School of Medicine; Boston Massachusetts
| | - J. Martin Johnston
- Hematology/Oncology; The Children's Hospital at Memorial University Medical Center, Mercer University School of Medicine; Savannah Georgia
| | - Athar H. Chishti
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology; Tufts University School of Medicine; Boston Massachusetts
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Developmental Biology; Tufts University School of Medicine; Boston Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Discs large 1 controls daughter-cell polarity after cytokinesis in vertebrate morphogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E10859-E10868. [PMID: 30377270 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713959115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate embryogenesis and organogenesis are driven by cell biological processes, ranging from mitosis and migration to changes in cell size and polarity, but their control and causal relationships are not fully defined. Here, we use the developing limb skeleton to better define the relationships between mitosis and cell polarity. We combine protein-tagging and -perturbation reagents with advanced in vivo imaging to assess the role of Discs large 1 (Dlg1), a membrane-associated scaffolding protein, in mediating the spatiotemporal relationship between cytokinesis and cell polarity. Our results reveal that Dlg1 is enriched at the midbody during cytokinesis and that its multimerization is essential for the normal polarity of daughter cells. Defects in this process alter tissue dimensions without impacting other cellular processes. Our results extend the conventional view that division orientation is established at metaphase and anaphase and suggest that multiple mechanisms act at distinct phases of the cell cycle to transmit cell polarity. The approach employed can be used in other systems, as it offers a robust means to follow and to eliminate protein function and extends the Phasor approach for studying in vivo protein interactions by frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy of Förster resonance energy transfer (FLIM-FRET) to organotypic explant culture.
Collapse
|
23
|
Gupta P, Uner OE, Nayak S, Grant GR, Kalb RG. SAP97 regulates behavior and expression of schizophrenia risk enriched gene sets in mouse hippocampus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200477. [PMID: 29995933 PMCID: PMC6040763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Synapse associated protein of 97KDa (SAP97) belongs to a family of scaffolding proteins, the membrane-associated guanylate kinases (MAGUKs), that are highly enriched in the postsynaptic density of synapses and play an important role in organizing protein complexes necessary for synaptic development and plasticity. The Dlg-MAGUK family of proteins are structurally very similar, and an effort has been made to parse apart the unique function of each Dlg-MAGUK protein by characterization of knockout mice. Knockout mice have been generated and characterized for PSD-95, PSD-93, and SAP102, however SAP97 knockout mice have been impossible to study because the SAP97 null mice die soon after birth due to a craniofacial defect. We studied the transcriptomic and behavioral consequences of a brain-specific conditional knockout of SAP97 (SAP97-cKO). RNA sequencing from hippocampi from control and SAP97-cKO male animals identified 67 SAP97 regulated transcripts. As large-scale genetic studies have implicated MAGUKs in neuropsychiatric disorders such as intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, and schizophrenia (SCZ), we analyzed our differentially expressed gene (DEG) set for enrichment of disease risk-associated genes, and found our DEG set to be specifically enriched for SCZ-related genes. Subjecting SAP97-cKO mice to a battery of behavioral tests revealed a subtle male-specific cognitive deficit and female-specific motor deficit, while other behaviors were largely unaffected. These data suggest that loss of SAP97 may have a modest contribution to organismal behavior. The SAP97-cKO mouse serves as a stepping stone for understanding the unique role of SAP97 in biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preetika Gupta
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ogul E. Uner
- School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Soumyashant Nayak
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gregory R. Grant
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Kalb
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mostowska A, Gaczkowska A, Żukowski K, Ludwig K, Hozyasz K, Wójcicki P, Mangold E, Böhmer A, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Knapp M, Zadurska M, Biedziak B, Budner M, Lasota A, Daktera-Micker A, Jagodziński P. Common variants inDLG1locus are associated with non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Clin Genet 2018; 93:784-793. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Mostowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Poznan Poland
| | - A. Gaczkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Poznan Poland
| | - K. Żukowski
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding; National Research Institute of Animal Production; Balice Poland
| | - K.U. Ludwig
- Institute of Human Genetics; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
- Department of Genomics; Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - K.K. Hozyasz
- Department of Pediatrics; Institute of Mother and Child; Warsaw Poland
| | - P. Wójcicki
- Plastic Surgery Clinic of Medical University in Wroclaw; Wroclaw Poland
- Department of Plastic Surgery in Specialist Medical Center in Polanica Zdroj; Polanica Zdroj Poland
| | - E. Mangold
- Institute of Human Genetics; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - A.C. Böhmer
- Institute of Human Genetics; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
- Department of Genomics; Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - S. Heilmann-Heimbach
- Institute of Human Genetics; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
- Department of Genomics; Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - M. Knapp
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - M. Zadurska
- Department of Orthodontics; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - B. Biedziak
- Department of Dental Surgery, Division of Facial Malformation; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Poznan Poland
| | - M. Budner
- Eastern Poland Burn Treatment and Reconstructive Center; Leczna Poland
| | - A. Lasota
- Department of Jaw Orthopedics; Medical University of Lublin; Lublin Poland
| | - A. Daktera-Micker
- Department of Dental Surgery, Division of Facial Malformation; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Poznan Poland
| | - P.P. Jagodziński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Poznan Poland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Stephens R, Lim K, Portela M, Kvansakul M, Humbert PO, Richardson HE. The Scribble Cell Polarity Module in the Regulation of Cell Signaling in Tissue Development and Tumorigenesis. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3585-3612. [PMID: 29409995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Scribble cell polarity module, comprising Scribbled (Scrib), Discs-large (Dlg) and Lethal-2-giant larvae (Lgl), has a tumor suppressive role in mammalian epithelial cancers. The Scribble module proteins play key functions in the establishment and maintenance of different modes of cell polarity, as well as in the control of tissue growth, differentiation and directed cell migration, and therefore are major regulators of tissue development and homeostasis. Whilst molecular details are known regarding the roles of Scribble module proteins in cell polarity regulation, their precise mode of action in the regulation of other key cellular processes remains enigmatic. An accumulating body of evidence indicates that Scribble module proteins play scaffolding roles in the control of various signaling pathways, which are linked to the control of tissue growth, differentiation and cell migration. Multiple Scrib, Dlg and Lgl interacting proteins have been discovered, which are involved in diverse processes, however many function in the regulation of cellular signaling. Herein, we review the components of the Scrib, Dlg and Lgl protein interactomes, and focus on the mechanism by which they regulate cellular signaling pathways in metazoans, and how their disruption leads to cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Stephens
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Krystle Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marta Portela
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce, 37, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Helena E Richardson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gan G, Zhang C. The precise subcellular localization of Dlg in the Drosophila larva body wall using improved pre-embedding immuno-EM. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:467-480. [PMID: 29231975 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Discs-large (Dlg) plays important roles in nerve tissue and epithelial tissue in Drosophila. However, the precise positioning of Dlg in the neuromuscular junction remains to be confirmed using an optimized labeling method. In this study, we improved the method of pre-embedding immunogold electron microscopy without the osmic tetroxide procedure, and we found that Lowicryl K4 M resin and low temperature helped to preserve the authenticity of the labeling signal with relatively good contrast. Dlg was strongly expressed in the entire subsynaptic reticulum (SSR) membrane of type Ib boutons, expressed in parts of the SSR membrane of type Is boutons, weakly expressed in axon terminals and axons, and not expressed in pre- or postsynaptic membranes of type Is boutons. In muscle cells and stratum corneum cells, Dlg was expressed both in the cytoplasm and in organelles with biomembranes. The precise location of Dlg in SSR membranes, rather than in postsynaptic membranes, shows that Dlg, with its multiple domains, acts as a remote or indirect regulator in postsynaptic signal transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Gan
- Medical School Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenchen Zhang
- Medical School Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Milgrom-Hoffman M, Humbert PO. Regulation of cellular and PCP signalling by the Scribble polarity module. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 81:33-45. [PMID: 29154823 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Since the first identification of the Scribble polarity module proteins as a new class of tumour suppressors that regulate both cell polarity and proliferation, an increasing amount of evidence has uncovered a broader role for Scribble, Dlg and Lgl in the control of fundamental cellular functions and their signalling pathways. Here, we review these findings as well as discuss more specifically the role of the Scribble module in PCP signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Milgrom-Hoffman
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Moreno-Fortuny A, Bragg L, Cossu G, Roostalu U. MCAM contributes to the establishment of cell autonomous polarity in myogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. Biol Open 2017; 6:1592-1601. [PMID: 28923978 PMCID: PMC5703611 DOI: 10.1242/bio.027771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity has a fundamental role in shaping the morphology of cells and growing tissues. Polarity is commonly thought to be established in response to extracellular signals. Here we used a minimal in vitro assay that enabled us to monitor the determination of cell polarity in myogenic and chondrogenic differentiation in the absence of external signalling gradients. We demonstrate that the initiation of cell polarity is regulated by melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM). We found highly polarized localization of MCAM, Moesin (MSN), Scribble (SCRIB) and Van-Gogh-like 2 (VANGL2) at the distal end of elongating myotubes. Knockout of MCAM or elimination of its endocytosis motif does not impair the initiation of myogenesis or myoblast fusion, but prevents myotube elongation. MSN, SCRIB and VANGL2 remain uniformly distributed in MCAM knockout cells. We show that MCAM is also required at early stages of chondrogenic differentiation. In both myogenic and chondrogenic differentiation MCAM knockout leads to transcriptional downregulation of Scrib and enhanced MAP kinase activity. Our data demonstrates the importance of cell autonomous polarity in differentiation. Summary: CD146/MCAM regulates cell autonomous polarization and asymmetric localization of Scribble, Van-Gogh-like 2 and Moesin, which is required in skeletal muscle myotube elongation and chondrocyte differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artal Moreno-Fortuny
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Division of Extracellular Matrix and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Laricia Bragg
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Division of Extracellular Matrix and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Giulio Cossu
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Division of Extracellular Matrix and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Urmas Roostalu
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Division of Extracellular Matrix and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Xu M, Ren Z, Wang X, Comer A, Frank JA, Ke ZJ, Huang Y, Zhang Z, Shi X, Wang S, Luo J. ErbB2 and p38γ MAPK mediate alcohol-induced increase in breast cancer stem cells and metastasis. Mol Cancer 2016; 15:52. [PMID: 27416801 PMCID: PMC4944437 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0532-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Both epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that excessive alcohol exposure increases the risk for breast cancer and enhances metastasis/recurrence. We have previously demonstrated that alcohol enhanced the migration/invasion of breast cancer cells and cancer cells overexpressing ErbB2/HER2 were more sensitive to alcohol exposure. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study was designed to investigate the mechanisms underlying alcohol-enhanced aggressiveness of breast cancer. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a critical role in cancer metastasis and recurrence. Methods We evaluated the effect of chronic alcohol exposure on mammary tumor development/metastasis in MMTV-neu transgenic mice and investigated the cell signaling in response to alcohol exposure in breast cancer cells overexpressing ErbB2/HER2. Results and discussion Chronic alcohol exposure increased breast cancer stem cell-like CSC population and enhanced the lung and colon metastasis in MMTV-neu transgenic mice. Alcohol exposure caused a drastic increase in CSC population and mammosphere formation in breast cancer cells overexpressing ErbB2/HER2. Alcohol exposure stimulated the phosphorylation of p38γ MAPK (p-p38γ) which was co-localized with phosphorylated ErbB2 and CSCs in the mammary tumor tissues. In vitro results confirmed that alcohol activated ErbB2/HER2 and selectively increased p-p38γ MAPK as well as the interaction between p38γ MAPK and its substrate, SAP97. However, alcohol did not affect the expression/phosphorylation of p38α/β MAPKs. In breast cancer cell lines, high expression of ErbB2 and p-p38γ MAPK was generally correlated with more CSC population. Blocking ErbB2 signaling abolished heregulin β1- and alcohol-stimulated p-p38γ MAPK and its association with SAP97. More importantly, p38γ MAPK siRNA significantly inhibited an alcohol-induced increase in CSC population, mammosphere formation and migration/invasion of breast cancer cells overexpressing ErbB2. Conclusions p38γ MAPK is downstream of ErbB2 and plays an important role in alcohol-enhanced aggressiveness of breast cancer. Therefore, in addition to ErbB2/HER2, p38γ MAPK may be a potential target for the treatment of alcohol-enhanced cancer aggressiveness. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-016-0532-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Zhenhua Ren
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.,Pathophysiological Department, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Ashley Comer
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Frank
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Zun-Ji Ke
- Department of Biochemistry, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Surgery, North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System-Hofstra University School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Xianglin Shi
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Siying Wang
- Pathophysiological Department, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Worzfeld T, Schwaninger M. Apicobasal polarity of brain endothelial cells. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:340-62. [PMID: 26661193 PMCID: PMC4759676 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15608644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Normal brain homeostasis depends on the integrity of the blood-brain barrier that controls the access of nutrients, humoral factors, and immune cells to the CNS. The blood-brain barrier is composed mainly of brain endothelial cells. Forming the interface between two compartments, they are highly polarized. Apical/luminal and basolateral/abluminal membranes differ in their lipid and (glyco-)protein composition, allowing brain endothelial cells to secrete or transport soluble factors in a polarized manner and to maintain blood flow. Here, we summarize the basic concepts of apicobasal cell polarity in brain endothelial cells. To address potential molecular mechanisms underlying apicobasal polarity in brain endothelial cells, we draw on investigations in epithelial cells and discuss how polarity may go awry in neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Worzfeld
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center (BPC), University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research, DZHK, Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ahi EP, Steinhäuser SS, Pálsson A, Franzdóttir SR, Snorrason SS, Maier VH, Jónsson ZO. Differential expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway associates with craniofacial polymorphism in sympatric Arctic charr. EvoDevo 2015; 6:27. [PMID: 26388986 PMCID: PMC4574265 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-015-0022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The developmental basis of craniofacial morphology hinges on interactions of numerous signalling systems. Extensive craniofacial variation in the polymorphic Arctic charr, a member of the salmonid family, from Lake Thingvallavatn (Iceland), offers opportunities to find and study such signalling pathways and their key regulators, thereby shedding light on the developmental pathways, and the genetics of trophic divergence. Results To identify genes involved in the craniofacial differences between benthic and limnetic Arctic charr, we used transcriptome data from different morphs, spanning early development, together with data on craniofacial expression patterns and skeletogenesis in model vertebrate species. Out of 20 genes identified, 7 showed lower gene expression in benthic than in limnetic charr morphs. We had previously identified a conserved gene network involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) organization and skeletogenesis, showing higher expression in developing craniofacial elements of benthic than in limnetic Arctic charr morphs. The present study adds a second set of genes constituting an expanded gene network with strong, benthic–limnetic differential expression. To identify putative upstream regulators, we performed knowledge-based motif enrichment analyses on the regulatory sequences of the identified genes which yielded potential binding sites for a set of known transcription factors (TFs). Of the 8 TFs that we examined using qPCR, two (Ahr2b and Ap2) were found to be differentially expressed between benthic and limnetic charr. Expression analysis of several known AhR targets indicated higher activity of the AhR pathway during craniofacial development in benthic charr morphotypes. Conclusion These results suggest a key role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway in the observed craniofacial differences between distinct charr morphotypes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13227-015-0022-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Pashay Ahi
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sophie S Steinhäuser
- Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Arnar Pálsson
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland ; Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sigrídur Rut Franzdóttir
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sigurdur S Snorrason
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Valerie H Maier
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland ; Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Zophonías O Jónsson
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland ; Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Iizuka-Kogo A, Senda T, Akiyama T, Shimomura A, Nomura R, Hasegawa Y, Yamamura KI, Kogo H, Sawai N, Matsuzaki T. Requirement of DLG1 for cardiovascular development and tissue elongation during cochlear, enteric, and skeletal development: possible role in convergent extension. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123965. [PMID: 25860837 PMCID: PMC4393223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dlg1 gene encodes a member of the MAGUK protein family involved in the polarization of epithelial cells. Null mutant mice for the Dlg1 gene (Dlg1-/- mice) exhibit respiratory failure and cyanosis, and die soon after birth. However, the cause of this neonatal lethality has not been determined. In the present study, we further examined Dlg1-/- mice and found severe defects in the cardiovascular system, including ventricular septal defect, persistent truncus arteriosus, and double outlet right ventricle, which would cause the neonatal lethality. These cardiovascular phenotypes resemble those of mutant mice lacking planar cell polarity (PCP) genes and support a recent notion that DLG1 is involved in the PCP pathway. We assessed the degree of involvement of DLG1 in the development of other organs, as the cochlea, intestine, and skeleton, in which PCP signaling has been suggested to play a role. In the organ of Corti, tissue elongation was inhibited accompanied by disorganized arrangement of the hair cell rows, while the orientation of the stereocilia bundle was normal. In the sternum, cleft sternum, abnormal calcification pattern of cartilage, and disorganization of chondrocytes were observed. Furthermore, shortening of the intestine, sternum, and long bones of the limbs was observed. These phenotypes of Dlg1-/- mice involving cellular disorganization and insufficient tissue elongation strongly suggest a defect in the convergent extension movements in these mice. Thus, our present results provide a possibility that DLG1 is particularly required for convergent extension among PCP signaling-dependent processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Iizuka-Kogo
- Department of Anatomy I, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takao Senda
- Department of Anatomy I, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tetsu Akiyama
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimomura
- Department of Anatomy I, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
- The Department of Communication Disorders, School of Psychological Science, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ryuji Nomura
- Department of Anatomy I, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Hasegawa
- Department of Anatomy I, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Yamamura
- Division of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Resource Development Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kogo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Sawai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsuzaki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dunn HA, Ferguson SSG. PDZ Protein Regulation of G Protein–Coupled Receptor Trafficking and Signaling Pathways. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:624-39. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.098509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
|
34
|
Walch L. Emerging role of the scaffolding protein Dlg1 in vesicle trafficking. Traffic 2014; 14:964-73. [PMID: 23829493 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Discs large 1 (Dlg1) is a modular scaffolding protein implicated in the control of cell polarity through assembly of specific multiprotein complexes, including receptors, ion channels and signaling proteins, at specialized zones of the plasma membrane. Recent data have shown that in addition to these well-known interaction partners, Dlg1 may also recruit components of the vesicle trafficking machinery either to the plasma membrane or to transport vesicles. Here, we discuss Dlg1 function in vesicle formation, targeting, tethering and fusion, in both the exocytotic and endocytotic pathways. These pathways contribute to cell functions as major and diverse as glutamatergic activity in the neurons, membrane homeostasis in Schwann cell myelination, insulin stimulation of glucose transport in adipocytes, or endothelial secretion of the hemostatic protein, von Willebrand factor (VWF).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Walch
- INSERM U698, Université Paris 7, Hemostasis, Bio-engineering and Cardiovascular Remodeling, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Ahn SY, Kim Y, Kim ST, Swat W, Miner JH. Scaffolding proteins DLG1 and CASK cooperate to maintain the nephron progenitor population during kidney development. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:1127-38. [PMID: 23661808 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012111074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DLG1 (discs-large homolog 1) and CASK (calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase) interact at membrane-cytoskeleton interfaces and function as scaffolding proteins that link signaling molecules, receptors, and other scaffolding proteins at intercellular and synaptic junctions. Dlg1-null mice exhibit hydronephrosis, hydroureter, and occasionally hypoplastic kidneys, whereas Cask-null mice do not. To investigate whether DLG1 and CASK cooperate in the developing urogenital system, we generated mice deficient in both DLG1 and CASK either 1) globally, 2) in metanephric mesenchyme, or 3) in nephron progenitors. With each approach, Dlg1;Cask double-knockout (DKO) kidneys were severely hypoplastic and dysplastic and demonstrated rapid, premature depletion of nephron progenitors/stem cells. Several cellular and molecular defects were observed in the DKO kidneys, including reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis of cells in the nephrogenic zone and a progressive decrease in the number of cells expressing SIX2, a transcription factor essential for maintaining nephron progenitors. Fgf8 expression was reduced in early-stage DKO metanephric mesenchyme, accompanied by reduced levels of components of the Ras pathway, which is activated by fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling. Moreover, Dlg1(+/-);Cask(-/-) (het/null) kidneys were moderately hypoplastic and demonstrated impaired aggregation of SIX2-positive cells around the ureteric bud tips. Nephron progenitor-specific het/null mice survived with small kidneys but developed glomerulocystic kidney disease and renal failure. Taken together, these results suggest that DLG1 and CASK play critical cooperative roles in maintaining the nephron progenitor population, potentially via a mechanism involving effects on FGF signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 8126 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hawkins ED, Oliaro J, Kallies A, Belz GT, Filby A, Hogan T, Haynes N, Ramsbottom KM, Van Ham V, Kinwell T, Seddon B, Davies D, Tarlinton D, Lew AM, Humbert PO, Russell SM. Regulation of asymmetric cell division and polarity by Scribble is not required for humoral immunity. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1801. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
38
|
Fourie C, Li D, Montgomery JM. The anchoring protein SAP97 influences the trafficking and localisation of multiple membrane channels. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:589-94. [PMID: 23535319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SAP97 is a member of the MAGUK family of proteins that play a major role in the trafficking and targeting of membrane ion channels and cytosolic structural proteins in multiple cell types. Within neurons, SAP97 is localised throughout the secretory trafficking pathway and at the postsynaptic density (PSD). SAP97 differs from other MAGUK family members largely in its long N-terminus and in the sequences between the SH3 and GUK domains, where SAP97 undergoes significant alternative splicing to produce multiple SAP97 isoforms. These splice insertions endow SAP97 with differential cellular localisation patterns and functional roles within neurons. With regard to membrane ion channels, SAP97 forms multi-protein complexes with AMPA and NMDA-type glutamate receptors, and Kv1.4, Kv4.2, and Kir2.2 potassium channels, playing a major role in trafficking and anchoring ion channel surface expression. This highlights SAP97 not only as a regulator of neuronal excitability, synaptic function and plasticity in the brain, but also as a target for the pathophysiology of a number of neurological disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Reciprocal influences between cell cytoskeleton and membrane channels, receptors and transporters. Guest Editor: Jean Claude Hervé.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chantelle Fourie
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Johanna M Montgomery
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Requirement for Dlgh-1 in planar cell polarity and skeletogenesis during vertebrate development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54410. [PMID: 23349879 PMCID: PMC3551758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of specialized organs is tightly linked to the regulation of cell growth, orientation, migration and adhesion during embryogenesis. In addition, the directed movements of cells and their orientation within the plane of a tissue, termed planar cell polarity (PCP), appear to be crucial for the proper formation of the body plan. In Drosophila embryogenesis, Discs large (dlg) plays a critical role in apical-basal cell polarity, cell adhesion and cell proliferation. Craniofacial defects in mice carrying an insertional mutation in Dlgh-1 suggest that Dlgh-1 is required for vertebrate development. To determine what roles Dlgh-1 plays in vertebrate development, we generated mice carrying a null mutation in Dlgh-1. We found that deletion of Dlgh-1 caused open eyelids, open neural tube, and misorientation of cochlear hair cell stereociliary bundles, indicative of defects in planar cell polarity (PCP). Deletion of Dlgh-1 also caused skeletal defects throughout the embryo. These findings identify novel roles for Dlgh-1 in vertebrates that differ from its well-characterized roles in invertebrates and suggest that the Dlgh-1 null mouse may be a useful animal model to study certain human congenital birth defects.
Collapse
|
40
|
Nithianantharajah J, Komiyama N, McKechanie A, Johnstone M, Blackwood DH, St Clair D, Emes R, van de Lagemaat LN, Saksida L, Bussey T, Grant S. Synaptic scaffold evolution generated components of vertebrate cognitive complexity. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16:16-24. [PMID: 23201973 PMCID: PMC4131247 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The origins and evolution of higher cognitive functions, including complex forms of learning, attention and executive functions, are unknown. A potential mechanism driving the evolution of vertebrate cognition early in the vertebrate lineage (550 million years ago) was genome duplication and subsequent diversification of postsynaptic genes. Here we report, to our knowledge, the first genetic analysis of a vertebrate gene family in cognitive functions measured using computerized touchscreens. Comparison of mice carrying mutations in each of the four Dlg paralogs showed that simple associative learning required Dlg4, whereas Dlg2 and Dlg3 diversified to have opposing functions in complex cognitive processes. Exploiting the translational utility of touchscreens in humans and mice, testing Dlg2 mutations in both species showed that Dlg2's role in complex learning, cognitive flexibility and attention has been highly conserved over 100 million years. Dlg-family mutations underlie psychiatric disorders, suggesting that genome evolution expanded the complexity of vertebrate cognition at the cost of susceptibility to mental illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Nithianantharajah
- Genes to Cognition Programme, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Centre for Neuroregeneration, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellors Building, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh UK EH16 4SB
- Genes to Cognition Programme, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire UK CB10 1SA
| | - N.H. Komiyama
- Genes to Cognition Programme, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Centre for Neuroregeneration, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellors Building, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh UK EH16 4SB
- Genes to Cognition Programme, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire UK CB10 1SA
| | - A. McKechanie
- Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh UK EH10 5HF
| | - M. Johnstone
- Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh UK EH10 5HF
| | - D. H. Blackwood
- Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh UK EH10 5HF
| | - D. St Clair
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen UK AB25 2ZD
| | - R.D. Emes
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus UK LE12 5RD
| | - L. N. van de Lagemaat
- Genes to Cognition Programme, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Centre for Neuroregeneration, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellors Building, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh UK EH16 4SB
- Genes to Cognition Programme, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire UK CB10 1SA
| | - L.M. Saksida
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge & The MRC and The Wellcome Trust Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK CB2 3EB
| | - T.J. Bussey
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge & The MRC and The Wellcome Trust Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK CB2 3EB
| | - S.G.N. Grant
- Genes to Cognition Programme, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Centre for Neuroregeneration, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellors Building, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh UK EH16 4SB
- Genes to Cognition Programme, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire UK CB10 1SA
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge & The MRC and The Wellcome Trust Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK CB2 3EB
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
The Scribble-Dlg-Lgl polarity module in development and cancer: from flies to man. Essays Biochem 2012; 53:141-68. [PMID: 22928514 DOI: 10.1042/bse0530141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Scribble, Par and Crumbs modules were originally identified in the vinegar (fruit) fly, Drosophila melanogaster, as being critical regulators of apico-basal cell polarity. In the present chapter we focus on the Scribble polarity module, composed of Scribble, discs large and lethal giant larvae. Since the discovery of the role of the Scribble polarity module in apico-basal cell polarity, these proteins have also been recognized as having important roles in other forms of polarity, as well as regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, cell signalling and vesicular trafficking. In addition to these physiological roles, an important role for polarity proteins in cancer progression has also been uncovered, with loss of polarity and tissue architecture being strongly correlated with metastatic disease.
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
The role of cell polarity regulators in the development of cancer has long been an enigma. Despite displaying characteristics of tumour suppressors, the core regulators of polarity are rarely mutated in tumours and there are few data from animal models to suggest that they directly contribute to cancer susceptibility, thus questioning their relevance to human carcinogenesis. However, a body of data from human tumour viruses is now providing compelling evidence of a central role for the perturbation of cell polarity in the development of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Banks
- The International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Humphries LA, Shaffer MH, Sacirbegovic F, Tomassian T, McMahon KA, Humbert PO, Silva O, Round JL, Takamiya K, Huganir RL, Burkhardt JK, Russell SM, Miceli MC. Characterization of in vivo Dlg1 deletion on T cell development and function. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45276. [PMID: 23028902 PMCID: PMC3445470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The polarized reorganization of the T cell membrane and intracellular signaling molecules in response to T cell receptor (TCR) engagement has been implicated in the modulation of T cell development and effector responses. In siRNA-based studies Dlg1, a MAGUK scaffold protein and member of the Scribble polarity complex, has been shown to play a role in T cell polarity and TCR signal specificity, however the role of Dlg1 in T cell development and function in vivo remains unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we present the combined data from three independently-derived dlg1-knockout mouse models; two germline deficient knockouts and one conditional knockout. While defects were not observed in T cell development, TCR-induced early phospho-signaling, actin-mediated events, or proliferation in any of the models, the acute knockdown of Dlg1 in Jurkat T cells diminished accumulation of actin at the IS. Further, while Th1-type cytokine production appeared unaffected in T cells derived from mice with a dlg1germline-deficiency, altered production of TCR-dependent Th1 and Th2-type cytokines was observed in T cells derived from mice with a conditional loss of dlg1 expression and T cells with acute Dlg1 suppression, suggesting a differential requirement for Dlg1 activity in signaling events leading to Th1 versus Th2 cytokine induction. The observed inconsistencies between these and other knockout models and siRNA strategies suggest that 1) compensatory upregulation of alternate gene(s) may be masking a role for dlg1 in controlling TCR-mediated events in dlg1 deficient mice and 2) the developmental stage during which dlg1 ablation begins may control the degree to which compensatory events occur. Conclusions/Significance These findings provide a potential explanation for the discrepancies observed in various studies using different dlg1-deficient T cell models and underscore the importance of acute dlg1 ablation to avoid the upregulation of compensatory mechanisms for future functional studies of the Dlg1 protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Humphries
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Roberts S, Delury C, Marsh E. The PDZ protein discs-large (DLG): the 'Jekyll and Hyde' of the epithelial polarity proteins. FEBS J 2012; 279:3549-3558. [PMID: 22846345 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Discs-large (DLG) is a multi-PDZ domain-containing protein that belongs to the family of molecular scaffolding proteins known as membrane guanylate kinases or MAGUKs. DLG is a component of the Scribble polarity complex and genetic analyses of DLG in Drosophila have identified a role for the protein in several key biological processes including the regulation of apico-basal polarity of epithelial cells, as well as other polarity processes such as asymmetric cell division and cell invasion. Disturbance of DLG function leads to uncontrolled epithelial cell proliferation and neoplastic transformation, thereby defining DLG as a potential tumour suppressor. However, whether mammalian homologues of DLG (DLG1, DLG2, DLG3 and DLG4) also possess tumour suppressor functions is not known. In this minireview, we focus on the biological functions of DLG1 in human epithelial cells and on how the function of this MAGUK relates to its intracellular location. We examine some of the evidence that implies that DLG has both tumour suppressor and, paradoxically, oncogenic functions depending upon the precise cellular context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally Roberts
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Craig Delury
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ting JT, Peça J, Feng G. Functional consequences of mutations in postsynaptic scaffolding proteins and relevance to psychiatric disorders. Annu Rev Neurosci 2012; 35:49-71. [PMID: 22540979 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Functional studies on postsynaptic scaffolding proteins at excitatory synapses have revealed a plethora of important roles for synaptic structure and function. In addition, a convergence of recent in vivo functional evidence together with human genetics data strongly suggest that mutations in a variety of these postsynaptic scaffolding proteins may contribute to the etiology of diverse human psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, and obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. Here we review the most recent evidence for several key postsynaptic scaffolding protein families and explore how mouse genetics and human genetics have intersected to advance our knowledge concerning the contributions of these important players to complex brain function and dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Ting
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Oliva C, Escobedo P, Astorga C, Molina C, Sierralta J. Role of the MAGUK protein family in synapse formation and function. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:57-72. [PMID: 21739617 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic function is crucially dependent on the spatial organization of the presynaptic and postsynaptic apparatuses and the juxtaposition of both membrane compartments. This precise arrangement is achieved by a protein network at the submembrane region of each cell that is built around scaffold proteins. The membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family of proteins is a widely expressed and well-conserved group of proteins that plays an essential role in the formation and regulation of this scaffolding. Here, we review general features of this protein family, focusing on the discs large and calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase subfamilies of MAGUKs in the formation, function, and plasticity of synapses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Oliva
- Program of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Guanylate kinase domains of the MAGUK family scaffold proteins as specific phospho-protein-binding modules. EMBO J 2011; 30:4986-97. [PMID: 22117215 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-associated guanylate kinases (MAGUKs) are a large family of scaffold proteins that play essential roles in tissue developments, cell-cell communications, cell polarity control, and cellular signal transductions. Despite extensive studies over the past two decades, the functions of the signature guanylate kinase domain (GK) of MAGUKs are poorly understood. Here we show that the GK domain of DLG1/SAP97 binds to asymmetric cell division regulatory protein LGN in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. The structure of the DLG1 SH3-GK tandem in complex with a phospho-LGN peptide reveals that the GMP-binding site of GK has evolved into a specific pSer/pThr-binding pocket. Residues both N- and C-terminal to the pSer are also critical for the specific binding of the phospho-LGN peptide to GK. We further demonstrate that the previously reported GK domain-mediated interactions of DLGs with other targets, such as GKAP/DLGAP1/SAPAP1 and SPAR, are also phosphorylation dependent. Finally, we provide evidence that other MAGUK GKs also function as phospho-peptide-binding modules. The discovery of the phosphorylation-dependent MAGUK GK/target interactions indicates that MAGUK scaffold-mediated signalling complex organizations are dynamically regulated.
Collapse
|
48
|
Van Campenhout CA, Eitelhuber A, Gloeckner CJ, Giallonardo P, Gegg M, Oller H, Grant SGN, Krappmann D, Ueffing M, Lickert H. Dlg3 trafficking and apical tight junction formation is regulated by nedd4 and nedd4-2 e3 ubiquitin ligases. Dev Cell 2011; 21:479-91. [PMID: 21920314 PMCID: PMC4452538 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila Discs large (Dlg) scaffolding protein acts as a tumor suppressor regulating basolateral epithelial polarity and proliferation. In mammals, four Dlg homologs have been identified; however, their functions in cell polarity remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the X-linked mental retardation gene product Dlg3 contributes to apical-basal polarity and epithelial junction formation in mouse organizer tissues, as well as to planar cell polarity in the inner ear. We purified complexes associated with Dlg3 in polarized epithelial cells, including proteins regulating directed trafficking and tight junction formation. Remarkably, of the four Dlg family members, Dlg3 exerts a distinct function by recruiting the ubiquitin ligases Nedd4 and Nedd4-2 through its PPxY motifs. We found that these interactions are required for Dlg3 monoubiquitination, apical membrane recruitment, and tight junction consolidation. Our findings reveal an unexpected evolutionary diversification of the vertebrate Dlg family in basolateral epithelium formation.
Collapse
|
49
|
O'Neill AK, Gallegos LL, Justilien V, Garcia EL, Leitges M, Fields AP, Hall RA, Newton AC. Protein kinase Cα promotes cell migration through a PDZ-dependent interaction with its novel substrate discs large homolog 1 (DLG1). J Biol Chem 2011; 286:43559-68. [PMID: 22027822 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.294603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein scaffolds maintain precision in kinase signaling by coordinating kinases with components of specific signaling pathways. Such spatial segregation is particularly important in allowing specificity of signaling mediated by the 10-member family of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes. Here we identified a novel interaction between PKCα and the Discs large homolog (DLG) family of scaffolds that is mediated by a class I C-terminal PDZ (PSD-95, disheveled, and ZO1) ligand unique to this PKC isozyme. Specifically, use of a proteomic array containing 96 purified PDZ domains identified the third PDZ domains of DLG1/SAP97 and DLG4/PSD95 as interaction partners for the PDZ binding motif of PKCα. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments verified that PKCα and DLG1 interact in cells by a mechanism dependent on an intact PDZ ligand. Functional assays revealed that the interaction of PKCα with DLG1 promotes wound healing; scratch assays using cells depleted of PKCα and/or DLG1 have impaired cellular migration that is no longer sensitive to PKC inhibition, and the ability of exogenous PKCα to rescue cellular migration is dependent on the presence of its PDZ ligand. Furthermore, we identified Thr-656 as a novel phosphorylation site in the SH3-Hook region of DLG1 that acts as a marker for PKCα activity at this scaffold. Increased phosphorylation of Thr-656 is correlated with increased invasiveness in non-small cell lung cancer lines from the NCI-60, consistent with this phosphorylation site serving as a marker of PKCα-mediated invasion. Taken together, these data establish the requirement of scaffolding to DLG1 for PKCα to promote cellular migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey K O'Neill
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Town L, McGlinn E, Davidson TL, Browne CM, Chawengsaksophak K, Koopman P, Richman JM, Wicking C. Tmem26 is dynamically expressed during palate and limb development but is not required for embryonic survival. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25228. [PMID: 21980401 PMCID: PMC3182993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tmem26 gene encodes a novel protein that we have previously shown to be regulated by hedgehog signalling in the mouse limb. We now report that Tmem26 expression is spatially and temporally restricted in other regions of the mouse embryo, most notably the facial primordia. In particular, Tmem26 expression in the mesenchyme of the maxillary and nasal prominences is coincident with fusion of the primary palate. In the secondary palate, Tmem26 is expressed in the palatal shelves during their growth and fusion but is downregulated once fusion is complete. Expression was also detected at the midline of the expanding mandible and at the tips of the eyelids as they migrate across the cornea. Given the spatio-temporally restricted expression of Tmem26, we sought to uncover a functional role in embryonic development through targeted gene inactivation in the mouse. However, ubiquitous inactivation of Tmem26 led to no overt phenotype in the resulting embryos or adult mice, suggesting that TMEM26 function is dispensable for embryonic survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam Town
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Edwina McGlinn
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tara-Lynne Davidson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Catherine M. Browne
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Peter Koopman
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Joy M. Richman
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Carol Wicking
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|