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Yan Y, Dai T, Guo M, Zhao X, Chen C, Zhou Y, Qin M, Xu L, Zhao J. A review of non-classical MAPK family member, MAPK4: A pivotal player in cancer development and therapeutic intervention. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132686. [PMID: 38801852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) are serine/threonine protein kinases that play a crucial role in transmitting extracellular signals to the intracellular environment, influencing a wide range of cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, metabolic activities, immune function and stress response. MAPK4, a non-classical MAPK, is frequently overexpressed in various malignancies, including prostate, breast, cervix, thyroid, and gliomas. It orchestrates cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis via the AKT/mTOR and/or PDK1 signaling pathways, thus facilitating tumor cell growth. Furthermore, MAPK4 expression is closely associated with the effectiveness of specific inhibitors like PI3K and PARP1, and also correlate with the survival rates of cancer patients. Increasing evidence highlights MAPK4's involvement in the tumor microenvironment, modulating immune response and inflammation-related diseases. This review comprehensively explores the structure, function, and oncogenic role of MAPK4, providing a deeper understanding of its activation and mechanisms of action in tumorigenesis, which might be helpful for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies for cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Yan
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China; Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Treatment of Guizhou province, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Tengkun Dai
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China; Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Treatment of Guizhou province, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China; Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Treatment of Guizhou province, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Treatment of Guizhou province, Zunyi 563000, China; School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Treatment of Guizhou province, Zunyi 563000, China; School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Ya Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Treatment of Guizhou province, Zunyi 563000, China; Department of Medical physics, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Ming Qin
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China; Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Treatment of Guizhou province, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China; Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Treatment of Guizhou province, Zunyi 563000, China.
| | - Juanjuan Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China; Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Treatment of Guizhou province, Zunyi 563000, China.
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2
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Elkhadragy L, Myers A, Long W. Role of the Atypical MAPK ERK3 in Cancer Growth and Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1381. [PMID: 38611058 PMCID: PMC11011113 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3 (ERK3) is an atypical mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) whose structural and regulatory features are distinct from those of conventional MAPKs, such as ERK1/2. Since its identification in 1991, the regulation, substrates and functions of ERK3 have remained largely unknown. However, recent years have witnessed a wealth of new findings about ERK3 signaling. Several important biological functions for ERK3 have been revealed, including its role in neuronal morphogenesis, inflammation, metabolism, endothelial cell tube formation and epithelial architecture. In addition, ERK3 has been recently shown to play important roles in cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion and chemoresistance in multiple types of cancers. Furthermore, accumulating studies have uncovered various molecular mechanisms by which the expression level, protein stability and activity of ERK3 are regulated. In particular, several post-translational modifications (PTMs), including ubiquitination, hydroxylation and phosphorylation, have been shown to regulate the stability and activity of ERK3 protein. In this review, we discuss recent findings regarding biochemical and cellular functions of ERK3, with a main focus on its roles in cancers, as well as the molecular mechanisms of regulating its expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lobna Elkhadragy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA; (L.E.); (A.M.)
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Amanda Myers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA; (L.E.); (A.M.)
| | - Weiwen Long
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA; (L.E.); (A.M.)
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3
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Xie S, Liu Q, Fu C, Chen Y, Li M, Tian C, Li J, Han M, Li C. Molecular Regulation of Porcine Skeletal Muscle Development: Insights from Research on CDC23 Expression and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3664. [PMID: 38612477 PMCID: PMC11011816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell division cycle 23 (CDC23) is a component of the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) subunit in the anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) complex, which participates in the regulation of mitosis in eukaryotes. However, the regulatory model and mechanism by which the CDC23 gene regulates muscle production in pigs are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the expression of CDC23 in pigs, and the results indicated that CDC23 is widely expressed in various tissues and organs. In vitro cell experiments have demonstrated that CDC23 promotes the proliferation of myoblasts, as well as significantly positively regulating the differentiation of skeletal muscle satellite cells. In addition, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) revealed a significant downregulation of the cell cycle pathway during the differentiation process of skeletal muscle satellite cells. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network showed a high degree of interaction between genes related to the cell cycle pathway and CDC23. Subsequently, in differentiated myocytes induced after overexpression of CDC23, the level of CDC23 exhibited a significant negative correlation with the expression of key factors in the cell cycle pathway, suggesting that CDC23 may be involved in the inhibition of the cell cycle signaling pathway in order to promote the differentiation process. In summary, we preliminarily determined the function of CDC23 with the aim of providing new insights into molecular regulation during porcine skeletal muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Xie
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.X.); (Q.L.)
| | - Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.X.); (Q.L.)
| | - Chong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.X.); (Q.L.)
| | - Yansen Chen
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (ULiège-GxABT), 5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
| | - Mengxun Li
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.X.); (Q.L.)
| | - Cheng Tian
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.X.); (Q.L.)
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.X.); (Q.L.)
| | - Min Han
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.X.); (Q.L.)
| | - Changchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.X.); (Q.L.)
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4
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Javary J, Goupil E, Soulez M, Kanshin E, Bouchard A, Seternes OM, Thibault P, Labbé JC, Meloche S. Phosphoproteomic analysis identifies supervillin as an ERK3 substrate regulating cytokinesis and cell ploidy. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e30938. [PMID: 36576983 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3 (ERK3) is a poorly characterized member of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family. Functional analysis of the ERK3 signaling pathway has been hampered by a lack of knowledge about the substrates and downstream effectors of the kinase. Here, we used large-scale quantitative phosphoproteomics and targeted gene silencing to identify direct ERK3 substrates and gain insight into its cellular functions. Detailed validation of one candidate substrate identified the gelsolin/villin family member supervillin (SVIL) as a bona fide ERK3 substrate. We show that ERK3 phosphorylates SVIL on Ser245 to regulate myosin II activation and cytokinesis completion in dividing cells. Depletion of SVIL or ERK3 leads to increased cytokinesis failure and multinucleation, a phenotype rescued by wild type SVIL but not by the non-phosphorylatable S245A mutant. Our results unveil a new function of the atypical MAP kinase ERK3 in cell division and the regulation of cell ploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Javary
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eugénie Goupil
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathilde Soulez
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Evgeny Kanshin
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- NYU Langone Health, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Antoine Bouchard
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Pierre Thibault
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Labbé
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Meloche
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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5
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Belykh A, Hawro I, Kolczyńska-Matysiak K, Loza-Valdes A, Mieczkowski A, Sumara G. Triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-5-amines based ERK3 inhibitors fail to demonstrate selective effects on adipocyte function. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 751:109825. [PMID: 37992885 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3 (ERK3 also designated MAPK6 - mitogen-activated protein kinase 6) is a ubiquitously expressed kinase participating in the regulation of a broad spectrum of physiological and pathological processes. Targeted inhibition of the kinase may allow the development of novel treatment strategies for a variety of types of cancer and somatic pathologies, as well as preserving metabolic health, combat obesity and diabetes. We chose and synthesized three triazolo [4,5-d]pyrimidin-5-amines proposed previously as putative ERK3 inhibitors to assess their selectivity and biological effects in terms of metabolic state impact in living cells. As it was previously shown that ERK3 is a major regulator of lipolysis in adipocytes, we focused on this process. Our new results indicate that in addition to the previously identified lipolytic enzyme ATGL, ERK3 also regulates hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and monoglyceride lipase (MGL). Moreover, this kinase also promotes the abundance of fatty acid synthase (FASN) as well as protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha (PKACα). To investigate various effects of putative ERK3 inhibitors on lipolysis, we utilized different adipocyte models. We demonstrated that molecules exhibit lipolysis-modulating effects; however, the effects of triazolo [4,5-d]pyrimidin-5-amines based inhibitors on lipolysis are not dependent on ERK3. Subsequently, we revealed a wide range of the compounds' possible targets using a machine learning-based prediction. Therefore, the tested compounds inhibit ERK3 in vitro, but the biological effect of this inhibition is significantly overlapped and modified by some other molecular events related to the non-selective binding to other targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Belykh
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Hawro
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Angel Loza-Valdes
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Mieczkowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5a Pawinskiego, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Sumara
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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6
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Myers AK, Morel M, Gee SH, Hoffmann KA, Long W. ERK3 and DGKζ interact to modulate cell motility in lung cancer cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1192221. [PMID: 37287450 PMCID: PMC10242005 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1192221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3 (ERK3) promotes cell migration and tumor metastasis in multiple cancer types, including lung cancer. The extracellular-regulated kinase 3 protein has a unique structure. In addition to the N-terminal kinase domain, ERK3 includes a central conserved in extracellular-regulated kinase 3 and ERK4 (C34) domain and an extended C-terminus. However, relatively little is known regarding the role(s) of the C34 domain. A yeast two-hybrid assay using extracellular-regulated kinase 3 as bait identified diacylglycerol kinase ζ (DGKζ) as a binding partner. DGKζ was shown to promote migration and invasion in some cancer cell types, but its role in lung cancer cells is yet to be described. The interaction of extracellular-regulated kinase 3 and DGKζ was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and in vitro binding assays, consistent with their co-localization at the periphery of lung cancer cells. The C34 domain of ERK3 was sufficient for binding to DGKζ, while extracellular-regulated kinase 3 bound to the N-terminal and C1 domains of DGKζ. Surprisingly, in contrast to extracellular-regulated kinase 3, DGKζ suppresses lung cancer cell migration, suggesting DGKζ might inhibit ERK3-mediated cell motility. Indeed, co-overexpression of exogenous DGKζ and extracellular-regulated kinase 3 completely blocked the ability of ERK3 to promote cell migration, but DGKζ did not affect the migration of cells with stable ERK3 knockdown. Furthermore, DGKζ had little effect on cell migration induced by overexpression of an ERK3 mutant missing the C34 domain, suggesting DGKζ requires this domain to prevent ERK3-mediated increase in cell migration. In summary, this study has identified DGKζ as a new binding partner and negative regulator of extracellular-regulated kinase 3 in controlling lung cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Myers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Marion Morel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Stephen H. Gee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Katherine A. Hoffmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Weiwen Long
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
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7
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On the Therapeutic Potential of ERK4 in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010025. [PMID: 36612022 PMCID: PMC9817496 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ERK3 and ERK4 define a distinct and understudied subfamily of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Little is known about the physiological roles of these atypical MAPKs and their association with human diseases. Interestingly, accumulating evidence points towards a role for ERK3 and ERK4 signaling in the initiation and progression of various types of cancer. Notably, a recent study reported that ERK4 is expressed in a subset of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines and that this expression is critical for AKT activation and for sustaining TNBC cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in mice. The authors also showed that depletion of ERK4 sensitizes TNBC cells to phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors. They concluded that ERK4 is a promising therapeutic target for TNBC and has potential for combination therapy with PI3K inhibitors. Here, we raise concerns about the cellular models and experimental approaches used in this study, which compromise the conclusions on the oncogenic role of ERK4 in TNBC.
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8
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The TLK1-MK5 Axis Regulates Motility, Invasion, and Metastasis of Prostate Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235728. [PMID: 36497211 PMCID: PMC9736944 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Metastatic dissemination of prostate cancer (PCa) accounts for the majority of PCa-related deaths. However, the exact mechanism of PCa cell spread is still unknown. We uncovered a novel interaction between two unrelated promotility factors, tousled-like kinase 1 (TLK1) and MAPK-activated protein kinase 5 (MK5), that initiates a signaling cascade promoting metastasis. In PCa, TLK1−MK5 signaling might be crucial, as androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) leads to increased expression of both TLK1 and MK5 in metastatic patients, but in this work, we directly investigated the motility, invasive, and metastatic capacity of PCa cells following impairment of the TLK1 > MK5 axis. Results: We conducted scratch wound repair and transwell invasion assays with LNCaP and PC3 cells to determine if TLK1 and MK5 can regulate motility and invasion. Both genetic depletion and pharmacologic inhibition of TLK1 and MK5 resulted in reduced migration and invasion through a Matrigel plug. We further elucidated the potential mechanisms underlying these effects and found that this is likely due to the reorganization of the actin fibers at lamellipodia and the focal adhesions network, in conjunction with increased expression of some MMPs that can affect penetration through the ECM. PC3, a highly metastatic cell line when assayed in xenografts, was further tested in a tail-vein injection/lung metastasis model, and we showed that, following inoculation, treatment with GLPG0259 (MK5 specific inhibitor) or J54 (TLK1 inhibitor) resulted in the lung tumor nodules being greatly diminished in number, and for J54, also in size. Conclusion: Our data support that the TLK1−MK5 axis is functionally involved in driving PCa cell metastasis and clinical aggressiveness; hence, disruption of this axis may inhibit the metastatic capacity of PCa.
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9
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Qin B, Zhou L, Wang F, Wang Y. Ubiquitin-specific protease 20 in human disease: emerging role and therapeutic implications. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Loza-Valdes A, El-Merahbi R, Kassouf T, Demczuk A, Reuter S, Viera JT, Karwen T, Noh M, Löffler MC, Romero-Becerra R, Torres JL, Marcos M, Sabio G, Wojda U, Sumara G. Targeting ERK3/MK5 complex for treatment of obesity and diabetes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 612:119-125. [PMID: 35523049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Kinases represent one of the largest druggable families of proteins. Importantly, many kinases are aberrantly activated/de-activated in multiple organs during obesity, which contributes to the development of diabetes and associated diseases. Previous results indicate that the complex between Extracellular-regulated kinase 3 (ERK3) and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK)-activated protein kinase 5 (MK5) suppresses energy dissipation and promotes fatty acids (FAs) output in adipose tissue and, therefore promotes obesity and diabetes. However, the therapeutic potential of targeting this complex at the systemic level has not been fully explored. Here we applied a translational approach to target the ERK3/MK5 complex in mice. Importantly, deletion of ERK3 in the whole body or administration of MK5-specific inhibitor protects against obesity and promotes insulin sensitivity. Finally, we show that the expression of ERK3 and MK5 correlates with the degree of obesity and that ERK3/MK5 complex regulates energy dissipation in human adipocytes. Altogether, we demonstrate that ERK3/MK5 complex can be targeted in vivo to preserve metabolic health and combat obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Loza-Valdes
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Rabih El-Merahbi
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Toufic Kassouf
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Demczuk
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Saskia Reuter
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Trujillo Viera
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Till Karwen
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Minhe Noh
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mona C Löffler
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rafael Romero-Becerra
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge L Torres
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel Marcos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Sabio
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Urszula Wojda
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Sumara
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warszawa, Poland; Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
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11
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Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-activated protein kinases (MAPKAPKs) are defined by their exclusive activation by MAPKs. They can be activated by classical and atypical MAPKs that have been stimulated by mitogens and various stresses. Genetic deletions of MAPKAPKs and availability of highly specific small-molecule inhibitors have continuously increased our functional understanding of these kinases. MAPKAPKs cooperate in the regulation of gene expression at the level of transcription; RNA processing, export, and stability; and protein synthesis. The diversity of stimuli for MAPK activation, the cross talk between the different MAPKs and MAPKAPKs, and the specific substrate pattern of MAPKAPKs orchestrate immediate-early and inflammatory responses in space and time and ensure proper control of cell growth, differentiation, and cell behavior. Hence, MAPKAPKs are promising targets for cancer therapy and treatments for conditions of acute and chronic inflammation, such as cytokine storms and rheumatoid arthritis. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biochemistry, Volume 91 is June 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ronkina
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany;
| | - Matthias Gaestel
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany;
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12
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Soulez M, Tanguay PL, Dô F, Dort J, Crist C, Kotlyarov A, Gaestel M, Ferron M, Dumont NA, Meloche S. ERK3-MK5 signaling regulates myogenic differentiation and muscle regeneration by promoting FoxO3 degradation. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:2271-2287. [PMID: 35141958 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The physiological functions and downstream effectors of the atypical mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3 (ERK3) remain to be characterized. We recently reported that mice expressing catalytically-inactive ERK3 (Mapk6KD/KD ) exhibit a reduced postnatal growth rate as compared to control mice. Here, we show that genetic inactivation of ERK3 impairs postnatal skeletal muscle growth and adult muscle regeneration after injury. Loss of MAPK-activated protein kinase 5 (MK5) phenocopies the muscle phenotypes of Mapk6KD/KD mice. At the cellular level, genetic or pharmacological inactivation of ERK3 or MK5 induces precocious differentiation of C2C12 or primary myoblasts, concomitant with MyoD activation. Reciprocally, ectopic expression of activated MK5 inhibits myogenic differentiation. Mechanistically, we show that MK5 directly phosphorylates FoxO3, promoting its degradation and reducing its association with MyoD. Depletion of FoxO3 rescues in part the premature differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts observed upon inactivation of ERK3 or MK5. Our findings reveal that ERK3 and its substrate MK5 act in a linear signaling pathway to control postnatal myogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Soulez
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre-Luc Tanguay
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals Canada, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Florence Dô
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Junio Dort
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,School of Rehabilitation, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Colin Crist
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexey Kotlyarov
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Gaestel
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mathieu Ferron
- Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas A Dumont
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,School of Rehabilitation, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Meloche
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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13
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Inactivation of EGLN3 hydroxylase facilitates Erk3 degradation via autophagy and impedes lung cancer growth. Oncogene 2022; 41:1752-1766. [PMID: 35124697 PMCID: PMC8933280 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEGLN3 is critically important for growth of various cancers including lung cancer. However, virtually nothing is known about the role and mechanism for EGLN3 hydroxylase activity in cancers. EGLN3 catalyzes the hydroxylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3 (Erk3), a potent driver of cancers. The role and mechanism for EGLN3-induced stabilization of Erk3 remain to be defined. Here, we show that Erk3 interacts with heat shock cognate protein of 70 kDa (HSC70) and lysosome-associated membrane protein type 2 A (LAMP2A), two core components of chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). As a consequence, Erk3 is degraded by the CMA-lysosome pathway. EGLN3-catalyzed hydroxylation antagonizes CMA-dependent destruction of Erk3. Mechanistically, hydroxylation blunts the interaction of Erk3 with LAMP2A, thereby blocking lysosomal decay of Erk3. EGLN3 inactivation inhibits macrophage migration, efferocytosis, and M2 polarization. Studies using EGLN3 catalytically inactive knock-in mice indicate that inactivation of EGLN3 hydroxylase in host cells ameliorates LLC cancer growth through reprogramming the tumor microenvironment (TME). Adoptive transfer of macrophages with inactivated EGLN3 restrains tumor growth by mounting anti-tumor immunity and restricting angiogenesis. Administration of EGLN3 hydroxylase pharmacologic inhibitor to mice bearing LLC carcinoma impedes cancer growth by targeting the TME. LLC cells harboring inactivated EGLN3 exhibit reduced tumor burden via mitigating immunosuppressive milieu and inducing cancer senescence. This study provides novel insights into the role of CMA in regulating Erk3 stability and the mechanism behind EGLN3-enhanced stability of Erk3. This work demonstrates that inactivation of EGLN3 in malignant and stromal cells suppresses tumor by orchestrating reciprocal interplays between cancer cells and the TME. This work sheds new light on the role and mechanism for EGLN3 catalytic activity in regulating cancer growth. Manipulating EGLN3 activity holds promise for cancer treatment.
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14
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An HJ, Lee CJ, Lee GE, Choi Y, Jeung D, Chen W, Lee HS, Kang HC, Lee JY, Kim DJ, Choi JS, Cho ES, Choi JS, Cho YY. FBXW7-mediated ERK3 degradation regulates the proliferation of lung cancer cells. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:35-46. [PMID: 35022544 PMCID: PMC8813941 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00721-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3 (ERK3) is an atypical member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, members of which play essential roles in diverse cellular processes during carcinogenesis, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and invasion. Unlike other MAPKs, ERK3 is an unstable protein with a short half-life. Although deubiquitination of ERK3 has been suggested to regulate the activity, its ubiquitination has not been described in the literature. Here, we report that FBXW7 (F-box and WD repeat domain-containing 7) acts as a ubiquitination E3 ligase for ERK3. Mammalian two-hybrid assay and immunoprecipitation results demonstrated that ERK3 is a novel binding partner of FBXW7. Furthermore, complex formation between ERK3 and the S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 (SKP1)-cullin 1-F-box protein (SCF) E3 ligase resulted in the destabilization of ERK3 via a ubiquitination-mediated proteasomal degradation pathway, and FBXW7 depletion restored ERK3 protein levels by inhibiting this ubiquitination. The interaction between ERK3 and FBXW7 was driven by binding between the C34D of ERK3, especially at Thr417 and Thr421, and the WD40 domain of FBXW7. A double mutant of ERK3 (Thr417 and Thr421 to alanine) abrogated FBXW7-mediated ubiquitination. Importantly, ERK3 knockdown inhibited the proliferation of lung cancer cells by regulating the G1/S-phase transition of the cell cycle. These results show that FBXW7-mediated ERK3 destabilization suppresses lung cancer cell proliferation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung An
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-Ro, Wonmi-Gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-Do 14662 Republic of Korea ,grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224BK21-4th, and BRL, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-Ro, Wonmi-Gu, Bucheon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Jung Lee
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-Ro, Wonmi-Gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-Do 14662 Republic of Korea ,grid.410885.00000 0000 9149 5707Research Center for Materials Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, 169-148, Gwahak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34133 Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Eun Lee
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-Ro, Wonmi-Gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-Do 14662 Republic of Korea ,grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224BK21-4th, and BRL, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-Ro, Wonmi-Gu, Bucheon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Youngwon Choi
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-Ro, Wonmi-Gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-Do 14662 Republic of Korea ,grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224BK21-4th, and BRL, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-Ro, Wonmi-Gu, Bucheon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyun Jeung
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-Ro, Wonmi-Gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-Do 14662 Republic of Korea ,grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224BK21-4th, and BRL, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-Ro, Wonmi-Gu, Bucheon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Weidong Chen
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-Ro, Wonmi-Gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-Do 14662 Republic of Korea ,grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224BK21-4th, and BRL, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-Ro, Wonmi-Gu, Bucheon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224BK21-4th, and BRL, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-Ro, Wonmi-Gu, Bucheon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224BK21-4th, and BRL, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-Ro, Wonmi-Gu, Bucheon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224BK21-4th, and BRL, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-Ro, Wonmi-Gu, Bucheon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Joon Kim
- grid.449717.80000 0004 5374 269XDepartment of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, MBMRF, 1.410, 5300, North L St., McAleen, TX 78504 USA
| | - Jin-Sung Choi
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-Ro, Wonmi-Gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-Do 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Suh Cho
- grid.17635.360000000419368657College of Biological Science, University of Minnesota, 3-104 MCB, 420 Washington Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Jong-Soon Choi
- grid.410885.00000 0000 9149 5707Research Center for Materials Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, 169-148, Gwahak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34133 Republic of Korea ,grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-Ro, Wonmi-Gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-Do, 14662, Republic of Korea. .,BK21-4th, and BRL, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-Ro, Wonmi-Gu, Bucheon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 14662, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Cai Q, Zhou W, Wang W, Dong B, Han D, Shen T, Creighton CJ, Moore DD, Yang F. MAPK6-AKT signaling promotes tumor growth and resistance to mTOR kinase blockade. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabi6439. [PMID: 34767444 PMCID: PMC8589317 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi6439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (MAPK6) is an atypical MAPK. Its function in regulating cancer growth remains elusive. Here, we reported that MAPK6 directly activated AKT and induced oncogenic outcomes. MAPK6 interacted with AKT through its C34 region and the C-terminal tail and phosphorylated AKT at S473 independent of mTORC2, the major S473 kinase. mTOR kinase inhibitors have not made notable progress in the clinic. Our identified MAPK6-AKT axis may provide a major resistance pathway. Besides repressing growth, inhibiting MAPK6 sensitized cancer cells to mTOR kinase inhibitors. MAPK6 overexpression is associated with decreased overall survival and the survival of patients with lung adenocarcinoma, mesothelioma, uveal melanoma, and breast cancer. MAPK6 expression also correlated with AKT phosphorylation at S473 in human cancer tissues. We conclude that MAPK6 can promote cancer by activating AKT independent of mTORC2 and targeting MAPK6, either alone or in combination with mTOR blockade, may be effective in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinbo Cai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wolong Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bingning Dong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77070, USA
| | - Dong Han
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tao Shen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chad J. Creighton
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77070, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David D. Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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16
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Mathien S, Tesnière C, Meloche S. Regulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and Its Pharmacological Potential. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:263-296. [PMID: 34732541 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways that play essential roles in transducing extracellular environmental signals into diverse cellular responses to maintain homeostasis. These pathways are classically organized into an architecture of three sequentially acting protein kinases: a MAPK kinase kinase that phosphorylates and activates a MAPK kinase, which in turn phosphorylates and activates the effector MAPK. The activity of MAPKs is tightly regulated by phosphorylation of their activation loop, which can be modulated by positive and negative feedback mechanisms to control the amplitude and duration of the signal. The signaling outcomes of MAPK pathways are further regulated by interactions of MAPKs with scaffolding and regulatory proteins. Accumulating evidence indicates that, in addition to these mechanisms, MAPK signaling is commonly regulated by ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)-mediated control of the stability and abundance of MAPK pathway components. Notably, the biologic activity of some MAPKs appears to be regulated mainly at the level of protein turnover. Recent studies have started to explore the potential of targeted protein degradation as a powerful strategy to investigate the biologic functions of individual MAPK pathway components and as a new therapeutic approach to overcome resistance to current small-molecule kinase inhibitors. Here, we comprehensively review the mechanisms, physiologic importance, and pharmacological potential of UPS-mediated protein degradation in the control of MAPK signaling. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Accumulating evidence highlights the importance of targeted protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system in regulating and fine-tuning the signaling output of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Manipulating protein levels of MAPK cascade components may provide a novel approach for the development of selective pharmacological tools and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mathien
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Ma., C.T., S.Me.); and Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine (C.T., S.Me.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (S.Me.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chloé Tesnière
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Ma., C.T., S.Me.); and Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine (C.T., S.Me.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (S.Me.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Meloche
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Ma., C.T., S.Me.); and Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine (C.T., S.Me.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (S.Me.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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17
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Verma R, Sattar RSA, Nimisha, Apurva, Kumar A, Sharma AK, Sumi MP, Ahmad E, Ali A, Mahajan B, Saluja SS. Cross-talk between next generation sequencing methodologies to identify genomic signatures of esophageal cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 162:103348. [PMID: 33961993 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The asymptomatic behaviour of esophageal cancerous cells at early stages develops advanced clinical presentation of the disease, resulting in poor prognosis and curbed intervention of therapeutic modalities. The endeavours to detect diagnostic and prognostic markers have been proven futile at the clinical platform. While several biomarkers have been investigated, including CYFRA 21-1, carcinoembryonic antigen and squamous cell carcinoma antigen, their sensitivity has not proved consistently satisfactory across the various stages of esophageal cancer. Hence, there is an impending requirement of biomarkers for early diagnosis and better prognosis. In the recent past, next generation sequencing (NGS) tool has emerged as an important tool to highlight the hallmarks of esophageal cancer (EC). This review summarizes the changes/mutations occurred in tumor cells during carcinogenesis and addresses the contribution of NGS techniques, viz. whole genome sequencing (WGS), RNA-Sequencing and Exome sequencing (ES), in EC. Additionally, this review highlights the connection between the findings from these techniques. An effort has been made to emphasize the genes affected and involved signaling pathway in EC. Further, investigations of these mutated genes would not only shed light on the relevant genes to be studied but also help in the better management and cure through personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Verma
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Real Sumayya Abdul Sattar
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Nimisha
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Apurva
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Abhay Kumar Sharma
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Mamta Parveen Sumi
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Ejaj Ahmad
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Asgar Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS), Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Bhawna Mahajan
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India; Department of Biochemistry, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Sundeep Singh Saluja
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India; Department of GI Surgery, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India.
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18
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Europa TA, Nel M, Heckmann JM. Gene expression profiling of orbital muscles in treatment-resistant ophthalmoplegic myasthenia gravis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:346. [PMID: 33308266 PMCID: PMC7731744 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unbiased in silico approaches applied to genome-wide data prioritized putative functional gene variants associating with treatment-resistant ophthalmoplegic myasthenia gravis (OP-MG). Although altered expression of genes harbouring these variants, or associated pathways, were shown in patient-derived transdifferentiated-myocyte models, gene expression in orbital-derived muscle was required to test the validity of the predictions.
Methods We sampled orbicularis oculi muscle (OOM) and one paralysed extraocular muscle (EOM) from six individuals with OP-MG during blepharoptosis and re-alignment surgeries, respectively. For controls, the OOMs were sampled from four individuals without myasthenia undergoing surgery for non-muscle causes of ptosis, and one non-paralysed EOM. Using a qPCR array, expression of 120 genes was compared between OP-MG and control OOMs, profiling putative “OP-MG” genes, genes in related biological pathways and genes reported to be dysregulated in MG cases or experimental MG models, and in EOMs of cases with strabismus. Normalization was performed with two stable reference genes. Differential gene expression was compared between OP-MG and control samples using the ΔΔCT method. Co-expression was analysed by pairwise correlation of gene transcripts to infer expression networks.
Results Overall, transcript levels were similar in OOMs and EOMs (p = 0.72). In OOMs, significant downregulated expression of eight genes was observed in OP-MG cases compared with controls (> twofold; p ≤ 0.016), including TFAM, a mitochondrial transcription factor, and genes related to the following pathways: atrophy signalling; muscle regeneration and contraction; glycogen synthesis; and extracellular matrix remodelling. Several microRNAs, known to be highly expressed in EOMs, are predicted to regulate some of these genes. Co-expression analyses of gene-pairs suggested high interconnectedness of gene expression networks in OP-MG muscle, but not controls (r > 0.96, p < 0.01). Significant inverse directions of gene-pair correlations were noted in OP-MG versus controls OOM networks (r ≥ 0.92, p < 0.001) involving most OP-MG genes overlapping prominently with muscle atrophy/contractility and oxidative metabolism genes. Conclusions The gene expression in orbital muscles derived from OP-MG individuals compared with normal controls, support the pathogenic hypothesis previously generated from whole genome sequence analyses. Repression of gene transcripts in OP-MG orbital muscle implicate tissue-specific regulatory mechanisms, which may inform future biomarker discovery approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarin A Europa
- Neurology Research Group, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, E8-74, New Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.,UCT Neuroscience Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Melissa Nel
- Neurology Research Group, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, E8-74, New Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.,UCT Neuroscience Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jeannine M Heckmann
- Neurology Research Group, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, E8-74, New Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa. .,UCT Neuroscience Institute, Cape Town, South Africa.
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19
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Kassouf T, Sumara G. Impact of Conventional and Atypical MAPKs on the Development of Metabolic Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091256. [PMID: 32872540 PMCID: PMC7563211 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) consists of fourteen members and has been implicated in regulation of virtually all cellular processes. MAPKs are divided into two groups, conventional and atypical MAPKs. Conventional MAPKs are further classified into four sub-families: extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK1, 2 and 3), p38 (α, β, γ, δ), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5). Four kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3, 4, and 7 (ERK3, 4 and 7) as well as Nemo-like kinase (NLK) build a group of atypical MAPKs, which are activated by different upstream mechanisms than conventional MAPKs. Early studies identified JNK1/2 and ERK1/2 as well as p38α as a central mediators of inflammation-evoked insulin resistance. These kinases have been also implicated in the development of obesity and diabetes. Recently, other members of conventional MAPKs emerged as important mediators of liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and pancreatic β-cell metabolism. Moreover, latest studies indicate that atypical members of MAPK family play a central role in the regulation of adipose tissue function. In this review, we summarize early studies on conventional MAPKs as well as recent findings implicating previously ignored members of the MAPK family. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of drugs targeting specific members of the MAPK family.
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20
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Li R, Li P, Xing W, Qiu H. Heterogeneous genomic aberrations in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a review. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:1553-1568. [PMID: 32509161 PMCID: PMC7269976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) causes hundreds of thousands of deaths a year worldwide, especially the major subtype esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). With the advent of next-generation sequencing and the availability of commercial microarrays, abnormities in genetic levels have been revealed in various independent researches. High frequencies of structure variations (SVs), single nucleotide variations (SNVs) and copy-number alterations (CNAs) in ESCCs are uncovered, and ESCC shows high levels of inter- and intratumor heterogeneity, implying diverse evolutionary trajectories. This review tries to explain the pathogenesis of ESCC on the scope of most often mutated genes based on prior studies, hopes to offer some hints for diagnosis and therapy in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renling Li
- Quality and Standards Academy, Shenzhen Technology UniversityShenzhen 518060, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer HospitalZhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Wenqun Xing
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer HospitalZhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Huiling Qiu
- Quality and Standards Academy, Shenzhen Technology UniversityShenzhen 518060, China
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21
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Bogucka K, Pompaiah M, Marini F, Binder H, Harms G, Kaulich M, Klein M, Michel C, Radsak MP, Rosigkeit S, Grimminger P, Schild H, Rajalingam K. ERK3/MAPK6 controls IL-8 production and chemotaxis. eLife 2020; 9:52511. [PMID: 32314963 PMCID: PMC7192585 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ERK3 is a ubiquitously expressed member of the atypical mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the physiological significance of its short half-life remains unclear. By employing gastrointestinal 3D organoids, we detect that ERK3 protein levels steadily decrease during epithelial differentiation. ERK3 is not required for 3D growth of human gastric epithelium. However, ERK3 is stabilized and activated in tumorigenic cells, but deteriorates over time in primary cells in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). ERK3 is necessary for production of several cellular factors including interleukin-8 (IL-8), in both, normal and tumorigenic cells. Particularly, ERK3 is critical for AP-1 signaling through its interaction and regulation of c-Jun protein. The secretome of ERK3-deficient cells is defective in chemotaxis of neutrophils and monocytes both in vitro and in vivo. Further, knockdown of ERK3 reduces metastatic potential of invasive breast cancer cells. We unveil an ERK3-mediated regulation of IL-8 and epithelial secretome for chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bogucka
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Malvika Pompaiah
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Federico Marini
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Harald Binder
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gregory Harms
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Departments of Biology and Physics, Wilkes University, Wilkes Barre, United States
| | - Manuel Kaulich
- Gene Editing Group, Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias Klein
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Michel
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology, & Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus P Radsak
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology, & Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rosigkeit
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Grimminger
- Department of General, Visceral- and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Krishnaraj Rajalingam
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,University Cancer Center Mainz, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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22
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The adrenergic-induced ERK3 pathway drives lipolysis and suppresses energy dissipation. Genes Dev 2020; 34:495-510. [PMID: 32139423 PMCID: PMC7111262 DOI: 10.1101/gad.333617.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, El-Merahbi et al. investigated new regulators of lipolysis, and using a high-throughput screen identified the extracellular-regulated kinase 3 (ERK3) in lipolysis regulation. They identified a downstream target of the ERK3/MK5 pathway, the transcription factor FOXO1, which promotes expression of the major lipolytic enzyme ATGL, and provide evidence that targeted deletion of ERK3 in mouse adipocytes inhibits lipolysis. Obesity-induced diabetes affects >400 million people worldwide. Uncontrolled lipolysis (free fatty acid release from adipocytes) can contribute to diabetes and obesity. To identify future therapeutic avenues targeting this pathway, we performed a high-throughput screen and identified the extracellular-regulated kinase 3 (ERK3) as a hit. We demonstrated that β-adrenergic stimulation stabilizes ERK3, leading to the formation of a complex with the cofactor MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 5 (MK5), thereby driving lipolysis. Mechanistically, we identified a downstream target of the ERK3/MK5 pathway, the transcription factor FOXO1, which promotes the expression of the major lipolytic enzyme ATGL. Finally, we provide evidence that targeted deletion of ERK3 in mouse adipocytes inhibits lipolysis, but elevates energy dissipation, promoting lean phenotype and ameliorating diabetes. Thus, ERK3/MK5 represents a previously unrecognized signaling axis in adipose tissue and an attractive target for future therapies aiming to combat obesity-induced diabetes.
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23
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Coulombe P, Nassar J, Peiffer I, Stanojcic S, Sterkers Y, Delamarre A, Bocquet S, Méchali M. The ORC ubiquitin ligase OBI1 promotes DNA replication origin firing. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2426. [PMID: 31160578 PMCID: PMC6547688 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10321-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication initiation is a two-step process. During the G1-phase of the cell cycle, the ORC complex, CDC6, CDT1, and MCM2-7 assemble at replication origins, forming pre-replicative complexes (pre-RCs). In S-phase, kinase activities allow fork establishment through (CDC45/MCM2-7/GINS) CMG-complex formation. However, only a subset of all potential origins becomes activated, through a poorly understood selection mechanism. Here we analyse the pre-RC proteomic interactome in human cells and find C13ORF7/RNF219 (hereafter called OBI1, for ORC-ubiquitin-ligase-1) associated with the ORC complex. OBI1 silencing result in defective origin firing, as shown by reduced CMG formation, without affecting pre-RC establishment. OBI1 catalyses the multi-mono-ubiquitylation of a subset of chromatin-bound ORC3 and ORC5 during S-phase. Importantly, expression of non-ubiquitylable ORC3/5 mutants impairs origin firing, demonstrating their relevance as OBI1 substrates for origin firing. Our results identify a ubiquitin signalling pathway involved in origin activation and provide a candidate protein for selecting the origins to be fired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Coulombe
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002, CNRS-Université de Montpellier, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396, Montpellier, France.
| | - Joelle Nassar
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002, CNRS-Université de Montpellier, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Peiffer
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002, CNRS-Université de Montpellier, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396, Montpellier, France
| | - Slavica Stanojcic
- CNRS 5290 - IRD 224 - University of Montpellier (UMR "MiVEGEC"), 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Yvon Sterkers
- CNRS 5290 - IRD 224 - University of Montpellier (UMR "MiVEGEC"), 34090, Montpellier, France.,University Hospital Centre (CHU), Department of Parasitology-Mycology, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Axel Delamarre
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002, CNRS-Université de Montpellier, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Bocquet
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002, CNRS-Université de Montpellier, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396, Montpellier, France
| | - Marcel Méchali
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002, CNRS-Université de Montpellier, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396, Montpellier, France.
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24
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Strowitzki MJ, Cummins EP, Taylor CT. Protein Hydroxylation by Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) Hydroxylases: Unique or Ubiquitous? Cells 2019; 8:cells8050384. [PMID: 31035491 PMCID: PMC6562979 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
All metazoans that utilize molecular oxygen (O2) for metabolic purposes have the capacity to adapt to hypoxia, the condition that arises when O2 demand exceeds supply. This is mediated through activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway. At physiological oxygen levels (normoxia), HIF-prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) hydroxylate proline residues on HIF-α subunits leading to their destabilization by promoting ubiquitination by the von-Hippel Lindau (VHL) ubiquitin ligase and subsequent proteasomal degradation. HIF-α transactivation is also repressed in an O2-dependent way due to asparaginyl hydroxylation by the factor-inhibiting HIF (FIH). In hypoxia, the O2-dependent hydroxylation of HIF-α subunits by PHDs and FIH is reduced, resulting in HIF-α accumulation, dimerization with HIF-β and migration into the nucleus to induce an adaptive transcriptional response. Although HIFs are the canonical substrates for PHD- and FIH-mediated protein hydroxylation, increasing evidence indicates that these hydroxylases may also have alternative targets. In addition to PHD-conferred alterations in protein stability, there is now evidence that hydroxylation can affect protein activity and protein/protein interactions for alternative substrates. PHDs can be pharmacologically inhibited by a new class of drugs termed prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors which have recently been approved for the treatment of anemia associated with chronic kidney disease. The identification of alternative targets of HIF hydroxylases is important in order to fully elucidate the pharmacology of hydroxylase inhibitors (PHI). Despite significant technical advances, screening, detection and verification of alternative functional targets for PHDs and FIH remain challenging. In this review, we discuss recently proposed non-HIF targets for PHDs and FIH and provide an overview of the techniques used to identify these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz J Strowitzki
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Eoin P Cummins
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Cormac T Taylor
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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25
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Reevaluation of the Role of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 3 in Perinatal Survival and Postnatal Growth Using New Genetically Engineered Mouse Models. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:MCB.00527-18. [PMID: 30642949 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00527-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological functions of the atypical mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3 (ERK3) remain poorly characterized. Previous analysis of mice with a targeted insertion of the lacZ reporter in the Mapk6 locus (Mapk6lacZ ) showed that inactivation of ERK3 in Mapk6lacZ mice leads to perinatal lethality associated with intrauterine growth restriction, defective lung maturation, and neuromuscular anomalies. To further explore the role of ERK3 in physiology and disease, we generated novel mouse models expressing a catalytically inactive (Mapk6KD ) or conditional (Mapk6Δ ) allele of ERK3. Surprisingly, we found that mice devoid of ERK3 kinase activity or expression survive the perinatal period without any observable lung or neuromuscular phenotype. ERK3 mutant mice reached adulthood, were fertile, and showed no apparent health problem. However, analysis of growth curves revealed that ERK3 kinase activity is necessary for optimal postnatal growth. To gain insight into the genetic basis underlying the discrepancy in phenotypes of different Mapk6 mutant mouse models, we analyzed the regulation of genes flanking the Mapk6 locus by quantitative PCR. We found that the expression of several Mapk6 neighboring genes is deregulated in Mapk6lacZ mice but not in Mapk6KD or Mapk6Δ mutant mice. Our genetic analysis suggests that off-target effects of the targeting construct on local gene expression are responsible for the perinatal lethality phenotype of Mapk6lacZ mutant mice.
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26
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Chen M, Myers AK, Markey MP, Long W. The atypical MAPK ERK3 potently suppresses melanoma cell growth and invasiveness. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:13220-13232. [PMID: 30569573 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (MAPK6) represents an atypical MAPK also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3 (ERK3), which has been shown to play roles in cell motility and metastasis. ERK3 promotes migration and invasion of lung cancer cells and head and neck cancer cells by regulating the expression and/or activity of proteins involved in cancer progression. For instance, ERK3 upregulates matrix metallopeptidases and thereby promotes cancer cell invasiveness, and it phosphorylates tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2, thereby enhancing chemoresistance in lung cancer. Here we discovered that ERK3 plays a converse role in melanoma. We observed that BRAF, an oncogenic Ser/Thr kinase, upregulates ERK3 expression levels by increasing both ERK3 messenger RNA levels and protein stability. Interestingly, although BRAF's kinase activity was required for upregulating ERK3 gene transcription, BRAF stabilized ERK3 protein in a kinase-independent fashion. We further demonstrate that ERK3 inhibits the migration, proliferation and colony formation of melanoma cells. In line with this, high level of ERK3 predicted increased survival among patients with melanomas. Taken together, these results indicate that ERK3 acts as a potent suppressor of melanoma cell growth and invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Amanda K Myers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Michael P Markey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Weiwen Long
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
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27
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Wu F, Mo Q, Wan X, Dan J, Hu H. NEAT1/hsa-mir-98-5p/MAPK6 axis is involved in non-small-cell lung cancer development. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:2836-2846. [PMID: 29095526 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) or microRNAs belong to the two most important noncoding RNAs and they are involved in a lot of cancers, including non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Therefore, currently, we focused on the biological and clinical significance of lncRNA nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1) and hsa-mir-98-5p in NSCLC. It was observed that NEAT1 was upregulated while hsa-mir-98-5p was downregulated respectively in NSCLC cell lines compared to human normal lung epithelial BES-2B cells. Inhibition of NEAT1 can suppress the progression of NSCLC cells and hsa-mir-98-5p can reverse this phenomenon. Bioinformatics search was used to elucidate the correlation between NEAT1 and hsa-mir-98-5p. Additionally, a novel messenger RNA target of hsa-mir-98-5p, mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (MAPK6), was predicted. Overexpression and knockdown studies were conducted to verify whether NEAT1 exhibits its biological functions through regulating hsa-mir-98-5p and MAPK6 in vitro. NEAT1 was able to increase MAPK6 expression and hsa-mir-98-5p mimics can inhibit MAPK6 via downregulating NEAT1 levels. We speculated that NEAT1 may act as a competing endogenous lncRNA to upregulate MAPK6 by attaching hsa-mir-98-5p in lung cancers. Taken these together, NEAT1/hsa-mir-98-5p/MAPK6 is involved in the development and progress in NSCLC. NEAT1 could be recommended as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic indicator in NSCLC diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feima Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xianning Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Qiang Mo
- Department of Emergency, Xianning Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Xiaoling Wan
- Department of Emergency, Xianning Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Jialong Dan
- Department of ICU, Xianning Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Haibo Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huai'an Second People's Hospital, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, China
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28
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Takahashi C, Miyatake K, Kusakabe M, Nishida E. The atypical mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK3 is essential for establishment of epithelial architecture. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8342-8361. [PMID: 29674317 PMCID: PMC5986203 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelia contribute to physical barriers that protect internal tissues from the external environment and also support organ structure. Accordingly, establishment and maintenance of epithelial architecture are essential for both embryonic development and adult physiology. Here, using gene knockout and knockdown techniques along with gene profiling, we show that extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3 (ERK3), a poorly characterized atypical mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), regulates the epithelial architecture in vertebrates. We found that in Xenopus embryonic epidermal epithelia, ERK3 knockdown impairs adherens and tight-junction protein distribution, as well as tight-junction barrier function, resulting in epidermal breakdown. Moreover, in human epithelial breast cancer cells, inhibition of ERK3 expression induced thickened epithelia with aberrant adherens and tight junctions. Results from microarray analyses suggested that transcription factor AP-2α (TFAP2A), a transcriptional regulator important for epithelial gene expression, is involved in ERK3-dependent changes in gene expression. Of note, TFAP2A knockdown phenocopied ERK3 knockdown in both Xenopus embryos and human cells, and ERK3 was required for full activation of TFAP2A-dependent transcription. Our findings reveal that ERK3 regulates epithelial architecture, possibly together with TFAP2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Takahashi
- From the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan and
| | - Koichi Miyatake
- From the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan and
| | - Morioh Kusakabe
- From the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan and
| | - Eisuke Nishida
- From the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan and
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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29
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Sahadevan P, Allen BG. MK5: A novel regulator of cardiac fibroblast function? IUBMB Life 2017; 69:785-794. [PMID: 28941148 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
MAP kinase-activated protein kinases (MKs), protein serine/threonine kinases downstream of the MAPKs, regulate a number of biological functions. MK5 was initially identified as a substrate for p38 MAPK but subsequent studies revealed that MK5 activity is regulated by atypical MAPKs ERK3 and ERK4. However, the roles of these MAPKs in activating MK5 remain controversial. The interactome and physiological function of MK5 are just beginning to be understood. Here, we provide an overview of the structure-function of MK5 including recent progress in determining its role in cardiac structure and function. The cardiac phenotype of MK5 haplodeficient mice, and the effect of reduced MK5 expression on cardiac remodeling, is also discussed. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(10):785-794, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Sahadevan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal and Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Bruce G Allen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal and Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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30
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Tan J, Yang L, Liu C, Yan Z. MicroRNA-26a targets MAPK6 to inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation and vein graft neointimal hyperplasia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46602. [PMID: 28429763 PMCID: PMC5399463 DOI: 10.1038/srep46602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neointima formation is the major reason for vein graft failure. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the role of miR-26a in the development of neointimal hyperplasia of autogenous vein grafts. Using autologous jugular vein grafts in the rat carotid artery as a model, we found that miR-26a was significantly downregulated in grafted veins as well as proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB). Overexpression of miR-26a reduced the proliferation and migration of VSMCs. Further analysis revealed that the effects of miR-26a in VSMCs were mediated by targeting MAPK6 at the mRNA and protein levels. Luciferase assays showed that miR-26a repressed wild type (WT) MAPK6-3′-UTR-luciferase activity but not mutant MAPK6-3′-UTR-luciferease reporter. MAPK6 deficiency reduced proliferation and migration; in contrast, overexpression of MAPK6 enhanced the proliferation and migration of VSMCs. This study confirmed that neointimal hyperplasia in vein grafts was reduced in vivo by up-regulated miR-26a expression. In conclusion, our results showed that miR-26a is an important regulator of VSMC functions and neointimal hyperplasia, suggesting that miR-26a may be a potential therapeutic target for autologous vein graft diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Tan
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Liguo Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University afliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, Shanghai, 201400, P. R. China
| | - Cuicui Liu
- Central laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University afliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, Shanghai, 201400, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Yan
- Central laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University afliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, Shanghai, 201400, P. R. China
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31
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Deubiquitinating Enzyme USP20 Regulates Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 3 Stability and Biological Activity. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00432-16. [PMID: 28167606 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00432-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3 (ERK3) is an atypical mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) whose regulatory mechanisms and biological functions remain superficially understood. Contrary to most protein kinases, ERK3 is a highly unstable protein that is subject to dynamic regulation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. However, the effectors that control ERK3 ubiquitination and degradation are unknown. In this study, we carried out an unbiased functional loss-of-function screen of the human deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) family and identified ubiquitin-specific protease 20 (USP20) as a novel ERK3 regulator. USP20 interacts with and deubiquitinates ERK3 both in vitro and in intact cells. The overexpression of USP20 results in the stabilization and accumulation of the ERK3 protein, whereas USP20 depletion reduces the levels of ERK3. We found that the expression levels of ERK3 correlate with those of USP20 in various cellular contexts. Importantly, we show that USP20 regulates actin cytoskeleton organization and cell migration in a manner dependent on ERK3 expression. Our results identify USP20 as a bona fide regulator of ERK3 stability and physiological functions.
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32
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Elkhadragy L, Chen M, Miller K, Yang MH, Long W. A regulatory BMI1/let-7i/ERK3 pathway controls the motility of head and neck cancer cells. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:194-207. [PMID: 28079973 PMCID: PMC5288292 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 3 (ERK3) is an atypical mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), whose biological activity is tightly regulated by its cellular abundance. Recent studies have revealed that ERK3 is upregulated in multiple cancers and promotes cancer cell migration/invasion and drug resistance. Little is known, however, about how ERK3 expression level is upregulated in cancers. Here, we have identified the oncogenic polycomb group protein BMI1 as a positive regulator of ERK3 level in head and neck cancer cells. Mechanistically, BMI1 upregulates ERK3 expression by suppressing the tumor suppressive microRNA (miRNA) let‐7i, which directly targets ERK3 mRNA. ERK3 then acts as an important downstream mediator of BMI1 in promoting cancer cell migration. Importantly, ERK3 protein level is positively correlated with BMI1 level in head and neck tumor specimens of human patients. Taken together, our study revealed a molecular pathway consisting of BMI1, miRNA let‐7i, and ERK3, which controls the migration of head and neck cancer cells, and suggests that ERK3 kinase is a potential new therapeutic target in head and neck cancers, particularly those with BMI1 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lobna Elkhadragy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Minyi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Kennon Miller
- Department of Pathology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Muh-Hwa Yang
- Institute of Clinic Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Weiwen Long
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
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33
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Al-Mahdi R, Babteen N, Thillai K, Holt M, Johansen B, Wetting HL, Seternes OM, Wells CM. A novel role for atypical MAPK kinase ERK3 in regulating breast cancer cell morphology and migration. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 9:483-94. [PMID: 26588708 PMCID: PMC4955959 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2015.1112485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ERK3 is an atypical Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK6). Despite the fact that the Erk3 gene was originally identified in 1991, its function is still unknown. MK5 (MAP kinase- activated protein kinase 5) also called PRAK is the only known substrate for ERK3. Recently, it was found that group I p21 protein activated kinases (PAKs) are critical effectors of ERK3. PAKs link Rho family of GTPases to actin cytoskeletal dynamics and are known to be involved in the regulation of cell adhesion and migration. In this study we demonstrate that ERK3 protein levels are elevated as MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells adhere to collagen I which is concomitant with changes in cellular morphology where cells become less well spread following nascent adhesion formation. During this early cellular adhesion event we observe that the cells retain protrusive activity while reducing overall cellular area. Interestingly exogenous expression of ERK3 delivers a comparable reduction in cell spread area, while depletion of ERK3 expression increases cell spread area. Importantly, we have detected a novel specific endogenous ERK3 localization at the cell periphery. Furthermore we find that ERK3 overexpressing cells exhibit a rounded morphology and increased cell migration speed. Surprisingly, exogenous expression of a kinase inactive mutant of ERK3 phenocopies ERK3 overexpression, suggesting a novel kinase independent function for ERK3. Taken together our data suggest that as cells initiate adhesion to matrix increasing levels of ERK3 at the cell periphery are required to orchestrate cell morphology changes which can then drive migratory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Al-Mahdi
- a Department of Pharmacy ; UiT The Arctic University of Norway ; Tromsø , Norway
| | - Nouf Babteen
- b Division of Cancer Studies; New Hunts House ; Guy's Campus; King's College London ; London , UK
| | - Kiruthikah Thillai
- b Division of Cancer Studies; New Hunts House ; Guy's Campus; King's College London ; London , UK
| | - Mark Holt
- c Randall Division for Cell and Molecular Biophysics and Cardiovascular Division; King's College London ; London , UK
| | - Bjarne Johansen
- a Department of Pharmacy ; UiT The Arctic University of Norway ; Tromsø , Norway
| | - Hilde Ljones Wetting
- a Department of Pharmacy ; UiT The Arctic University of Norway ; Tromsø , Norway
| | - Ole-Morten Seternes
- a Department of Pharmacy ; UiT The Arctic University of Norway ; Tromsø , Norway
| | - Claire M Wells
- b Division of Cancer Studies; New Hunts House ; Guy's Campus; King's College London ; London , UK
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34
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Pew BK, Harris RA, Sbrana E, Guaman MC, Shope C, Chen R, Meloche S, Aagaard K. Structural and transcriptomic response to antenatal corticosteroids in an Erk3-null mouse model of respiratory distress. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 215:384.e1-384.e89. [PMID: 27143398 PMCID: PMC5003661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants is a leading cause of neonatal death. Pulmonary insufficiency-related infant mortality rates have improved with antenatal glucocorticoid treatment and neonatal surfactant replacement. However, the mechanism of glucocorticoid-promoted fetal lung maturation is not understood fully, despite decades of clinical use. We previously have shown that genetic deletion of Erk3 in mice results in growth restriction, cyanosis, and early neonatal lethality because of pulmonary immaturity and respiratory distress. Recently, we demonstrated that the addition of postnatal surfactant administration to antenatal dexamethasone treatment resulted in enhanced survival of neonatal Erk3-null mice. OBJECTIVE To better understand the molecular underpinnings of corticosteroid-mediated lung maturation, we used high-throughput transcriptomic and high-resolution morphologic analysis of the murine fetal lung. We sought to examine the alterations in fetal lung structure and function that are associated with neonatal respiratory distress and antenatal glucocorticoid treatment. STUDY DESIGN Dexamethasone (0.4 mg/kg) or saline solution was administered to pregnant dams on embryonic days 16.5 and 17.5. Fetal lungs were collected and analyzed by microCT and RNA-seq for differential gene expression and pathway interactions with genotype and treatment. Results from transcriptomic analysis guided further investigation of candidate genes with the use of immunostaining in murine and human fetal lung tissue. RESULTS Erk3(-/-) mice exhibited atelectasis with decreased overall porosity and saccular space relative to wild type, which was ameliorated by glucocorticoid treatment. Of 596 differentially expressed genes (q < 0.05) that were detected by RNA-seq, pathway analysis revealed 36 genes (q < 0.05) interacting with dexamethasone, several with roles in lung development, which included corticotropin-releasing hormone and surfactant protein B. Corticotropin-releasing hormone protein was detected in wild-type and Erk3(-/-) lungs at E14.5, with significantly temporally altered expression through embryonic day 18.5. Antenatal dexamethasone attenuated corticotropin-releasing hormone at embryonic day 18.5 in both wild-type and Erk3(-/-) lungs (0.56-fold and 0.67-fold; P < .001). Wild type mice responded to glucocorticoid administration with increased pulmonary surfactant protein B (P = .003). In contrast, dexamethasone treatment in Erk3(-/-) mice resulted in decreased surfactant protein B (P = .012). In human validation studies, we confirmed that corticotropin-releasing hormone protein is present in the fetal lung at 18 weeks of gestation and increases in expression with progression towards viability (22 weeks of gestation; P < .01). CONCLUSION Characterization of whole transcriptome gene expression revealed glucocorticoid-mediated regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone and surfactant protein B via Erk3-independent and -dependent mechanisms, respectively. We demonstrated for the first time the expression and temporal regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone protein in midtrimester human fetal lung. This unique model allows the effects of corticosteroids on fetal pulmonary morphologic condition to be distinguished from functional gene pathway regulation. These findings implicate Erk3 as a potentially important molecular mediator of antenatal glucocorticoid action in promoting surfactant protein production in the preterm neonatal lung and expanding our understanding of key mechanisms of clinical therapy to improve neonatal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden K Pew
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - R Alan Harris
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Elena Sbrana
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch-Galveston, Galveston, TX
| | - Milenka Cuevas Guaman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Cynthia Shope
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Sylvain Meloche
- Institute de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie, Universite de Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kjersti Aagaard
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
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Kozma E, Nikić I, Varga BR, Aramburu IV, Kang JH, Fackler OT, Lemke EA, Kele P. Hydrophilic trans-Cyclooctenylated Noncanonical Amino Acids for Fast Intracellular Protein Labeling. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1518-24. [PMID: 27223658 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of bioorthogonal functionalities (e.g., trans-cyclooctene-TCO) into a protein of interest by site-specific genetic encoding of non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) creates uniquely targetable platforms for fluorescent labeling schemes in combination with tetrazine-functionalized dyes. However, fluorescent labeling of an intracellular protein is usually compromised by high background, arising from the hydrophobicity of ncAAs; this is typically compensated for by hours-long washout to remove excess ncAAs from the cellular interior. To overcome these problems, we designed, synthesized, and tested new, hydrophilic TCO-ncAAs. One derivative, DOTCO-lysine was genetically incorporated into proteins with good yield. The increased hydrophilicity shortened the excess ncAA washout time from hours to minutes, thus permitting rapid labeling and subsequent fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Kozma
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ivana Nikić
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Balázs R Varga
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Iker Valle Aramburu
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jun Hee Kang
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver T Fackler
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Edward A Lemke
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Péter Kele
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
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Rodriguez J, Pilkington R, Garcia Munoz A, Nguyen LK, Rauch N, Kennedy S, Monsefi N, Herrero A, Taylor CT, von Kriegsheim A. Substrate-Trapped Interactors of PHD3 and FIH Cluster in Distinct Signaling Pathways. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2745-60. [PMID: 26972000 PMCID: PMC4805855 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid hydroxylation is a post-translational modification that regulates intra- and inter-molecular protein-protein interactions. The modifications are regulated by a family of 2-oxoglutarate- (2OG) dependent enzymes and, although the biochemistry is well understood, until now only a few substrates have been described for these enzymes. Using quantitative interaction proteomics, we screened for substrates of the proline hydroxylase PHD3 and the asparagine hydroxylase FIH, which regulate the HIF-mediated hypoxic response. We were able to identify hundreds of potential substrates. Enrichment analysis revealed that the potential substrates of both hydroxylases cluster in the same pathways but frequently modify different nodes of signaling networks. We confirm that two proteins identified in our screen, MAPK6 (Erk3) and RIPK4, are indeed hydroxylated in a FIH- or PHD3-dependent mechanism. We further determined that FIH-dependent hydroxylation regulates RIPK4-dependent Wnt signaling, and that PHD3-dependent hydroxylation of MAPK6 protects the protein from proteasomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rodriguez
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Ruth Pilkington
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | - Lan K Nguyen
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Nora Rauch
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Susan Kennedy
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Naser Monsefi
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ana Herrero
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Cormac T Taylor
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Alex von Kriegsheim
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK.
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Aredia F, Malatesta M, Veneroni P, Bottone MG. Analysis of ERK3 intracellular localization: dynamic distribution during mitosis and apoptosis. Eur J Histochem 2015; 59:2571. [PMID: 26708186 PMCID: PMC4698618 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2015.2571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1, 2 and 3 are involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, and apoptosis; although ERK1/2 have been widely studied, limited knowledge on ERK3 is available. The present work aimed at investigating ERK3 distribution during cell cycle and apoptosis in human tumor HeLa cells. The analysis performed by double immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy revealed that during interphase ERK3 is mainly resident in the nucleoplasm in association with ribonuclear proteins involved in early pre-mRNA splicing, it undergoes cell cycle-dependent redistribution and, during apoptosis, it remains in the nucleus in the form of massive nuclear aggregates, then moves to the cytoplasm and is finally extruded.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Aredia
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare CNR; Università di Pavia.
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38
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Mitula F, Tajdel M, Cieśla A, Kasprowicz-Maluśki A, Kulik A, Babula-Skowrońska D, Michalak M, Dobrowolska G, Sadowski J, Ludwików A. Arabidopsis ABA-Activated Kinase MAPKKK18 is Regulated by Protein Phosphatase 2C ABI1 and the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:2351-67. [PMID: 26443375 PMCID: PMC4675898 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events play an important role in the transmission of the ABA signal. Although SnRK2 [sucrose non-fermenting1-related kinase2] protein kinases and group A protein phosphatase type 2C (PP2C)-type phosphatases constitute the core ABA pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are also involved in plant response to ABA. However, little is known about the interplay between MAPKs and PP2Cs or SnRK2 in the regulation of ABA pathways. In this study, an effort was made to elucidate the role of MAP kinase kinase kinase18 (MKKK18) in relation to ABA signaling and response. The MKKK18 knockout lines showed more vigorous root growth, decreased abaxial stomatal index and increased stomatal aperture under normal growth conditions, compared with the control wild-type Columbia line. In addition to transcriptional regulation of the MKKK18 promoter by ABA, we demonstrated using in vitro and in vivo kinase assays that the kinase activity of MKKK18 was regulated by ABA. Analysis of the cellular localization of MKKK18 showed that the active kinase was targeted specifically to the nucleus. Notably, we identified abscisic acid insensitive 1 (ABI1) PP2C as a MKKK18-interacting protein, and demonstrated that ABI1 inhibited its activity. Using a cell-free degradation assay, we also established that MKKK18 was unstable and was degraded by the proteasome pathway. The rate of MKKK18 degradation was delayed in the ABI1 knockout line. Overall, we provide evidence that ABI1 regulates the activity and promotes proteasomal degradation of MKKK18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Mitula
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Tajdel
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Agata Cieśla
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Kasprowicz-Maluśki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Kulik
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Michal Michalak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Grazyna Dobrowolska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Sadowski
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ludwików
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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Wang W, Bian K, Vallabhaneni S, Zhang B, Wu RC, O'Malley BW, Long W. ERK3 promotes endothelial cell functions by upregulating SRC-3/SP1-mediated VEGFR2 expression. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:1529-37. [PMID: 24585635 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite a regain of interest recently in ERK3 kinase signaling, the molecular regulations of both ERK3 gene expression and protein kinase activity are still largely unknown. While it is shown that disruption of ERK3 gene causes neonatal lethality, cell type-specific functions of ERK3 signaling remain to be explored. In this study, we report that ERK3 gene expression is upregulated by cytokines through c-Jun in endothelial cells; c-Jun binds to the ERK3 gene and regulates its transcription. We further reveal a new role for ERK3 in regulating endothelial cell migration, proliferation and tube formation by upregulating SRC-3/SP-1-mediated VEGFR2 expression. The underlying molecular mechanism involves ERK3-stimulated formation of a transcriptional complex involving coactivator SRC-3, transcription factor SP-1 and the secondary coactivator CBP. Taken together, our study identified a molecular regulatory mechanism of ERK3 gene expression and revealed a previously unknown role of ERK3 in regulating endothelial cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas
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40
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The catalytic activity of the mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3 is required to sustain CD4+ CD8+ thymocyte survival. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:3374-87. [PMID: 25002529 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01701-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3 (ERK3) is an atypical member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family whose function is largely unknown. Given the central role of MAPKs in T cell development, we hypothesized that ERK3 may regulate thymocyte development. Here we have shown that ERK3 deficiency leads to a 50% reduction in CD4(+) CD8(+) (DP) thymocyte number. Analysis of hematopoietic chimeras revealed that the reduction in DP thymocytes is intrinsic to hematopoietic cells. We found that early thymic progenitors seed the Erk3(-/-) thymus and can properly differentiate and proliferate to generate DP thymocytes. However, ERK3 deficiency results in a decrease in the DP thymocyte half-life, associated with a higher level of apoptosis. As a consequence, ERK3-deficient DP thymocytes are impaired in their ability to make successful secondary T cell receptor alpha (TCRα) gene rearrangement. Introduction of an already rearranged TCR transgene restores thymic cell number. We further show that knock-in of a catalytically inactive allele of Erk3 fails to rescue the loss of DP thymocytes. Our results uncover a unique role for ERK3, dependent on its kinase activity, during T cell development and show that this atypical MAPK is essential to sustain DP survival during RAG-mediated rearrangements.
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41
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Moens U, Kostenko S. Structure and function of MK5/PRAK: the loner among the mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinases. Biol Chem 2014; 394:1115-32. [PMID: 23729623 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are important signal transduction pathways that control pivotal cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, survival, apoptosis, gene regulation, and motility. MAPK pathways consist of a relay of consecutive phosphorylation events exerted by MAPK kinase kinases, MAPK kinases, and MAPKs. Conventional MAPKs are characterized by a conserved Thr-X-Tyr motif in the activation loop of the kinase domain, while atypical MAPKs lack this motif and do not seem to be organized into the classical three-tiered kinase cascade. One functional group of conventional and atypical MAPK substrates consists of protein kinases known as MAPK-activated protein kinases. Eleven mammalian MAPK-activated protein kinases have been identified, and they are divided into five subgroups: the ribosomal-S6-kinases RSK1-4, the MAPK-interacting kinases MNK1 and 2, the mitogen- and stress-activated kinases MSK1 and 2, the MAPK-activated protein kinases MK2 and 3, and the MAPK-activated protein kinase MK5 (also referred to as PRAK). MK5/PRAK is the only MAPK-activated protein kinase that is a substrate for both conventional and atypical MAPK, while all other MAPKAPKs are exclusively phosphorylated by conventional MAPKs. This review focuses on the structure, activation, substrates, functions, and possible implications of MK5/PRAK in malignant and nonmalignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Moens
- University of Tromsø Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Biology, Molecular Inflammation Research Group, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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42
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Comparative molecular dynamics simulations of mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 5. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:4878-902. [PMID: 24651460 PMCID: PMC3975429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15034878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase MK5 is a substrate of the mitogen-activated protein kinases p38, ERK3 and ERK4. Cell culture and animal studies have demonstrated that MK5 is involved in tumour suppression and promotion, embryogenesis, anxiety, cell motility and cell cycle regulation. In the present study, homology models of MK5 were used for molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of: (1) MK5 alone; (2) MK5 in complex with an inhibitor; and (3) MK5 in complex with the interaction partner p38α. The calculations showed that the inhibitor occupied the active site and disrupted the intramolecular network of amino acids. However, intramolecular interactions consistent with an inactive protein kinase fold were not formed. MD with p38α showed that not only the p38 docking region, but also amino acids in the activation segment, αH helix, P-loop, regulatory phosphorylation region and the C-terminal of MK5 may be involved in forming a very stable MK5-p38α complex, and that p38α binding decreases the residual fluctuation of the MK5 model. Electrostatic Potential Surface (EPS) calculations of MK5 and p38α showed that electrostatic interactions are important for recognition and binding.
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Marquis M, Boulet S, Mathien S, Rousseau J, Thébault P, Daudelin JF, Rooney J, Turgeon B, Beauchamp C, Meloche S, Labrecque N. The non-classical MAP kinase ERK3 controls T cell activation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86681. [PMID: 24475167 PMCID: PMC3903551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK1 and ERK2 are activated upon stimulation of cells with a broad range of extracellular signals (including antigens) allowing cellular responses to occur. ERK3 is an atypical member of the MAPK family with highest homology to ERK1/2. Therefore, we evaluated the role of ERK3 in mature T cell response. Mouse resting T cells do not transcribe ERK3 but its expression is induced in both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells following T cell receptor (TCR)-induced T cell activation. This induction of ERK3 expression in T lymphocytes requires activation of the classical MAPK ERK1 and ERK2. Moreover, ERK3 protein is phosphorylated and associates with MK5 in activated primary T cells. We show that ERK3-deficient T cells have a decreased proliferation rate and are impaired in cytokine secretion following in vitro stimulation with low dose of anti-CD3 antibodies. Our findings identify the atypical MAPK ERK3 as a new and important regulator of TCR-induced T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Marquis
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Salix Boulet
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon Mathien
- Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Justine Rousseau
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Biology, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paméla Thébault
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Julie Rooney
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benjamin Turgeon
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Biology, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Sylvain Meloche
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Biology, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Labrecque
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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A spontaneous Cdt1 mutation in 129 mouse strains reveals a regulatory domain restraining replication licensing. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2065. [PMID: 23817338 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdt1 is required for loading the replicative DNA helicase MCM2/7, a process known as DNA replication licensing. Here we show that 129 mouse strains express a Cdt1 mutated allele with enhanced licensing activity. The mutation, named Δ(6)PEST, involves a six-amino acid deletion within a previously uncharacterized PEST-like domain. Cdt1 Δ(6)PEST and more extensive deletions exhibit increased re-replication and transformation activities that are independent of the Geminin and E3 ligase pathways. This PEST domain negatively regulates cell cycle-dependent chromatin recruitment of Cdt1 in G2/M phases of the cell cycle. Mass spectrometry analysis indicates that Cdt1 is phosphorylated at sites within the deleted PEST domain during mitosis. This study reveals a conserved new regulatory Cdt1 domain crucial for proper DNA licensing activity and suggests a mechanism by which the presence of Cdt1 in G2/M phases does not lead to premature origin licensing. These results also question the usage of 129 mouse strains for knockout analyses.
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Endoplasmic reticulum-associated ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ube2j1 is a novel substrate of MK2 (MAPKAP kinase-2) involved in MK2-mediated TNFα production. Biochem J 2013; 456:163-72. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20130755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase MK2 phosphorylates the endoplasmic reticulum-associated ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ube2j1 under various stress conditions and during the innate immune response in macrophages. Although its apparent enzyme activity stays unaltered, Ube2j1 contributes to MK2-dependent biosynthesis of tumour necrosis factor α.
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46
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Lindin I, Wuxiuer Y, Kufareva I, Abagyan R, Moens U, Sylte I, Ravna AW. Homology modeling and ligand docking of Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 5 (MK5). Theor Biol Med Model 2013; 10:56. [PMID: 24034446 PMCID: PMC3848485 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-10-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 5 (MK5) is involved in one of the major signaling pathways in cells, the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. MK5 was discovered in 1998 by the groups of Houng Ni and Ligou New, and was found to be highly conserved throughout the vertebrates. Studies, both in vivo and in vitro, have shown that it is implicated in tumor suppression as well as tumor promotion, embryogenesis, anxiety, locomotion, cell motility and cell cycle regulation. METHODS In order to obtain a molecular model of MK5 that can be used as a working tool for development of chemical probes, three MK5 models were constructed and refined based on three different known crystal structures of the closely related MKs; MK2 [PDB: 2OZA and PDB: 3M2W] and MK3 [PDB: 3FHR]. The main purpose of the present MK5 molecular modeling study was to identify the best suited template for making a MK5 model. The ability of the generated models to effectively discriminate between known inhibitors and decoys was analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS According to the ROC curve analyzes, the refined model based on 3FHR was most effective in discrimination between known inhibitors and decoys. CONCLUSIONS The 3FHR-based MK5 model may serve as a working tool for development of chemical probes using computer aided drug design. The biological function of MK5 still remains elusive, but its role as a possible drug target may be elucidated in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Lindin
- Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø No-9037, Norway.
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Uda S, Saito TH, Kudo T, Kokaji T, Tsuchiya T, Kubota H, Komori Y, Ozaki YI, Kuroda S. Robustness and compensation of information transmission of signaling pathways. Science 2013; 341:558-61. [PMID: 23908238 DOI: 10.1126/science.1234511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Robust transmission of information despite the presence of variation is a fundamental problem in cellular functions. However, the capability and characteristics of information transmission in signaling pathways remain poorly understood. We describe robustness and compensation of information transmission of signaling pathways at the cell population level. We calculated the mutual information transmitted through signaling pathways for the growth factor-mediated gene expression. Growth factors appeared to carry only information sufficient for a binary decision. Information transmission was generally more robust than average signal intensity despite pharmacological perturbations, and compensation of information transmission occurred. Information transmission to the biological output of neurite extension appeared robust. Cells may use information entropy as information so that messages can be robustly transmitted despite variation in molecular activities among individual cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Uda
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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48
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Stravodimou A, Mazzoccoli G, Voutsadakis IA. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and regulations by the ubiquitin-proteasome system in pancreatic cancer. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:367450. [PMID: 23049538 PMCID: PMC3459232 DOI: 10.1155/2012/367450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal forms of human cancer. Although progress in oncology has improved outcomes in many forms of cancer, little progress has been made in pancreatic carcinoma and the prognosis of this malignancy remains grim. Several molecular abnormalities often present in pancreatic cancer have been defined and include mutations in K-ras, p53, p16, and DPC4 genes. Nuclear receptor Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma (PPARγ) has a role in many carcinomas and has been found to be overexpressed in pancreatic cancer. It plays generally a tumor suppressor role antagonizing proteins promoting carcinogenesis such as NF-κB and TGFβ. Regulation of pathways involved in pancreatic carcinogenesis is effectuated by the Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS). This paper will examine PPARγ in pancreatic cancer, the regulation of this nuclear receptor by the UPS, and their relationship to other pathways important in pancreatic carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Stravodimou
- Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, BH06, Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gianluigi Mazzoccoli
- Division of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Scientific Institute and Regional General Hospital “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Ioannis A. Voutsadakis
- Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, BH06, Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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49
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Ebstein F, Kloetzel PM, Krüger E, Seifert U. Emerging roles of immunoproteasomes beyond MHC class I antigen processing. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:2543-58. [PMID: 22382925 PMCID: PMC11114860 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0938-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The proteasome is a multi-catalytic protein complex whose primary function is the degradation of abnormal or foreign proteins. Upon exposure of cells to interferons (IFNs), the β1i/LMP2, β2i/MECL-1, and β5i/LMP7 subunits are induced and incorporated into newly synthesized immunoproteasomes (IP), which are thought to function solely as critical players in the optimization of the CD8(+) T-cell response. However, the observation that IP are present in several non-immune tissues under normal conditions and/or following pathological events militates against the view that its role is limited to MHC class I presentation. In support of this concept, the recent use of genetic models deficient for β1i/LMP2, β2i/MECL-1, or β5i/LMP7 has uncovered unanticipated functions for IP in innate immunity and non-immune processes. Herein, we review recent data in an attempt to clarify the role of IP beyond MHC class I epitope presentation with emphasis on its involvement in the regulation of protein homeostasis, cell proliferation, and cytokine gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Ebstein
- Institut für Biochemie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus CVK, Oudenarderstr.16, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter-Michael Kloetzel
- Institut für Biochemie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus CVK, Oudenarderstr.16, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elke Krüger
- Institut für Biochemie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus CVK, Oudenarderstr.16, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Seifert
- Institut für Biochemie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus CVK, Oudenarderstr.16, 13347 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Molekulare und Klinische Immunologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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50
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Martínez-Noël G, Galligan JT, Sowa ME, Arndt V, Overton TM, Harper JW, Howley PM. Identification and proteomic analysis of distinct UBE3A/E6AP protein complexes. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:3095-106. [PMID: 22645313 PMCID: PMC3434508 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00201-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The E6AP ubiquitin ligase catalyzes the high-risk human papillomaviruses' E6-mediated ubiquitylation of p53, contributing to the neoplastic progression of cells infected by these viruses. Defects in the activity and the dosage of E6AP are linked to Angelman syndrome and to autism spectrum disorders, respectively, highlighting the need for precise control of the enzyme. With the exception of HERC2, which modulates the ubiquitin ligase activity of E6AP, little is known about the regulation or function of E6AP normally. Using a proteomic approach, we have identified and validated several new E6AP-interacting proteins, including HIF1AN, NEURL4, and mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (MAPK6). E6AP exists as part of several different protein complexes, including the proteasome and an independent high-molecular-weight complex containing HERC2, NEURL4, and MAPK6. In examining the functional consequence of its interaction with the proteasome, we found that UBE3C (another proteasome-associated ubiquitin ligase), but not E6AP, contributes to proteasomal processivity in mammalian cells. We also found that E6 associates with the HERC2-containing high-molecular-weight complex through its binding to E6AP. These proteomic studies reveal a level of complexity for E6AP that has not been previously appreciated and identify a number of new cellular proteins through which E6AP may be regulated or functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Martínez-Noël
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey T. Galligan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mathew E. Sowa
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Verena Arndt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas M. Overton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J. Wade Harper
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter M. Howley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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