1
|
Annevelink CE, Westra J, Sala-Vila A, Harris WS, Tintle NL, Shearer GC. A Genome-Wide Interaction Study of Erythrocyte ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Species and Memory in the Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort. J Nutr 2024; 154:1640-1651. [PMID: 38141771 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive decline, and more specifically Alzheimer's disease, continues to increase in prevalence globally, with few, if any, adequate preventative approaches. Several tests of cognition are utilized in the diagnosis of cognitive decline that assess executive function, short- and long-term memory, cognitive flexibility, and speech and motor control. Recent studies have separately investigated the genetic component of both cognitive health, using these measures, and circulating fatty acids. OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine the potential moderating effect of main species of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on an individual's genetically conferred risk of cognitive decline. METHODS The Offspring cohort from the Framingham Heart Study was cross-sectionally analyzed in this genome-wide interaction study (GWIS). Our sample included all individuals with red blood cell ω-3 PUFA, genetic, cognitive testing (via Trail Making Tests [TMTs]), and covariate data (N = 1620). We used linear mixed effects models to predict each of the 3 cognitive measures (TMT A, TMT B, and TMT D) by each ω-3 PUFA, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (0, 1, or 2 minor alleles), ω-3 PUFA by SNP interaction term, and adjusting for sex, age, education, APOE ε4 genotype status, and kinship (relatedness). RESULTS Our analysis identified 31 unique SNPs from 24 genes reaching an exploratory significance threshold of 1×10-5. Fourteen of the 24 genes have been previously associated with the brain/cognition, and 5 genes have been previously associated with circulating lipids. Importantly, 8 of the genes we identified, DAB1, SORCS2, SERINC5, OSBPL3, CPA6, DLG2, MUC19, and RGMA, have been associated with both cognition and circulating lipids. We identified 22 unique SNPs for which individuals with the minor alleles benefit substantially from increased ω-3 fatty acid concentrations and 9 unique SNPs for which the common homozygote benefits. CONCLUSIONS In this GWIS of ω-3 PUFA species on cognitive outcomes, we identified 8 unique genes with plausible biology suggesting individuals with specific polymorphisms may have greater potential to benefit from increased ω-3 PUFA intake. Additional replication in prospective settings with more diverse samples is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen E Annevelink
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Jason Westra
- Fatty Acid Research Institute (FARI), Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Aleix Sala-Vila
- Fatty Acid Research Institute (FARI), Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - William S Harris
- Fatty Acid Research Institute (FARI), Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Nathan L Tintle
- Fatty Acid Research Institute (FARI), Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Department of Population Health Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gregory C Shearer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ishii K, Kohno T, Sakai K, Hattori M. Reelin regulates the migration of late-born hippocampal CA1 neurons via cofilin phosphorylation. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 124:103794. [PMID: 36435394 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin, a large secreted glycoprotein, plays an important role in neuronal migration during brain development. The C-terminal region (CTR) of Reelin is involved in the efficient activation of downstream signaling and its loss leads to abnormal hippocampal layer formation. However, the molecular mechanism by which Reelin CTR regulates hippocampal development remains unknown. Here, we showed that the migration of late-born, but not early-born, neurons is impaired in the knock-in mice in which Reelin CTR is deleted (ΔC-KI mice). The phosphorylation of cofilin, an actin-depolymerizing protein, was remarkably decreased in the hippocampus of the ΔC-KI mice. Exogenous expression of pseudo-phosphorylated cofilin rescued the ectopic positioning of neurons in the hippocampus of ΔC-KI mice. These results suggest that Reelin CTR is required for the migration of late-born neurons in the hippocampus and that this event involves appropriate phosphorylation of cofilin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ishii
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Takao Kohno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Kaori Sakai
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Hattori
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pardo M, Gregorio S, Montalban E, Pujadas L, Elias-Tersa A, Masachs N, Vílchez-Acosta A, Parent A, Auladell C, Girault JA, Vila M, Nairn AC, Manso Y, Soriano E. Adult-specific Reelin expression alters striatal neuronal organization: implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1143319. [PMID: 37153634 PMCID: PMC10157100 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1143319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to neuronal migration, brain development, and adult plasticity, the extracellular matrix protein Reelin has been extensively implicated in human psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. Moreover, heterozygous reeler mice exhibit features reminiscent of these disorders, while overexpression of Reelin protects against its manifestation. However, how Reelin influences the structure and circuits of the striatal complex, a key region for the above-mentioned disorders, is far from being understood, especially when altered Reelin expression levels are found at adult stages. In the present study, we took advantage of complementary conditional gain- and loss-of-function mouse models to investigate how Reelin levels may modify adult brain striatal structure and neuronal composition. Using immunohistochemical techniques, we determined that Reelin does not seem to influence the striatal patch and matrix organization (studied by μ-opioid receptor immunohistochemistry) nor the density of medium spiny neurons (MSNs, studied with DARPP-32). We show that overexpression of Reelin leads to increased numbers of striatal parvalbumin- and cholinergic-interneurons, and to a slight increase in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive projections. We conclude that increased Reelin levels might modulate the numbers of striatal interneurons and the density of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic projections, suggesting that these changes may be involved in the protection of Reelin against neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Pardo
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Gregorio
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrica Montalban
- Institut du Fer à Moulin UMR-S 1270, INSERM, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Lluís Pujadas
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experimental Sciences and Methodology, Faculty of Health Science and Welfare, University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Laboratory (TR2Lab), Institut de Recerca i Innovació en Ciències de la Vida i de la Salut a la Catalunya Central (IRIS-CC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Elias-Tersa
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Núria Masachs
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Vílchez-Acosta
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Annabelle Parent
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Auladell
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miquel Vila
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
| | - Angus C. Nairn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Yasmina Manso
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Yasmina Manso,
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Eduardo Soriano,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sawahata M, Asano H, Nagai T, Ito N, Kohno T, Nabeshima T, Hattori M, Yamada K. Microinjection of Reelin into the mPFC prevents MK-801-induced recognition memory impairment in mice. Pharmacol Res 2021; 173:105832. [PMID: 34450306 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reelin, a large extracellular matrix protein, helps to regulate neuronal plasticity and cognitive function. Several studies have shown that Reelin dysfunction, resulting from factors such as mutations in gene RELN or low Reelin expression, is associated with schizophrenia (SCZ). We previously reported that microinjection of Reelin into cerebral ventricle prevents phencyclidine-induced cognitive and sensory-motor gating deficits. However, it remains unclear whether and how Reelin ameliorates behavioral abnormalities in the animal model of SCZ. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of recombinant Reelin microinjection into the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) on abnormal behaviors induced by MK-801, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist. Microinjection of Reelin into the mPFC prevented impairment of recognition memory of MK-801-treated mice in the novel object recognition test (NORT). On the other hand, the same treatment had no effect on deficits in sensory-motor gating and short-term memory in the pre-pulse inhibition and Y-maze tests, respectively. To establish the neural substrates that respond to Reelin, the number of c-Fos-positive cells in the mPFC was determined. A significant increase in c-Fos-positive cells in the mPFC of MK-801-treated mice was observed when compared with saline-treated mice, and this change was suppressed by microinjection of Reelin into the mPFC. A K2360/2467A Reelin that cannot bind to its receptor failed to ameliorate MK-801-induced cognitive deficits in NORT. These results suggest that Reelin prevents MK-801-induced recognition memory impairment by acting on its receptors to suppress neural activity in the mPFC of mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Sawahata
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Asano
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Taku Nagai
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Division of Behavioral Neuropharmacology, International Center for Brain Science (ICBS), Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Norimichi Ito
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takao Kohno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Hattori
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Yamada
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tsuneura Y, Sawahata M, Itoh N, Miyajima R, Mori D, Kohno T, Hattori M, Sobue A, Nagai T, Mizoguchi H, Nabeshima T, Ozaki N, Yamada K. Analysis of Reelin signaling and neurodevelopmental trajectory in primary cultured cortical neurons with RELN deletion identified in schizophrenia. Neurochem Int 2021; 144:104954. [PMID: 33388358 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Reelin, an extracellular matrix protein, is secreted by Cajal-Retzius cells and plays crucial roles in the development of brain structures and neuronal functions. Reductions in Reelin cause the brain dysfunctions associated with mental disorders, such as schizophrenia. A recent genome-wide copy number variation analysis of Japanese schizophrenia patients identified a novel deletion in RELN encoding Reelin. To clarify the pathophysiological role of the RELN deletion, we developed transgenic mice carrying the RELN deletion (Reln-del) and found abnormalities in their brain structures and social behavior. In the present study, we performed an in vitro analysis of Reelin expression, intracellular Reelin signaling, and the morphology of primary cultured cortical neurons from wild-type (WT) and Reln-del mice. Reelin protein levels were lower in Reln-del neurons than in WT neurons. Dab1 expression levels were significantly higher in Reln-del neurons than in WT neurons, suggesting that Reelin signaling was decreased in Reln-del neurons. Reelin was mainly expressed in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic inhibitory neurons, but not in parvalbumin (PV)-positive neurons. A small proportion of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II α subunit (CaMKIIα)-positive excitatory neurons also expressed Reelin. In comparisons with WT neurons, significant decreases were observed in neurite lengths and branch points as well as in the number of postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) immunoreactive puncta in Reln-del neurons. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs-3 (ADAMTS-3) is a protease that inactivates Reelin by cleavage at the N-t site. The knockdown of ADAMTS-3 by short hairpin RNAs suppressed Reelin cleavage in conditioned medium and reduced Dab1 expression, indicating that Reelin signaling was enhanced in the primary cultured cortical neurons of WT and heterozygous Reln-del. Accordingly, the inhibition of ADAMTS-3 may be a potential candidate in the clinical treatment of schizophrenia by enhancing Reelin signaling in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Tsuneura
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masahito Sawahata
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Norimichi Itoh
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryoya Miyajima
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takao Kohno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Hattori
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akira Sobue
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Taku Nagai
- Division of Behavioral Neuropharmacology, Project Office for Neuropsychological Research Center, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizoguchi
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Yamada
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hatanaka Y, Hirata T. How Do Cortical Excitatory Neurons Terminate Their Migration at the Right Place? Critical Roles of Environmental Elements. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:596708. [PMID: 33195277 PMCID: PMC7644909 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.596708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between neurons and their environment are crucial for proper termination of neuronal migration during brain development. In this review, we first introduce the migration behavior of cortical excitatory neurons from neurogenesis to migration termination, focusing on morphological and behavioral changes. We then describe possible requirements for environmental elements, including extracellular matrix proteins and Cajal–Retzius cells in the marginal zone, radial glial cells, and neighboring neurons, to ensure proper migration termination of these neurons at their final destinations. The requirements appear to be highly linked to sequential and/or concurrent changes in adhesiveness of migrating neurons and their surroundings, which allow the neurons to reach their final positions, detach from substrates, and establish stable laminar structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Hatanaka
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tatsumi Hirata
- Brain Function Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan.,Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Reelin-Nrp1 Interaction Regulates Neocortical Dendrite Development in a Context-Specific Manner. J Neurosci 2020; 40:8248-8261. [PMID: 33009002 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1907-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin plays versatile roles in neocortical development. The C-terminal region (CTR) of Reelin is required for the correct formation of the superficial structure of the neocortex; however, the mechanisms by which this position-specific effect occurs remain largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that Reelin with an intact CTR binds to neuropilin-1 (Nrp1), a transmembrane protein. Both male and female mice were used. Nrp1 is localized with very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), a canonical Reelin receptor, in the superficial layers of the developing neocortex. It forms a complex with VLDLR, and this interaction is modulated by the alternative splicing of VLDLR. Reelin with an intact CTR binds more strongly to the VLDLR/Nrp1 complex than to VLDLR alone. Knockdown of Nrp1 in neurons leads to the accumulation of Dab1 protein. Since the degradation of Dab1 is induced by Reelin signaling, it is suggested that Nrp1 augments Reelin signaling. The interaction between Reelin and Nrp1 is required for normal dendritic development in superficial-layer neurons. All of these characteristics of Reelin are abrogated by proteolytic processing of the six C-terminal amino acid residues of Reelin (0.17% of the whole protein). Therefore, Nrp1 is a coreceptor molecule for Reelin and, together with the proteolytic processing of Reelin, can account for context-specific Reelin function in brain development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Reelin often exhibits a context-dependent function during brain development; however, its underlying mechanism is not well understood. We found that neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) specifically binds to the CTR of Reelin and acts as a coreceptor for very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR). The Nrp1/VLDLR complex is localized in the superficial layers of the neocortex, and its interaction with Reelin is essential for proper dendritic development in superficial-layer neurons. This study provides the first mechanistic evidence of the context-specific function of Reelin (>3400 residues) regulated by the C-terminal residues and Nrp1, a component of the canonical Reelin receptor complex.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yvone GM, Chavez-Martinez CL, Nguyen AR, Wang DJ, Phelps PE. Reelin dorsal horn neurons co-express Lmx1b and are mispositioned in disabled-1 mutant mice. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:3322-3338. [PMID: 32492253 PMCID: PMC9451954 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mice missing either Reelin or Disabled-1 (Dab1) exhibit dorsal horn neuronal positioning errors and display heat hypersensitivity and mechanical insensitivity. Reelin binds its receptors, apolipoprotein E receptor 2 and very low-density lipoprotein receptor, leading to the recruitment and phosphorylation of Dab1 and activation of downstream pathways that regulate neuronal migration. Previously, we reported that 70% of Dab1 laminae I-II neurons co-expressed LIM-homeobox transcription factor 1-beta (Lmx1b). Here, we asked whether Reelin-expressing dorsal horn neurons co-express Lmx1b, are mispositioned in dab1 mutants, and contribute to nociceptive abnormalities. About 90% of Reelin-labeled neurons are Lmx1b-positive in laminae I-II, confirming that most Reelin and Dab1 neurons are glutamatergic. We determined that Reelin-Lmx1b and Dab1-Lmx1b dorsal horn neurons are separate populations, and together, comprise 37% of Lmx1b-positive cells within and above the Isolectin B4 (IB4) layer in wild-type mice. Compared to wild-type mice, dab1 mutants have a reduced area of laminae I-II outer (above the IB4 layer), more Reelin-Lmx1b neurons within the IB4 layer, and fewer Reelin-Lmx1b neurons within the lateral reticulated area of lamina V and lateral spinal nucleus. Interestingly, both Reelin- and Dab1-labeled dorsal horn neurons sustain similar positioning errors in mutant mice. After noxious thermal and mechanical stimulation, Reelin, Lmx1b, and Reelin-Lmx1b neurons expressed Fos in laminae I-II and the lateral reticulated area in wild-type mice and, therefore, participate in nociceptive circuits. Together, our data suggest that disruption of the Reelin-signaling pathway results in neuroanatomical abnormalities that contribute to the nociceptive changes that characterize these mutant mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Griselda M Yvone
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Amanda R Nguyen
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Deborah J Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patricia E Phelps
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yu J, Cho E, Choi YG, Jeong YK, Na Y, Kim JS, Cho SR, Woo JS, Bae S. Purification of an Intact Human Protein Overexpressed from Its Endogenous Locus via Direct Genome Engineering. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1591-1598. [PMID: 32584551 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The overproduction and purification of human proteins is a requisite of both basic and medical research. Although many recombinant human proteins have been purified, current protein production methods have several limitations; recombinant proteins are frequently truncated, fail to fold properly, and/or lack appropriate post-translational modifications. In addition, such methods require subcloning of the target gene into relevant plasmids, which can be difficult for long proteins with repeated domains. Here we devised a novel method for target protein production by introduction of a strong promoter for overexpression and an epitope tag for purification in front of the endogenous human gene, in a sense performing molecular cloning directly in the human genome, which does not require cloning of the target gene. As a proof of concept, we successfully purified intact human Reelin protein, which is lengthy (3460 amino acids) and contains repeating domains, and confirmed that it was biologically functional.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihyeon Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Eunju Cho
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Yeon-Gil Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - You Kyeong Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Yongwoo Na
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, South Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jong-Seo Kim
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, South Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Sung-Rae Cho
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Science and Technology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Woo
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Sangsu Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jossin Y. Reelin Functions, Mechanisms of Action and Signaling Pathways During Brain Development and Maturation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060964. [PMID: 32604886 PMCID: PMC7355739 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development and adulthood, Reelin exerts several important functions in the brain including the regulation of neuronal migration, dendritic growth and branching, dendritic spine formation, synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity. As a consequence, the Reelin signaling pathway has been associated with several human brain disorders such as lissencephaly, autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, mental retardation, Alzheimer’s disease and epilepsy. Several elements of the signaling pathway are known. Core components, such as the Reelin receptors very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and Apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2), Src family kinases Src and Fyn, and the intracellular adaptor Disabled-1 (Dab1), are common to most but not all Reelin functions. Other downstream effectors are, on the other hand, more specific to defined tasks. Reelin is a large extracellular protein, and some aspects of the signal are regulated by its processing into smaller fragments. Rather than being inhibitory, the processing at two major sites seems to be fulfilling important physiological functions. In this review, I describe the various cellular events regulated by Reelin and attempt to explain the current knowledge on the mechanisms of action. After discussing the shared and distinct elements of the Reelin signaling pathway involved in neuronal migration, dendritic growth, spine development and synaptic plasticity, I briefly outline the data revealing the importance of Reelin in human brain disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Jossin
- Laboratory of Mammalian Development & Cell Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gao F, Fan Y, Zhou B, Guo W, Jiang X, Shi J, Ren C. The functions and properties of cullin-5, a potential therapeutic target for cancers. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:618-632. [PMID: 32194910 PMCID: PMC7061844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cullin-5 (CUL5), a scaffold protein in active cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL) complexes, is a member of the cullin family of proteins. The CUL5-type ubiquitin ligase can target multiple proteins involved in ubiquitination and proteasome degradation. CUL5 plays positive roles in regulating cell growth, proliferation and physiological and other processes in the human body. It has been found that the expression of CUL5 is significantly downregulated in various cancer cells, which affects the course of the cancers. Here, we reviewed the current data on the expression and role of CUL5 in both normal and cancer cells, its possible mechanisms, and its potential as a therapeutic target for cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410008, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yimin Fan
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410008, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Bolun Zhou
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410008, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Weihua Guo
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410008, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xingjun Jiang
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jing Shi
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410008, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Caiping Ren
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410008, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bradshaw NJ, Trossbach SV, Köber S, Walter S, Prikulis I, Weggen S, Korth C. Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 regulates the processing of reelin in the perinatal cortex. Schizophr Res 2020; 215:506-513. [PMID: 28433501 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is a prominent gene in mental illness research, encoding a scaffold protein known to be of importance in the developing cerebral cortex. Reelin is a critical extracellular protein for development and lamination of the prenatal cortex and which has also been independently implicated in mental illness. Regulation of reelin activity occurs through processing by the metalloproteinases ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5. Through cross-breeding of heterozygous transgenic DISC1 mice with heterozygous reeler mice, which have reduced reelin, pups heterozygous for both phenotypes were generated. From these, we determine that transgenic DISC1 leads to a reduction in the processing of reelin, with implications for its downstream signalling element Dab1. An effect of DISC1 on reelin processing was confirmed in vitro, and revealed that intracellular DISC1 affects ADAMTS-4 protein, which in turn is exported and affects processing of extracellular reelin. In transgenic rat cortical cultures, an effect of DISC1 on reelin processing could also be seen specifically in early, immature neurons, but was lost in calretinin and reelin-positive mature neurons, suggesting cell-type specificity. DISC1 therefore acts upstream of reelin in the perinatal cerebral cortex in a cell type/time specific manner, leading to regulation of its activity through altered proteolytic cleavage. Thus a functional link is demonstrated between two proteins, each of independent importance for both cortical development and associated cognitive functions leading to behavioural maladaptation and mental illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Bradshaw
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Svenja V Trossbach
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sabrina Köber
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Susanne Walter
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ingrid Prikulis
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sascha Weggen
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carsten Korth
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hatanaka Y, Kawasaki T, Abe T, Shioi G, Kohno T, Hattori M, Sakakibara A, Kawaguchi Y, Hirata T. Semaphorin 6A-Plexin A2/A4 Interactions with Radial Glia Regulate Migration Termination of Superficial Layer Cortical Neurons. iScience 2019; 21:359-374. [PMID: 31698249 PMCID: PMC6889767 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise regulation of neuronal migration termination is crucial for the establishment of brain cytoarchitectures. However, little is known about how neurons terminate migration. Here we focused on interactions between migrating cortical neurons and their substrates, radial glial (RG) cells, and analyzed the role of Plexin A2 and A4 (PlxnA2/A4) receptors and their repulsive ligand, Semaphorin 6A (Sema6A), for this process. In both PlxnA2/A4 double-knockout and Sema6A mutant mice, the outermost cortical plate neurons ectopically invade layer 1 at a stage when they should reach their destinations. PlxnA2/A4 proteins are abundantly expressed on their leading processes, whereas Sema6A mRNA is enriched in RG cell somata. Cell-targeted gene expression and conditional knockouts indicate critical roles for these molecules. We hypothesize that the timely appearance of repulsive signaling mediated by Sema6A-PlxnA2/A4 weakens migrating neuron-RG cell interactions, leading to migration termination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Hatanaka
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Division of Cerebral Circuitry, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan.
| | - Takahiko Kawasaki
- Brain Function Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Go Shioi
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takao Kohno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Hattori
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Akira Sakakibara
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kawaguchi
- Division of Cerebral Circuitry, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Tatsumi Hirata
- Brain Function Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang JH, Zhao YF, He XX, Zhao Y, He ZX, Zhang L, Huang Y, Wang YB, Hu L, Liu L, Yu HL, Xu JH, Lai MM, Zhao DD, Cui L, Guo WX, Xiong WC, Ding YQ, Zhu XJ. DCC-Mediated Dab1 Phosphorylation Participates in the Multipolar-to-Bipolar Transition of Migrating Neurons. Cell Rep 2019; 22:3598-3611. [PMID: 29590626 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborn neurons undergo inside-out migration to their final destinations during neocortical development. Reelin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of disabled 1 (Dab1) is a critical mechanism controlling cortical neuron migration. However, the roles of Reelin-independent phosphorylation of Dab1 remain unclear. Here, we report that deleted in colorectal carcinoma (DCC) interacts with Dab1 via its P3 domain. Netrin 1, a DCC ligand, induces Dab1 phosphorylation at Y220 and Y232. Interestingly, knockdown of DCC or truncation of its P3 domain dramatically delays neuronal migration and impairs the multipolar-to-bipolar transition of migrating neurons. Notably, the migration delay and morphological transition defects are rescued by the expression of a phospho-mimetic Dab1 or a constitutively active form of Fyn proto-oncogene (Fyn), a member of the Src-family tyrosine kinases that effectively induces Dab1 phosphorylation. Collectively, these findings illustrate a DCC-Dab1 interaction that ensures proper neuronal migration during neocortical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yi-Fei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zi-Xuan He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yu-Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ling Hu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Hua-Li Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jia-Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ming-Ming Lai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Dong-Dong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Wei-Xiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44120, USA
| | - Yu-Qiang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Regan P, McClean PL, Smyth T, Doherty M. Early Stage Glycosylation Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease. MEDICINES 2019; 6:medicines6030092. [PMID: 31484367 PMCID: PMC6789538 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6030092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is of great cause for concern in our ageing population, which currently lacks diagnostic tools to permit accurate and timely diagnosis for affected individuals. The development of such tools could enable therapeutic interventions earlier in the disease course and thus potentially reducing the debilitating effects of AD. Glycosylation is a common, and important, post translational modification of proteins implicated in a host of disease states resulting in a complex array of glycans being incorporated into biomolecules. Recent investigations of glycan profiles, in a wide range of conditions, has been made possible due to technological advances in the field enabling accurate glycoanalyses. Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides, tau protein, and other important proteins involved in AD pathogenesis, have altered glycosylation profiles. Crucially, these abnormalities present early in the disease state, are present in the peripheral blood, and help to distinguish AD from other dementias. This review describes the aberrant glycome in AD, focusing on proteins implicated in development and progression, and elucidates the potential of glycome aberrations as early stage biomarkers of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Regan
- Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland.
- Cellular Health and Toxicology Research Group, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland.
| | - Paula L McClean
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Clinical Translational Research and Innovation Centre, Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Glenshane Road, Derry BT47 6SB, UK
| | - Thomas Smyth
- Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland
- Cellular Health and Toxicology Research Group, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland
| | - Margaret Doherty
- Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland
- Cellular Health and Toxicology Research Group, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Relevance of the Proteolytic Processing of Reelin by ADAMTS-3 in Brain Functions. J Neurosci 2018; 37:6814-6815. [PMID: 28724754 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1077-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|
17
|
Hirota Y, Kubo KI, Fujino T, Yamamoto TT, Nakajima K. ApoER2 Controls Not Only Neuronal Migration in the Intermediate Zone But Also Termination of Migration in the Developing Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:223-235. [PMID: 27909010 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration contributes to the establishment of mammalian brain. The extracellular protein Reelin sends signals to various downstream molecules by binding to its receptors, the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and very low-density lipoprotein receptor and exerts essential roles in the neuronal migration and formation of the layered neocortex. However, the cellular and molecular functions of Reelin signaling in the cortical development are not yet fully understood. Here, to gain insight into the role of Reelin signaling during cortical development, we examined the migratory behavior of Apoer2-deficient neurons in the developing brain. Stage-specific labeling of newborn neurons revealed that the neurons ectopically invaded the marginal zone (MZ) and that neuronal migration of both early- and late-born neurons was disrupted in the intermediate zone (IZ) in the Apoer2 KO mice. Rescue experiments showed that ApoER2 functions both in cell-autonomous and noncell-autonomous manners, that Rap1, integrin, and Akt are involved in the termination of migration beneath the MZ, and that Akt also controls neuronal migration in the IZ downstream of ApoER2. These data indicate that ApoER2 controls multiple processes in neuronal migration, including the early stage of radial migration and termination of migration beneath the MZ in the developing neocortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hirota
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo160-8582, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Kubo
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo160-8582, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fujino
- Department of Bioscience, Integrated Center for Sciences (INCS), Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime791-0295, Japan
| | - Tokuo T Yamamoto
- Department of Metabolism, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo160-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dairaghi L, Flannery E, Giacobini P, Saglam A, Saadi H, Constantin S, Casoni F, Howell BW, Wray S. Reelin Can Modulate Migration of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells and Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Neurons via the Canonical Pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:228. [PMID: 30127721 PMCID: PMC6088185 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
One key signaling pathway known to influence neuronal migration involves the extracellular matrix protein Reelin. Typically, signaling of Reelin occurs via apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), and the cytoplasmic adapter protein disabled 1 (Dab1). However, non-canonical Reelin signaling has been reported, though no receptors have yet been identified. Cariboni et al. (2005) indicated Dab1-independent Reelin signaling impacts gonadotropin releasing hormone-1 (GnRH) neuronal migration. GnRH cells are essential for reproduction. Prenatal migration of GnRH neurons from the nasal placode to the forebrain, juxtaposed to olfactory axons and olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), has been well documented, and it is clear that alterations in migration of these cells can cause delayed or absent puberty. This study was initiated to delineate the non-canonical Reelin signaling pathways used by GnRH neurons. Chronic treatment of nasal explants with CR-50, an antibody known to interfere with Reelin homopolymerization and Dab1 phosphorylation, decreased the distance GnRH neurons and OECs migrated. Normal migration of these two cell types was observed when Reelin was co-applied with CR-50. Immunocytochemistry was performed to determine if OECs might transduce Reelin signals via the canonical pathway, and subsequently indirectly altering GnRH neuronal migration. We show that in mouse: (1) both OECs and GnRH cells express ApoER2, VLDLR and Dab1, and (2) GnRH neurons and OECs show a normal distribution in the brain of two mutant reeler lines. These results indicate that the canonical Reelin pathway is present in GnRH neurons and OECs, but that Reelin is not essential for development of these two systems in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Dairaghi
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ellen Flannery
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean Pierre Aubert Research Centre, INSERM U1172, Lille, France
| | - Aybike Saglam
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hassan Saadi
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Stephanie Constantin
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Filippo Casoni
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Brian W. Howell
- Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fairchild CL, Hino K, Han JS, Miltner AM, Peinado Allina G, Brown CE, Burns ME, La Torre A, Simó S. RBX2 maintains final retinal cell position in a DAB1-dependent and -independent fashion. Development 2018; 145:dev.155283. [PMID: 29361558 DOI: 10.1242/dev.155283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The laminated structure of the retina is fundamental for the organization of the synaptic circuitry that translates light input into patterns of action potentials. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying cell migration and layering of the retina are poorly understood. Here, we show that RBX2, a core component of the E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL5, is essential for retinal layering and function. RBX2 regulates the final cell position of rod bipolar cells, cone photoreceptors and Muller glia. Our data indicate that sustained RELN/DAB1 signaling, triggered by depletion of RBX2 or SOCS7 - a CRL5 substrate adaptor known to recruit DAB1 - causes rod bipolar cell misposition. Moreover, whereas SOCS7 also controls Muller glia cell lamination, it is not responsible for cone photoreceptor positioning, suggesting that RBX2, most likely through CRL5 activity, controls other signaling pathways required for proper cone localization. Furthermore, RBX2 depletion reduces the number of ribbon synapses and disrupts cone photoreceptor function. Together, these results uncover RBX2 as a crucial molecular regulator of retina morphogenesis and cone photoreceptor function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne L Fairchild
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Keiko Hino
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jisoo S Han
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Adam M Miltner
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gabriel Peinado Allina
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Caileigh E Brown
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Marie E Burns
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Anna La Torre
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sergi Simó
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lawrenson ID, Krebs DL, Linossi EM, Zhang JG, McLennan TJ, Collin C, McRae HM, Kolesnik TB, Koh K, Britto JM, Kueh AJ, Sheikh BN, El-Saafin F, Nicola NA, Tan SS, Babon JJ, Nicholson SE, Alexander WS, Thomas T, Voss AK. Cortical Layer Inversion and Deregulation of Reelin Signaling in the Absence of SOCS6 and SOCS7. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:576-588. [PMID: 26503265 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the reelin gene cause severe defects in cerebral cortex development and profound intellectual impairment. While many aspects of the reelin signaling pathway have been identified, the molecular and ultimate cellular consequences of reelin signaling remain unknown. Specifically, it is unclear if termination of reelin signaling is as important for normal cortical neuron migration as activation of reelin signaling. Using mice that are single or double deficient, we discovered that combined loss of the suppressors of cytokine signaling, SOCS6 and SOCS7, recapitulated the cortical layer inversion seen in mice lacking reelin and led to a dramatic increase in the reelin signaling molecule disabled (DAB1) in the cortex. The SRC homology domains of SOCS6 and SOCS7 bound DAB1 ex vivo. Mutation of DAB1 greatly diminished binding and protected from degradation by SOCS6. Phosphorylated DAB1 was elevated in cortical neurons in the absence of SOCS6 and SOCS7. Thus, constitutive activation of reelin signaling was observed to be equally detrimental as lack of activation. We hypothesize that, by terminating reelin signaling, SOCS6 and SOCS7 may allow new cycles of reelin signaling to occur and that these may be essential for cortical neuron migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isobel D Lawrenson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Danielle L Krebs
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Current address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Edmond M Linossi
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Tamara J McLennan
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Caitlin Collin
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Helen M McRae
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Tatiana B Kolesnik
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Katrina Koh
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Joanne M Britto
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew J Kueh
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Bilal N Sheikh
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Farrah El-Saafin
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Nicos A Nicola
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Seong-Seng Tan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jeffrey J Babon
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sandra E Nicholson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Warren S Alexander
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Tim Thomas
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Anne K Voss
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hass H, Kipkeew F, Gauhar A, Bouché E, May P, Timmer J, Bock HH. Mathematical model of early Reelin-induced Src family kinase-mediated signaling. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186927. [PMID: 29049379 PMCID: PMC5648249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a large glycoprotein with a dual role in the mammalian brain. It regulates the positioning and differentiation of postmitotic neurons during brain development and modulates neurotransmission and memory formation in the adult brain. Alterations in the Reelin signaling pathway have been described in different psychiatric disorders. Reelin mainly signals by binding to the lipoprotein receptors Vldlr and ApoER2, which induces tyrosine phosphorylation of the adaptor protein Dab1 mediated by Src family kinases (SFKs). In turn, phosphorylated Dab1 activates downstream signaling cascades, including PI3-kinase-dependent signaling. In this work, a mechanistic model based on ordinary differential equations was built to model early dynamics of the Reelin-mediated signaling cascade. Mechanistic models are frequently used to disentangle the highly complex mechanisms underlying cellular processes and obtain new biological insights. The model was calibrated on time-resolved data and a dose-response measurement of protein concentrations measured in cortical neurons treated with Reelin. It focusses on the interplay between Dab1 and SFKs with a special emphasis on the tyrosine phosphorylation of Dab1, and their role for the regulation of Reelin-induced signaling. Model selection was performed on different model structures and a comprehensive mechanistic model of the early Reelin signaling cascade is provided in this work. It emphasizes the importance of Reelin-induced lipoprotein receptor clustering for SFK-mediated Dab1 trans-phosphorylation and does not require co-receptors to describe the measured data. The model is freely available within the open-source framework Data2Dynamics (www.data2dynamics.org). It can be used to generate predictions that can be validated experimentally, and provides a platform for model extensions both to downstream targets such as transcription factors and interactions with other transmembrane proteins and neuronal signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helge Hass
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (HH); (JT); (HHB)
| | - Friederike Kipkeew
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aziz Gauhar
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Bouché
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Petra May
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens Timmer
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (HH); (JT); (HHB)
| | - Hans H. Bock
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail: (HH); (JT); (HHB)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
C-Terminal Region Truncation of RELN Disrupts an Interaction with VLDLR, Causing Abnormal Development of the Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus. J Neurosci 2017; 37:960-971. [PMID: 28123028 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1826-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We discovered a hypomorphic reelin (Reln) mutant with abnormal cortical lamination and no cerebellar hypoplasia. This mutant, RelnCTRdel, carries a chemically induced splice-site mutation that truncates the C-terminal region (CTR) domain of RELN protein and displays remarkably distinct phenotypes from reeler The mutant does not have an inverted cortex, but cortical neurons overmigrate and invade the marginal zone, which are characteristics similar to a phenotype seen in the cerebral cortex of Vldlrnull mice. The dentate gyrus shows a novel phenotype: the infrapyramidal blade is absent, while the suprapyramidal blade is present and laminated. Genetic epistasis analysis showed that RelnCTRdel/Apoer2null double homozygotes have phenotypes akin to those of reeler mutants, while RelnCTRdel/Vldlrnull mice do not. Given that the receptor double knock-out mice resemble reeler mutants, we infer that RelnCTRdel/Apoer2null double homozygotes have both receptor pathways disrupted. This suggests that CTR-truncation disrupts an interaction with VLDLR (very low-density lipoprotein receptor), while the APOER2 signaling pathway remains active, which accounts for the hypomorphic phenotype in RelnCTRdel mice. A RELN-binding assay confirms that CTR truncation significantly decreases RELN binding to VLDLR, but not to APOER2. Together, the in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate that the CTR domain confers receptor-binding specificity of RELN. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Reelin signaling is important for brain development and is associated with human type II lissencephaly. Reln mutations in mice and humans are usually associated with cerebellar hypoplasia. A new Reln mutant with a truncation of the C-terminal region (CTR) domain shows that Reln mutation can cause abnormal phenotypes in the cortex and hippocampus without cerebellar hypoplasia. Genetic analysis suggested that CTR truncation disrupts an interaction with the RELN receptor VLDLR (very low-density lipoprotein receptor); this was confirmed by a RELN-binding assay. This result provides a mechanistic explanation for the hypomorphic phenotype of the CTR-deletion mutant, and further suggests that Reln mutations may cause more subtle forms of human brain malformation than classic lissencephalies.
Collapse
|
23
|
Lammert DB, Middleton FA, Pan J, Olson EC, Howell BW. The de novo autism spectrum disorder RELN R2290C mutation reduces Reelin secretion and increases protein disulfide isomerase expression. J Neurochem 2017; 142:89-102. [PMID: 28419454 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the recent identification of over 40 missense heterozygous Reelin gene (RELN) mutations in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), none of these has been functionally characterized. Reelin is an integral signaling ligand for proper brain development and post-natal synapse function - properties likely disrupted in ASD patients. We find that the R2290C mutation, which arose de novo in an affected ASD proband, and other analogous mutations in arginine-amino acid-arginine domains reduce protein secretion. Closer analysis of RELN R2290C heterozygous neurospheres reveals up-regulation of Protein Disulfide Isomerase A1, best known as an endoplasmic reticulum-chaperone protein, which has been linked to neuronal pathology. This effect is recapitulated in a heterozygous RELN mouse mutant that is characterized by defective Reelin secretion. These findings suggest that both a deficiency in Reelin signaling and pathologic impairment of Reelin secretion may contribute to ASD risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawn B Lammert
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Frank A Middleton
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Jen Pan
- The Broad Institute, Stanley Center Neurobiology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric C Olson
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Brian W Howell
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hirota Y, Nakajima K. Control of Neuronal Migration and Aggregation by Reelin Signaling in the Developing Cerebral Cortex. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:40. [PMID: 28507985 PMCID: PMC5410752 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian cerebral neocortex has a well-organized laminar structure, achieved by the highly coordinated control of neuronal migration. During cortical development, excitatory neurons born near the lateral ventricle migrate radially to reach their final positions to form the cortical plate. During this process, dynamic changes are observed in the morphologies and migration modes, including multipolar migration, locomotion, and terminal translocation, of the newborn neurons. Disruption of these migration processes can result in neuronal disorders such as lissencephaly and periventricular heterotopia. The extracellular protein, Reelin, mainly secreted by the Cajal-Retzius neurons in the marginal zone during development, plays a crucial role in the neuronal migration and neocortical lamination. Reelin signaling, which exerts essential roles in the formation of the layered neocortex, is triggered by the binding of Reelin to its receptors, ApoER2 and VLDLR, followed by phosphorylation of the Dab1 adaptor protein. Accumulating evidence suggests that Reelin signaling controls multiple steps of neuronal migration, including the transition from multipolar to bipolar neurons, terminal translocation, and termination of migration beneath the marginal zone. In addition, it has been shown that ectopically expressed Reelin can cause neuronal aggregation via an N-cadherin-mediated manner. This review attempts to summarize our knowledge of the roles played by Reelin in neuronal migration and the underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hirota
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lane-Donovan C, Herz J. The ApoE receptors Vldlr and Apoer2 in central nervous system function and disease. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1036-1043. [PMID: 28292942 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r075507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The LDL receptor (LDLR) family has long been studied for its role in cholesterol transport and metabolism; however, the identification of ApoE4, an LDLR ligand, as a genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease has focused attention on the role this receptor family plays in the CNS. Surprisingly, it was discovered that two LDLR family members, ApoE receptor 2 (Apoer2) and VLDL receptor (Vldlr), play key roles in brain development and adult synaptic plasticity, primarily by mediating Reelin signaling. This review focuses on Apoer2 and Vldlr signaling in the CNS and its role in human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Lane-Donovan
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Neuroscience and Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Joachim Herz
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Neuroscience and Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 .,Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yvone GM, Zhao-Fleming HH, Udeochu JC, Chavez-Martinez CL, Wang A, Hirose-Ikeda M, Phelps PE. Disabled-1 dorsal horn spinal cord neurons co-express Lmx1b and function in nociceptive circuits. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:733-747. [PMID: 28083884 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The Reelin-signaling pathway is essential for correct neuronal positioning within the central nervous system. Mutant mice with a deletion of Reelin, its lipoprotein receptors, or its intracellular adaptor protein Disabled-1 (Dab1), exhibit nociceptive abnormalities: thermal (heat) hyperalgesia and reduced mechanical sensitivity. To determine dorsal horn alterations associated with these nociceptive abnormalities, we first characterized the correctly positioned Dab1 neurons in wild-type and mispositioned neurons in Reelin-signaling pathway mutant lumbar spinal cord. Using immunofluorescence, we found that 70% of the numerous Dab1 neurons in Reln+/+ laminae I-II and 67% of those in the lateral reticulated area and lateral spinal nucleus (LSN) co-express the LIM-homeobox transcription factor 1 beta (Lmx1b), an excitatory glutamatergic neuron marker. Evidence of Dab1- and Dab1-Lmx1b neuronal positioning errors was found within the isolectin B4 terminal region of Reln-/- lamina IIinner and in the lateral reticulated area and LSN, where about 50% of the Dab1-Lmx1b neurons are missing. Importantly, Dab1-Lmx1b neurons in laminae I-II and the lateral reticulated area express Fos after noxious thermal or mechanical stimulation and thus participate in these circuits. In another pain relevant locus - the lateral cervical nucleus (LCN), we also found about a 50% loss of Dab1-Lmx1b neurons in Reln-/- mice. We suggest that extensively mispositioned Dab1 projection neurons in the lateral reticulated area, LSN, and LCN and the more subtle positioning errors of Dab1 interneurons in laminae I-II contribute to the abnormalities in pain responses found in Reelin-signaling pathway mutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Griselda M Yvone
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Terasaki Life Sciences Building, 610 Charles Young Dr. E, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7239, USA
| | - Hannah H Zhao-Fleming
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Terasaki Life Sciences Building, 610 Charles Young Dr. E, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7239, USA
| | - Joe C Udeochu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Terasaki Life Sciences Building, 610 Charles Young Dr. E, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7239, USA
| | - Carmine L Chavez-Martinez
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Terasaki Life Sciences Building, 610 Charles Young Dr. E, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7239, USA
| | - Austin Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Terasaki Life Sciences Building, 610 Charles Young Dr. E, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7239, USA
| | - Megumi Hirose-Ikeda
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Terasaki Life Sciences Building, 610 Charles Young Dr. E, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7239, USA
| | - Patricia E Phelps
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Terasaki Life Sciences Building, 610 Charles Young Dr. E, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7239, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Whittaker DE, Riegman KL, Kasah S, Mohan C, Yu T, Sala BP, Hebaishi H, Caruso A, Marques AC, Michetti C, Smachetti MES, Shah A, Sabbioni M, Kulhanci O, Tee WW, Reinberg D, Scattoni ML, Volk H, McGonnell I, Wardle FC, Fernandes C, Basson MA. The chromatin remodeling factor CHD7 controls cerebellar development by regulating reelin expression. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:874-887. [PMID: 28165338 PMCID: PMC5330721 DOI: 10.1172/jci83408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the neurodevelopmental deficits associated with CHARGE syndrome, which include cerebellar hypoplasia, developmental delay, coordination problems, and autistic features, have not been identified. CHARGE syndrome has been associated with mutations in the gene encoding the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler CHD7. CHD7 is expressed in neural stem and progenitor cells, but its role in neurogenesis during brain development remains unknown. Here we have shown that deletion of Chd7 from cerebellar granule cell progenitors (GCps) results in reduced GCp proliferation, cerebellar hypoplasia, developmental delay, and motor deficits in mice. Genome-wide expression profiling revealed downregulated expression of the gene encoding the glycoprotein reelin (Reln) in Chd7-deficient GCps. Recessive RELN mutations have been associated with severe cerebellar hypoplasia in humans. We found molecular and genetic evidence that reductions in Reln expression contribute to GCp proliferative defects and cerebellar hypoplasia in GCp-specific Chd7 mouse mutants. Finally, we showed that CHD7 is necessary for maintaining an open, accessible chromatin state at the Reln locus. Taken together, this study shows that Reln gene expression is regulated by chromatin remodeling, identifies CHD7 as a previously unrecognized upstream regulator of Reln, and provides direct in vivo evidence that a mammalian CHD protein can control brain development by modulating chromatin accessibility in neuronal progenitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E. Whittaker
- King’s College London, Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Guy’s Hospital Tower Wing
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, and
| | - Kimberley L.H. Riegman
- King’s College London, Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Guy’s Hospital Tower Wing
| | - Sahrunizam Kasah
- King’s College London, Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Guy’s Hospital Tower Wing
| | - Conor Mohan
- King’s College London, Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Guy’s Hospital Tower Wing
| | - Tian Yu
- King’s College London, Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Guy’s Hospital Tower Wing
| | - Blanca Pijuan Sala
- King’s College London, Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Guy’s Hospital Tower Wing
| | - Husam Hebaishi
- King’s College London, Randall Division, New Hunt’s House, London, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Caruso
- Neurotoxicology and Neuroendocrinology Section, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, and
- School of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ana Claudia Marques
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Caterina Michetti
- Neurotoxicology and Neuroendocrinology Section, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, and
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer,” Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Apar Shah
- King’s College London, Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Guy’s Hospital Tower Wing
| | - Mara Sabbioni
- Neurotoxicology and Neuroendocrinology Section, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, and
| | - Omer Kulhanci
- MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wee-Wei Tee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biochemistry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Danny Reinberg
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biochemistry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Scattoni
- Neurotoxicology and Neuroendocrinology Section, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, and
| | - Holger Volk
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, and
| | - Imelda McGonnell
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, and
| | - Fiona C. Wardle
- King’s College London, Randall Division, New Hunt’s House, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cathy Fernandes
- MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- King’s College London, MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, New Hunt’s House, London, United Kingdom
| | - M. Albert Basson
- King’s College London, Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Guy’s Hospital Tower Wing
- King’s College London, MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, New Hunt’s House, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pohlkamp T, Xiao L, Sultana R, Bepari A, Bock HH, Henkemeyer M, Herz J. Ephrin Bs and canonical Reelin signalling. Nature 2016; 539:E4-E6. [PMID: 27882975 DOI: 10.1038/nature20129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Pohlkamp
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Lei Xiao
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Rukhsana Sultana
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Asim Bepari
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Hans H Bock
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Mark Henkemeyer
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sexually Dimorphic Expression of Reelin in the Brain of a Mouse Model of Alzheimer Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 61:359-367. [PMID: 27866325 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0865-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence highlights the protective role of reelin against amyloid β (Aβ)-induced synaptic dysfunction and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer disease (AD). In this study, exploiting TgCRND8 mice that overexpress a mutant form of amyloid β precursor protein (AβPP) and display an early onset of AD neuropathological signs, we addressed the question whether changes of reelin expression eventually precede the appearance of Aβ-plaques in a sex-dependent manner. We show that sex-associated and brain region-specific differences in reelin expression appear long before Aβ-plaque formation. However, in spite of a downregulation of reelin expression compared to males, TgCRND8 females display fewer Aβ-plaques, suggesting that additional factors, other than sex and reelin level, influence amyloidosis in this mouse model.
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Alternative precursor-mRNA splicing is a key mechanism for regulating gene expression in mammals and is controlled by specialized RNA-binding proteins. The misregulation of splicing is implicated in multiple neurological disorders. We describe recent mouse genetic studies of alternative splicing that reveal its critical role in both neuronal development and the function of mature neurons. We discuss the challenges in understanding the extensive genetic programmes controlled by proteins that regulate splicing, both during development and in the adult brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celine K Vuong
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Douglas L Black
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Sika Zheng
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bock HH, May P. Canonical and Non-canonical Reelin Signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:166. [PMID: 27445693 PMCID: PMC4928174 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a large secreted glycoprotein that is essential for correct neuronal positioning during neurodevelopment and is important for synaptic plasticity in the mature brain. Moreover, Reelin is expressed in many extraneuronal tissues; yet the roles of peripheral Reelin are largely unknown. In the brain, many of Reelin's functions are mediated by a molecular signaling cascade that involves two lipoprotein receptors, apolipoprotein E receptor-2 (Apoer2) and very low density-lipoprotein receptor (Vldlr), the neuronal phosphoprotein Disabled-1 (Dab1), and members of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases as crucial elements. This core signaling pathway in turn modulates the activity of adaptor proteins and downstream protein kinase cascades, many of which target the neuronal cytoskeleton. However, additional Reelin-binding receptors have been postulated or described, either as coreceptors that are essential for the activation of the "canonical" Reelin signaling cascade involving Apoer2/Vldlr and Dab1, or as receptors that activate alternative or additional signaling pathways. Here we will give an overview of canonical and alternative Reelin signaling pathways, molecular mechanisms involved, and their potential physiological roles in the context of different biological settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Bock
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Petra May
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bosch C, Muhaisen A, Pujadas L, Soriano E, Martínez A. Reelin Exerts Structural, Biochemical and Transcriptional Regulation Over Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Elements in the Adult Hippocampus. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:138. [PMID: 27303269 PMCID: PMC4884741 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin regulates neuronal positioning and synaptogenesis in the developing brain, and adult brain plasticity. Here we used transgenic mice overexpressing Reelin (Reelin-OE mice) to perform a comprehensive dissection of the effects of this protein on the structural and biochemical features of dendritic spines and axon terminals in the adult hippocampus. Electron microscopy (EM) revealed both higher density of synapses and structural complexity of both pre- and postsynaptic elements in transgenic mice than in WT mice. Dendritic spines had larger spine apparatuses, which correlated with a redistribution of Synaptopodin. Most of the changes observed in Reelin-OE mice were reversible after blockade of transgene expression, thus supporting the specificity of the observed phenotypes. Western blot and transcriptional analyses did not show major changes in the expression of pre- or postsynaptic proteins, including SNARE proteins, glutamate receptors, and scaffolding and signaling proteins. However, EM immunogold assays revealed that the NMDA receptor subunits NR2a and NR2b, and p-Cofilin showed a redistribution from synaptic to extrasynaptic pools. Taken together with previous studies, the present results suggest that Reelin regulates the structural and biochemical properties of adult hippocampal synapses by increasing their density and morphological complexity and by modifying the distribution and trafficking of major glutamatergic components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carles Bosch
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), MadridSpain; Vall d'Hebron Institut de RecercaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Ashraf Muhaisen
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), MadridSpain; Vall d'Hebron Institut de RecercaBarcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Pujadas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), MadridSpain; Vall d'Hebron Institut de RecercaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), MadridSpain; Vall d'Hebron Institut de RecercaBarcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats AcademiaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Martínez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lee GH, D'Arcangelo G. New Insights into Reelin-Mediated Signaling Pathways. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:122. [PMID: 27242434 PMCID: PMC4860420 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin, a multifunctional extracellular protein that is important for mammalian brain development and function, is secreted by different cell types in the prenatal or postnatal brain. The spatiotemporal regulation of Reelin expression and distribution during development relates to its multifaceted function in the brain. Prenatally Reelin controls neuronal radial migration and proper positioning in cortical layers, whereas postnatally Reelin promotes neuronal maturation, synaptic formation and plasticity. The molecular mechanisms underlying the distinct biological functions of Reelin during and after brain development involve unique and overlapping signaling pathways that are activated following Reelin binding to its cell surface receptors. Distinct Reelin ligand isoforms, such as the full-length protein or fragments generated by proteolytic cleavage differentially affect the activity of downstream signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the signaling transduction pathways activated by Reelin that regulate different aspects of brain development and function. A core signaling machinery, including ApoER2/VLDLR receptors, Src/Fyn kinases, and the adaptor protein Dab1, participates in all known aspects of Reelin biology. However, distinct downstream mechanisms, such as the Crk/Rap1 pathway and cell adhesion molecules, play crucial roles in the control of neuronal migration, whereas the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway appears to be more important for dendrite and spine development. Finally, the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) and an unidentified receptor contribute to the activation of the MEK/Erk1/2 pathway leading to the upregulation of genes involved in synaptic plasticity and learning. This knowledge may provide new insight into neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative disorders that are associated with Reelin dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gum Hwa Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Gabriella D'Arcangelo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Piscataway, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ohtaka-Maruyama C, Okado H. Molecular Pathways Underlying Projection Neuron Production and Migration during Cerebral Cortical Development. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:447. [PMID: 26733777 PMCID: PMC4682034 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamatergic neurons of the mammalian cerebral cortex originate from radial glia (RG) progenitors in the ventricular zone (VZ). During corticogenesis, neuroblasts migrate toward the pial surface using two different migration modes. One is multipolar (MP) migration with random directional movement, and the other is locomotion, which is a unidirectional movement guided by the RG fiber. After reaching their final destination, the neurons finalize their migration by terminal translocation, which is followed by maturation via dendrite extension to initiate synaptogenesis and thereby complete neural circuit formation. This switching of migration modes during cortical development is unique in mammals, which suggests that the RG-guided locomotion mode may contribute to the evolution of the mammalian neocortical 6-layer structure. Many factors have been reported to be involved in the regulation of this radial neuronal migration process. In general, the radial migration can be largely divided into four steps; (1) maintenance and departure from the VZ of neural progenitor cells, (2) MP migration and transition to bipolar cells, (3) RG-guided locomotion, and (4) terminal translocation and dendrite maturation. Among these, many different gene mutations or knockdown effects have resulted in failure of the MP to bipolar transition (step 2), suggesting that it is a critical step, particularly in radial migration. Moreover, this transition occurs at the subplate layer. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying each of these steps. Finally, we discuss the evolutionary aspects of neuronal migration in corticogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Ohtaka-Maruyama
- Neural Network Project, Department of Brain Development and Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruo Okado
- Neural Development Project, Department of Brain Development and Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Brai E, Marathe S, Astori S, Fredj NB, Perry E, Lamy C, Scotti A, Alberi L. Notch1 Regulates Hippocampal Plasticity Through Interaction with the Reelin Pathway, Glutamatergic Transmission and CREB Signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:447. [PMID: 26635527 PMCID: PMC4659909 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling plays a crucial role in adult brain function such as synaptic plasticity, memory and olfaction. Several reports suggest an involvement of this pathway in neurodegenerative dementia. Yet, to date, the mechanism underlying Notch activity in mature neurons remains unresolved. In this work, we investigate how Notch regulates synaptic potentiation and contributes to the establishment of memory in mice. We observe that Notch1 is a postsynaptic receptor with functional interactions with the Reelin receptor, apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and the ionotropic receptor, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). Targeted loss of Notch1 in the hippocampal CA fields affects Reelin signaling by influencing Dab1 expression and impairs the synaptic potentiation achieved through Reelin stimulation. Further analysis indicates that loss of Notch1 affects the expression and composition of the NMDAR but not AMPAR. Glutamatergic signaling is further compromised through downregulation of CamKII and its secondary and tertiary messengers resulting in reduced cAMP response element-binding (CREB) signaling. Our results identify Notch1 as an important regulator of mechanisms involved in synaptic plasticity and memory formation. These findings emphasize the possible involvement of this signaling receptor in dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Brai
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Fribourg Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Swananda Marathe
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Fribourg Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Simone Astori
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Naila Ben Fredj
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Fribourg Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Perry
- Histology Core Laboratory, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Health Sciences University Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Christophe Lamy
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Fribourg Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Scotti
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lavinia Alberi
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Fribourg Fribourg, Switzerland ; Unit of Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Stouffer MA, Golden JA, Francis F. Neuronal migration disorders: Focus on the cytoskeleton and epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 92:18-45. [PMID: 26299390 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide spectrum of focal, regional, or diffuse structural brain abnormalities, collectively known as malformations of cortical development (MCDs), frequently manifest with intellectual disability (ID), epilepsy, and/or autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). As the acronym suggests, MCDs are perturbations of the normal architecture of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The pathogenesis of these disorders remains incompletely understood; however, one area that has provided important insights has been the study of neuronal migration. The amalgamation of human genetics and experimental studies in animal models has led to the recognition that common genetic causes of neurodevelopmental disorders, including many severe epilepsy syndromes, are due to mutations in genes regulating the migration of newly born post-mitotic neurons. Neuronal migration genes often, though not exclusively, code for proteins involved in the function of the cytoskeleton. Other cellular processes, such as cell division and axon/dendrite formation, which similarly depend on cytoskeletal functions, may also be affected. We focus here on how the susceptibility of the highly organized neocortex and hippocampus may be due to their laminar organization, which involves the tight regulation, both temporally and spatially, of gene expression, specialized progenitor cells, the migration of neurons over large distances and a birthdate-specific layering of neurons. Perturbations in neuronal migration result in abnormal lamination, neuronal differentiation defects, abnormal cellular morphology and circuit formation. Ultimately this results in disorganized excitatory and inhibitory activity leading to the symptoms observed in individuals with these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Stouffer
- INSERM UMRS 839, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Jeffrey A Golden
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fiona Francis
- INSERM UMRS 839, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Importance of Reelin C-terminal region in the development and maintenance of the postnatal cerebral cortex and its regulation by specific proteolysis. J Neurosci 2015; 35:4776-87. [PMID: 25788693 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4119-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During brain development, Reelin exerts a variety of effects in a context-dependent manner, whereas its underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. We previously showed that the C-terminal region (CTR) of Reelin is required for efficient induction of phosphorylation of Dab1, an essential adaptor protein for canonical Reelin signaling. However, the physiological significance of the Reelin CTR in vivo remains unexplored. To dissect out Reelin functions, we made a knock-in (KI) mouse in which the Reelin CTR is deleted. The amount of Dab1, an indication of canonical Reelin signaling strength, is increased in the KI mouse, indicating that the CTR is necessary for efficient induction of Dab1 phosphorylation in vivo. Formation of layer structures during embryonic development is normal in the KI mouse. Intriguingly, the marginal zone (MZ) of the cerebral cortex becomes narrower at postnatal stages because upper-layer neurons invade the MZ and their apical dendrites are misoriented and poorly branched. Furthermore, Reelin undergoes proteolytic cleavage by proprotein convertases at a site located 6 residues from the C terminus, and it was suggested that this cleavage abrogates the Reelin binding to the neuronal cell membrane. Results from ectopic expression of mutant Reelin proteins in utero suggest that the dendrite development and maintenance of the MZ require Reelin protein with an intact CTR. These results provide a novel model regarding Reelin functions involving its CTR, which is not required for neuronal migration during embryonic stages but is required for the development and maintenance of the MZ in the postnatal cerebral cortex.
Collapse
|
38
|
Onoue A, Takeuchi M, Kohno T, Hattori M. Aberrant fragment of Dab1 protein is present in yotari mouse. Neurosci Res 2014; 88:23-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
39
|
Burrell TC, Divekar SD, Weeber EJ, Rebeck GW. Fyn tyrosine kinase increases Apolipoprotein E Receptor 2 levels and phosphorylation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110845. [PMID: 25340851 PMCID: PMC4207760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E Receptor 2 (ApoER2) and the tyrosine kinase Fyn are both members of the Reelin pathway, a signaling pathway essential for the laminar formation of the cortex during development and proper dendritic spine density and long-term potential (LTP) in the adult brain. In the presence of extracellular Reelin, ApoER2 binds the intracellular protein Dab1, an adaptor protein that is phosphorylated by Fyn. However, direct interactions between ApoER2 and Fyn are not well defined. Here, we show that total levels of ApoER2 and surface levels of ApoER2 are increased by active Fyn. Via a separate mechanism, ApoER2 is also phosphorylated by Fyn, an event that peaks in the postnatal cortex at day 5 and can occur at multiple ApoER2 tyrosine residues. Dab1 is also involved in this phosphorylation, promoting the phosphorylation of ApoER2 by Fyn when it is itself phosphorylated. These results elucidate some of the intracellular mechanisms that give rise to a functional Reelin pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teal C. Burrell
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Shailaja D. Divekar
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Edwin J. Weeber
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - G. William Rebeck
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
How does Reelin control neuronal migration and layer formation in the developing mammalian neocortex? Neurosci Res 2014; 86:50-8. [PMID: 24969097 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex has a laminar structure that develops in a birth-date-dependent "inside-out" pattern. Its layered structure is established by neuronal migration accompanied by sequential changes in migratory mode regulated by several signaling cascades. Although Reelin was discovered about two decades ago and is one of the best known molecules that is indispensable to the establishment of the "inside-out" neuron layers, the cellular and molecular functions of Reelin in layer formation are still largely unknown. In this review article, we summarize our recent understanding of Reelin's functions during neuronal migration. Reelin acts in at least two different steps of neuronal migration: the final step of neuronal migration (somal/terminal translocation) just beneath the marginal zone (MZ) and the regulation of cell polarity step when the neurons change their migratory mode from multipolar migration to locomotion. During the translocation mode, Reelin activates integrin α5β1 through an intracellular pathway that triggers the translocation and activates N-cadherin in concert with the nectin-afadin system. Reelin is also involved in the termination of neuronal migration by degrading Dab1 via the SOCS7-Cullin5-Rbx2 system, and Reelin has been found to induce the birth-date-dependent neuronal aggregation in vivo. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that the molecular function of Reelin during neuronal migration is to control cell-adhesiveness during development by regulating the expression/activation of cell adhesion molecules.
Collapse
|
41
|
Divekar SD, Burrell TC, Lee JE, Weeber EJ, Rebeck GW. Ligand-induced homotypic and heterotypic clustering of apolipoprotein E receptor 2. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:15894-903. [PMID: 24755222 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.537548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
ApoE Receptor 2 (ApoER2) and the very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) are type I transmembrane proteins belonging to the LDLR family of receptors. They are neuronal proteins found in synaptic compartments that play an important role in neuronal migration during development. ApoER2 and VLDLR bind to extracellular glycoproteins, such as Reelin and F-spondin, which leads to phosphorylation of adaptor proteins and subsequent activation of downstream signaling pathways. It is thought that ApoER2 and VLDLR undergo clustering upon binding to their ligands, but no direct evidence of clustering has been shown. Here we show strong clustering of ApoER2 induced by the dimeric ligands Fc-RAP, F-spondin, and Reelin but relatively weak clustering with the ligand apoE in the absence of lipoproteins. This clustering involves numerous proteins besides ApoER2, including amyloid precursor protein and the synaptic adaptor protein PSD-95. Interestingly, we did not observe strong clustering of ApoER2 with VLDLR. Clustering was modulated by both extracellular and intracellular domains of ApoER2. Together, our data demonstrate that several multivalent ligands for ApoER2 induce clustering in transfected cells and primary neurons and that these complexes included other synaptic molecules, such as APP and PSD-95.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shailaja D Divekar
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20007 and
| | - Teal C Burrell
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20007 and
| | - Jennifer E Lee
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20007 and
| | - Edwin J Weeber
- the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida 33613
| | - G William Rebeck
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20007 and
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Koie M, Okumura K, Hisanaga A, Kamei T, Sasaki K, Deng M, Baba A, Kohno T, Hattori M. Cleavage within Reelin repeat 3 regulates the duration and range of the signaling activity of Reelin protein. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:12922-30. [PMID: 24644294 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.536326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a secreted glycoprotein that plays essential roles in the brain. Reelin is specifically cleaved at two distinct sites, called N-t and C-t, with the former being the major one. N-t cleavage can occur both in the extracellular space and in the endosomes, although the physiological importance of endosomal N-t cleavage has not been investigated. In this study, we first determined the exact N-t cleavage site catalyzed by a protease secreted by cerebral cortical neurons. Cleavage occurred between Pro-1244 and Ala-1245 within Reelin repeat 3. A Reelin mutant in which Pro-1244 was replaced with aspartate (Reelin-PD) was resistant to a protease secreted by cultured cerebral cortical neurons, and its biological activity stayed active longer than that of wild-type Reelin. Interestingly, Reelin-PD remained in the intracellular compartments longer than wild-type Reelin and persistently activated downstream signaling. Therefore, N-t cleavage of Reelin is required for halting the signaling machinery in the extracellular space as well as within endosomes of target neurons. We established a monoclonal antibody specific to uncleaved Reelin protein and found that it is localized in the vicinity of Reelin-producing cells, whereas the N-terminal fragment diffuses, or is transported, to distant regions. These data demonstrate that N-t cleavage of Reelin plays critical roles in regulating the duration and range of Reelin functions both in the extracellular milieu and in the intracellular compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Koie
- From the Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Vázquez-Carretero MD, García-Miranda P, Calonge ML, Peral MJ, Ilundain AA. Dab1 and reelin participate in a common signal pathway that controls intestinal crypt/villus unit dynamics. Biol Cell 2014; 106:83-96. [PMID: 24313315 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201300078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION The myofibroblasts placed underneath the epithelium of the rodent small intestine express reelin, and the reelin absence modifies both the morphology and the cell renewal processes of the crypt-villus unit. In the developing central nervous system, the reelin effects are mediated by the disabled-1 (Dab1) protein. The present work explores whether Dab1 mediates the reelin control of the crypt-villus unit dynamics by examining in the mouse small intestine the consequences of the absence of (i) Dab1 (scrambler mutation) on crypt-villus unit cell renewal processes and morphology and (ii) reelin (reeler mutation) on the intestinal expression of Dab1. RESULTS The effects of the scrambler mutation on the crypt-villus unit renewal processes are remarkably similar to those caused by the lack of reelin. Thus, both mutations significantly reduce epithelial cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis, and the number of Paneth cells; affect the morphology of the villus, and expand the intercellular space of the adherens junctions and desmosomes. The Western blot assays reveal that the Dab1 isoform present in the enterocytes has a molecular weight of ∼63 kDa and that in the brain of ∼82 kDa. They also reveal that the absence of reelin increases Dab1 abundance in both brain and enterocytes. CONCLUSIONS All together, the current findings link reelin with Dab1 and suggest that Dab1 functions downstream of reelin action on the homeostasis of the crypt-villus unit.
Collapse
|
44
|
Reelin in the Years: Controlling Neuronal Migration and Maturation in the Mammalian Brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/597395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular protein Reelin was initially identified as an essential factor in the control of neuronal migration and layer formation in the developing mammalian brain. In the years following its discovery, however, it became clear that Reelin is a multifunctional protein that controls not only the positioning of neurons in the developing brain, but also their growth, maturation, and synaptic activity in the adult brain. In this review, we will highlight the major discoveries of the biological activities of Reelin and the underlying molecular mechanisms that affect the development and function of the mammalian brain, from embryonic ages to adulthood.
Collapse
|
45
|
Neural ECM molecules in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 214:53-80. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63486-3.00003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
46
|
Simó S, Cooper JA. Rbx2 regulates neuronal migration through different cullin 5-RING ligase adaptors. Dev Cell 2013; 27:399-411. [PMID: 24210661 PMCID: PMC3851519 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenesis requires the proper migration and positioning of different cell types in the embryo. Much more is known about how cells start and guide their migrations than about how they stop when they reach their destinations. Here we provide evidence that Rbx2, a subunit of the Cullin 5-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL5) complex, stops neocortical projection neurons at their target layers. Rbx2 mutation causes neocortical and cerebellar ectopias dependent on Dab1, a key signaling protein in the Reelin pathway. SOCS7, a CRL5 substrate adaptor protein, is also required for neocortical layering. SOCS7-CRL5 complexes stimulate the ubiquitylation and turnover of Dab1. SOCS7 is upregulated during projection neuron migration, and unscheduled SOCS7 expression stops migration prematurely. Cerebellar development requires Rbx2 but not SOCS7, pointing to the importance of other CRL5 adaptors. Our results suggest that CRL5 adaptor expression is spatiotemporally regulated to modulate Reelin signaling and ensure normal neuron positioning in the developing brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Simó
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, Washington 98109, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan A. Cooper
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, Washington 98109, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Rogers JT, Zhao L, Trotter JH, Rusiana I, Peters MM, Li Q, Donaldson E, Banko JL, Keenoy KE, Rebeck GW, Hoe HS, D’Arcangelo G, Weeber EJ. Reelin supplementation recovers sensorimotor gating, synaptic plasticity and associative learning deficits in the heterozygous reeler mouse. J Psychopharmacol 2013; 27:386-95. [PMID: 23104248 PMCID: PMC3820099 DOI: 10.1177/0269881112463468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The lipoprotein receptor ligand Reelin is important for the processes of normal synaptic plasticity, dendritic morphogenesis, and learning and memory. Heterozygous reeler mice (HRM) show many neuroanatomical, biochemical, and behavioral features that are associated with schizophrenia. HRM show subtle morphological defects including reductions in dendritic spine density, altered synaptic plasticity and behavioral deficits in associative learning and memory and pre-pulse inhibition. The present studies test the hypothesis that in vivo elevation of Reelin levels can rescue synaptic and behavioral phenotypes associated with HRM. We demonstrate that a single in vivo injection of Reelin increases GAD67 expression and alters dendritic spine morphology. In parallel we observed enhancement of hippocampal synaptic function and associative learning and memory. Reelin supplementation also increases pre-pulse inhibition. These results suggest that characteristics of HRM, similar to those observed in schizophrenia, are sensitive to Reelin levels and can be modified with Reelin supplementation in male and female adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Rogers
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA,USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tampa, USA
| | - Lisa Zhao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Justin H Trotter
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA,USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tampa, USA
| | - Ian Rusiana
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA,USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tampa, USA
| | - Melinda M Peters
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA,USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tampa, USA
| | - Qingyou Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA,USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tampa, USA
| | - Erika Donaldson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA,USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tampa, USA
| | - Jessica L Banko
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tampa, USA,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Kathleen E Keenoy
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, Georgetown University, Washington, USA
| | - G William Rebeck
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University, Washington, USA
| | - Hyang-Sook Hoe
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, Georgetown University, Washington, USA
| | - Gabriella D’Arcangelo
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, USA,Nelson Biological Laboratories, Rutgers University, Piscataway, USA
| | - Edwin J Weeber
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA,USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tampa, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
The integration of newborn neurons into functional neuronal networks requires migration of cells to their final position in the developing brain, the growth and arborization of neuronal processes and the formation of synaptic contacts with other neurons. A central player among the signals that coordinate this complex sequence of differentiation events is the secreted glycoprotein Reelin, which also modulates synaptic plasticity, learning and memory formation in the adult brain. Binding of Reelin to ApoER2 and VLDL receptor, two members of the LDL receptor family, initiates a signaling cascade involving tyrosine phosphorylation of the intracellular cytoplasmic adaptor protein Disabled-1, which targets the neuronal cytoskeleton and ultimately controls the positioning of neurons throughout the developing brain. However, it is possible that Reelin signals interact with other receptor-mediated signaling cascades to regulate different aspects of brain development and plasticity. EphB tyrosine kinases regulate cell adhesion and repulsion-dependent processes via bidirectional signaling through ephrin B transmembrane proteins. Here, we demonstrate that Reelin binds to the extracellular domains of EphB transmembrane proteins, inducing receptor clustering and activation of EphB forward signaling in neurons, independently of the 'classical' Reelin receptors, ApoER2 and VLDLR. Accordingly, mice lacking EphB1 and EphB2 display a positioning defect of CA3 hippocampal pyramidal neurons, similar to that in Reelin-deficient mice, and this cell migration defect depends on the kinase activity of EphB proteins. Together, our data provide biochemical and functional evidence for signal integration between Reelin and EphB forward signaling.
Collapse
|
49
|
Dab2ip regulates neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth in the developing neocortex. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46592. [PMID: 23056358 PMCID: PMC3464295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dab2ip (DOC-2/DAB2 interacting protein) is a member of the Ras GTPase-activating protein (GAP) family that has been previously shown to function as a tumor suppressor in several systems. Dab2ip is also highly expressed in the brain where it interacts with Dab1, a key mediator of the Reelin pathway that controls several aspects of brain development and function. We found that Dab2ip is highly expressed in the developing cerebral cortex, but that mutations in the Reelin signaling pathway do not affect its expression. To determine whether Dab2ip plays a role in brain development, we knocked down or over expressed it in neuronal progenitor cells of the embryonic mouse neocortex using in utero electroporation. Dab2ip down-regulation severely disrupts neuronal migration, affecting preferentially late-born principal cortical neurons. Dab2ip overexpression also leads to migration defects. Structure-function experiments in vivo further show that both PH and GRD domains of Dab2ip are important for neuronal migration. A detailed analysis of transfected neurons reveals that Dab2ip down- or up-regulation disrupts the transition from a multipolar to a bipolar neuronal morphology in the intermediate zone. Knock down of Dab2ip in neurons ex-vivo indicates that this protein is necessary for proper neurite development and for the expression of several major neuronal microtubule associated proteins (MAPs), which are important for neurite growth and stabilization. Thus, our study identifies, for the first time, a critical role for Dab2ip in mammalian cortical development and begins to reveal molecular mechanisms that underlie this function.
Collapse
|
50
|
Reelin-Disabled-1 signaling in neuronal migration: splicing takes the stage. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:2319-29. [PMID: 23052211 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Reelin-Disabled-1 (Dab1) signaling has a well-established role in regulating neuronal migration during brain development. Binding of Reelin to its receptors induces Dab1 tyrosine phosphorylation. Tyrosine-phosphorylated Dab1 recruits a wide range of SH2 domain-containing proteins and activates multiple signaling cascades, resulting in cytoskeleton remodeling and precise neuronal positioning. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the Reelin-Dab1 signaling field. We focus on Dab1 alternative splicing as a mechanism for modulating the Reelin signal in developing brain. We suggest that correct positioning of neurons in the developing brain is at least partly controlled by alternatively-spliced Dab1 isoforms that differ in the number and type of tyrosine phosphorylation motifs that they contain. We propose a model whereby different subsets of SH2 domain-containing proteins are activated by different Dab1 isoforms, resulting in coordinated migration of neurons.
Collapse
|