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Rosso DA, Rosato M, Gómez FD, Álvarez RS, Shiromizu CM, Keitelman IA, Ibarra C, Amaral MM, Jancic CC. Human Glomerular Endothelial Cells Treated With Shiga Toxin Type 2 Activate γδ T Lymphocytes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:765941. [PMID: 34900753 PMCID: PMC8656354 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.765941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with diarrhea, a consequence of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli infection, is a common cause of pediatric acute renal failure in Argentina. Stx type 2a (Stx2a) causes direct damage to renal cells and induces local inflammatory responses that involve secretion of inflammatory mediators and the recruitment of innate immune cells. γδ T cells constitute a subset of T lymphocytes, which act as early sensors of cellular stress and infection. They can exert cytotoxicity against infected and transformed cells, and produce cytokines and chemokines. In this study, we investigated the activation of human peripheral γδ T cells in response to the incubation with Stx2a-stimulated human glomerular endothelial cells (HGEC) or their conditioned medium, by analyzing in γδ T lymphocytes, the expression of CD69, CD107a, and perforin, and the production of TNF-α and IFN-γ. In addition, we evaluated by confocal microscopy the contact between γδ T cells and HGEC. This analysis showed an augmentation in cellular interactions in the presence of Stx2a-stimulated HGEC compared to untreated HGEC. Furthermore, we observed an increase in cytokine production and CD107a expression, together with a decrease in intracellular perforin when γδ T cells were incubated with Stx2a-treated HGEC or their conditioned medium. Interestingly, the blocking of TNF-α by Etanercept reversed the changes in the parameters measured in γδ T cells incubated with Stx2a-treated HGEC supernatants. Altogether, our results suggest that soluble factors released by Stx2a-stimulated HGEC modulate the activation of γδ T cells, being TNF-α a key player during this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Antonio Rosso
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Academia Nacional de Medicina., Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Micaela Rosato
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Academia Nacional de Medicina., Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Daniel Gómez
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Soledad Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Maiumi Shiromizu
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Academia Nacional de Medicina., Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Irene Angélica Keitelman
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Academia Nacional de Medicina., Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Marta Amaral
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Cristina Jancic
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Academia Nacional de Medicina., Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Luz D, Gómez FD, Ferreira RL, Melo BS, Guth BEC, Quintilio W, Moro AM, Presta A, Sacerdoti F, Ibarra C, Chen G, Sidhu SS, Amaral MM, Piazza RMF. The Deleterious Effects of Shiga Toxin Type 2 Are Neutralized In Vitro by FabF8:Stx2 Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110825. [PMID: 34822608 PMCID: PMC8621789 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) associated with Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) infections is the principal cause of acute renal injury in pediatric age groups. Shiga toxin type 2 (Stx2) has in vitro cytotoxic effects on kidney cells, including human glomerular endothelial (HGEC) and Vero cells. Neither a licensed vaccine nor effective therapy for HUS is available for humans. Recombinant antibodies against Stx2, produced in bacteria, appeared as the utmost tool to prevent HUS. Therefore, in this work, a recombinant FabF8:Stx2 was selected from a human Fab antibody library by phage display, characterized, and analyzed for its ability to neutralize the Stx activity from different STEC-Stx2 and Stx1/Stx2 producing strains in a gold standard Vero cell assay, and the Stx2 cytotoxic effects on primary cultures of HGEC. This recombinant Fab showed a dissociation constant of 13.8 nM and a half maximum effective concentration (EC50) of 160 ng/mL to Stx2. Additionally, FabF8:Stx2 neutralized, in different percentages, the cytotoxic effects of Stx2 and Stx1/2 from different STEC strains on Vero cells. Moreover, it significantly prevented the deleterious effects of Stx2 in a dose-dependent manner (up to 83%) in HGEC and protected this cell up to 90% from apoptosis and necrosis. Therefore, this novel and simple anti-Stx2 biomolecule will allow further investigation as a new therapeutic option that could improve STEC and HUS patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Luz
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (D.L.); (R.L.F.); (B.S.M.)
| | - Fernando D. Gómez
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina; (F.D.G.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (C.I.)
| | - Raíssa L. Ferreira
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (D.L.); (R.L.F.); (B.S.M.)
| | - Bruna S. Melo
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (D.L.); (R.L.F.); (B.S.M.)
| | - Beatriz E. C. Guth
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Sāo Paulo, Sao Paulo 04023-062, Brazil;
| | - Wagner Quintilio
- Laboratório de Biofármacos, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (W.Q.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Ana Maria Moro
- Laboratório de Biofármacos, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (W.Q.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Agostina Presta
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina; (F.D.G.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (C.I.)
| | - Flavia Sacerdoti
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina; (F.D.G.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (C.I.)
| | - Cristina Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina; (F.D.G.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (C.I.)
| | - Gang Chen
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, OT M5S 3E1, Canada; (G.C.); (S.S.S.)
| | - Sachdev S. Sidhu
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, OT M5S 3E1, Canada; (G.C.); (S.S.S.)
| | - María Marta Amaral
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina; (F.D.G.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (C.I.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.A.); (R.M.F.P.)
| | - Roxane M. F. Piazza
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (D.L.); (R.L.F.); (B.S.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.A.); (R.M.F.P.)
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Epidemiological investigations identified an outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serotype O26:H11 associated with pre-packed sandwiches. Epidemiol Infect 2021; 149:e178. [PMID: 34635196 PMCID: PMC8365849 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268821001576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In October 2019, public health surveillance systems in Scotland identified an increase in the number of reported infections of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O26:H11 involving bloody diarrhoea. Ultimately, across the United Kingdom (UK) 32 cases of STEC O26:H11 stx1a were identified, with the median age of 27 years and 64% were male; six cases were hospitalised. Among food exposures there was an association with consuming pre-packed sandwiches purchased at outlets belonging to a national food chain franchise (food outlet A) [odds ratio (OR) = 183.89, P < 0.001]. The common ingredient identified as a component of the majority of the sandwiches sold at food outlet A was a mixed salad of Apollo and Iceberg lettuce and spinach leaves. Microbiological testing of food and environmental samples were negative for STEC O26:H11, although STEC O36:H19 was isolated from a mixed salad sample taken from premises owned by food outlet A. Contamination of fresh produce is often due to a transient event and detection of the aetiological agent in food that has a short-shelf life is challenging. Robust, statistically significant epidemiological analysis should be sufficient evidence to direct timely and targeted on-farm investigations. A shift in focus from testing the microbiological quality of the produce to investigating the processes and practices through the supply chain and sampling the farm environment is recommended.
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Vishram B, Jenkins C, Greig DR, Godbole G, Carroll K, Balasegaram S, Byrne L. The emerging importance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli other than serogroup O157 in England. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 34309502 PMCID: PMC8493422 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) can cause severe disease and large outbreaks. In England, the incidence and clinical significance of STEC serogroups other than O157 (non-O157) is unknown due to a testing bias for detection of STEC O157. Since 2013, the implementation of PCR to detect all STEC serogroups by an increasing number of diagnostic laboratories has led to an increase in the detection of non-O157 STEC. Hypothesis/Gap statement Due to a bias in testing methodologies to select for STEC serogroup O157 in frontline diagnostic laboratories in most countries, very little surveillance data have been previously generated on non-O157 STEC. Aim Five years (2014–2018) of STEC national surveillance data were extracted and descriptive analysis undertaken to assess disease severity of non-O157 STEC strains. Methods Data from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2018 were extracted from the National Enhanced Surveillance System for STEC and analysed. Results The implementation of Gastrointestinal Polymerase Chain Reaction (GI-PCR) has resulted in a four-fold increase in the detection of non-O157 STEC cases between 2014 and 2018. There were 2579 cases infected with 97 different non-O157 serogroups. The gender distribution was similar amongst STEC O157 and non-O157 STEC cases with 57 and 56 % of cases being female respectively, but a significantly higher proportion of cases (P <0.001) under 5 years of age was observed among STEC O157 (22 %) cases compared to non-O157 STEC (14 %). The most common non-O157 serogroups were O26 (16 %), O146 (11 %), O91 (10 %), O128 (7 %), O103 (5 %) and O117 (3 %). Overall, rates of bloody diarrhoea were highest in O26 (44 %) and O103 (48 %) cases and lowest in STEC O117 cases (17 %). Strains harbouring Shiga toxin stx1a caused the highest proportion of diarrhoea (93 %) and caused the same level of bloody diarrhoea as stx2a (39 %). However, stx2a caused the highest proportion of vomiting (46 %), hospitalisation (49 %) and considerably more HUS (29 %) than other stx profiles. Conclusion The implementation of PCR targeting stx at diagnostic laboratories has shown that non-O157 STEC, most notably STEC O26, are an emerging risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavita Vishram
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Claire Jenkins
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - David R Greig
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Gauri Godbole
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Kevin Carroll
- PHE South East, Surrey and Sussex HPT, Parkside, Chart Way, Horsham RH12 1XA, UK
| | | | - Lisa Byrne
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
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Song L, Xiao Y, Li X, Huang Y, Meng G, Ren Z. Activation of the Nlrp3 Inflammasome Contributes to Shiga Toxin-Induced Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in a Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2021; 11:619096. [PMID: 33552083 PMCID: PMC7859089 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.619096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the role of the Nlrp3 inflammasome activation in the development of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) induced by Stx2 and evaluate the efficacy of small molecule Nlrp3 inhibitors in preventing the HUS. Methods Peritoneal macrophages (PMs) isolated from wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice and gene knockout mice (Nlrc4 -/-, Aim2 -/-, and Nlrp3 -/-) were treated with Stx2 in vitro and their IL-1β releases were measured. WT mice and Nlrp3 -/- mice were also treated with Stx2 in vivo by injection, and the biochemical indices (serum IL-1β, creatinine [CRE] and blood urea nitrogen [BUN]), renal injury, and animal survival were compared. To evaluate the effect of the Nlrp3 inhibitors in preventing HUS, WT mice were pretreated with different Nlrp3 inhibitors (MCC950, CY-09, Oridonin) before Stx2 treatment, and their biochemical indices and survival were compared with the WT mice without inhibitor pretreatment. Results When PMs were stimulated by Stx2 in vitro, IL-1β release in Nlrp3 -/- PMs was significantly lower compared to the other PMs. The Nlrp3 -/- mice treated by Stx2 in vivo, showed lower levels of the biochemical indices, alleviated renal injuries, and increased survival rate. When the WT mice were pretreated with the Nlrp3 inhibitors, both the biochemical indices and survival were significantly improved compared to those without inhibitor pretreatment, with Oridonin being most potent. Conclusion Nlrp3 inflammasome activation plays a vital role in the HUS development when mice are challenged by Stx2, and Oridonin is effective in preventing HUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiong Song
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018 RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018 RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianping Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018 RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanming Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018 RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangxun Meng
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihong Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018 RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Additional Og-Typing PCR Techniques Targeting Escherichia coli-Novel and Shigella-Unique O-Antigen Biosynthesis Gene Clusters. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.01493-20. [PMID: 32817086 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01493-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The O-serogrouping of pathogenic Escherichia coli is a standard method for subtyping strains for epidemiological studies and controls. O-serogroup diversification shows a strong association with the genetic diversity in some O-antigen biosynthesis gene clusters. Through genomic studies, in addition to the types of O-antigen biosynthesis gene clusters (Og-types) from conventional O-serogroup strains, a number of novel Og-types have been found in E. coli isolates. To assist outbreak investigations and surveillance of pathogenic E. coli at inspection institutes, in previous studies, we developed PCR methods that could determine almost all conventional O-serogroups and some novel Og-types. However, there are still many Og-types that may not be determined by simple genetic methods such as PCR. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to develop an additional Og-typing PCR system. Based on the novel Og-types, including OgN32, OgN33, and OgN34, presented in this study, we designed an additional 24 PCR primer pairs targeting 14 novel and 2 diversified E. coli Og-types and 8 Shigella-unique Og-types. Subsequently, we developed 5 new multiplex PCR sets consisting of 33 primers, including the aforementioned 24 primers and 9 primers reported in previous studies. The accuracy and specificity of the PCR system was validated using approximately 260 E. coli and Shigella O-serogroup and Og-type reference strains. The Og-typing PCR system reported here can determine a wide range of Og-types of E. coli and may help epidemiological studies, in addition to the surveillance of pathogenic E. coli.
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Pintara A, Jennison A, Rathnayake IU, Mellor G, Huygens F. Core and Accessory Genome Comparison of Australian and International Strains of O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:566415. [PMID: 33013798 PMCID: PMC7498637 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.566415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a foodborne pathogen, and serotype O157:H7 is typically associated with severe disease. Australian STEC epidemiology differs from many other countries, as severe outbreaks and HUS cases appear to be more often associated with non-O157 serogroups. It is not known why Australian strains of O157 STEC might differ in virulence to international strains. Here we investigate the reduced virulence of Australian strains. Multiple genetic analyses were performed, including SNP-typing, to compare the core genomes of the Australian to the international isolates, and accessory genome analysis to determine any significant differences in gene presence/absence that could be associated with their phenotypic differences in virulence. The most distinct difference between the isolates was the absence of the stx2a gene in all Australian isolates, with few other notable differences observed in the core and accessory genomes of the O157 STEC isolates analyzed in this study. The presence of stx1a in most Australian isolates was another notable observation. Acquisition of stx2a seems to coincide with the emergence of highly pathogenic STEC. Due to the lack of other notable genotypic differences observed between Australian and international isolates characterized as highly pathogenic, this may be further evidence that the absence of stx2a in Australian O157 STEC could be a significant characteristic defining its mild virulence. Further work investigating the driving force(s) behind Stx prophage loss and acquisition is needed to determine if this potential exists in Australian O157 isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pintara
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, Queensland University of Technology, Herston, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Amy Jennison
- Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Irani U. Rathnayake
- Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Glen Mellor
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Archerfield, QLD, Australia
| | - Flavia Huygens
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, Queensland University of Technology, Herston, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Galarce N, Sánchez F, Fuenzalida V, Ramos R, Escobar B, Lapierre L, Paredes-Osses E, Arriagada G, Alegría-Morán R, Lincopán N, Fuentes-Castillo D, Vera-Leiva A, González-Rocha G, Bello-Toledo H, Borie C. Phenotypic and Genotypic Antimicrobial Resistance in Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated From Cattle and Swine in Chile. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:367. [PMID: 32754621 PMCID: PMC7365902 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes bloody diarrhea and hemolytic-uremic syndrome in humans, and a major cause of foodborne disease. Despite antibiotic treatment of STEC infections in humans is not recommended, the presence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in animals and food constitutes a risk to public health, as the pool of genes from which pathogenic bacteria can acquire antibiotic resistance has increased. Additionally, in Chile there is no information on the antimicrobial resistance of this pathogen in livestock. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance of STEC strains isolated from cattle and swine in the Metropolitan region, Chile, to contribute relevant data to antimicrobial resistance surveillance programs at national and international level. We assessed the minimal inhibitory concentration of 18 antimicrobials, and the distribution of 12 antimicrobial resistance genes and class 1 and 2 integrons in 54 STEC strains. All strains were phenotypically resistant to at least one antimicrobial drug, with a 100% of resistance to cefalexin, followed by colistin (81.5%), chloramphenicol (14.8%), ampicillin and enrofloxacin (5.6% each), doxycycline (3.7%), and cefovecin (1.9%). Most detected antibiotic resistance genes were dfrA1 and tetA (100%), followed by tetB (94.4%), blaTEM−1 (90.7%), aac(6)-Ib (88.9%), blaAmpC (81.5%), cat1 (61.1%), and aac(3)-IIa (11.1%). Integrons were detected only in strains of swine origin. Therefore, this study provides further evidence that non-O157 STEC strains present in livestock in the Metropolitan region of Chile exhibit phenotypic and genotypic resistance against antimicrobials that are critical for human and veterinary medicine, representing a major threat for public health. Additionally, these strains could have a competitive advantage in the presence of antimicrobial selective pressure, leading to an increase in food contamination. This study highlights the need for coordinated local and global actions regarding the use of antimicrobials in animal food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Galarce
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Sánchez
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Fuenzalida
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Romina Ramos
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Beatriz Escobar
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lisette Lapierre
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Esteban Paredes-Osses
- Departamento de Salud Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriel Arriagada
- Instituto de Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales, Universidad de O'Higgins, San Fernando, Chile
| | - Raúl Alegría-Morán
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Pedro de Valdivia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nilton Lincopán
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Ciências Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danny Fuentes-Castillo
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alejandra Vera-Leiva
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gerardo González-Rocha
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Millenium Nucleus on Interdisciplinary Approach to Antimicrobial Resistance, Santiago, Chile
| | - Helia Bello-Toledo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Millenium Nucleus on Interdisciplinary Approach to Antimicrobial Resistance, Santiago, Chile
| | - Consuelo Borie
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Kim JS, Lee MS, Kim JH. Recent Updates on Outbreaks of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli and Its Potential Reservoirs. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:273. [PMID: 32582571 PMCID: PMC7287036 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Following infection with certain strains of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), particularly enterohemorrhagic ones, patients are at elevated risk for developing life-threatening extraintestinal complications, such as acute renal failure. Hence, these bacteria represent a public health concern in both developed and developing countries. Shiga toxins (Stxs) expressed by STEC are highly cytotoxic class II ribosome-inactivating proteins and primary virulence factors responsible for major clinical signs of Stx-mediated pathogenesis, including bloody diarrhea, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and neurological complications. Ruminant animals are thought to serve as critical environmental reservoirs of Stx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), but other emerging or arising reservoirs of the toxin-producing bacteria have been overlooked. In particular, a number of new animal species from wildlife and aquaculture industries have recently been identified as unexpected reservoir or spillover hosts of STEC. Here, we summarize recent findings about reservoirs of STEC and review outbreaks of these bacteria both within and outside the United States. A better understanding of environmental transmission to humans will facilitate the development of novel strategies for preventing zoonotic STEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Seob Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Moo-Seung Lee
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea.,Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
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10
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Stephens M, von der Weid PY. Lipopolysaccharides modulate intestinal epithelial permeability and inflammation in a species-specific manner. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:421-432. [PMID: 31203717 PMCID: PMC7524286 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1629235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients presenting with Inflammatory bowel disease have been shown to exhibit an altered microbiome in both Crohn's disease and Ulcerative colitis. This shift in the microbial content led us to question whether several of these microbes are important in inflammatory processes present in these diseases and more specifically whether lipopolysaccharides from the gram-negative cell wall differentially stimulates resident cells. We, therefore, investigated the possible contribution of five major species of gram-negative bacteria found to be altered in presence during disease progression and evaluate their pathogenicity through LPS. We demonstrated that LPS from these different species had individual capacities to induce NF-κB and pro-inflammatory IL-8 production from HEK-TLR4 cells in a TLR4 dependent manner. Additional work using human intestinal colonic epithelial cell monolayers (Caco-2) demonstrated that the cells responded to the serotype specific LPS in a distinct manner, inducing many inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and IL-10 in significantly altered proportions. Furthermore, the permeability of Caco-2 monolayers, as a test for their ability to alter intestinal permeability, was also differentially altered by the serotype specific LPS modulating trans-epithelial electrical resistance, small molecule movement, and tight junction integrity. Our results suggest that specific species of bacteria may be potentiating the pathogenesis of IBD and chronic inflammatory diseases through their serotype specific LPS responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Stephens
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Pierre-Yves von der Weid
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada,CONTACT Pierre-Yves von der Weid Snyder Institute of Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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11
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RNase E-dependent degradation of tnaA mRNA encoding tryptophanase is prerequisite for the induction of acid resistance in Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7128. [PMID: 32346014 PMCID: PMC7188888 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63981-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Acid-resistance systems are essential for pathogenic Escherichia coli to survive in the strongly acidic environment of the human stomach (pH < 2.5). Among these, the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) system is the most effective. However, the precise mechanism of GAD induction is unknown. We previously reported that a tolC mutant lacking the TolC outer membrane channel was defective in GAD induction. Here, we show that indole, a substrate of TolC-dependent efflux pumps and produced by the tryptophanase encoded by the tnaA gene, negatively regulates GAD expression. GAD expression was restored by deleting tnaA in the tolC mutant; in wild-type E. coli, it was suppressed by adding indole to the growth medium. RNA-sequencing revealed that tnaA mRNA levels drastically decreased upon exposure to moderately acidic conditions (pH 5.5). This decrease was suppressed by RNase E deficiency. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the RNase E-dependent degradation of tnaA mRNA is accelerated upon acid exposure, which decreases intracellular indole concentrations and triggers GAD induction.
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12
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Hinojosa-Dávalos J, Arias-Rios EV, Varela-Hernández JJ, Cardona-López MA, Orozco-Muñiz R, Cabrera-Diaz E. Thermal and Chemical Treatments To Reduce Salmonella on Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa) and Broccoli ( Brassica oleracea var. italica) Seeds before and during the Sprouting Process: A Hurdle Approach. J Food Prot 2020; 83:82-88. [PMID: 31851547 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sprouts are vehicles of foodborne diseases caused by pathogens such as Salmonella. The aim of this study was to evaluate thermal and chemical treatments applied as a hurdle approach to reduce Salmonella in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) seeds before and during their germination. Seeds, inoculated and then dried at 55°C for 48 h, were subjected to a chemical treatment and a thermal shock with (i) 75 mM caprylic acid at 70°C for 5 s, (ii) 0.04% CaO at 70°C for 5 s, or (iii) 1% H2O2 at 70°C for 5 s. After each treatment, seeds were immersed in water at 3°C for 5 s. Next, the imbibition process was carried out with 0.016% H2O2 at pH 3.0. Finally, the seeds were transferred to a rotary drum-type germinator and were sprayed with the same chemical solution that was applied before the imbibition process, for 20 s at intervals of 5 min for 40 min at 3 rpm. All chemical treatments reduced Salmonella at least 5 log CFU/g on both seeds. Germination rates between 90 and 93% were obtained after application of thermal and chemical treatments. Salmonella was not detected after the imbibition stage when caprylic acid and H2O2 treatments were applied. However, during the germination process of both seeds, Salmonella counts of >6 log CFU/g were obtained despite all treatments being applied at different stages of the sprouting process. These results demonstrated that thermal and chemical treatments used as a hurdle approach to control Salmonella on alfalfa and broccoli seeds significantly reduced the pathogen concentration on seeds >5 log but were ineffective to eliminate Salmonella and to control its growth during the sprouting process. The production of safe sprouts continues to be a major challenge for industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Hinojosa-Dávalos
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad No. 1115, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico 47820 (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9967-2266 [J.H.-D.])
| | | | - Juan José Varela-Hernández
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad No. 1115, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico 47820 (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9967-2266 [J.H.-D.])
| | - Marco Antonio Cardona-López
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad No. 1115, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico 47820 (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9967-2266 [J.H.-D.])
| | - Ruben Orozco-Muñiz
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad No. 1115, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico 47820 (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9967-2266 [J.H.-D.])
| | - Elisa Cabrera-Diaz
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Camino Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico 45200 (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1970-2104 [E.C.-D.])
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13
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Baba H, Kanamori H, Kudo H, Kuroki Y, Higashi S, Oka K, Takahashi M, Yoshida M, Oshima K, Aoyagi T, Tokuda K, Kaku M. Genomic analysis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from patients and asymptomatic food handlers in Japan. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225340. [PMID: 31743366 PMCID: PMC6863542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) can cause severe gastrointestinal disease and colonization among food handlers. In Japan, STEC infection is a notifiable disease, and food handlers are required to undergo routine stool examination for STEC. However, the molecular epidemiology of STEC is not entirely known. We investigated the genomic characteristics of STEC from patients and asymptomatic food handlers in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on 65 STEC isolates obtained from 38 patients and 27 food handlers by public health surveillance in Miyagi Prefecture between April 2016 and March 2017. Isolates of O157:H7 ST11 and O26:H11 ST21 were predominant (n = 19, 29%, respectively). Non-O157 isolates accounted for 69% (n = 45) of all isolates. Among 48 isolates with serotypes found in the patients (serotype O157:H7 and 5 non-O157 serotypes, O26:H11, O103:H2, O103:H8, O121:H19 and O145:H28), adhesion genes eae, tir, and espB, and type III secretion system genes espA, espJ, nleA, nleB, and nleC were detected in 41 to 47 isolates (85–98%), whereas isolates with other serotypes found only in food handlers were negative for all of these genes. Non-O157 isolates were especially prevalent among patients younger than 5 years old. Shiga-toxin gene stx1a, adhesion gene efa1, secretion system genes espF and cif, and fimbrial gene lpfA were significantly more frequent among non-O157 isolates from patients than among O157 isolates from patients. The most prevalent resistance genes among our STEC isolates were aminoglycoside resistance genes, followed by sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim resistance genes. WGS revealed that 20 isolates were divided into 9 indistinguishable core genomes (<5 SNPs), demonstrating clonal expansion of these STEC strains in our region, including an O26:H11 strain with stx1a+stx2a. Non-O157 STEC with multiple virulence genes were prevalent among both patients and food handlers in our region of Japan, highlighting the importance of monitoring the genomic characteristics of STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Baba
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hajime Kanamori
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hayami Kudo
- Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Seiya Higashi
- Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Oka
- Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Makiko Yoshida
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kengo Oshima
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Aoyagi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Koichi Tokuda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kaku
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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14
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Dallman TJ, Greig DR, Gharbia SE, Jenkins C. Phylogenetic context of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serotype O26:H11 in England. Microb Genom 2019; 7:000551. [PMID: 33760723 PMCID: PMC8627664 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing use of PCR for the detection of gastrointestinal pathogens in hospital laboratories in England has improved the detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), and the diagnosis of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). We aimed to analyse the microbiological characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of STEC O26:H11, clonal complex (CC) 29, in England to inform surveillance, and to assess the threat to public health. There were 502 STEC belonging to CC29 isolated between 2014 and 2019, of which 416 were from individual cases. The majority of isolates belonged to one of three major sequence types (STs), ST16 (n=37), ST21 (n=350) and ST29 (n=24). ST16 and ST29 were mainly isolated from cases reporting recent travel abroad. Within ST21, there were three main clades associated with domestic acquisition. All three domestic clades had Shiga toxin subtype gene (stx) profiles associated with causing severe clinical outcomes including STEC-HUS, specifically either stx1a, stx2a or stx1a/stx2a. Isolates from the same patient, same household or same outbreak with an established source for the most part fell within 5-SNP single linkage clusters. There were 19 5-SNP community clusters, of which six were travel-associated and one was an outbreak of 16 cases caused by the consumption of contaminated salad leaves. Of the remaining 12 clusters, 9/12 were either temporally or geographically related or both. Exposure to foodborne STEC O26:H11 ST21 capable of causing severe clinical outcomes, including STEC-HUS, is an emerging risk to public health in England. The lack of comprehensive surveillance of this STEC serotype is a concern, and there is a need to expand the implementation of methods capable of detecting STEC in local hospital settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Dallman
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - David R. Greig
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Saheer E. Gharbia
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Claire Jenkins
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
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15
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Lan H, Hosomi K, Kunisawa J. Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin-based protein engineering for the vaccine design and delivery system. Vaccine 2019; 37:6232-6239. [PMID: 31466706 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a major cause of food poisoning worldwide, with its enterotoxin (CPE) being the major virulence factor. The C-terminus of CPE (C-CPE) is non-toxic and is the part of the toxin that binds to epithelial cells via the claudins in tight junctions; however, C-CPE has low antigenicity. To address this issue, we have used protein engineering technology to augment the antigenicity of C-CPE and have developed a C-CPE-based vaccine against C. perfringens-mediated food poisoning. Moreover, C-CPE has properties that make it potentially useful for the development of vaccines against other bacterial toxins that cause food poisoning. For example, we hypothesized that the ability of C-CPE to bind to claudins could be harnessed to deliver vaccine antigens directly to mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, and we successfully developed a nasally administered C-CPE-based vaccine delivery system that promotes antigen-specific mucosal and systemic immune responses. In addition, our group has revealed the roles that the nasal mucus plays in lowering the efficacy of C-CPE-based nasal vaccines. Here, we review recent advances in the development of C-CPE-based vaccines against the major bacterial toxins that cause food poisoning and discuss our C-CPE-based nasal vaccine delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangwenxian Lan
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Koji Hosomi
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan.
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine and Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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16
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Lee JB, Han D, Lee HT, Wi SM, Park JH, Jo JW, Cho YJ, Hahn TW, Lee S, Kang B, Kwak HS, Kim J, Yoon JW. Pathogenic and phylogenetic characteristics of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolates from retail meats in South Korea. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:251-259. [PMID: 29284205 PMCID: PMC5879073 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.2.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the pathogenic and phylogenetic characteristics of seven Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates from 434 retail meats collected in Korea during 2006 to 2012. The experimental analyses revealed that all isolates (i) were identified as non-O157 STEC, including O91:H14 (3 isolates), O121:H10 (2 isolates), O91:H21 (1 isolate), and O18:H20 (1 isolate), (ii) carried diverse Stx subtype genes (stx1, stx2c, stx2e, or stx1 + stx2b) whose expression levels varied strain by strain, and (iii) lacked the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) pathogenicity island, a major virulence factor of STEC, but they possessed one or more alternative virulence genes encoding cytotoxins (Cdt and SubAB) and/or adhesins (Saa, Iha, and EcpA). Notably, a significant heterogeneity in glutamate-induced acid resistance was observed among the STEC isolates (p < 0.05). In addition, phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that all three STEC O91:H14 isolates were categorized into sequence type (ST) 33, of which two beef isolates were identical in their pulsotypes. Similar results were observed with two O121:H10 pork isolates (ST641; 88.2% similarity). Interestingly, 96.0% of the 100 human STEC isolates collected in Korea during 2003 to 2014 were serotyped as O91:H14, and the ST33 lineage was confirmed in approximately 72.2% (13/18 isolates) of human STEC O91:H14 isolates from diarrheal patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Bong Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Dalmuri Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Hyung Tae Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Seon Mi Wi
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Jo
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Young-Jae Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Hahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Sunjin Lee
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Centers for Infectious Diseases, National Research Institute of Health, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Byunghak Kang
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Centers for Infectious Diseases, National Research Institute of Health, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Hyo Sun Kwak
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Centers for Infectious Diseases, National Research Institute of Health, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Jonghyun Kim
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Centers for Infectious Diseases, National Research Institute of Health, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Jang Won Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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17
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Kiel M, Sagory-Zalkind P, Miganeh C, Stork C, Leimbach A, Sekse C, Mellmann A, Rechenmann F, Dobrindt U. Identification of Novel Biomarkers for Priority Serotypes of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli and the Development of Multiplex PCR for Their Detection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1321. [PMID: 29997582 PMCID: PMC6028524 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It would be desirable to have an unambiguous scheme for the typing of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates to subpopulations. Such a scheme should take the high genomic plasticity of E. coli into account and utilize the stratification of STEC into subgroups, based on serotype or phylogeny. Therefore, our goal was to identify specific marker combinations for improved classification of STEC subtypes. We developed and evaluated two bioinformatic pipelines for genomic marker identification from larger sets of bacterial genome sequences. Pipeline A performed all-against-all BLASTp analyses of gene products predicted in STEC genome test sets against a set of control genomes. Pipeline B identified STEC marker genes by comparing the STEC core proteome and the "pan proteome" of a non-STEC control group. Both pipelines defined an overlapping, but not identical set of discriminative markers for different STEC subgroups. Differential marker prediction resulted from differences in genome assembly, ORF finding and inclusion cut-offs in both workflows. Based on the output of the pipelines, we defined new specific markers for STEC serogroups and phylogenetic groups frequently associated with outbreaks and cases of foodborne illnesses. These included STEC serogroups O157, O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145, Shiga toxin-positive enteroaggregative E. coli O104:H4, and HUS-associated sequence type (ST)306. We evaluated these STEC marker genes for their presence in whole genome sequence data sets. Based on the identified discriminative markers, we developed a multiplex PCR (mPCR) approach for detection and typing of the targeted STEC. The specificity of the mPCR primer pairs was verified using well-defined clinical STEC isolates as well as isolates from the ECOR, DEC, and HUSEC collections. The application of the STEC mPCR for food analysis was tested with inoculated milk. In summary, we evaluated two different strategies to screen large genome sequence data sets for discriminative markers and implemented novel marker genes found in this genome-wide approach into a DNA-based typing tool for STEC that can be used for the characterization of STEC from clinical and food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kiel
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Céline Miganeh
- Genostar Bioinformatics, Montbonnot-Saint-Martin, France
| | - Christoph Stork
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Ulrich Dobrindt
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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18
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Legros N, Pohlentz G, Steil D, Kouzel IU, Liashkovich I, Mellmann A, Karch H, Müthing J. Membrane assembly of Shiga toxin glycosphingolipid receptors and toxin refractiveness of MDCK II epithelial cells. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1383-1401. [PMID: 29866658 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m083048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs) are the major virulence factors of Stx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), which cause hemorrhagic colitis and severe extraintestinal complications due to injury of renal endothelial cells, resulting in kidney failure. Since kidney epithelial cells are suggested additional targets for Stxs, we analyzed Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) II epithelial cells for presence of Stx-binding glycosphingolipids (GSLs), determined their distribution to detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs), and ascertained the lipid composition of DRM and non-DRM preparations. Globotriaosylceramide and globotetraosylceramide, known as receptors for Stx1a, Stx2a, and Stx2e, and Forssman GSL as a specific receptor for Stx2e, were found to cooccur with SM and cholesterol in DRMs of MDCK II cells, which was shown using TLC overlay assay detection combined with mass spectrometry. The various lipoforms of GSLs were found to mainly harbor ceramide moieties composed of sphingosine (d18:1) and C24:1/C24:0 or C16:0 FA. The cells were highly refractory toward Stx1a, Stx2a, and Stx2e, most likely due to the absence of Stx-binding GSLs in the apical plasma membrane determined by immunofluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results suggest that the cellular content of Stx receptor GSLs and their biochemical detection in DRM preparations alone are inadequate to predict cellular sensitivity toward Stxs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Legros
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Steil
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ivan U Kouzel
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ivan Liashkovich
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Mellmann
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany .,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Thuraisamy T, Lodato PB. Influence of RNase E deficiency on the production of stx2-bearing phages and Shiga toxin in an RNase E-inducible strain of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:724-732. [PMID: 29620505 PMCID: PMC7001489 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), stx1 or stx2 genes encode Shiga toxin (Stx1 or Stx2, respectively) and are carried by prophages. The production and release of both stx phages and toxin occur upon initiation of the phage lytic cycle. Phages can further disseminate stx genes by infecting naïve bacteria in the intestine. Here, the effect of RNase E deficiency on these two virulence traits was investigated. METHODOLOGY Cultures of the EHEC strains TEA028-rne containing low versus normal RNase E levels or the parental strain (TEA028) were treated with mitomycin C (MMC) to induce the phage lytic cycle. Phages and Stx2 titres were quantified by the double-agar assay and the receptor ELISA technique, respectively. RESULTS RNase E deficiency in MMC-treated cells significantly reduced the yield of infectious stx2 phages. Delayed cell lysis and the appearance of encapsidated phage DNA copies suggest a slow onset of the lytic cycle. However, these observations do not entirely explain the decrease of phage yields. stx1 phages were not detected under normal or deficient RNase E levels. After an initial delay, high levels of toxin were finally produced in MMC-treated cultures. CONCLUSION RNase E scarcity reduces stx2 phage production but not toxin. Normal concentrations of RNase E are likely required for correct phage morphogenesis. Our future work will address the mechanism of RNase E action on phage morphogenesis.
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Fan R, Bai X, Fu S, Xu Y, Sun H, Wang H, Xiong Y. Tellurite resistance profiles and performance of different chromogenic agars for detection of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 266:295-300. [PMID: 29274486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are globally important food-borne pathogens. The isolation of non-O157 STEC is a significant public health challenge due to the dramatic diversity of their phenotypes and genotypes. In the present study, 476 non-O157 STEC strains representing 95 different O-serogroups were used to evaluate tellurite resistance and the performance of 12 different chromogenic agars. Of 476 strains, only 108 (22.7%) strains showed the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for potassium tellurite being higher than 4μg/ml, and 96 (20.2%) strains harbored intact ter genes cluster. The presence of ter genes was significantly correlated with tellurite resistance. Six commercial chromogenic agars (TBX, MAC, SMAC, Rainbow® Agar O157, CHROMagar™ ECC, and Fluorocult O157) supported the growth of all strains. However, CT-SMAC, CHROMagar™ O157, and CHROMagar™ STEC agars exhibited 12.2%, 31.1%, and 38.0% of growth inhibition, respectively. Furthermore, 4.6%, 33.2%, and 45.0% of strains were inhibited on RBA-USDA, RBA-NT, and BCM O157 agar media. Variations in tellurite resistance and colony appearance might result in discrepant performance of non-O157 STEC recovery from different chromogenic agars. Using inclusive agars or less selective agar in combination with highly selective agar should be suggested to recover most non-O157 STEC strains, which would increase the probability of recovering STECs from complex background microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyue Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangning Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Yanmei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Zigong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zigong, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yanwen Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Ogura Y, Gotoh Y, Itoh T, Sato MP, Seto K, Yoshino S, Isobe J, Etoh Y, Kurogi M, Kimata K, Maeda E, Piérard D, Kusumoto M, Akiba M, Tominaga K, Kirino Y, Kato Y, Shirahige K, Ooka T, Ishijima N, Lee KI, Iyoda S, Mainil JG, Hayashi T. Population structure of Escherichia coli O26 : H11 with recent and repeated stx2 acquisition in multiple lineages. Microb Genom 2017; 3:e000141. [PMID: 29208163 PMCID: PMC5729918 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A key virulence factor of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is the bacteriophage-encoded Shiga toxin (Stx). Stxs are classified into two types, Stx1 and Stx2, and Stx2-producing strains are thought to cause more severe infections than strains producing only Stx1. Although O26 : H11 is the second most prevalent EHEC following O157 : H7, the majority of O26 : H11 strains produce Stx1 alone. However, Stx2-producing O26 strains have increasingly been detected worldwide. Through a large-scale genome analysis, we present a global phylogenetic overview and evolutionary timescale for E. coli O26 : H11. The origin of O26 has been estimated to be 415 years ago. Sequence type 21C1 (ST21C1), one of the two sublineages of ST21, the most predominant O26 : H11 lineage worldwide, emerged 213 years ago from one of the three ST29 sublineages (ST29C2). The other ST21 lineage (ST21C2) emerged 95 years ago from ST21C1. Increases in population size occurred in the late 20th century for all of the O26 lineages, but most remarkably for ST21C2. Analysis of the distribution of stx2-positive strains revealed the recent and repeated acquisition of the stx2 gene in multiple lineages of O26, both in ST21 and ST29. Other major EHEC virulence genes, such as type III secretion system effector genes and plasmid-encoded virulence genes, were well conserved in ST21 compared to ST29. In addition, more antimicrobial-resistance genes have accumulated in the ST21C1 lineage. Although current attention is focused on several highly virulent ST29 clones that have acquired the stx2 gene, there is also a considerable risk that the ST21 lineage could yield highly virulent clones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kazuko Seto
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shyuji Yoshino
- Miyazaki Prefectural Institute for Public Health and Environment, Miyazaki, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiki Etoh
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mariko Kurogi
- Miyazaki Prefectural Institute for Public Health and Environment, Miyazaki, Japan
| | | | - Eriko Maeda
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Masahiro Kusumoto
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masato Akiba
- National Institute of Animal Health, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Tominaga
- Yamaguchi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ken-ichi Lee
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sunao Iyoda
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
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Hall G, Kurosawa S, Stearns-Kurosawa DJ. Shiga Toxin Therapeutics: Beyond Neutralization. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9090291. [PMID: 28925976 PMCID: PMC5618224 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9090291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribotoxic Shiga toxins are the primary cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in patients infected with Shiga toxin-producing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (STEC), a pathogen class responsible for epidemic outbreaks of gastrointestinal disease around the globe. HUS is a leading cause of pediatric renal failure in otherwise healthy children, resulting in a mortality rate of 10% and a chronic morbidity rate near 25%. There are currently no available therapeutics to prevent or treat HUS in STEC patients despite decades of work elucidating the mechanisms of Shiga toxicity in sensitive cells. The preclinical development of toxin-targeted HUS therapies has been hindered by the sporadic, geographically dispersed nature of STEC outbreaks with HUS cases and the limited financial incentive for the commercial development of therapies for an acute disease with an inconsistent patient population. The following review considers potential therapeutic targeting of the downstream cellular impacts of Shiga toxicity, which include the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the ribotoxic stress response (RSR). Outcomes of the UPR and RSR are relevant to other diseases with large global incidence and prevalence rates, thus reducing barriers to the development of commercial drugs that could improve STEC and HUS patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Hall
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Shinichiro Kurosawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Deborah J Stearns-Kurosawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Castro VS, Carvalho RCT, Conte-Junior CA, Figuiredo EES. Shiga-toxin ProducingEscherichia coli: Pathogenicity, Supershedding, Diagnostic Methods, Occurrence, and Foodborne Outbreaks. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:1269-1280. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Silva Castro
- Animal Science Program, Faculdade de Agronomia e Zootecnia; Univ. Federal de Mato Grosso; 78060-900 Mato Grosso Brazil
- Natl. Inst. of Health Quality Control; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz; Rio de Janeiro 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Ricardo César Tavares Carvalho
- Nutrition, Food and Metabolism Program, Faculdade de Nutrição; Univ. Federal de Mato Grosso; 78060-900 Mato Grosso Brazil
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Dept. of Food Technology, Faculdade de Veterinária; Univ. Federal Fluminense; 24230-340 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Food Science Program, Inst. de Química; Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro; 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Natl. Inst. of Health Quality Control; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz; Rio de Janeiro 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Eduardo Eustáquio Souza Figuiredo
- Animal Science Program, Faculdade de Agronomia e Zootecnia; Univ. Federal de Mato Grosso; 78060-900 Mato Grosso Brazil
- Nutrition, Food and Metabolism Program, Faculdade de Nutrição; Univ. Federal de Mato Grosso; 78060-900 Mato Grosso Brazil
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Wang L, Qu K, Li X, Cao Z, Wang X, Li Z, Song Y, Xu Y. Use of Bacteriophages to Control Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Domestic Ruminants, Meat Products, and Fruits and Vegetables. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017. [PMID: 28636835 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an important foodborne pathogen that causes severe bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Ruminant manure is a primary source of E. coli O157:H7 contaminating the environment and food sources. Therefore, effective interventions targeted at reducing the prevalence of fecal excretion of E. coli O157:H7 by cattle and sheep and the elimination of E. coli O157:H7 contamination of meat products as well as fruits and vegetables are required. Bacteriophages offer the prospect of sustainable alternative approaches against bacterial pathogens with the flexibility of being applied therapeutically or for biological control purposes. This article reviews the use of phages administered orally or rectally to ruminants and by spraying or immersion of fruits and vegetables as an antimicrobial strategy for controlling E. coli O157:H7. The few reports available demonstrate the potential of phage therapy to reduce E. coli O157:H7 carriage in cattle and sheep, and preparation of commercial phage products was recently launched into commercial markets. However, a better ecological understanding of the phage E. coli O157:H7 will improve antimicrobial effectiveness of phages for elimination of E. coli O157:H7 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- 1 School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian, China .,2 Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin , Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Kunli Qu
- 1 School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- 1 School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian, China .,2 Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin , Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Zhenhui Cao
- 3 Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming, China
| | - Xitao Wang
- 1 School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian, China .,4 Research and Development Department, Dalian SEM Bio-Engineering Technology Company , Dalian, China
| | - Zhen Li
- 1 School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian, China
| | - Yaxiong Song
- 1 School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian, China
| | - Yongping Xu
- 1 School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian, China .,2 Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin , Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
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25
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Shiga Toxin (Verotoxin)-producing
Escherichia coli and Foodborne Disease:
A Review. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2017; 5:35-53. [PMID: 32231928 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2016029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (verotoxin)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is an important cause of foodborne disease. Since outcomes of the infections with STEC have a broad range of manifestation from asymptomatic infection or mild intestinal discomfort, to bloody diarrhea, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and death, the disease is a serious burden in public health and classified as a notifiable infectious disease in many countries. Cattle and other ruminants are considered to be the major reservoirs of STEC though isolation of STEC from other animals have been reported. Hence, the source of contamination extends to a wide range of foods, not only beef products but also fresh produce, water, and environment contaminated by excretes from the animals, mainly cattle. A low- infectious dose of STEC makes the disease relatively contagious, and causes outbreaks with unknown contamination sources and, therefore, as a preventive measure against STEC infection, it is important to obtain characteristics of prevailing STEC isolates in the region through robust surveillance. Analysis of the isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) could help finding unrecognized foodborne outbreaks due to consumption of respective contaminated sources. However, though the results of molecular analysis of the isolates could indicate linkage of sporadic cases of STEC infection, it is hardly concluded that the cases are related via contaminated food source if it were not for epidemiological information. Therefore, it is essential to combine the results of strain analysis and epidemiological investigation rapidly to detect rapidly foodborne outbreaks caused by bacteria. This article reviews STEC infection as foodborne disease and further discusses key characteristics of STEC including pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, prevention and control of STEC infection. We also present the recent situation of the disease in Japan based on the surveillance of STEC infection.
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26
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Yamasaki T, Miyake S, Nakano S, Morimura H, Hirakawa Y, Nagao M, Iijima Y, Narita H, Ichiyama S. Development of a Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Immunosensor for Detection of 10 Major O-Antigens on Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli, with a Gel Displacement Technique To Remove Bound Bacteria. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6711-7. [PMID: 27243947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A surface plasmon resonance-based immunosensor (SPR-immunosensor) was developed for the detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) belonging to the O-antigen groups O26, O91, O103, O111, O115, O121, O128, O145, O157, and O159. The polyclonal antibodies (PoAbs) generated against each of the STEC O-antigen types in rabbits were purified and were immobilized on the sensor chip at 0.5 mg/mL. The limit of detection for STEC O157 by the SPR-immunosensor was found to be 6.3 × 10(4) cells for 75 s. Each of the examined 10 O-antigens on the STECs was detected by the corresponding PoAb with almost no reaction to the other PoAbs. The detected STECs were sufficiently removed from the PoAbs using gelatin or agarose gel without deactivation of the PoAbs, enabling repeatable use of the sensor chip. The developed SPR-immunosensor can be applied for the detection of multiple STEC O-antigens. Furthermore, the new antigen removal technique using the gel displacement approach can be utilized with various immunosensors to improve the detection of pathogens in clinical and public health settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Yamasaki
- Advanced Science, Technology & Management Research Institute of Kyoto , Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto 600-8813, Japan
| | - Shiro Miyake
- Advanced Science, Technology & Management Research Institute of Kyoto , Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto 600-8813, Japan.,Research & Development Division, HORIBA, Ltd., Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8510, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Morimura
- Research & Development Division, HORIBA, Ltd., Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8510, Japan
| | - Yuki Hirakawa
- Advanced Science, Technology & Management Research Institute of Kyoto , Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto 600-8813, Japan
| | - Miki Nagao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshio Iijima
- Department of Microbiology, Kobe Institute of Health , Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0046, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Narita
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyoto Women's University , Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto 605-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ichiyama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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27
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Iguchi A, Iyoda S, Seto K, Nishii H, Ohnishi M, Mekata H, Ogura Y, Hayashi T. Six Novel O Genotypes from Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:765. [PMID: 27242776 PMCID: PMC4873512 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotyping is one of the typing techniques used to classify strains within the same species. O-serogroup diversification shows a strong association with the genetic diversity of O-antigen biosynthesis genes. In a previous study, based on the O-antigen biosynthesis gene cluster (O-AGC) sequences of 184 known Escherichia coli O serogroups (from O1 to O187), we developed a comprehensive and practical molecular O serogrouping (O genotyping) platform using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, named E. coli O-genotyping PCR. Although, the validation assay using the PCR system showed that most of the tested strains were successfully classified into one of the O genotypes, it was impossible to classify 6.1% (35/575) of the strains, suggesting the presence of novel O genotypes. In this study, we conducted sequence analysis of O-AGCs from O-genotype untypeable Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) strains and identified six novel O genotypes; OgN1, OgN8, OgN9, OgN10, OgN12 and OgN31, with unique wzx and/or wzy O-antigen processing gene sequences. Additionally, to identify these novel O-genotypes, we designed specific PCR primers. A screen of O genotypes using O-genotype untypeable strains showed 13 STEC strains were classified into five novel O genotypes. The O genotyping at the molecular level of the O-AGC would aid in the characterization of E. coli isolates and will assist future studies in STEC epidemiology and phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Iguchi
- Department of Animal and Grassland Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Sunao Iyoda
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuko Seto
- Division of Bacteriology, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health Osaka, Japan
| | - Hironobu Nishii
- Department of Animal and Grassland Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Mekata
- Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of MiyazakiMiyazaki, Japan; Center for Animal Disease Control, University of MiyazakiMiyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoshitoshi Ogura
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
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28
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Hara-Kudo Y, Konishi N, Ohtsuka K, Iwabuchi K, Kikuchi R, Isobe J, Yamazaki T, Suzuki F, Nagai Y, Yamada H, Tanouchi A, Mori T, Nakagawa H, Ueda Y, Terajima J. An interlaboratory study on efficient detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O26, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157 in food using real-time PCR assay and chromogenic agar. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 230:81-8. [PMID: 27153219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To establish an efficient detection method for Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O26, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157 in food, an interlaboratory study using all the serogroups of detection targets was firstly conducted. We employed a series of tests including enrichment, real-time PCR assays, and concentration by immunomagnetic separation, followed by plating onto selective agar media (IMS-plating methods). This study was particularly focused on the efficiencies of real-time PCR assays in detecting stx and O-antigen genes of the six serogroups and of IMS-plating methods onto selective agar media including chromogenic agar. Ground beef and radish sprouts samples were inoculated with the six STEC serogroups either at 4-6CFU/25g (low levels) or at 22-29CFU/25g (high levels). The sensitivity of stx detection in ground beef at both levels of inoculation with all six STEC serogroups was 100%. The sensitivity of stx detection was also 100% in radish sprouts at high levels of inoculation with all six STEC serogroups, and 66.7%-91.7% at low levels of inoculation. The sensitivity of detection of O-antigen genes was 100% in both ground beef and radish sprouts at high inoculation levels, while at low inoculation levels, it was 95.8%-100% in ground beef and 66.7%-91.7% in radish sprouts. The sensitivity of detection with IMS-plating was either the same or lower than those of the real-time PCR assays targeting stx and O-antigen genes. The relationship between the results of IMS-plating methods and Ct values of real-time PCR assays were firstly analyzed in detail. Ct values in most samples that tested negative in the IMS-plating method were higher than the maximum Ct values in samples that tested positive in the IMS-plating method. This study indicates that all six STEC serogroups in food contaminated with more than 29CFU/25g were detected by real-time PCR assays targeting stx and O-antigen genes and IMS-plating onto selective agar media. Therefore, screening of stx and O-antigen genes followed by isolation of STECs by IMS-plating methods may be an efficient method to detect the six STEC serogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Hara-Kudo
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
| | - Noriko Konishi
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Kayoko Ohtsuka
- Saitama Institute of Public Health, 410-1, Ewai, Yoshimi-machi, Hiki-gun, Saitama 355-0133, Japan
| | - Kaori Iwabuchi
- Research Institute for Environmental Sciences and Public Health of Iwate Prefecture, 1-11-16, Kitaiioka, Morioka 020-0857, Japan
| | - Rie Kikuchi
- Fukushima Institute for Public Health, 16-6, Mitouchi, Houkida, Fukushima 960-8560, Japan
| | - Junko Isobe
- Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1, Nakataikouyama, Imizu 939-0363, Japan
| | - Takumiko Yamazaki
- Suginami City Institute of the Public Health, 3-20-3, Takaidohigashi, Suginami, Tokyo 168-0072, Japan
| | - Fumie Suzuki
- Shizuoka City Institute of Environmental Sciences and Public Health, 1-4-7, Oguro, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8072, Japan
| | - Yuhki Nagai
- Mie Prefecture Health and Environment Research Institute, 3684-11, Sakura-cho, Yokkaichi 512-1211, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Hiroshima Prefectural Technology Research Institute, Public Health and Environment Center, 1-6-29, Minami-machi, Minami, Hiroshima 734-0007, Japan
| | - Atsuko Tanouchi
- Hiroshima City Institute of Public Health, 4-1-2, Shoko-Center, Nishi, Hiroshima 733-8650, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mori
- Institute for Food and Environment Sciences Tokyo Kenbikyo-in Foundation, 4F, 5-1, Toyomi-cho, Chuo, Tokyo 104-0055, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- BML Food Science Solutions, Inc., 1491, Matoba, Kawagoe 350-1101, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Ueda
- Center of Inspection of Imported Foods and Infectious Diseases, Kobe Quarantine Station, 1-1, Toyahama-cho, Hyogo, Kobe 652-0866, Japan
| | - Jun Terajima
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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Steil D, Schepers CL, Pohlentz G, Legros N, Runde J, Humpf HU, Karch H, Müthing J. Shiga toxin glycosphingolipid receptors of Vero-B4 kidney epithelial cells and their membrane microdomain lipid environment. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:2322-36. [PMID: 26464281 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m063040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs) are produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), which cause human infections with an often fatal outcome. Vero cell lines, derived from African green monkey kidney, represent the gold standard for determining the cytotoxic effects of Stxs. Despite their global use, knowledge about the exact structures of the Stx receptor glycosphingolipids (GSLs) and their assembly in lipid rafts is poor. Here we present a comprehensive structural analysis of Stx receptor GSLs and their distribution to detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs), which were prepared from Vero-B4 cells and used as lipid raft equivalents. We identified globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer) as the GSL receptors for Stx1a, Stx2a, and Stx2e subtypes using TLC overlay detection combined with MS. The uncommon Stx receptor, globopentaosylceramide (Gb5Cer, Galβ3GalNAcβ3Galα4Galβ4Glcβ1Cer), which was specifically recognized (in addition to Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer) by Stx2e, was fully structurally characterized. Lipoforms of Stx receptor GSLs were found to mainly harbor ceramide moieties composed of sphingosine (d18:1) and C24:0/C24:1 or C16:0 fatty acid. Moreover, co-occurrence with lipid raft markers, SM and cholesterol, in DRMs suggested GSL association with membrane microdomains. This study provides the basis for further exploring the functional impact of lipid raft-associated Stx receptors for toxin-mediated injury of Vero-B4 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Steil
- Institutes for Hygiene University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | | | - Nadine Legros
- Institutes for Hygiene University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jana Runde
- Food Chemistry, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Helge Karch
- Institutes for Hygiene University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institutes for Hygiene University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Kaper JB, O'Brien AD. Overview and Historical Perspectives. Microbiol Spectr 2014; 2:10.1128/microbiolspec.EHEC-0028-2014. [PMID: 25590020 PMCID: PMC4290666 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ehec-0028-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this overview, we describe the history of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in two phases. In phase one, between 1977 and 2011, we learned that E. coli could produce Shiga toxin and cause both hemorrhagic colitis and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome in humans and that the prototype STEC-E. coli O157:H7-adheres to and effaces intestinal epithelial cells by a mechanism similar to that of enteropathogenic E. coli. We also recognized that the genes for Stx are typically encoded on a lysogenic phage; that STEC O157:H7 harbors a large pathogenicity island that encodes the elements needed for the characteristic attaching and effacing lesion; and that the most severe cases of human disease are linked to production of Stx type 2a, not Stx type 1a. Phase two began with a large food-borne outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome in Germany in 2011. That outbreak was caused by a novel strain consisting of enteroaggregative E. coli O104:H4 transduced by a Stx2a-converting phage. From this outbreak we learned that any E. coli strain that can adhere tightly to the human bowel (either by a biofilm-like mechanism as in E. coli O104:H4 or by an attaching and effacing mechanism as in E. coli O157:H7) can cause severe diarrheal and systemic illness when it acquires the capacity to produce Stx2a. This overview provides the basis for the review of current information regarding these fascinating and complex pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Kaper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21122
| | - Alison D O'Brien
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
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