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Batitucci G, Almeida OG, De Martinis ECP, Solar I, Cintra DE, de Freitas EC. Intermittent fasting and high-intensity interval training do not alter gut microbiota composition in adult women with obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 327:E241-E257. [PMID: 38922577 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00310.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is advancing at an accelerated pace, and yet its treatment is still an emerging field. Although studies have demonstrated the role of the microbiota in the pathogenesis of obesity, this is the first study to show the effects of intermittent fasting (IF), combined or not with exercise, and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the gut microbiota composition in women with obesity. Our hypothesis is that IF combined with HIIT can promote the remodeling of the composition and function of the gut microbiota. Thirty-six women with obesity, aged between 18 and 40 yr, participated in the study. They were randomly divided into three groups: 1) IF associated with HIIT group [IF + exercise group (EX), n = 15]; 2) HIIT group (EX, n = 11); and 3) IF group (IF, n = 10). Interventions took place over 8 wk, and all assessments were performed preintervention and postintervention. The HIIT circuit was performed 3 times/wk, for 25 min/session. The IF protocol was a 5:2 (2 times/wk). Multiplex analysis of inflammatory cytokines, sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, and gas chromatography to measure fecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were performed. This study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05237154). Exercise increased fecal acetate concentrations (P = 0.04), but no changes were observed in the composition and functional profile of the microbiota. The interventions did not change the composition of the microbiota, but exercise may play a modulatory role in the production of acetate. This investigation provides clinical insights into the use of IF and HIIT for women with obesity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first investigation about alternate-day fasting combined with HITT on the gut microbiota of obese women. The study contributes to the advancement of human science involving IF and HIIT, popular strategies for managing obesity. Previous evidence has explored IF in modulating the microbiota in animal models or specific populations and clinical conditions. Despite the subtle outcomes, this study has relevance and originality in the field of gut microbiota knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Batitucci
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, State University of Sao Paulo, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Otávio G Almeida
- Ribeirão Preto School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Elaine C P De Martinis
- Ribeirão Preto School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Isabela Solar
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Dennys E Cintra
- Nutritional Genomics Laboratory and Nutrigenomics and Lipids Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Ellen Cristini de Freitas
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, State University of Sao Paulo, Araraquara, Brazil
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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Reljic D, Zieseniss N, Herrmann HJ, Neurath MF, Zopf Y. Protein Supplementation Increases Adaptations to Low-Volume, Intra-Session Concurrent Training in Untrained Healthy Adults: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Trial. Nutrients 2024; 16:2713. [PMID: 39203849 PMCID: PMC11357491 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Combined endurance and resistance training, also known as "concurrent training", is a common practice in exercise routines. While concurrent training offers the benefit of targeting both cardiovascular and muscular fitness, it imposes greater physiological demands on the body compared to performing each modality in isolation. Increased protein consumption has been suggested to support adaptations to concurrent training. However, the impact of protein supplementation on responses to low-volume concurrent training is still unclear. Forty-four untrained, healthy individuals (27 ± 6 years) performed two sessions/week of low-volume high-intensity interval training on cycle ergometers followed by five machine-based resistance training exercises for 8 weeks. Volunteers randomly received (double-blinded) 40 g of whey-based protein (PRO group) or an isocaloric placebo (maltodextrin, PLA group) after each session. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and overall fitness scores (computed from volunteers' VO2max and one-repetition maximum scores, 1-RM) significantly increased in both groups. The PRO group showed significantly improved 1-RM in all major muscle groups, while the PLA group only improved 1-RM in chest and upper back muscles. Improvements in 1-RM in leg muscles were significantly greater in the PRO group versus the PLA group. In conclusion, our results indicate that adaptations to low-volume concurrent training, particularly leg muscle strength, can be improved with targeted post-exercise protein supplementation in untrained healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Reljic
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (N.Z.); (H.J.H.); (M.F.N.); (Y.Z.)
- Hector-Center for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- German Center Immunotherapy (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nilas Zieseniss
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (N.Z.); (H.J.H.); (M.F.N.); (Y.Z.)
- Hector-Center for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans Joachim Herrmann
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (N.Z.); (H.J.H.); (M.F.N.); (Y.Z.)
- Hector-Center for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- German Center Immunotherapy (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Friedrich Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (N.Z.); (H.J.H.); (M.F.N.); (Y.Z.)
- German Center Immunotherapy (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yurdagül Zopf
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (N.Z.); (H.J.H.); (M.F.N.); (Y.Z.)
- Hector-Center for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- German Center Immunotherapy (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Ghaffar T, Ubaldi F, Volpini V, Valeriani F, Romano Spica V. The Role of Gut Microbiota in Different Types of Physical Activity and Their Intensity: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:221. [PMID: 39195597 PMCID: PMC11360093 DOI: 10.3390/sports12080221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intense exercise during training requires dietary modulation to support health and performance and differs in different types of activities. Diet, supplementation with prebiotics and probiotics, and, more recently, even physical activity can potentially improve health outcomes by modifying and protecting the gut microbiota. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to investigate the modulation of gut microbiota in different types and intensities of physical activity and different lifestyles of athletes. METHODS The systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines, and the protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024500826). RESULTS Out of 1318 studies, only 10 met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The pilot study's meta-regression analysis highlights the role of type and intensity of exercise in changing the B/B (Bacillota/Bacteroidota) ratio (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS As gut training becomes more popular among athletes, it is necessary to map interactions between microbiota and different types of physical activity, personalized diets, physical activities, and ergogenic supplements to enhance performance and athletic wellness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Federica Valeriani
- Department of Movement, Health and Human Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (T.G.); (F.U.); (V.V.); (V.R.S.)
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Pérez-Prieto I, Plaza-Florido A, Ubago-Guisado E, Ortega FB, Altmäe S. Physical activity, sedentary behavior and microbiome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2024:S1440-2440(24)00227-5. [PMID: 39048485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2024.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of physical activity and sedentary behavior on human health are well known, however, the molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Growing evidence points to physical activity as an important modulator of the composition and function of microbial communities, while evidence of sedentary behavior is scarce. We aimed to synthesize and meta-analyze the current evidence about the effects of physical activity and sedentary behavior on microbiome across different body sites and in different populations. METHODS A systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane databases was conducted until September 2022. Random-effects meta-analyses including cross-sectional studies (active vs. inactive/athletes vs. non-athletes) or trials reporting the chronic effect of physical activity interventions on gut microbiome alpha-diversity in healthy individuals were performed. RESULTS Ninety-one studies were included in this systematic review. Our meta-analyses of 2632 participants indicated no consistent effect of physical activity on microbial alpha-diversity, although there seems to be a trend toward a higher microbial richness in athletes compared to non-athletes. Most of studies reported an increase in short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria such as Akkermansia, Faecalibacterium, Veillonella or Roseburia in active individuals and after physical activity interventions. CONCLUSIONS Physical activity levels were positively associated with the relative abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria. Athletes seem to have a richer microbiome compared to non-athletes. However, high heterogeneity between studies avoids obtaining conclusive information on the role of physical activity in microbial composition. Future multi-omics studies would enhance our understanding of the molecular effects of physical activity and sedentary behavior on the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Pérez-Prieto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Spain.
| | - Abel Plaza-Florido
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Spain; Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, UC Irvine School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Esther Ubago-Guisado
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Spain; Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain; Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Signe Altmäe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Spain; Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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5
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Álvarez-Herms J. Summatory Effects of Anaerobic Exercise and a 'Westernized Athletic Diet' on Gut Dysbiosis and Chronic Low-Grade Metabolic Acidosis. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1138. [PMID: 38930520 PMCID: PMC11205432 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Anaerobic exercise decreases systemic pH and increases metabolic acidosis in athletes, altering the acid-base homeostasis. In addition, nutritional recommendations advising athletes to intake higher amounts of proteins and simple carbohydrates (including from sport functional supplements) could be detrimental to restoring acid-base balance. Here, this specific nutrition could be classified as an acidic diet and defined as 'Westernized athletic nutrition'. The maintenance of a chronic physiological state of low-grade metabolic acidosis produces detrimental effects on systemic health, physical performance, and inflammation. Therefore, nutrition must be capable of compensating for systemic acidosis from anaerobic exercise. The healthy gut microbiota can contribute to improving health and physical performance in athletes and, specifically, decrease the systemic acidic load through the conversion of lactate from systemic circulation to short-chain fatty acids in the proximal colon. On the contrary, microbial dysbiosis results in negative consequences for host health and physical performance because it results in a greater accumulation of systemic lactate, hydrogen ions, carbon dioxide, bacterial endotoxins, bioamines, and immunogenic compounds that are transported through the epithelia into the blood circulation. In conclusion, the systemic metabolic acidosis resulting from anaerobic exercise can be aggravated through an acidic diet, promoting chronic, low-grade metabolic acidosis in athletes. The individuality of athletic training and nutrition must take into consideration the acid-base homeostasis to modulate microbiota and adaptive physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Álvarez-Herms
- Phymolab, Physiology and Molecular Laboratory, 40170 Collado Hermoso, Segovia, Spain
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6
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Aya JV, Vega LC, Muñoz E, Muñoz M, López DF, Guzmán MP, Martínez DF, Cruz-Saavedra LB, Castillo AK, Quintero KJ, Gónzalez Soltero R, Cala MP, Ramírez JD. Divergent Gut Microbiota: Archaeal and Bacterial Signatures Unveil Unique Patterns in Colombian Cyclists Compared to Weightlifters and Non-Athletes. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2400069. [PMID: 38548661 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202400069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Engagement in physical activity, across various sports, promotes a diverse microbiota in active individuals. This study examines the gut microbiota of Colombian athletes, specifically weightlifters (n = 16) and road cyclists (n = 13), compared to non-athletes (n = 15). Using Kruskal-Wallis tests, the physical activity level of a group of non-athletic individuals and the sports experience of a group of professional athletes is analyzed. The median age of participants is 24 years, comprising 25 men and 19 women. The microbiota is collected using fecal samples. Participants provided these samples during their pre-competitive stage, specifically during the concentration phase occurring two weeks prior to national competitions. This timing is chosen to capture the microbial composition during a period of heightened physical preparation. Questionnaire responses and microbial composition assessments identify disparities among groups. Microbial composition analysis explores core microbiome, abundance, and taxonomy using Pavian, MicrobiomeAnalyst 2.0, and GraPhlAn. ANCOM-BC2 reveals differentially abundant species. Road cyclists exhibit decreased Bacteria and increased Archaea abundance. Phylum-level variations included Planctomycetes, Acidobacteria, and Proteobacteria, while Bacteroidetes prevailed. Key families influencing gut microbiota are Bacteroidaceae, Muribaculaceae, and Selenomonadaceae. Weightlifters exhibit unique viral and archaeal community connections, while cyclists showed specialized microbial interplay influenced by endurance exercise. Correlation network analysis emphasizes distinctive microbial interactions within athlete groups, shedding light on the impact of physical activities on gut microbiota and athlete health.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Aya
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - L C Vega
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - E Muñoz
- Universidad Santo Tomás, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - M Muñoz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Instituto de Biotecnología-UN (IBUN), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - D F López
- Centro Latinoamericano de Nutrición (CELAN), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - M P Guzmán
- Centro Latinoamericano de Nutrición (CELAN), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - D F Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - L B Cruz-Saavedra
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - A K Castillo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - K J Quintero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - R Gónzalez Soltero
- MAS Microbiota Group, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Spain
| | - M P Cala
- MetCore - Metabolomics Core Facility, Vice-Presidency for Research, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - J D Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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Zhao F, Wang J. Another piece of puzzle for the human microbiome: the gut virome under dietary modulation. J Genet Genomics 2024:S1673-8527(24)00098-5. [PMID: 38710286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2024.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The virome is the most abundant and highly variable microbial consortium in the gut. Because of difficulties in isolating and culturing gut viruses and the lack of reference genomes, the virome has remained a relatively elusive aspect of the human microbiome. In recent years, studies on the virome have accumulated growing evidence showing that the virome is diet-modulated and widely involved in regulating health. Here, we review the responses of the gut virome to dietary intake and the potential health implications, presenting changes in the gut viral community and preferences of viral members to particular diets. We further discuss how viral-bacterial interactions and phage lifestyle shifts shape the gut microbiota. We also discuss the specific functions conferred by diet on the gut virome and bacterial community in the context of horizontal gene transfer, as well as the import of new viral members along with the diet. Collating these studies will expand our understanding of the dietary regulation of the gut virome and inspire dietary interventions and health maintenance strategies targeting the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxiang Zhao
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Bertuccioli A, Zonzini GB, Cazzaniga M, Cardinali M, Di Pierro F, Gregoretti A, Zerbinati N, Guasti L, Matera MR, Cavecchia I, Palazzi CM. Sports-Related Gastrointestinal Disorders: From the Microbiota to the Possible Role of Nutraceuticals, a Narrative Analysis. Microorganisms 2024; 12:804. [PMID: 38674748 PMCID: PMC11051759 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Intense physical exercise can be related to a significant incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms, with a prevalence documented in the literature above 80%, especially for more intense forms such as running. This is in an initial phase due to the distancing of the flow of blood from the digestive system to the skeletal muscle and thermoregulatory systems, and secondarily to sympathetic nervous activation and hormonal response with alteration of intestinal motility, transit, and nutrient absorption capacity. The sum of these effects results in a localized inflammatory process with disruption of the intestinal microbiota and, in the long term, systemic inflammation. The most frequent early symptoms include abdominal cramps, flatulence, the urge to defecate, rectal bleeding, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, regurgitation, chest pain, heartburn, and belching. Promoting the stability of the microbiota can contribute to the maintenance of correct intestinal permeability and functionality, with better control of these symptoms. The literature documents various acute and chronic alterations of the microbiota following the practice of different types of activities. Several nutraceuticals can have functional effects on the control of inflammatory dynamics and the stability of the microbiota, exerting both nutraceutical and prebiotic effects. In particular, curcumin, green tea catechins, boswellia, berberine, and cranberry PACs can show functional characteristics in the management of these situations. This narrative review will describe its application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bertuccioli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61122 Urbino, Italy; (A.B.); (G.B.Z.); (M.C.)
- Microbiota International Clinical Society, 10123 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (F.D.P.); (A.G.); (M.R.M.); (I.C.)
| | - Giordano Bruno Zonzini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61122 Urbino, Italy; (A.B.); (G.B.Z.); (M.C.)
| | - Massimiliano Cazzaniga
- Microbiota International Clinical Society, 10123 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (F.D.P.); (A.G.); (M.R.M.); (I.C.)
- Scientific & Research Department, Velleja Research, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Cardinali
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61122 Urbino, Italy; (A.B.); (G.B.Z.); (M.C.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infermi Hospital, AUSL Romagna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Pierro
- Microbiota International Clinical Society, 10123 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (F.D.P.); (A.G.); (M.R.M.); (I.C.)
- Scientific & Research Department, Velleja Research, 20125 Milano, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insurbia, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.Z.); (L.G.)
| | - Aurora Gregoretti
- Microbiota International Clinical Society, 10123 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (F.D.P.); (A.G.); (M.R.M.); (I.C.)
| | - Nicola Zerbinati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insurbia, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.Z.); (L.G.)
| | - Luigina Guasti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insurbia, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.Z.); (L.G.)
| | - Maria Rosaria Matera
- Microbiota International Clinical Society, 10123 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (F.D.P.); (A.G.); (M.R.M.); (I.C.)
| | - Ilaria Cavecchia
- Microbiota International Clinical Society, 10123 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (F.D.P.); (A.G.); (M.R.M.); (I.C.)
| | - Chiara Maria Palazzi
- Microbiota International Clinical Society, 10123 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (F.D.P.); (A.G.); (M.R.M.); (I.C.)
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9
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Lin YH, Li XH, Zhao HT, Chen JH, Li JQ, Yan Y. Short-term resistance training combined with cheese supplementation can optimize body parameters and intestinal microbiota in healthy adults. J Exerc Sci Fit 2024; 22:168-177. [PMID: 38464601 PMCID: PMC10920736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance training (RT) and protein supplementation have beneficial effects on the human body. However, it is unknown if RT's health-promoting benefits are enhanced by food-borne protein, such as cheese supplements. This study investigated at how the body composition, lipid profile, muscle strength and intestinal microbiota changed following four weeks of RT combined with cheese supplementation. Methods Thirty-five male and untrained adults were divided into 4 groups [control group (CON), low-dose group (LG), medium-dose group (MG), and high-dose group (HG)] and underwent a 4-week RT (3 times/week) in combination with cheese supplementation. Participants received 108 g (LG), 216 g (MG), or 324 g (HG) of cheese on the day of RT, and each serving (108 g) of cheese contained 6.7 g of food-borne protein. The RT program was a whole-body program with movements such as chest presses, leg presses, seated rowing, knee extensions and triceps pushdown. The exercise consisted of 3 sets of 8-12 repetitions at 70%RM, with a 120-s break in between. Body parameters (body composition, lipid profile and muscle strength) were assessed at baseline and after the 4 weeks of the intervention. The feces sample was taken every weekend. A two-way (group × time) mixed-design ANOVA was used to examine the body parameters. Independent one-way ANOVA was used to analyze the differences between groups in baseline characteristics and different values of each parameter. Results HDL-C level was higher in MG than in LG. In comparison to LG, MG had lower levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, body weight, body mass index, body fat mass and body fat percentage. However, there was no difference in muscle strength between in the four groups. The abundance of Actinobacteria was higher in LG and Erysipelotrichaceae was lower in MG and HG. Conclusion The findings suggest that cheese could be a readily available food-borne protein supplement to enhance the beneficial effects of RT on health. It may improve body composition and lipid profile by altering the proportion of intestinal microbiota. During the 4-week RT intervention, 13.4 g of foodborne protein in the form of cheese 3 times per week was the ideal dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Sports Biochemistry, Sport Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xue-Han Li
- Department of Sports Biochemistry, Sport Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hao-Tian Zhao
- Department of Sports Biochemistry, Sport Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jian-Hao Chen
- Department of Sports Biochemistry, Sport Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jia-Qi Li
- Department of Sports Biochemistry, Sport Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yi Yan
- Department of Sports Biochemistry, Sport Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Laboratory of Sports Stress and Adaptation of General Administration of Sport, Beijing, 100084, China
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10
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Rackerby B, Le HNM, Haymowicz A, Dallas DC, Park SH. Potential Prebiotic Properties of Whey Protein and Glycomacropeptide in Gut Microbiome. Food Sci Anim Resour 2024; 44:299-308. [PMID: 38764509 PMCID: PMC11097032 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2024.e12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteins in whey have prebiotic and antimicrobial properties. Whey protein comprises numerous bioactive proteins and peptides, including glycomacropeptide (GMP), a hydrophilic casein peptide that separates with the whey fraction during cheese making. GMP has traditionally been used as a protein source for individuals with phenylketonuria and also has prebiotic (supporting the growth of Bifidobacterium and lactic acid bacteria) and antimicrobial activities. GMP supplementation may help positively modulate the gut microbiome, help treat dysbiosis-related gastrointestinal disorders and improve overall health in consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryna Rackerby
- Department of Food Science and Technology,
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Hoang Ngoc M. Le
- Department of Food Science and Technology,
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Avery Haymowicz
- Department of Food Science and Technology,
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - David C. Dallas
- Department of Food Science and Technology,
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- School of Biological and Population Health
Sciences, Nutrition, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
97331, USA
| | - Si Hong Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology,
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology,
Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
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11
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Humińska-Lisowska K, Zielińska K, Mieszkowski J, Michałowska-Sawczyn M, Cięszczyk P, Łabaj PP, Wasąg B, Frączek B, Grzywacz A, Kochanowicz A, Kosciolek T. Microbiome features associated with performance measures in athletic and non-athletic individuals: A case-control study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297858. [PMID: 38381714 PMCID: PMC10880968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The influence of human gut microbiota on health and disease is now commonly appreciated. Therefore, it is not surprising that microbiome research has found interest in the sports community, hoping to improve health and optimize performance. Comparative studies found new species or pathways that were more enriched in elites than sedentary controls. In addition, sport-specific and performance-level-specific microbiome features have been identified. However, the results remain inconclusive and indicate the need for further assessment. In this case-control study, we tested two athletic populations (i.e. strength athletes, endurance athletes) and a non-athletic, but physically active, control group across two acute exercise bouts, separated by a 2-week period, that measured explosive and high intensity fitness level (repeated 30-s all-out Wingate test (WT)) and cardiorespiratory fitness level (Bruce Treadmill Test). While we did not identify any group differences in alpha and beta diversity or significant differential abundance of microbiome components at baseline, one-third of the species identified were unique to each group. Longitudinal sample (pre- and post-exercise) analysis revealed an abundance of Alistipes communis in the strength group during the WT and 88 species with notable between-group differences during the Bruce Test. SparCC recognized Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium adolescentis, short-chain fatty acid producers with probiotic properties, species strongly associated with VO2max. Ultimately, we identified several taxa with different baseline abundances and longitudinal changes when comparing individuals based on their VO2max, average power, and maximal power parameters. Our results confirmed that the health status of individuals are consistent with assumptions about microbiome health. Furthermore, our findings indicate that microbiome features are associated with better performance previously identified in elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Humińska-Lisowska
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Kinga Zielińska
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Jan Mieszkowski
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lomza, Lomza, Poland
| | | | - Paweł Cięszczyk
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paweł P Łabaj
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Wasąg
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Barbara Frączek
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Sports Medicine and Human Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University School of Physical Education, Cracow, Poland
| | - Anna Grzywacz
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Kosciolek
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
- Department of Data Science and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
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12
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Ashcroft SP, Stocks B, Egan B, Zierath JR. Exercise induces tissue-specific adaptations to enhance cardiometabolic health. Cell Metab 2024; 36:278-300. [PMID: 38183980 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The risk associated with multiple cancers, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and all-cause mortality is decreased in individuals who meet the current recommendations for physical activity. Therefore, regular exercise remains a cornerstone in the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases. An acute bout of exercise results in the coordinated interaction between multiple tissues to meet the increased energy demand of exercise. Over time, the associated metabolic stress of each individual exercise bout provides the basis for long-term adaptations across tissues, including the cardiovascular system, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, gut, and brain. Therefore, regular exercise is associated with a plethora of benefits throughout the whole body, including improved cardiorespiratory fitness, physical function, and glycemic control. Overall, we summarize the exercise-induced adaptations that occur within multiple tissues and how they converge to ultimately improve cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Ashcroft
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ben Stocks
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brendan Egan
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Integrative Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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13
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Cullen JMA, Shahzad S, Kanaley JA, Ericsson AC, Dhillon J. The effects of 6 wk of resistance training on the gut microbiome and cardiometabolic health in young adults with overweight and obesity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:349-361. [PMID: 38059291 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00350.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a known risk factor for the development of insulin resistance and other cardiometabolic disorders. Recently, the gut microbiome has been associated with obesity and subsequent health complications. Exercise has been regularly utilized as a therapeutic intervention to treat obesity and its associated comorbidities. This study examined the effects of a 6-wk resistance training exercise program (RT) on the diversity, composition, and metabolic pathways of the gut microbiome. Sedentary young adults (age 18-35 yr) with overweight and obesity (BMI 25-45 kg/m2) were recruited to participate in this randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomized to RT (n = 16), a 6-wk resistance training program (3 days/wk), or control (CT) (n = 16), a nonexercising control. Main outcomes of the study included gut microbiome measures (taxa abundances, diversity, and predicted function) and cardiometabolic outcomes [blood pressure (BP) and glucoregulation]. Increased abundances of Roseburia, a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producer were observed over 6 wk (W6) with RT compared with CT (group × week, P < 0.05, q < 0.25). RT also induced marginal alterations in predicted microbial metabolic and cell motility pathways compared with CT (group × week, P < 0.05, q < 0.25). However, RT did not significantly impact overall microbial diversity. Furthermore, RT resulted in higher quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI) and lower diastolic BP at W6 compared with CT [baseline (BL)-adjusted P < 0.05]. RT had mixed effects on the gut microbiome. Although RT increased abundances of Roseburia and induced minor changes in microbial pathways, it is important to consider these changes in the context of the overall stability observed in the microbiome composition.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Resistance training induces mixed changes in the gut microbiome, including an increase in the abundances of the Roseburia genus and minor alterations in microbial pathways. However, it is vital to interpret these changes in light of the broader context, where we observe stability in the overall microbiome composition. This stability may be attributed to the microbiome's resilience, demonstrating its capacity to withstand short-term physiological stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M A Cullen
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Shahim Shahzad
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Jill A Kanaley
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Aaron C Ericsson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Jaapna Dhillon
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
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14
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Rathi A, Gaonkar T, Dhar D, Kallapura G, Jadhav S. Study of amino acids absorption and gut microbiome on consumption of pea protein blended with enzymes-probiotics supplement. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1307734. [PMID: 38321993 PMCID: PMC10844538 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1307734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The current randomized, double-blind, crossover clinical trial was conducted to evaluate changes in the amino acid absorption and gut microbiota on consumption of pea protein supplemented with an enzymes-probiotics blend (Pepzyme Pro). A total of 15 healthy subjects were instructed to take test (pea protein + Pepzyme Pro) or placebo (pea protein + maltodextrin) for 15 days with a 30-day washout period. Blood samples were analyzed for plasma-free amino acids, insulin, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Additionally, nitrogen levels in urine and feces, along with the composition of gut microbiota, were evaluated. On day 15, the test arm showed a tendency to increase the rate of absorption and total absorption (AUC) of amino acids compared with the placebo arm, though the increase was statistically insignificant. In addition, 15-day test supplementation showed a tendency to reduce Tmax of all the amino acids (statistically insignificant except alanine, p = 0.021 and glycine, p = 0.023) in comparison with the placebo supplementation. There were no changes in urine and fecal nitrogen levels as well as serum CRP levels in the test and placebo arm. The increase in serum insulin level after 4 h was statistically significant in both arms, whereas the insulin level of the placebo and test arm at 4 h was not statistically different. Supplementation showed changes with respect to Archaea and few uncharacterized species but did not show statistically significant variations in microbiome profile at the higher taxonomic levels. A study with large sample size and detailed gut microbiome analysis is warranted to confirm the results statistically as well as to characterize altered species. However, the current study could provide an inkling of a positive alteration in protein digestibility, amino acid absorption, and gut microbiome with regular consumption of protein and enzymes-probiotics blend. Clinical Trial Registration:clinicaltrials.gov/; identifier [CTRI/2021/10/037072].
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Rathi
- Human Nutrition Department, Advanced Enzymes Technologies Ltd., Louiswadi, Thane, India
| | - Tejal Gaonkar
- Human Nutrition Department, Advanced Enzymes Technologies Ltd., Louiswadi, Thane, India
| | | | | | - Swati Jadhav
- Human Nutrition Department, Advanced Enzymes Technologies Ltd., Louiswadi, Thane, India
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15
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Qi S, Li X, Yu J, Yin L. Research advances in the application of metabolomics in exercise science. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1332104. [PMID: 38288351 PMCID: PMC10822880 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1332104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Exercise training can lead to changes in the metabolic composition of an athlete's blood, the magnitude of which depends largely on the intensity and duration of exercise. A variety of behavioral, biochemical, hormonal, and immunological biomarkers are commonly used to assess an athlete's physical condition during exercise training. However, traditional invasive muscle biopsy testing methods are unable to comprehensively detect physiological differences and metabolic changes in the body. Metabolomics technology is a high-throughput, highly sensitive technique that provides a comprehensive assessment of changes in small molecule metabolites (molecular weight <1,500 Da) in the body. By measuring the overall metabolic characteristics of biological samples, we can study the changes of endogenous metabolites in an organism or cell at a certain moment in time, and investigate the interconnection and dynamic patterns between metabolites and physiological changes, thus further understanding the interactions between genes and the environment, and providing possibilities for biomarker discovery, precise training and nutritional programming of athletes. This paper summaries the progress of research on the application of exercise metabolomics in sports science, and looks forward to the future development of exercise metabolomics, with a view to providing new approaches and perspectives for improving human performance, promoting exercise against chronic diseases, and advancing sports science research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Qi
- School of Sport and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Xun Li
- School of Sport and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinglun Yu
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Yin
- School of Sport, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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16
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Noh H, Anota A, Mongondry R, Meyrand R, Dupuis C, Schiffler C, Marijnen P, Rinaldi S, Lachuer J, Keski-Rahkonen P, Gunter MJ, Fléchon A, Fervers B, Pérol O. Impact of a one-year supervised physical activity program on long-term cancer-related fatigue and mediating effects of the gut microbiota in metastatic testicular cancer patients: protocol of the prospective multicentre, randomized controlled phase-III STARTER trial. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:84. [PMID: 38225551 PMCID: PMC10790440 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-11824-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs) are the most common malignancy in men aged 15-40 years, with increasing incidence worldwide. About 33 ~ 50% of the patients present with metastatic disease at diagnosis. TGCT survivors experience short- and long-term sequelae, including cancer-related fatigue (CRF). Physical activity (PA) has established effects on reducing CRF and other sequelae and improving health-related quality of life (HRQoL). However, its impact on TGCT survivors has so far received little attention. The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in various physiological functions, including cognition and metabolism, and may mediate the effects of PA on CRF and other sequelae, but this has not been investigated in randomized controlled trials. METHODS This national, multicentre, phase-III trial will evaluate the impact of a one-year supervised PA program on CRF and other short- and long-term sequelae in metastatic TGCT patients receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy combined with etoposide+/-bleomycin. It will also investigate potential mediating effects of the gut microbiota and its metabolites involved in the gut-brain axis on the relationship between PA and CRF and other sequelae. A total of 236 men ≥ 18 years of age with metastatic TGCT (seminoma and non-seminoma) will be enrolled before starting first-line chemotherapy in several French hospitals. The primary (CRF) and secondary (cognitive/psychological/metabolic sequelae, HRQoL, etc.) outcomes and gut microbiota and relevant metabolites will be assessed at inclusion, during and at the end of the one-year intervention, and annually until 10 years since inclusion to assess long-term sequelae, more specifically CRF, cardiovascular toxicities, and second primary cancer occurrence in this population. DISCUSSION This trial will provide comprehensive and novel insights into the effects of a long-term supervised PA program on CRF and other sequelae in metastatic TGCT patients receiving first-line chemotherapy. It will also contribute to understanding the potential role of the gut microbiota and its metabolites in mediating the effects of PA on these outcomes. The findings of this study will help the development of effective PA interventions to improve the health of TGCT survivors and may have implications for other cancer populations as well. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05588700) on 20 Oct. 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwayoung Noh
- Departement of Prevention Cancer Environment, Léon Bérard Cancer Centre, Lyon, France.
- INSERM U1296, Léon Bérard Cancer Centre, Lyon, France.
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France.
| | - Amélie Anota
- Direction of Clinical Research and Innovation, Léon Bérard Cancer Centre, Lyon, France
| | - Rodolf Mongondry
- Departement of Prevention Cancer Environment, Léon Bérard Cancer Centre, Lyon, France
| | - Renaud Meyrand
- Departement of Prevention Cancer Environment, Léon Bérard Cancer Centre, Lyon, France
| | - Carmen Dupuis
- Departement of Prevention Cancer Environment, Léon Bérard Cancer Centre, Lyon, France
| | - Camille Schiffler
- Direction of Clinical Research and Innovation, Léon Bérard Cancer Centre, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Marijnen
- Departement of Prevention Cancer Environment, Léon Bérard Cancer Centre, Lyon, France
| | - Sabina Rinaldi
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Joel Lachuer
- INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- ProfileXpert, SFR santé Lyon-Est, CNRS UMR-S3453, INSERM US7, Lyon, France
| | - Pekka Keski-Rahkonen
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Marc J Gunter
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, W2 1PG, London, UK
| | - Aude Fléchon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Léon Bérard Cancer Centre, Lyon, France
| | - Béatrice Fervers
- Departement of Prevention Cancer Environment, Léon Bérard Cancer Centre, Lyon, France
- INSERM U1296, Léon Bérard Cancer Centre, Lyon, France
| | - Olivia Pérol
- Departement of Prevention Cancer Environment, Léon Bérard Cancer Centre, Lyon, France
- INSERM U1296, Léon Bérard Cancer Centre, Lyon, France
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17
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Cullen JMA, Shahzad S, Dhillon J. A systematic review on the effects of exercise on gut microbial diversity, taxonomic composition, and microbial metabolites: identifying research gaps and future directions. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1292673. [PMID: 38187136 PMCID: PMC10770260 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1292673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome, hosting a diverse microbial community, plays a pivotal role in metabolism, immunity, and digestion. While the potential of exercise to influence this microbiome has been increasingly recognized, findings remain incongruous. This systematic review examined the effects of exercise on the gut microbiome of human and animal models. Databases (i.e., PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched up to June 2022. Thirty-two exercise studies, i.e., 19 human studies, and 13 animal studies with a minimum of two groups that discussed microbiome outcomes, such as diversity, taxonomic composition, or microbial metabolites, over the intervention period, were included in the systematic review (PROSPERO registration numbers for human review: CRD42023394223). Results indicated that over 50% of studies found no significant exercise effect on human microbial diversity. When evident, exercise often augmented the Shannon index, reflecting enhanced microbial richness and evenness, irrespective of disease status. Changes in beta-diversity metrics were also documented with exercise but without clear directionality. A larger percentage of animal studies demonstrated shifts in diversity compared to human studies, but without any distinct patterns, mainly due to the varied effects of predominantly aerobic exercise on diversity metrics. In terms of taxonomic composition, in humans, exercise usually led to a decrease in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, and consistent increases with Bacteroides and Roseburia genera. In animal models, Coprococcus, another short chain fatty acid (SCFA) producer, consistently rose with exercise. Generally, SCFA producers were found to increase with exercise in animal models. With regard to metabolites, SCFAs emerged as the most frequently measured metabolite. However, due to limited human and animal studies examining exercise effects on microbial-produced metabolites, including SCFAs, clear patterns did not emerge. The overall risk of bias was deemed neutral. In conclusion, this comprehensive systematic review underscores that exercise can potentially impact the gut microbiome with indications of changes in taxonomic composition. The significant variability in study designs and intervention protocols demands more standardized methodologies and robust statistical models. A nuanced understanding of the exercise-microbiome relationship could guide individualized exercise programs to optimize health. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=394223, identifier CRD42023394223.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M A Cullen
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Shahim Shahzad
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Jaapna Dhillon
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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18
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Wang J, Tong S, Niu Y, Lu B. Attitude and influencing factors on exercise in patients with moderately to severely active inflammatory bowel disease: a qualitative study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e080084. [PMID: 38114281 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the attitudes towards exercise, factors influencing exercise and exercise-related needs of patients with moderately to severely active inflammatory bowel disease. DESIGN A qualitative phenomenological research. SETTING The study was conducted at a comprehensive tertiary hospital in Suzhou, China, which is a secondary care facility. PARTICIPANTS The study included 17 participants who met specific inclusion criteria: aged between 16 and 70 years, diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease and in a state of moderate to severe disease activity. Participants were required to be capable of clear self-expression and provide voluntary consent. Exclusion criteria included the presence of cancer or severe physical illness, cognitive impairment or mental illness. INTERVENTIONS Semistructured interviews were used to collect data. RESULTS The exercise experiences of participants with moderate to severe inflammatory bowel disease yielded three themes: attitudes towards exercise, factors influencing exercise and exercise-related needs. CONCLUSION The majority of participants had negative attitudes towards exercise during periods of moderate to severe activity, largely influenced by disease activity, symptom management, inadequate knowledge of exercise and uncertainty about the value of exercise. Of particular note, professional guidance was generally recognised as stimulating a willingness to exercise positively, and participants demonstrated a strong need for professional guidance. Therefore, it is recommended that clear exercise guidelines for inflammatory bowel disease be constructed to ensure that patients receive safe and effective guidance to develop a healthy lifestyle in order to maximise the benefits of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- School of Nursing, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuping Tong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuehong Niu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingqing Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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19
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Morella I, Negro M, Dossena M, Brambilla R, D'Antona G. Gut-muscle-brain axis: Molecular mechanisms in neurodegenerative disorders and potential therapeutic efficacy of probiotic supplementation coupled with exercise. Neuropharmacology 2023; 240:109718. [PMID: 37774944 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Increased longevity is often associated with age-related conditions. The most common neurodegenerative disorders in the older population are Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), associated with progressive neuronal loss leading to functional and cognitive impairments. Although symptomatic treatments are available, there is currently no cure for these conditions. Gut dysbiosis has been involved in the pathogenesis of AD and PD, thus interventions targeting the "gut-brain axis" could potentially prevent or delay these pathologies. Recent evidence suggests that the skeletal muscle and the gut microbiota can affect each other via the "gut-muscle axis". Importantly, cognitive functions in AD and PD patients significantly benefit from physical activity. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive picture of the crosstalk between the brain, the skeletal muscle and the gut microbiota, introducing the concept of "gut-muscle-brain axis". Moreover, we discuss human and animal studies exploring the modulatory role of exercise and probiotics on cognition in AD and PD. Collectively, the findings presented here support the potential benefits of physical activity and probiotic supplementation in AD and PD. Further studies will be needed to develop targeted and multimodal strategies, including lifestyle changes, to prevent or delay the course of these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Morella
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Massimo Negro
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale Nelle Attività Motorie e Sportive (CRIAMS)-Sport Medicine Centre, University of Pavia, Voghera, Italy
| | - Maurizia Dossena
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Brambilla
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe D'Antona
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale Nelle Attività Motorie e Sportive (CRIAMS)-Sport Medicine Centre, University of Pavia, Voghera, Italy; Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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20
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Grosicki GJ, Langan SP, Bagley JR, Galpin AJ, Garner D, Hampton‐Marcell JT, Allen JM, Robinson AT. Gut check: Unveiling the influence of acute exercise on the gut microbiota. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:1466-1480. [PMID: 37702557 PMCID: PMC10988526 DOI: 10.1113/ep091446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal microbiota and its unique metabolites regulate a diverse array of physiological processes with substantial implications for human health and performance. Chronic exercise training positively modulates the gut microbiota and its metabolic output. The benefits of chronic exercise for the gut microbiota may be influenced by acute changes in microbial community structure and function that follow a single exercise bout (i.e., acute exercise). Thus, an improved understanding of changes in the gut microbiota that occur with acute exercise could aid in the development of evidence-based exercise training strategies to target the gut microbiota more effectively. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the existing literature on the acute and very short-term (<3 weeks) exercise responses of the gut microbiota and faecal metabolites in humans. We conclude by highlighting gaps in the literature and providing recommendations for future research in this area. NEW FINDINGS: What is the topic of this review? The chronic benefits of exercise for the gut microbiota are likely influenced by acute changes in microbial community structure and function that follow a single exercise bout. This review provides a summary of the existing literature on acute exercise responses of the gut microbiota and its metabolic output in humans. What advances does it highlight? Acute aerobic exercise appears to have limited effects on diversity of the gut microbiota, variable effects on specific microbial taxa, and numerous effects on the metabolic activity of gut microbes with possible implications for host health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean P. Langan
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of KinesiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
| | - James R. Bagley
- Muscle Physiology LaboratorySan Francisco State UniversitySan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Andrew J. Galpin
- Center for Sport PerformanceCalifornia State University, FullertonFullertonCAUSA
| | - Dan Garner
- BioMolecular Athlete, LLCWilmingtonDEUSA
| | | | - Jacob M. Allen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community HealthUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL
| | - Austin T. Robinson
- Neurovascular Physiology Laboratory, School of KinesiologyAuburn UniversityAuburnALUSA
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Lanng SK, Oxfeldt M, Johansen FT, Risikesan J, Hansen M, Bertram HC. Acute changes in the metabolome following resistance exercise combined with intake of different protein sources (cricket, pea, whey). Metabolomics 2023; 19:98. [PMID: 37999866 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Separately, both exercise and protein ingestion have been shown to alter the blood and urine metabolome. This study goes a step further and examines changes in the metabolome derived from blood, urine and muscle tissue extracts in response to resistance exercise combined with ingestion of three different protein sources. METHODS In an acute parallel study, 52 young males performed one-legged resistance exercise (leg extension, 4 × 10 repetitions at 10 repetition maximum) followed by ingestion of either cricket (insect), pea or whey protein (0.25 g protein/kg fat free mass). Blood and muscle tissue were collected at baseline and three hours after protein ingestion. Urine was collected at baseline and four hours after protein ingestion. Mixed-effects analyses were applied to examine the effect of the time (baseline vs. post), protein (cricket, pea, whey), and time x protein interaction. RESULTS Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics resulted in the annotation and quantification of 25 metabolites in blood, 35 in urine and 21 in muscle tissue. Changes in the muscle metabolome after combined exercise and protein intake indicated effects related to the protein source ingested. Muscle concentrations of leucine, methionine, glutamate and myo-inositol were higher after intake of whey protein compared to both cricket and pea protein. The blood metabolome revealed changes in a more ketogenic direction three hours after exercise reflecting that the trial was conducted after overnight fasting. Urinary concentration of trimethylamine N-oxide was significantly higher after ingestion of cricket than pea and whey protein. CONCLUSION The blood, urine and muscle metabolome showed different and supplementary responses to exercise and ingestion of the different protein sources, and in synergy the summarized results provided a more complete picture of the metabolic state of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Kaas Lanng
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
- CiFOOD, Centre for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Oxfeldt
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | | | - Jeyanthini Risikesan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Regional Hospital Gødstrup, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mette Hansen
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Hanne Christine Bertram
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark.
- CiFOOD, Centre for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark.
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22
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Roberts MD, McCarthy JJ, Hornberger TA, Phillips SM, Mackey AL, Nader GA, Boppart MD, Kavazis AN, Reidy PT, Ogasawara R, Libardi CA, Ugrinowitsch C, Booth FW, Esser KA. Mechanisms of mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy: current understanding and future directions. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2679-2757. [PMID: 37382939 PMCID: PMC10625844 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy have been extensively researched since the landmark report by Morpurgo (1897) of "work-induced hypertrophy" in dogs that were treadmill trained. Much of the preclinical rodent and human resistance training research to date supports that involved mechanisms include enhanced mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, an expansion in translational capacity through ribosome biogenesis, increased satellite cell abundance and myonuclear accretion, and postexercise elevations in muscle protein synthesis rates. However, several lines of past and emerging evidence suggest that additional mechanisms that feed into or are independent of these processes are also involved. This review first provides a historical account of how mechanistic research into skeletal muscle hypertrophy has progressed. A comprehensive list of mechanisms associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy is then outlined, and areas of disagreement involving these mechanisms are presented. Finally, future research directions involving many of the discussed mechanisms are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Troy A Hornberger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abigail L Mackey
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gustavo A Nader
- Department of Kinesiology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Marni D Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Andreas N Kavazis
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Riki Ogasawara
- Healthy Food Science Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- MUSCULAB-Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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23
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Grosicki GJ, Pugh J, Wosinska L, Quilter K, Mattimoe D, Allen J, Joyce SA, O'Sullivan O, Close GL. Ultra-Endurance triathlon competition shifts fecal metabolome independent of changes to microbiome composition. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:549-558. [PMID: 37391884 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00024.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding changes to gut microbiota composition and metabolic output in response to acute exercise may be necessary for understanding the mechanisms mediating the long-term health and performance benefits of exercise. Our primary objective was to characterize acute changes in the fecal microbiome and metabolome following participation in an ultra-endurance (3.9 km swim, 180.2 km bike, 42.2 km run) triathlon. An exploratory aim was to determine associations between athlete-specific factors [race performance (i.e., completion time) and lifetime years of endurance training] with pre-race gut microbiota and metabolite profiles. Stool samples from 12 triathletes (9 males/3 females; 43 ± 14 yr, 23 ± 2 kg/m2) were collected ≤48 h before and the first bowel movement following race completion. Intra- and inter-individual diversity of bacterial species and individual bacterial taxa were unaltered following race completion (P > 0.05). However, significant reductions (P < 0.05) in free and secondary bile acids [deoxycholic acid (DCA), 12-keto-lithocholic acid (12-ketoLCA)] and short-chain fatty acids (butyric and pivalic acids), and significant increases (P < 0.05) in long-chain fatty acids (oleic and palmitoleic acids) were observed. Exploratory analyses revealed several associations between pre-race bacterial taxa and fecal metabolites with race performance and lifetime history of endurance training (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that 1) acute ultra-endurance exercise shifts microbial metabolism independent of changes to community composition and 2) athlete performance level and training history relate to resting-state gut microbial ecology.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to characterize acute changes in gut microbial ecology and metabolism following an ultra-endurance triathlon. We demonstrate changes in gut microbial community function, but not structure, as well as several associations between gut microbiome and fecal metabolome characteristics with race completion time and lifetime history of endurance training. These data add to a small but growing body of literature seeking to characterize the acute and chronic effects of exercise on the gut microbial ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Grosicki
- Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Georgia Southern University - Armstrong Campus, Savannah, Georgia, United States
| | - Jamie Pugh
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Wosinska
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Karina Quilter
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Darragh Mattimoe
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jacob Allen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States
| | - Susan A Joyce
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Orla O'Sullivan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- VistaMilk SFI Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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24
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Abstract
Overweight, obesity, undernutrition and their respective sequelae have devastating tolls on personal and public health worldwide. Traditional approaches for treating these conditions with diet, exercise, drugs and/or surgery have shown varying degrees of success, creating an urgent need for new solutions with long-term efficacy. Owing to transformative advances in sequencing, bioinformatics and gnotobiotic experimentation, we now understand that the gut microbiome profoundly impacts energy balance through diverse mechanisms affecting both sides of the energy balance equation. Our growing knowledge of microbial contributions to energy metabolism highlights new opportunities for weight management, including the microbiome-aware improvement of existing tools and novel microbiome-targeted therapies. In this Review, we synthesize current knowledge concerning the bidirectional influences between the gut microbiome and existing weight management strategies, including behaviour-based and clinical approaches, and incorporate a subject-level meta-analysis contrasting the effects of weight management strategies on microbiota composition. We consider how emerging understanding of the gut microbiome alters our prospects for weight management and the challenges that must be overcome for microbiome-focused solutions to achieve success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel N Carmody
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Jordan E Bisanz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State Microbiome Center, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA.
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Akazawa N, Nakamura M, Eda N, Murakami H, Nakagata T, Nanri H, Park J, Hosomi K, Mizuguchi K, Kunisawa J, Miyachi M, Hoshikawa M. Gut microbiota alternation with training periodization and physical fitness in Japanese elite athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1219345. [PMID: 37521099 PMCID: PMC10382754 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1219345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The gut microbiome plays a fundamental role in host homeostasis through regulating immune functions, enzyme activity, and hormone secretion. Exercise is associated with changes in gut microbiome composition and function. However, few studies have investigated the gut microbiome during training periodization. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between training periodization and the gut microbiome in elite athletes. Methods In total, 84 elite athletes participated in the cross-sectional study; and gut microbiome was determined during their transition or preparation season period. Further, 10 short-track speed skate athletes participated in the longitudinal study, which assessed the gut microbiome and physical fitness such as aerobic capacity and anaerobic power in the general and specific preparation phase of training periodization. The gut microbiome was analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Results The cross-sectional study revealed significant differences in Prevotella, Bifidobacterium, Parabacteroides, and Alistipes genera and in enterotype distribution between transition and preparation season phase periodization. In the longitudinal study, training phase periodization altered the level of Bacteroides, Blautia, and Bifidobacterium in the microbiome. Such changes in the microbiome were significantly correlated with alternations in aerobic capacity and tended to correlate with the anaerobic power. Discussion These findings suggest that periodization alters the gut microbiome abundance related to energy metabolism and trainability of physical fitness. Athlete's condition may thus be mediated to some extent by the microbiota in the intestinal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Akazawa
- Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mariko Nakamura
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Eda
- Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Fundamental Education, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Haruka Murakami
- Department of Physical Activity Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakagata
- Department of Physical Activity Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Gut Microbiome for Health, Microbial Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hinako Nanri
- Department of Physical Activity Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Gut Microbiome for Health, Microbial Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jonguk Park
- Artificial Intelligence Center for Health and Biomedical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Hosomi
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Microbial Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Mizuguchi
- Artificial Intelligence Center for Health and Biomedical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Microbial Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Motohiko Miyachi
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Physical Activity Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Hoshikawa
- Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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Kazura W, Michalczyk K, Stygar D. The Relationship between the Source of Dietary Animal Fats and Proteins and the Gut Microbiota Condition and Obesity in Humans. Nutrients 2023; 15:3082. [PMID: 37513500 PMCID: PMC10385089 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between gut microbiota and obesity is well documented in humans and animal models. Dietary factors can change the intestinal microbiota composition and influence obesity development. However, knowledge of how diet, metabolism, and intestinal microbiota interact and modulate energy metabolism and obesity development is still limited. Epidemiological studies show a link between consuming dietary proteins and fats from specific sources and obesity. Animal studies confirm that proteins and fats of different origins differ in their ability to prevent or induce obesity. Protein sources, such as meat, dairy products, vegetables, pulses, and seafood, vary in their amino acid composition. In addition, the type and level of other factors, such as fatty acids or persistent organic pollutants, vary depending on the source of dietary protein. All these factors can modulate the intestinal microbiota composition and, thus, may influence obesity development. This review summarizes selected evidence of how proteins and fats of different origins affect energy efficiency, obesity development, and intestinal microbiota, linking protein and fat-dependent changes in the intestinal microbiota with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Kazura
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana Street 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Michalczyk
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana Street 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Dominika Stygar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana Street 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
- SLU University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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27
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Ferrari ED, Oliveira BCM, Creasey HN, Romualdo da Silva DR, Nakamura AA, Bresciani KDS, Widmer G. The Impact of Physical Effort on the Gut Microbiota of Long-Distance Fliers. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1766. [PMID: 37512938 PMCID: PMC10386721 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Flying pigeons (Columbia livia) are extensively studied for their physical endurance and superior sense of orientation. The extreme physical endurance of which these birds are capable creates a unique opportunity to investigate the possible impact of long-distance flying on the taxonomy and metabolic function of the gut microbiota. This project was enabled by access to two groups of pigeons raised by the same breeder in the same conditions, except that one group was trained in long-distance flying and participated in multiple races covering a total distance of over 2600 km over a 9-week period. In contrast, the second group did not fly. The fecal microbiota was analyzed using 16S amplicon sequencing, and the taxonomy and metabolic function were inferred from this sequence data. Based on phylogenetic distance and metabolic function, flying and non-flying pigeons were found to harbor distinct bacterial microbiota. The microbiota taxonomy varied extensively between the birds, whereas the inferred metabolic potential was relatively stable. Age was not a significant determinant of the fecal microbiota profile. In flying birds, the metabolic pathways annotated with biosynthesis were enriched, representing 60% of the 20 metabolic pathways that were most closely associated with flying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elís Domingos Ferrari
- União das Facultades dos Grandes Lagos (UNILAGO), São José do Rio Preto 15030-070, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Hannah N Creasey
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Débora R Romualdo da Silva
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 16050-680, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alex Akira Nakamura
- School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 16050-680, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katia D Saraiva Bresciani
- School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 16050-680, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Widmer
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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28
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Lugones-Sánchez C, Santos-Mínguez S, Salvado R, González-Sánchez S, Tamayo-Morales O, Hoya-González A, Ramírez-Manent JI, Magallón-Botaya R, Quesada-Rico JA, Garcia-Cubillas MD, Rodríguez-Sánchez E, Gómez-Marcos MA, Benito-Sanchez R, Mira A, Hernandez-Rivas JM, Garcia-Ortiz L. Lifestyles, arterial aging, and its relationship with the intestinal and oral microbiota (MIVAS III study): a research protocol for a cross-sectional multicenter study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1164453. [PMID: 37457284 PMCID: PMC10344706 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1164453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The microbiota is increasingly recognized as a significant factor in the pathophysiology of many diseases, including cardiometabolic diseases, with lifestyles probably exerting the greatest influence on the composition of the human microbiome. The main objectives of the study are to analyze the association of lifestyles (diet, physical activity, tobacco, and alcohol) with the gut and oral microbiota, arterial aging, and cognitive function in subjects without cardiovascular disease in the Iberian Peninsula. In addition, the study will examine the mediating role of the microbiome in mediating the association between lifestyles and arterial aging as well as cognitive function. Methods and analysis MIVAS III is a multicenter cross-sectional study that will take place in the Iberian Peninsula. One thousand subjects aged between 45 and 74 years without cardiovascular disease will be selected. The main variables are demographic information, anthropometric measurements, and habits (tobacco and alcohol). Dietary patterns will be assessed using a frequency consumption questionnaire (FFQ) and the Mediterranean diet adherence questionnaire. Physical activity levels will be evaluated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Marshall Questionnaire, and an Accelerometer (Actigraph). Body composition will be measured using the Inbody 230 impedance meter. Arterial aging will be assessed through various means, including measuring medium intimate carotid thickness using the Sonosite Micromax, conducting analysis with pulse wave velocity (PWA), and measuring pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) using the Sphygmocor System. Additional cardiovascular indicators such as Cardio Ankle Vascular Index (CAVI), ba-PWV, and ankle-brachial index (Vasera VS-2000®) will also be examined. The study will analyze the intestinal microbiota using the OMNIgene GUT kit (OMR-200) and profile the microbiome through massive sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA), effect size (LEfSe), and compositional analysis, such as ANCOM-BC, will be used to identify differentially abundant taxa between groups. After rarefying the samples, further analyses will be conducted using MicrobiomeAnalyst and R v.4.2.1 software. These analyses will include various aspects, such as assessing α and β diversity, conducting abundance profiling, and performing clustering analysis. Discussion Lifestyle acts as a modifier of microbiota composition. However, there are no conclusive results demonstrating the mediating effect of the microbiota in the relationship between lifestyles and cardiovascular diseases. Understanding this relationship may facilitate the implementation of strategies for improving population health by modifying the gut and oral microbiota. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04924907, ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT04924907. Registered on 21 April 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Lugones-Sánchez
- Primary Care Research Unit of Salamanca (APISAL), Salamanca Primary Healthcare Management, Castilla y León Regional Health Authority (SACyL), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Research Network on Chronicity, Primary Care and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sandra Santos-Mínguez
- Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rita Salvado
- Primary Care Research Unit of Salamanca (APISAL), Salamanca Primary Healthcare Management, Castilla y León Regional Health Authority (SACyL), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Susana González-Sánchez
- Primary Care Research Unit of Salamanca (APISAL), Salamanca Primary Healthcare Management, Castilla y León Regional Health Authority (SACyL), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Research Network on Chronicity, Primary Care and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Olaya Tamayo-Morales
- Primary Care Research Unit of Salamanca (APISAL), Salamanca Primary Healthcare Management, Castilla y León Regional Health Authority (SACyL), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Research Network on Chronicity, Primary Care and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Amaya Hoya-González
- Primary Care Research Unit of Salamanca (APISAL), Salamanca Primary Healthcare Management, Castilla y León Regional Health Authority (SACyL), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - José I. Ramírez-Manent
- Research Network on Chronicity, Primary Care and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Salamanca, Spain
- Calvià Primary Care Center, Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IDIBSA), Health Service of Balearic Islands, Calvià, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Rosa Magallón-Botaya
- Research Network on Chronicity, Primary Care and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Psychiatry and Dermatology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José A. Quesada-Rico
- Research Network on Chronicity, Primary Care and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Miriam D. Garcia-Cubillas
- Primary Care Research Unit of Salamanca (APISAL), Salamanca Primary Healthcare Management, Castilla y León Regional Health Authority (SACyL), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Emiliano Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Primary Care Research Unit of Salamanca (APISAL), Salamanca Primary Healthcare Management, Castilla y León Regional Health Authority (SACyL), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Research Network on Chronicity, Primary Care and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel A. Gómez-Marcos
- Primary Care Research Unit of Salamanca (APISAL), Salamanca Primary Healthcare Management, Castilla y León Regional Health Authority (SACyL), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Research Network on Chronicity, Primary Care and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rocío Benito-Sanchez
- Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alex Mira
- Department of Health and Genomics, FISABIO Foundation, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER Center for Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus M. Hernandez-Rivas
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Haematology Department, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis Garcia-Ortiz
- Primary Care Research Unit of Salamanca (APISAL), Salamanca Primary Healthcare Management, Castilla y León Regional Health Authority (SACyL), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Research Network on Chronicity, Primary Care and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Santarossa S, Sitarik AR, Cassidy-Bushrow AE, Comstock SS. Prenatal physical activity and the gut microbiota of pregnant women: results from a preliminary investigation. Phys Act Nutr 2023; 27:1-7. [PMID: 37583065 PMCID: PMC10440177 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2023.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether physical activity (PA), specifically meeting the recommended 150 minutes of moderate-intensity PA per week, is associated with gut microbiota composition in pregnant women. METHODS In an ongoing birth cohort study, questions from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, which provides data on PA variables, were used to determine whether pregnant women met or exceeded the PA recommendations. To profile the composition of gut bacterial microbiota, 16S rRNA sequencing was performed on stool samples obtained from pregnant women. Differences in alpha diversity metrics (richness, Pielou's evenness, and Shannon's diversity) according to PA were determined using linear regression, whereas beta diversity relationships (Canberra and Bray-Curtis) were assessed using Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). Differences in relative taxon abundance were determined using DESeq2. RESULTS The complete analytical sample included 23 women that were evaluated for both PA and 16S rRNA sequencing data (median age [Q1; Q3] = 30.5 [26.6; 34.0] years; 17.4% Black), and 11 (47.8%) met or exceeded the PA recommendations. Meeting or exceeding the PA recommendations during pregnancy was not associated with gut microbiota richness, evenness, or diversity, but it was related to distinct bacterial composition using both Canberra (p = 0.005) and Bray-Curtis (p = 0.022) distances. Significantly lower abundances of Bacteroidales, Bifidobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Streptococcaceae were observed in women who met or exceeded the PA recommendations (all false discovery rates adjusted, p < 0.02). CONCLUSION Pregnant women who met or exceeded the PA recommendations showed altered gut microbiota composition. This study forms the basis for future studies on the impact of PA on gut microbiota during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Santarossa
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah S. Comstock
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
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Wang H, Li Q, Xu R, Su Y, Zhu W. Time-restricted feeding affects colonic nutrient substrates and modulates the diurnal fluctuation of microbiota in pigs. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1162482. [PMID: 37275162 PMCID: PMC10235616 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1162482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Studies demonstrate that time-restricted feeding (TRF) can regulate gut microbiota composition. However, it is unclear whether TRF could affect the gut microbial rhythmicity in growing pigs. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the effects of TRF on the dynamic fluctuation of the gut microbiota. Methods A total of 10 healthy growing pigs equipped with T cannula were employed. Pigs were randomly allotted to the free access (FA) and the TRF groups with 5 replicates (1 pig/replicates). Pigs in the FA group were fed free access during the whole experimental period, whereas pigs in the TRF group were fed free access three times per day within limited times (7:00-8:00, 12:00-13:00, 17:00-18:00). The experiment lasted for 15 days, at 06:00 a.m. of the day 16, colonic digesta were collected at a 6-h interval for consecutive 24 h marked as T06 (06:00), T12 (12:00), T18 (18:00), T24 (24:00), T30 (06:00), respectively. Results Results showed that TRF altered the distribution of feed intake without changing the total feed intake within a day (p = 0.870). TRF decreased the overall concentration of colonic cellulose and altered their oscillating patterns. All alpha-diversity indexes of different time points showed significant differences regardless of feeding pattern with a trough at T18 or T24. TRF shifted the trough of the alpha-diversity index Simpson and Invsimpson. TRF lost the rhythmicity of Prevotellaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Bacteroidales_S24-7_group, and Peptococcaceae and gained the rhythmicity of Pasteurellaceae, Clostridiaceae_1, Veillonellaceae, and Peptostreptococcaceae. Also, TRF altered the interaction pattern by increasing the microbes involved in the co-occurrence network and their crosstalk, especially at T24. Interestingly, the microbial variation at T24 could largely explained by colonic substrates starch (R2 = 0.369; p = 0.001), cellulose (R2 = 0.235; p = 0.009) and NH4-N (R2 = 0.489; p = 0.001). Conclusion In conclusion, TRF has changed the concentrates of cellulose and the relative abundance of specific microbes and certain microbial metabolites. In addition, TRF has more powerful effects on the fluctuation modes of these nutrient substrates, microbes, and metabolites by shifting their peaks or troughs. This knowledge facilitates the development of precision regulation targeting gut microbial rhythmicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Wang
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiuke Li
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongying Xu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Su
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Baptista LC, Zumbro EL, Graham ZA, Hernandez AR, Buchanan T, Sun Y, Yang Y, Banerjee A, Verma A, Li Q, Carter CS, Buford TW. Multiomics profiling of the impact of an angiotensin (1-7)-expressing probiotic combined with exercise training in aged male rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:1135-1153. [PMID: 36892893 PMCID: PMC10125028 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00508.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin (1-7) [Ang (1-7)] is an active heptapeptide of the noncanonical arm of the renin-angiotensin system that modulates molecular signaling pathways associated with vascular and cellular inflammation, vasoconstriction, and fibrosis. Preclinical evidence suggests that Ang (1-7) is a promising therapeutic target that may ameliorate physical and cognitive function in late life. However, treatment pharmacodynamics limits its clinical applicability. Therefore, this study explored the underlying mechanisms altered by a genetically modified probiotic (GMP) that expresses Ang (1-7) combined with and without exercise training in an aging male rat model as a potential adjunct strategy to exercise training to counteract the decline of physical and cognitive function. We evaluated cross-tissue (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, colon, liver, and skeletal muscle) multi-omics responses. After 12 wk of intervention, the 16S mRNA microbiome analysis revealed a main effect of probiotic treatment within- and between groups. The probiotic treatment enhanced α diversity (Inverse Simpson (F[2,56] = 4.44; P = 0.02); Shannon-Wiener (F[2,56] = 4.27; P = 0.02)) and β-diversity (F[2,56] = 2.66; P = 0.01) among rats receiving our GMP. The analysis of microbes' composition revealed three genera altered by our GMP (Enterorhabdus, Muribaculaceae unclassified, and Faecalitalea). The mRNA multi-tissue data analysis showed that our combined intervention upregulated neuroremodeling pathways on prefrontal cortex (i.e., 140 genes), inflammation gene expression in the liver (i.e., 63 genes), and circadian rhythm signaling on skeletal muscle. Finally, the integrative network analysis detected different communities of tightly (|r| > 0.8 and P < 0.05) correlated metabolites, genera, and genes in these tissues.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This manuscript uses a multiomics approach (i.e., microbiome, metabolomics, and transcriptomics) to explore the underlying mechanisms driven by a genetically modified probiotic (GMP) designed to express angiotensin (1-7) combined with moderate exercise training in an aged male rat model. After 12 wk of intervention, our findings suggest that our GMP enhanced gut microbial diversity while exercise training altered the transcriptional response in relevant neuroremodeling genes, inflammation, and circadian rhythm signaling pathways in an aging animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana C Baptista
- Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Research Center for Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Emily L Zumbro
- Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Zachary A Graham
- Research Service, Birmingham Veterans Affair Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Healthspan, Resilience and Performance, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Abbi R Hernandez
- Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Taylor Buchanan
- Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Yi Sun
- Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Department of Life, Health, and Physical Sciences, Gordon College, Wenham, Massachusetts, United States
| | - YouFeng Yang
- Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Anisha Banerjee
- Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Amrisha Verma
- Department of Life, Health, and Physical Sciences, Gordon College, Wenham, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Christy S Carter
- Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Thomas W Buford
- Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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Deng R, Wang M, Song Y, Shi Y. A Bibliometric Analysis on the Research Trend of Exercise and the Gut Microbiome. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040903. [PMID: 37110325 PMCID: PMC10141121 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This article aims to provide an overview of research hotspots and trends in exercise and the gut microbiome, a field which has recently gained increasing attention. The relevant publications on exercise and the gut microbiome were identified from the Web of Science Core Collection database. The publication types were limited to articles and reviews. VOSviewer 1.6.18 (Centre for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands) and the R package "bibliometrix" (R Foundation: Vienna, Austria) were used to conduct a bibliometric analysis. A total of 327 eligible publications were eventually identified, including 245 original articles and 82 reviews. A time trend analysis showed that the number of publications rapidly increased after 2014. The leading countries/regions in this field were the USA, China, and Europe. Most of the active institutions were from Europe and the USA. Keyword analysis showed that the relationship between disease, the gut microbiome, and exercise occurs throughout the development of this field of research. The interactions between the gut microbiota, exercise, status of the host's internal environment, and probiotics, are important facets as well. The research topic evolution presents a trend of multidisciplinary and multi-perspective comprehensive analysis. Exercise might become an effective intervention for disease treatment by regulating the gut microbiome. The innovation of exercise-centered lifestyle intervention therapy may become a significant trend in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyi Deng
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mopei Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology and Radiation Sickness, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yahan Song
- Library, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanyan Shi
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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Boytar AN, Skinner TL, Wallen RE, Jenkins DG, Dekker Nitert M. The Effect of Exercise Prescription on the Human Gut Microbiota and Comparison between Clinical and Apparently Healthy Populations: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061534. [PMID: 36986264 PMCID: PMC10054511 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study systematically reviewed all human longitudinal exercise interventions that reported changes in the gut microbiota; frequency, intensity, duration and type of exercise were assessed to determine the influence of these variables on changes to the gut microbiota in both healthy individuals and clinical populations (PROPERO registration: CRD42022309854). Using PRISMA guidelines, trials analysing gut microbiota change with exercise interventions were included independent of trial randomisation, population, trial duration or analysis technique. Studies were excluded when microbiota abundance was not reported or when exercise was combined with other interventions. Twenty-eight trials were included, of which twelve involved healthy populations only and sixteen involved mixed or clinical-only populations. The findings show that participation in exercise of moderate to high-intensity for 30-90 min ≥3 times per week (or between 150-270 min per week) for ≥8 weeks is likely to produce changes in the gut microbiota. Exercise appears to be effective in modifying the gut microbiota in both clinical and healthy populations. A more robust methodology is needed in future studies to improve the certainty of the evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Boytar
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tina L Skinner
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ruby E Wallen
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David G Jenkins
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia
- Applied Sports Science Technology and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Wales SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Marloes Dekker Nitert
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Wu Z, Tian E, Chen Y, Dong Z, Peng Q. Gut microbiota and its roles in the pathogenesis and therapy of endocrine system diseases. Microbiol Res 2023; 268:127291. [PMID: 36542917 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A new field of microbial research is the relationship between microorganisms and multicellular hosts. It is known that gut microbes can cause various endocrine system diseases, such as diabetes and thyroid disease. Changes in the composition or structure and the metabolites of gut microbes may cause gastrointestinal disorders, including ulcers or intestinal perforation and other inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In recent years, reports on the interactions between intestinal microorganisms and endocrine system diseases have been increasingly documented. In the meantime, the treatment based on gut microbiome has also been paid much attention. For example, fecal microbiota transplantation is found to have a therapeutic effect on many diseases. As such, understanding the gut microbiota-endocrine system interactions is of great significance for the theranostic of endocrine system diseases. Herein, we summarize the relations of gut microbiome with endocrine system diseases, and discuss the potentials of regulating gut microbiome in treating those diseases. In addition, the concerns and possible solutions regarding the gut microbiome-based therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoxuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Erkang Tian
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zaiquan Dong
- Mental Health Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Qiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Sabater C, Iglesias-Gutiérrez E, Ruiz L, Margolles A. Next-generation sequencing of the athletic gut microbiota: a systematic review. MICROBIOME RESEARCH REPORTS 2023; 2:5. [PMID: 38045609 PMCID: PMC10688803 DOI: 10.20517/mrr.2022.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Aim: There is growing evidence that physical activity modulates gut microbiota composition through complex interactions between diet and microbial species. On the other hand, next-generation sequencing techniques include shotgun metagenomics and 16S amplicon sequencing. These methodologies allow a comprehensive characterisation of microbial communities of athletes from different disciplines as well as non-professional players and sedentary adults exposed to training. This systematic review summarises recent applications of next-generation sequencing to characterise the athletic gut microbiome. Methods: A systematic review of microbiome research was performed to determine the association of microbiota composition profiles with sports performance. Results: Bibliographic analysis revealed the importance of a novel research trend aiming at deciphering the associations between individual microbial species and sports performance. In addition, literature review highlighted the role of butyrate-producing bacteria such as Anaerostipes hadrus, Clostridium bolteae, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Roseburia hominis and unidentified species belonging to Clostridiales, Lachnospiraceae and Subdoligranulum species in gut health and sports performance across several disciplines. Interestingly, metabolic activities of Prevotella copri and Veillonella atypica involved in branched amino acid and lactate metabolism may contribute to reducing muscular fatigue. Other microbial metabolic pathways of interest involved in carbohydrate metabolism showed increased proportions in athletes´ metagenomes. Conclusion: Future research will aim at developing personalised nutrition interventions to modulate key species associated with certain components of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sabater
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, Villaviciosa 33300, Spain
- Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microbes (MicroHealth) Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo 33011, Spain
| | - Eduardo Iglesias-Gutiérrez
- Department of Functional Biology, Area of Physiology, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Julián Clavería 6, Oviedo 33006, Spain
- Traslational Interventions for Health (ITS) Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo 33011, Spain
| | - Lorena Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, Villaviciosa 33300, Spain
- Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microbes (MicroHealth) Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo 33011, Spain
| | - Abelardo Margolles
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, Villaviciosa 33300, Spain
- Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microbes (MicroHealth) Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo 33011, Spain
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Fontana F, Longhi G, Tarracchini C, Mancabelli L, Lugli GA, Alessandri G, Turroni F, Milani C, Ventura M. The human gut microbiome of athletes: metagenomic and metabolic insights. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:27. [PMID: 36782241 PMCID: PMC9926762 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01470-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The correlation between the physical performance of athletes and their gut microbiota has become of growing interest in the past years, since new evidences have emerged regarding the importance of the gut microbiota as a main driver of the health status of athletes. In addition, it has been postulated that the metabolic activity of the microbial population harbored by the large intestine of athletes might influence their physical performances. Here, we analyzed 418 publicly available shotgun metagenomics datasets obtained from fecal samples of healthy athletes and healthy sedentary adults. RESULTS This study evidenced how agonistic physical activity and related lifestyle can be associated with the modulation of the gut microbiota composition, inducing modifications of the taxonomic profiles with an enhancement of gut microbes able to produce short-fatty acid (SCFAs). In addition, our analyses revealed a correlation between specific bacterial species and high impact biological synthases (HIBSs) responsible for the generation of a range of microbially driven compounds such vitamin B12, amino acidic derivatives, and other molecules linked to cardiovascular and age-related health-risk reduction. CONCLUSIONS Notably, our findings show how subsist an association between competitive athletes, and modulation of the gut microbiota, and how this modulation is reflected in the potential production of microbial metabolites that can lead to beneficial effects on human physical performance and health conditions. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Fontana
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, Laboratory of Probiogenomics, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 11a, 43124, Parma, Italy
- GenProbio Srl, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Longhi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, Laboratory of Probiogenomics, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 11a, 43124, Parma, Italy
- GenProbio Srl, Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Tarracchini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, Laboratory of Probiogenomics, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 11a, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Leonardo Mancabelli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, Laboratory of Probiogenomics, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 11a, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Andrea Lugli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, Laboratory of Probiogenomics, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 11a, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Alessandri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, Laboratory of Probiogenomics, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 11a, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Turroni
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, Laboratory of Probiogenomics, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 11a, 43124, Parma, Italy
- Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Christian Milani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, Laboratory of Probiogenomics, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 11a, 43124, Parma, Italy.
- Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Marco Ventura
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, Laboratory of Probiogenomics, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 11a, 43124, Parma, Italy.
- Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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Brooks CN, Wight ME, Azeez OE, Bleich RM, Zwetsloot KA. Growing old together: What we know about the influence of diet and exercise on the aging host's gut microbiome. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1168731. [PMID: 37139301 PMCID: PMC10149677 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1168731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is critical in defending against infection from pathogenic microorganisms. Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as the elderly, are more susceptible to infections and developing autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The gut microbiome contains a plethora of bacteria and other microorganisms, which collectively plays a significant role in immune function and homeostasis. Gut microbiota are considered to be highly influential on host health and immune function. Therefore, dysbiosis of the microbiota could be a major contributor to the elevated incidence of multiple age-related pathologies. While there seems to be a general consensus that the composition of gut microbiota changes with age, very little is known about how diet and exercise might influence the aging microbiome. Here, we examine the current state of the literature regarding alterations to the gut microbiome as hosts age, drawing particular attention to the knowledge gaps in addressing how diet and exercise influence the aging microbiome. Further, we will demonstrate the need for more controlled studies to investigate the roles that diet and exercise play driving the composition, diversity, and function of the microbiome in an aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chequita N. Brooks
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States
| | - Madeline E. Wight
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States
| | - Oluwatobi E. Azeez
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States
| | - Rachel M. Bleich
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States
- Correspondence: Kevin A. Zwetsloot Rachel M. Bleich
| | - Kevin A. Zwetsloot
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States
- Department of Public Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States
- Correspondence: Kevin A. Zwetsloot Rachel M. Bleich
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Wang R, Cai Y, Lu W, Zhang R, Shao R, Yau SY, Stubbs B, McIntyre RS, Su KP, Xu G, Qi L, So KF, Lin K. Exercise effect on the gut microbiota in young adolescents with subthreshold depression: A randomized psychoeducation-controlled Trial. Psychiatry Res 2023; 319:115005. [PMID: 36565548 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.115005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This 3-month randomized psychoeducation-controlled trial (RCT) of exercise was undertaken in young adolescents with subthreshold depression to examine the impact on gut microbiota. Participants (aged 12-14 years) were randomly assigned to an exercise or a psychoeducation-controlled group. The exercise intervention arm took moderate-intensity exercise, comprised of 30 min of running per day, 4 days a week for 3 months. Psychoeducation intervention consisted of 6 sessions of group activity including gaming, reading, and singing. The gut microbiota was assessed by metagenomic sequencing. After 3-month moderate-intensity exercise, the intervention group increased the relative abundance of Coprococcus, Blautia, Dorea, Tyzzerella at the genus level, as well as Tyzzerella nexilis, Ruminococcus obeum at species level when compared to the psychoeducation-controlled group. Moreover, EggNOG analyses showed that the defense and signal transduction mechanism were highly enriched after the active intervention, and changes were correlated with improvements in depressive symptoms measured by Chinese Patient Depression Questionnaire 9. The KEGG pathway of neurodegenerative diseases was depleted in the microbiome in young adolescents with subthreshold depression after exercise intervention. This 3-month RCT suggests that at both the genus and species levels, aerobic group exercise intervention improved in depressive symptoms and revealed changes in gut microbiota suggesting beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhua Wang
- Department of Affective Disorders, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cai
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weicong Lu
- Department of Affective Disorders, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruoxi Zhang
- Department of Affective Disorders, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Robin Shao
- Department of Affective Disorders, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suk-Yu Yau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- Department of Psychiatry and MBI-Lab, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, China
| | - Guiyun Xu
- Department of Affective Disorders, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangwen Qi
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Department of Affective Disorders, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Institute, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China; Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kangguang Lin
- Department of Affective Disorders, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Institute, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China.
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Sales KM, Reimer RA. Unlocking a novel determinant of athletic performance: The role of the gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and "biotics" in exercise. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 12:36-44. [PMID: 36089243 PMCID: PMC9923434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota refers to the collection of trillions of intestinal microorganisms that modulate central aspects of health and disease through influential effects on host physiology. Recently, a connection has been made between the gut microbiota and exercise. Initial investigations demonstrated the beneficial effects of exercise on the gut microbiota, with cross-sectional studies revealing positive correlations between exercise-associated states, and healthy gut microbiota and exercise interventions showed post-intervention increases in the abundance of beneficial bacterial taxa. More recent investigations have focused on exploring the reverse relationship: the influence of the gut microbiota on exercise performance. Murine investigations have revealed that certain bacterial taxa may enhance endurance exercise performance by augmenting various aspects of lactate metabolism. Further, short-chain fatty acids-which modulate metabolism at various organ sites, including within skeletal muscle-have been shown to enhance endurance exercise capacity in mice. This review highlights what is currently known about the connection between the gut microbiota and exercise, with a particular focus on the ergogenic potential of the gut microbiota and how it may be leveraged to enhance endurance exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Sales
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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The ‘Whey’ to good health: Whey protein and its beneficial effect on metabolism, gut microbiota and mental health. Trends Food Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Donati Zeppa S, Agostini D, Ferrini F, Gervasi M, Barbieri E, Bartolacci A, Piccoli G, Saltarelli R, Sestili P, Stocchi V. Interventions on Gut Microbiota for Healthy Aging. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010034. [PMID: 36611827 PMCID: PMC9818603 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the improvement in health and social conditions has led to an increase in the average lifespan. Since aging is the most important risk factor for the majority of chronic human diseases, the development of therapies and intervention to stop, lessen or even reverse various age-related morbidities is an important target to ameliorate the quality of life of the elderly. The gut microbiota, that is, the complex ecosystem of microorganisms living in the gastrointestinal tract, plays an important role, not yet fully understood, in maintaining the host's health and homeostasis, influencing metabolic, oxidative and cognitive status; for this reason, it is also named "the forgotten endocrine organ" or "the second brain". On the other hand, the gut microbiota diversity and richness are affected by unmodifiable factors, such as aging and sex, and modifiable ones, such as diet, pharmacological therapies and lifestyle. In this review, we discuss the changes, mostly disadvantageous, for human health, induced by aging, in microbiota composition and the effects of dietary intervention, of supplementation with probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, psychobiotics and antioxidants and of physical exercise. The development of an integrated strategy to implement microbiota health will help in the goal of healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Donati Zeppa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Deborah Agostini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Fabio Ferrini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.F.); (M.G.)
| | - Marco Gervasi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.F.); (M.G.)
| | - Elena Barbieri
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Alessia Bartolacci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Roberta Saltarelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Piero Sestili
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Vilberto Stocchi
- Department of Human Science for Promotion of Quality of Life, Univerity San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
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Smith KS, Morris MM, Morrow CD, Novak JR, Roberts MD, Frugé AD. Associations between Changes in Fat-Free Mass, Fecal Microbe Diversity, and Mood Disturbance in Young Adults after 10-Weeks of Resistance Training. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122344. [PMID: 36557597 PMCID: PMC9785032 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiome contributes to numerous physiological processes in humans, and diet and exercise are known to alter both microbial composition and mood. We sought to explore the effect of a 10-week resistance training (RT) regimen with or without peanut protein supplementation (PPS) in untrained young adults on fecal microbiota and mood disturbance (MD). METHODS Participants were randomized into PPS (n = 25) and control (CTL [no supplement]; n = 24) groups and engaged in supervised, full-body RT twice a week. Measures included body composition, fecal microbe relative abundance, alpha- and beta-diversity from 16 s rRNA gene sequencing with QIIME2 processing, dietary intake at baseline and following the 10-week intervention, and post-intervention MD via the profile of mood states (POMS) questionnaire. Independent samples t-tests were used to determine differences between PPS and CTL groups. Paired samples t-tests investigated differences within groups. RESULTS Our sample was mostly female (69.4%), white (87.8%), normal weight (body mass index 24.6 ± 4.2 kg/m2), and 21 ± 2.0 years old. Shannon index significantly increased from baseline in all participants (p = 0.040), with no between-group differences or pre-post beta-diversity dissimilarities. Changes in Blautia abundance were associated with the positive POMS subscales, Vigor and self-esteem-related-affect (SERA) (rho = -0.451, p = 0.04; rho = -0.487, p = 0.025, respectively). Whole tree phylogeny changes were negatively correlated with SERA and Vigor (rho = -0.475, p = 0.046; rho = -0.582, p = 0.011, respectively) as well as change in bodyfat percentage (rho = -0.608, p = 0.007). Mediation analysis results indicate changes in PD Whole Tree Phylogeny was not a significant mediator of the relationship between change in fat-free mass and total MD. CONCLUSIONS Mood state subscales are associated with changes in microbial taxa and body composition. PD Whole Tree Phylogeny increased following the 10-week RT regimen; further research is warranted to explore how RT-induced changes in microbial diversity are related to changes in body composition and mood disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen S. Smith
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Molly M. Morris
- College of Science and Mathematics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Casey D. Morrow
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Josh R. Novak
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | | | - Andrew Dandridge Frugé
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- College of Nursing, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Ghosh TS, Shanahan F, O'Toole PW. Toward an improved definition of a healthy microbiome for healthy aging. NATURE AGING 2022; 2:1054-1069. [PMID: 37118093 PMCID: PMC10154212 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-022-00306-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome is a modifier of disease risk because it interacts with nutrition, metabolism, immunity and infection. Aging-related health loss has been correlated with transition to different microbiome states. Microbiome summary indices including alpha diversity are apparently useful to describe these states but belie taxonomic differences that determine biological importance. We analyzed 21,000 fecal microbiomes from seven data repositories, across five continents spanning participant ages 18-107 years, revealing that microbiome diversity and uniqueness correlate with aging, but not healthy aging. Among summary statistics tested, only Kendall uniqueness accurately reflects loss of the core microbiome and the abundance and ranking of disease-associated and health-associated taxa. Increased abundance of these disease-associated taxa and depletion of a coabundant subset of health-associated taxa are a generic feature of aging. These alterations are stronger correlates of unhealthy aging than most microbiome summary statistics and thus help identify better targets for therapeutic modulation of the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarini Shankar Ghosh
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Fergus Shanahan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Medicine, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul W O'Toole
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
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Zhong F, Xu Y, Lai HY, Yang M, Cheng L, Liu X, Sun X, Yang Y, Wang J, Lv W, Huang C. Effects of combined aerobic and resistance training on gut microbiota and cardiovascular risk factors in physically active elderly women: A randomized controlled trial. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1004863. [PMID: 36338472 PMCID: PMC9631483 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1004863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exercise can modulate gut microbiota and lower the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the association between exercise-induced changes in gut microbiota and CVD risk have not been investigated. Objective: This study determined the effects of exercise training on CVD risk and gut microbiota in physically active elderly women and whether exercise-induced gut microbiota changes were associated with CVD risk. Methods: An 8-week randomized controlled trial was conducted with 14 elderly women assigned to exercise group (n = 8) or control group (n = 6). Physical function, sarcopenic obesity, and metabolic syndrome were evaluated as components of CVD risk. Gut microbiota composition was determined using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to examine intra-group and inter-group differences. Results: A significant group × time interaction was observed for chair sit-and-reach (F = 8.262, p = 0.014), single-leg standing with eyes closed (F = 7.340, p = 0.019), waist circumference (F = 6.254, p = 0.028), and body fat mass (F = 12.263, p = 0.004), for which the exercise group showed improved trends. The exercise group exhibited significant improvements in skeletal muscle mass (p = 0.041) and fasting blood glucose (p = 0.017). Regarding gut microbiota, a significant interaction was observed for the class Betaproteobacteria (F = 6.822, p = 0.023) and genus Holdemania (F = 4.852, p = 0.048). Conclusion: The 8-week exercise training improved physical function, lowered CVD risk, and modulated relative abundance of gut microbiota associated with CVD in physically active elderly women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhong
- Department of Sports and Exercise Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongjin Xu
- Department of Sports and Exercise Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hsin-Yi Lai
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, and Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yang
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinger Liu
- Kunshan Old Companion Home Care Service Agency, Kunshan, China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Global Health Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Sports and Exercise Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Sports and Exercise Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Center for Psychological Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen Lv
- Department of Neurology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Huang
- Department of Sports and Exercise Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- *Correspondence: Cong Huang,
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Liu J, Wu A, Cai J, She ZG, Li H. The contribution of the gut-liver axis to the immune signaling pathway of NAFLD. Front Immunol 2022; 13:968799. [PMID: 36119048 PMCID: PMC9471422 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.968799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the liver manifestation of metabolic syndrome and is the most common chronic liver disease in the world. The pathogenesis of NAFLD has not been fully clarified; it involves metabolic disturbances, inflammation, oxidative stress, and various forms of cell death. The “intestinal-liver axis” theory, developed in recent years, holds that there is a certain relationship between liver disease and the intestinal tract, and changes in intestinal flora are closely involved in the development of NAFLD. Many studies have found that the intestinal flora regulates the pathogenesis of NAFLD by affecting energy metabolism, inducing endotoxemia, producing endogenous ethanol, and regulating bile acid and choline metabolism. In this review, we highlighted the updated discoveries in intestinal flora dysregulation and their link to the pathogenesis mechanism of NAFLD and summarized potential treatments of NAFLD related to the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Anding Wu
- Department of general surgery, Huanggang Central Hospital, Huanggang, China
- Huanggang Institute of Translation Medicine, Huanggang, China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi-Gang She, ; Hongliang Li,
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi-Gang She, ; Hongliang Li,
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Effects of Soy–Whey Protein Nutritional Supplementation on Hematopoiesis and Immune Reconstitution in an Allogeneic Transplanted Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153014. [PMID: 35893870 PMCID: PMC9332233 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Profound malnutrition and immunodeficiency are serious negative effects of radiotherapy and bone marrow transplantation for hematologic malignancy patients. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of nutritional supplementation with a soy–whey protein mixture on hematopoietic and immune reconstitution in an allogeneic transplant mouse model. Male BALB/c (H-2Kd) mice, 6–8 weeks-old, were divided randomly into five groups and then provided with different protein nutrition support. After 28 days, blood samples, bone marrow, spleen, and thymus were harvested to measure the effects. The results showed that soy–whey blended protein supplements promoted hematopoietic stem cell engraftment, body weight recovery, and the recovery of white blood cells, lymphocytes, and neutrophils; triggered the expansion of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cell pools by increasing the numbers of the c-kit+ progenitor, Lin-Sca1+c-kit+, short-term hematopoietic stem cells, and multipotent progenitors; enhanced thymus re-establishment and splenic subset recovery in both organ index and absolute number; improved overall nutritional status by increasing total serum protein, albumin, and globulin; protected the liver from radiation-induced injury, and increased antioxidant capacity as indicated by lower concentrations of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, malondialdehyde, and 4-hydroxynonenal. This study indicated that soy–whey blended protein as important nutrients, from both plant and animal sources, had a greater positive effect on patients with hematological malignancies to accelerate hematopoiesis and immune reconstitution after bone marrow transplantation.
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Grace-Farfaglia P, Frazier H, Iversen MD. Essential Factors for a Healthy Microbiome: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:8361. [PMID: 35886216 PMCID: PMC9315476 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent discoveries of the purpose and potential of microbial interactions with humans have broad implications for our understanding of metabolism, immunity, the host−microbe genetic interactions. Bioavailability and bioaccessibility of phytonutrients in foods not only enrich microbial diversity in the lower human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) but also direct the functioning of the metagenome of the microbiota. Thus, healthy choices must include foods that contain nutrients that satisfy both the needs of humans and their microbes. Physical activity interventions at a moderate level of intensity have shown positive effects on metabolism and the microbiome, while intense training (>70% VO2max) reduces diversity in the short term. The microbiome of elite endurance athletes is a robust producer of short-chain fatty acids. A lifestyle lacking activity is associated with the development of chronic disease, and experimental conditions simulating weightlessness in humans demonstrate loss of muscle mass occurring in conjunction with a decline in gut short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and the microbes that produce them. This review summarizes evidence addressing the relationship between the intestinal microbiome, diet, and physical activity. Data from the studies reviewed suggest that food choices and physical fitness in developed countries promote a resource “curse” dilemma for the microbiome and our health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Grace-Farfaglia
- Health Sciences, College of Health Professions, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT 06825, USA
| | - Heather Frazier
- Department of Nutrition, School of Mathematics, Science and Engineering, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX 78209, USA;
| | - Maura Daly Iversen
- Public Health and Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, College of Health Professions, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT 06825, USA;
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Dziewiecka H, Buttar HS, Kasperska A, Ostapiuk-Karolczuk J, Domagalska M, Cichoń J, Skarpańska-Stejnborn A. Physical activity induced alterations of gut microbiota in humans: a systematic review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:122. [PMID: 35799284 PMCID: PMC9264679 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Gut microbiota is considered to have a great impact on human health and disease. While it is widely recognized that the gut microbiota of healthy individuals differs from those with obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic syndrome, and other chronic diseases, the alterations of gut microbiota with physical activity are not fully understood. Accordingly, we performed this systematic review to address the question regarding the effects of mild and intense exercise on the gut microbiota in humans.
Methods The comparative analyses of gut microbiota were conducted following the PRISMA protocol to determine the differences in the active vs. non-active individuals (phenotypes) (n = 11), including the influence of physical activity intervention on the human gut microbiota (n = 13); the differences in the gut microbiota of athletes vs. non-athletes (n = 8); and the microbiota status at different stages of athletic performance or intervention (n = 7), with various of physical activities, sport disciplines, and activity duration. Literature searches were completed using four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and EBSCO, and 2090 articles were retrieved by using appropriate keywords. The low heterogeneity of the studies hasn’t allowed us to prepare a meta-analysis. After excluding 2052 articles, we ultimately selected 38 articles that met the eligibility criteria for this review. Results The data analyses revealed that in non-athletes rising physical activity markedly influenced the relative abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA). Aerobic training that lasted 60 min, and physical activity that characterized 60% HRmax or more also influenced beta diversity indexes. The results showed that athletes harbor a more diverse type of intestinal microflora than non-athletes, but with a relatively reduced abundance of SCFA- and lactic acid-producing bacteria, thereby suggesting an adverse effect of intense exercise on the population of gut microbiota. Conclusion It is concluded that the level of physical activity modulates the gastrointestinal microbiota in humans. For a long period, increasing the intensity and volume of exercise may lead to gut dysbiosis. Perhaps, proper supplementation should be considered to keep gut microbiota in large biodiversity and richness, especially under unfavorable gut conditions associated with intense exercise. Trial registration Prospero CRD42021264064.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Dziewiecka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poznan University of Physical Education, Estkowskiego 13, 66-400, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland.
| | - Harpal S Buttar
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Anna Kasperska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poznan University of Physical Education, Estkowskiego 13, 66-400, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
| | - Joanna Ostapiuk-Karolczuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poznan University of Physical Education, Estkowskiego 13, 66-400, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Domagalska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poznan University of Physical Education, Estkowskiego 13, 66-400, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
| | - Justyna Cichoń
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poznan University of Physical Education, Estkowskiego 13, 66-400, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
| | - Anna Skarpańska-Stejnborn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poznan University of Physical Education, Estkowskiego 13, 66-400, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
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Gut Microbial Stability is Associated with Greater Endurance Performance in Athletes Undertaking Dietary Periodization. mSystems 2022; 7:e0012922. [PMID: 35579384 PMCID: PMC9238380 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00129-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary manipulation with high-protein or high-carbohydrate content are frequently employed during elite athletic training, aiming to enhance athletic performance. Such interventions are likely to impact upon gut microbial content. This study explored the impact of acute high-protein or high-carbohydrate diets on measured endurance performance and associated gut microbial community changes. In a cohort of well-matched, highly trained endurance runners, we measured performance outcomes, as well as gut bacterial, viral (FVP), and bacteriophage (IV) communities in a double-blind, repeated-measures design randomized control trial (RCT) to explore the impact of dietary intervention with either high-protein or high-carbohydrate content. High-dietary carbohydrate improved time-trial performance by +6.5% (P < 0.03) and was associated with expansion of Ruminococcus and Collinsella bacterial spp. Conversely, high dietary protein led to a reduction in performance by −23.3% (P = 0.001). This impact was accompanied by significantly reduced diversity (IV: P = 0.04) and altered composition (IV and FVP: P = 0.02) of the gut phageome as well as enrichment of both free and inducible Sk1virus and Leuconostoc bacterial populations. Greatest performance during dietary modification was observed in participants with less substantial shifts in community composition. Gut microbial stability during acute dietary periodization was associated with greater athletic performance in this highly trained, well-matched cohort. Athletes, and those supporting them, should be mindful of the potential consequences of dietary manipulation on gut flora and implications for performance, and periodize appropriately. IMPORTANCE Dietary periodization is employed to improve endurance exercise performance but may impact on gut microbial communities. Bacteriophage are implicated in bacterial cell homeostasis and have been identified as biomarkers of disequilibrium in the gut ecosystem possibly brought about through dietary periodization. We find high-carbohydrate and high-protein diets to have opposing impacts on endurance performance in highly trained athlete populations. Reduced performance is linked with disturbance of microbial stasis in the gut. We demonstrate bacteriophage communities are the most sensitive component of the gut microbiota to increased gut stress following dietary manipulation. Athletes undertaking dietary periodization should be aware of potential negative impacts of drastic changes to dietary composition on gut microbial stasis and, in turn, endurance performance.
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Zapanta K, Schroeder ET, Fisher BE. Rethinking Parkinson Disease: Exploring Gut-Brain Interactions and the Potential Role of Exercise. Phys Ther 2022; 102:6535135. [PMID: 35225349 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzac022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although Parkinson disease (PD) has traditionally been considered a disease of the central nervous system, a bidirectional communication system known as the gut-brain axis can influence PD pathogenesis. The dual-hit hypothesis proposed that PD is due to peripheral dysregulations to the gut microbiota, known as dysbiosis. Since then, further investigation has shown that there are multiple pathological sources associated with PD. However, dysbiosis plays a critical role in the disease process. Substantial evidence has identified that cardinal motor symptoms of PD and disease progression are associated with dysbiosis. In other neurodegenerative disorders, dysbiosis has been linked to cognition. Non-PD research has shown that exercise can effectively restore the gut microbiota. Likewise, exercise has become a well-established strategy to improve cognitive and motor function in PD. However, despite the interaction between the gut and brain, and the exercise benefits on gut health, no research to date has considered the effects of exercise on the gut microbiota in PD. Therefore, the purpose of this Perspective is to explore whether exercise benefits observed in PD could partly be due to restorations to the gut microbiota. First, we will review the gut-brain axis and its influence on motor and cognitive function. Next, we will outline evidence regarding exercise-induced restoration of the gut microbiota in non-PD populations. Finally, we will summarize benefits of exercise on motor-cognitive function in PD, proposing that benefits of exercise seen in PD might actually be due to restorations to the gut microbiota. By positing the gut microbiota as a moderator of exercise improvements to motor and cognitive function, we aim to provide a new perspective for physical therapists to prioritize exercise regimens for individuals with PD that can specifically restore the gut microbiota to better improve PD symptoms and prognosis. IMPACT This Perspective raises awareness that dysregulations to the gut microbiota have recently been attributed to PD symptoms and pathology and that exercise can be an effective therapeutic strategy to improve gut health in individuals with PD. LAY SUMMARY People with PD have been found to have reduced microbial diversity in their gut, which can play an important role in the progression of the disease. Physical therapists can design therapeutic exercises that might help improve gut health in people with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylie Zapanta
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - E Todd Schroeder
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Beth E Fisher
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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