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de Hemptinne MC, Posthuma D. Addressing the ethical and societal challenges posed by genome-wide association studies of behavioral and brain-related traits. Nat Neurosci 2023:10.1038/s41593-023-01333-4. [PMID: 37217727 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01333-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have led to the identification of robust statistical associations of genetic variants with numerous brain-related traits, including neurological and psychiatric conditions, and psychological and behavioral measures. These results may provide insight into the biology underlying these traits and may facilitate clinically useful predictions. However, these results also carry the risk of harm, including possible negative effects of inaccurate predictions, violations of privacy, stigma and genomic discrimination, raising serious ethical and legal implications. Here, we discuss ethical concerns surrounding the results of genome-wide association studies for individuals, society and researchers. Given the success of genome-wide association studies and the increasing availability of nonclinical genomic prediction technologies, better laws and guidelines are urgently needed to regulate the storage, processing and responsible use of genetic data. Also, researchers should be aware of possible misuse of their results, and we provide guidance to help avoid such negative impacts on individuals and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu C de Hemptinne
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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2
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Li J, Ma Y, Xu X, Pei J, He Y. A Study on Epidemic Information Screening, Prevention and Control of Public Opinion Based on Health and Medical Big Data: A Case Study of COVID-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9819. [PMID: 36011450 PMCID: PMC9408673 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19169819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents an alert for epidemic prevention and control in public health. Offline anti-epidemic work is the main battlefield of epidemic prevention and control. However, online epidemic information prevention and control cannot be ignored. The aim of this study was to identify reliable information sources and false epidemic information, as well as early warnings of public opinion about epidemic information that may affect social stability and endanger the people's lives and property. Based on the analysis of health and medical big data, epidemic information screening and public opinion prevention and control research were decomposed into two modules. Eight characteristics were extracted from the four levels of coarse granularity, fine granularity, emotional tendency, and publisher behavior, and another regulatory feature was added, to build a false epidemic information identification model. Five early warning indicators of public opinion were selected from the macro level and the micro level to construct the early warning model of public opinion about epidemic information. Finally, an empirical analysis on COVID-19 information was conducted using big data analysis technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhai Li
- College of Information Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Yunlei Ma
- Department of Personnel, Taizhou University, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Xinglong Xu
- School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jiaming Pei
- School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Youshi He
- School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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3
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Integration of Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain Technology in Healthcare and Agriculture. J FOOD QUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/4228448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the healthcare sector has accelerated its digitization and electronic health records (EHRs). As information technology progresses, the notion of intelligent health also gathers popularity. By combining technologies such as the internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI), innovative healthcare modifies and enhances traditional medical systems in terms of efficiency, service, and personalization. On the other side, intelligent healthcare systems are incredibly vulnerable to data breaches and other malicious assaults. Recently, blockchain technology has emerged as a potentially transformative option for enhancing data management, access control, and integrity inside healthcare systems. Integrating these advanced approaches in agriculture is critical for managing food supply chains, drug supply chains, quality maintenance, and intelligent prediction. This study reviews the literature, formulates a research topic, and analyzes the applicability of blockchain to the agriculture/food industry and healthcare, with a particular emphasis on AI and IoT. This article summarizes research on the newest blockchain solutions paired with AI technologies for strengthening and inventing new technological standards for the healthcare ecosystems and food industry.
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Antoniades A, Papaioannou M, Malatras A, Papagregoriou G, Müller H, Holub P, Deltas C, Schizas CN. Integration of Biobanks in National eHealth Ecosystems Facilitating Long-Term Longitudinal Clinical-Omics Studies and Citizens' Engagement in Research Through eHealthBioR. Front Digit Health 2021; 3:628646. [PMID: 34713101 PMCID: PMC8521893 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2021.628646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biobanks have long existed to support research activities with BBMRI-ERIC formed as a European research infrastructure supporting the coordination for biobanking with 20 country members and one international organization. Although the benefits of biobanks to the research community are well-established, the direct benefit to citizens is limited to the generic benefit of promoting future research. Furthermore, the advent of General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) legislation raised a series of challenges for scientific research especially related to biobanking associate activities and longitudinal research studies. Electronic health record (EHR) registries have long existed in healthcare providers. In some countries, even at the national level, these record the state of the health of citizens through time for the purposes of healthcare and data portability between different providers. The potential of EHRs in research is great and has been demonstrated in many projects that have transformed EHR data into retrospective medical history information on participating subjects directly from their physician's collected records; many key challenges, however, remain. In this paper, we present a citizen-centric framework called eHealthBioR, which would enable biobanks to link to EHR systems, thus enabling not just retrospective but also lifelong prospective longitudinal studies of participating citizens. It will also ensure strict adherence to legal and ethical requirements, enabling greater control that encourages participation. Citizens would benefit from the real and direct control of their data and samples, utilizing technology, to empower them to make informed decisions about providing consent and practicing their rights related to the use of their data, as well as by having access to knowledge and data generated from samples they provided to biobanks. This is expected to motivate patient engagement in future research and even leads to participatory design methodologies with citizen/patient-centric designed studies. The development of platforms based on the eHealthBioR framework would need to overcome significant challenges. However, it would shift the burden of addressing these to experts in the field while providing solutions enabling in the long term the lower monetary and time cost of longitudinal studies coupled with the option of lifelong monitoring through EHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athos Antoniades
- eHealth Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Papaioannou
- eHealth Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Apostolos Malatras
- biobank.cy Center of Excellence in Biobanking and Biomedical Research, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Gregory Papagregoriou
- biobank.cy Center of Excellence in Biobanking and Biomedical Research, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Heimo Müller
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure - European Research Infrastructure Consortium, Biobanks and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure Consortium, Graz, Austria
| | - Petr Holub
- Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure - European Research Infrastructure Consortium, Biobanks and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure Consortium, Graz, Austria
| | - Constantinos Deltas
- biobank.cy Center of Excellence in Biobanking and Biomedical Research, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christos N Schizas
- eHealth Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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5
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Jacquemard T, Doherty CP, Fitzsimons MB. The anatomy of electronic patient record ethics: a framework to guide design, development, implementation, and use. BMC Med Ethics 2021; 22:9. [PMID: 33541335 PMCID: PMC7859903 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-021-00574-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This manuscript presents a framework to guide the identification and assessment of ethical opportunities and challenges associated with electronic patient records (EPR). The framework is intended to support designers, software engineers, health service managers, and end-users to realise a responsible, robust and reliable EPR-enabled healthcare system that delivers safe, quality assured, value conscious care. METHODS Development of the EPR applied ethics framework was preceded by a scoping review which mapped the literature related to the ethics of EPR technology. The underlying assumption behind the framework presented in this manuscript is that ethical values can inform all stages of the EPR-lifecycle from design, through development, implementation, and practical application. RESULTS The framework is divided into two parts: context and core functions. The first part 'context' entails clarifying: the purpose(s) within which the EPR exists or will exist; the interested parties and their relationships; and the regulatory, codes of professional conduct and organisational policy frame of reference. Understanding the context is required before addressing the second part of the framework which focuses on EPR 'core functions' of data collection, data access, and digitally-enabled healthcare. CONCLUSIONS The primary objective of the EPR Applied Ethics Framework is to help identify and create value and benefits rather than to merely prevent risks. It should therefore be used to steer an EPR project to success rather than be seen as a set of inhibitory rules. The framework is adaptable to a wide range of EPR categories and can cater for new and evolving EPR-enabled healthcare priorities. It is therefore an iterative tool that should be revisited as new EPR-related state-of-affairs, capabilities or activities emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Jacquemard
- FutureNeuro, the SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI, 123 Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Colin P. Doherty
- FutureNeuro, the SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI, 123 Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
- St. James’s Hospital, James’s Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, College Green, Ireland
| | - Mary B. Fitzsimons
- FutureNeuro, the SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI, 123 Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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6
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Operationalising forensic genetic genealogy in an Australian context. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 316:110543. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Jacquemard T, Doherty CP, Fitzsimons MB. Examination and diagnosis of electronic patient records and their associated ethics: a scoping literature review. BMC Med Ethics 2020; 21:76. [PMID: 32831076 PMCID: PMC7446190 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-020-00514-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Electronic patient record (EPR) technology is a key enabler for improvements to healthcare service and management. To ensure these improvements and the means to achieve them are socially and ethically desirable, careful consideration of the ethical implications of EPRs is indicated. The purpose of this scoping review was to map the literature related to the ethics of EPR technology. The literature review was conducted to catalogue the prevalent ethical terms, to describe the associated ethical challenges and opportunities, and to identify the actors involved. By doing so, it aimed to support the future development of ethics guidance in the EPR domain. Methods To identify journal articles debating the ethics of EPRs, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed academic databases were queried and yielded 123 eligible articles. The following inclusion criteria were applied: articles need to be in the English language; present normative arguments and not solely empirical research; include an abstract for software analysis; and discuss EPR technology. Results The medical specialty, type of information captured and stored in EPRs, their use and functionality varied widely across the included articles. Ethical terms extracted were categorised into clusters ‘privacy’, ‘autonomy’, ‘risk/benefit’, ‘human relationships’, and ‘responsibility’. The literature shows that EPR-related ethical concerns can have both positive and negative implications, and that a wide variety of actors with rights and/or responsibilities regarding the safe and ethical adoption of the technology are involved. Conclusions While there is considerable consensus in the literature regarding EPR-related ethical principles, some of the associated challenges and opportunities remain underdiscussed. For example, much of the debate is presented in a manner more in keeping with a traditional model of healthcare and fails to take account of the multidimensional ensemble of factors at play in the EPR era and the consequent need to redefine/modify ethical norms to align with a digitally-enabled health service. Similarly, the academic discussion focuses predominantly on bioethical values. However, approaches from digital ethics may also be helpful to identify and deliberate about current and emerging EPR-related ethical concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Jacquemard
- FutureNeuro, the SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, 123 Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Colin P Doherty
- FutureNeuro, the SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, 123 Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Neurology, St. James's Hospital, James's Street, Dublin 8, Ireland.,Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mary B Fitzsimons
- FutureNeuro, the SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, 123 Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Nilakantam SR, Bhat D, Ravi M, Dayananda (CM, Basavanagowdappa H, Kumar K J. Comprehensive Rare Disease Care model for screening and diagnosis of rare genetic diseases - an experience of private medical college and hospital, South India. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2020; 9:179-183. [PMID: 32844078 PMCID: PMC7441030 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2020.03039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare diseases (RD) of genetic origin are raising public health concern contributing to a massive economic burden in India. Establishing Specialty Centers to bridge the RD community with apex centers is felt as a need in developing countries. Hence a Comprehensive Rare Disease Care (CRDC) model was set up at the department of pediatrics under Center for Human Genomics and Counseling at a medical college hospital in South India. The patients suspected to have genetic disease were evaluated as per the work flow of the designed model. The utilization statistics depict the outcome of this model. In the face of limited resources, it was possible to establish a functional RD unit with meticulous planning, supportive administration and trained interdisciplinary staff. A scalable prototype that could be replicated in other Medical colleges and Hospitals of India is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Raju Nilakantam
- Department of Hospital Administration, JSS Medical College & Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Deepa Bhat
- Centre for Medical Genomics & Counseling, Department of Medical Genetics, JSS Medical College & Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
- Department of Anatomy, JSS Medical College & Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
- Address correspondence to:Deepa Bhat, Department of Medical Genetics and Department of Anatomy, JSS Medical College & Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru - 570004, Karnataka, India. E-mail:
| | - M.D. Ravi
- Department of Paediatrics, JSS Medical College & Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - (Col) M Dayananda
- Department of Hospital Administration, JSS Medical College & Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - H. Basavanagowdappa
- Department of General Medicine, JSS Medical College & Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Jagadish Kumar K
- Department of Paediatrics, JSS Medical College & Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
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9
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Ritchie JB, Allen CG, Morrison H, Nichols M, Lauzon SD, Schiffman JD, Hughes Halbert C, Welch BM. Utilization of health information technology among cancer genetic counselors. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1315. [PMID: 32468681 PMCID: PMC7434745 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Health information technology (IT) is becoming increasingly utilized by cancer genetic counselors (CGCs). We sought to understand the current engagement, satisfaction, and opportunities to adopt new health IT tools among CGCs. Methods We conducted a mixed‐mode survey among 128 board‐certified CGCs using both closed‐ and open‐ended questions. We then evaluated the utilization and satisfaction among 10 types of health IT tools, including the following: cancer screening tool, family health history (FHx) collection tools, electronic health records (EHRs), telegenetics software, pedigree drawing software, genetic risk assessment tools, gene test panel ordering tools, electronic patient education tools, patient communication tools, and family communication tools. Results Seven of 10 health IT tools were used by a minority of CGCs. The vast majority of respondents reported using EHRs (95.2%) and genetic risk assessment tools (88.6%). Genetic test panel ordering software had the highest satisfaction rate (very satisfied and satisfied) at 80.0%, followed by genetic risk assessment tools (77.1%). EHRs had the highest dissatisfaction rate among CGCs at 18.3%. Dissatisfaction with a health IT tool was associated with desire to change: EHRs (p < .001), cancer screening tools (p = .010), genetic risk assessment tools (p = .024), and family history collection tools (p = .026). We found that nearly half of CGCs were considering adopting or changing their FHx tool (49.2%), cancer screening tool (44.9%), and pedigree drawing tool (41.8%). Conclusion Overall, CGCs reported high levels of satisfaction among commonly used health IT tools. Tools that enable the collection of FHx, cancer screening tools, and pedigree drawing software represent the greatest opportunities for research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordon B Ritchie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Biomedical Informatics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Caitlin G Allen
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Heath Morrison
- Biomedical Informatics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Michelle Nichols
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Steven D Lauzon
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Joshua D Schiffman
- University of Utah, Family Cancer Assessment Clinic, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Chanita Hughes Halbert
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Brandon M Welch
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Biomedical Informatics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Halverson CME, Connors LM, Wessinger BC, Clayton EW, Wiesner GL. Patient perspectives on variant reclassification after cancer susceptibility testing. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1275. [PMID: 32329193 PMCID: PMC7336756 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the impact of reclassification on patients' perception of medical uncertainty or trust in genetics-based clinical care. METHODS Semistructured telephone interviews were conducted with 20 patients who had received a reclassified genetic test result related to hereditary cancer. All participants had undergone genetic counseling and testing for cancer susceptibility at Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center Hereditary Cancer Clinic within the last six years. RESULTS Most of the participants did not express distress related to the variant reclassification and only a minority expressed a decrease in trust in medical genetics. However, recall of the new interpretation was limited, even though all participants were recontacted by letter, phone, or clinic visit. CONCLUSION Reclassification of genetic tests is an important issue in modern healthcare because changes in interpretation have the potential to alter previously recommended management. Participants in this study did not express strong feelings of mistrust or doubt about their genetic evaluation. However, there was a low level of comprehension and information retention related to the updated report. Future research can build on this study to improve communication with patients about their reclassified results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M E Halverson
- Center for Bioethics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Ellen W Clayton
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,School of Law, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Georgia L Wiesner
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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11
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Eno CC, Barton SK, Dorrani N, Cederbaum SD, Deignan JL, Grody WW. Confidential genetic testing and electronic health records: A survey of current practices among Huntington disease testing centers. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 8:e1026. [PMID: 31701651 PMCID: PMC6978271 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical care teams providing presymptomatic genetic testing often employ advanced confidentiality practices for documentation and result storage. However, patient requests for increased confidentiality may be in conflict with the legal obligations of medical providers to document patient care activities in the electronic health record (EHR). Huntington disease presents a representative case study for investigating the ways centers currently balance the requirements of EHRs with the privacy demands of patients seeking presymptomatic genetic testing. Methods We surveyed 23 HD centers (53% response rate) regarding their use of the EHR for presymptomatic HD testing. Results Our survey revealed that clinical care teams and laboratories have each developed their own practices, which are cumbersome and often include EHR avoidance. We found that a majority of HD care teams record appointments in the EHR (91%), often using vague notes. Approximately half of the care teams (52%) keep presymptomatic results of out of the EHR. Conclusion As genetic knowledge grows, linking more genes to late‐onset conditions, institutions will benefit from having professional recommendations to guide development of policies for EHR documentation of presymptomatic genetic results. Policies must be sensitive to the ethical differences and patient demands for presymptomatic genetic testing compared to those undergoing confirmatory genetic testing.
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12
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Ayatollahi H, Hosseini SF, Hemmat M. Integrating Genetic Data into Electronic Health Records: Medical Geneticists' Perspectives. Healthc Inform Res 2019; 25:289-296. [PMID: 31777672 PMCID: PMC6859263 DOI: 10.4258/hir.2019.25.4.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genetic disorders are the main causes of many other diseases. Integrating genetic data into Electronic Health Records (EHRs) can facilitate the management of genetic information and care of patients in clinical practices. The aim of this study was to identify the main requirements for integrating genetic data into the EHR system from the medical geneticists' perspectives. METHODS The research was completed in 2018 and consisted of two phases. In the first phase, the main requirements for integrating genetic data into the EHR system were identified by reviewing the literature. In the second phase, a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire was developed based on the literature review and the results derived from the first phase. Then, the Delphi method was applied to reach a consensus about the integration requirements. RESULTS The findings of the first phase showed that data elements, including patients' and healthcare providers' personal data, clinical and genetic data, technical infrastructure, security issues and functional requirements, should be taken into account before data integration. In the second phase, a consensus was reached for most of the items (mean ≥3.75). The items with a mean value of less than 2.5 did not achieve a consensus and were removed from the final list. CONCLUSIONS The integration of genetic data into the EHRs can provide a ground for increasing accuracy and precision in the diagnosis and treatment of genetic disorders. Such integration requires adequate investments to identify users' requirements as well as technical and non-technical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Ayatollahi
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Fatemeh Hosseini
- School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Hemmat
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
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Lightbody G, Haberland V, Browne F, Taggart L, Zheng H, Parkes E, Blayney JK. Review of applications of high-throughput sequencing in personalized medicine: barriers and facilitators of future progress in research and clinical application. Brief Bioinform 2019; 20:1795-1811. [PMID: 30084865 PMCID: PMC6917217 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bby051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been an exponential growth in the performance and output of sequencing technologies (omics data) with full genome sequencing now producing gigabases of reads on a daily basis. These data may hold the promise of personalized medicine, leading to routinely available sequencing tests that can guide patient treatment decisions. In the era of high-throughput sequencing (HTS), computational considerations, data governance and clinical translation are the greatest rate-limiting steps. To ensure that the analysis, management and interpretation of such extensive omics data is exploited to its full potential, key factors, including sample sourcing, technology selection and computational expertise and resources, need to be considered, leading to an integrated set of high-performance tools and systems. This article provides an up-to-date overview of the evolution of HTS and the accompanying tools, infrastructure and data management approaches that are emerging in this space, which, if used within in a multidisciplinary context, may ultimately facilitate the development of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaye Lightbody
- School of Computing, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK
| | - Valeriia Haberland
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Fiona Browne
- School of Computing, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK
| | | | - Huiru Zheng
- School of Computing, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK
| | - Eileen Parkes
- Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
| | - Jaine K Blayney
- Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
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Tai CG, Harris-Wai J, Schaefer C, Liljestrand P, Somkin CP. Multiple Stakeholder Views on Data Sharing in a Biobank in an Integrated Healthcare Delivery System: Implications for Biobank Governance. Public Health Genomics 2019; 21:207-216. [PMID: 31167204 DOI: 10.1159/000500442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beginning in 2005, researchers at Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) Division of Research developed the Research Program on Genes, Environment, and Health (RPGEH), a research resource of linked biospecimens, health surveys, and electronic health records on more than 200,000 adult KPNC members. This study examined multiple stakeholders' values and preferences regarding protection of participants' privacy and wide sharing of participant data by RPGEH. METHODS We conducted 45 semi-structured interviews in person or via phone and two focus groups with seven stakeholder groups, including RPGEH participants and decliners who are KPNC members, KPNC research scientists, external scientists, leadership, Human Subjects Research Protection Program staff, and RPGEH Community Advisory Panel members. RESULTS Three major themes emerged related to: (1) perceived individual and social harms associated with data sharing; (2) concerns to address when governing access to RPGEH data; and (3) impact of a blurred boundary between research and clinical care in the context of biobanking. CONCLUSIONS The study results were considered in the development of RPGEH data governance and motivated the inclusion of KPNC Community Advisory Panel members and ELSI experts on committees that evaluate data access proposals. Our findings can help inform other biobanks going through similar processes developing data sharing and access policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline G Tai
- Institute for Health and Aging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Julie Harris-Wai
- Institute for Health and Aging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Catherine Schaefer
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Petra Liljestrand
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Carol P Somkin
- Institute for Health and Aging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA, .,Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA,
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15
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Halverson CME. Standards and legacies: Pragmatic constraints on a uniform gene nomenclature. SOCIAL STUDIES OF SCIENCE 2019; 49:432-455. [PMID: 31090494 DOI: 10.1177/0306312719850335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past half-century, there have been concerted efforts to standardize how clinicians and medical researchers refer to genetic material. However, practical and historical impediments thwart this goal. In the current paper I argue that the ontological status of a genetic mutation cannot be cleanly separated from its pragmatic role in therapy. Attempts at standardization fail due to the non-standardized ends to which genetic information is employed, along with historical inertia and unregulated local innovation. These factors prevent rationalistic attempts to 'modernize' what is otherwise trumpeted as the most modern of the medical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Michael Egenberger Halverson
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Bioethics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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16
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Esmaeilzadeh P. Consumers’ Perceptions of Using Health Information Exchanges (HIEs) for Research Purposes. INFORMATION SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10580530.2018.1553649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pouyan Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Information Systems and Business Analytics, College of Business, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
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17
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To introduce genetic testing as it relates to oncology and nursing. DATA SOURCES Peer-reviewed journals, government web sites and resources, published recommendations, and professional experience as a genetic counselor. CONCLUSION Genetic testing is a major component of oncology health care and with the continued expansion of the application of genetic testing, many patients will have genetic testing throughout their cancer journey. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE To provide supportive care for patients with cancer or at risk for cancer, oncology nurses need to appreciate the many and varied genetic testing platforms and testing strategies. Oncology nurses can be a resource for patients and family members regarding testing options, insurance coverage, and understanding medical management decisions.
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18
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Wang H, Liu X, Tao Y, Ye W, Jin Q, Cohen WW, Xing EP. Automatic Human-like Mining and Constructing Reliable Genetic Association Database with Deep Reinforcement Learning. PACIFIC SYMPOSIUM ON BIOCOMPUTING. PACIFIC SYMPOSIUM ON BIOCOMPUTING 2019; 24:112-123. [PMID: 30864315 PMCID: PMC6417822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The increasing amount of scientific literature in biological and biomedical science research has created a challenge in continuous and reliable curation of the latest knowledge discovered, and automatic biomedical text-mining has been one of the answers to this challenge. In this paper, we aim to further improve the reliability of biomedical text-mining by training the system to directly simulate the human behaviors such as querying the PubMed, selecting articles from queried results, and reading selected articles for knowledge. We take advantage of the efficiency of biomedical text-mining, the exibility of deep reinforcement learning, and the massive amount of knowledge collected in UMLS into an integrative artificial intelligent reader that can automatically identify the authentic articles and effectively acquire the knowledge conveyed in the articles. We construct a system, whose current primary task is to build the genetic association database between genes and complex traits of human. Our contributions in this paper are three-fold: 1) We propose to improve the reliability of text-mining by building a system that can directly simulate the behavior of a researcher, and we develop corresponding methods, such as Bi-directional LSTM for text mining and Deep Q-Network for organizing behaviors. 2) We demonstrate the effectiveness of our system with an example in constructing a genetic association database. 3) We release our implementation as a generic framework for researchers in the community to conveniently construct other databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohan Wang
- Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiang Liu
- Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen, China
| | - Yifeng Tao
- Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wenting Ye
- Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qiao Jin
- Tsinghua University Beijing, China
| | - William W. Cohen
- Machine Learning Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Google AI Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eric P. Xing
- Machine Learning Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Pettum Inc. Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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19
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Schmidlen T, Sturm AC, Hovick S, Scheinfeldt L, Scott Roberts J, Morr L, McElroy J, Toland AE, Christman M, O'Daniel JM, Gordon ES, Bernhardt BA, Ormond KE, Sweet K. Operationalizing the Reciprocal Engagement Model of Genetic Counseling Practice: a Framework for the Scalable Delivery of Genomic Counseling and Testing. J Genet Couns 2018; 27:1111-1129. [PMID: 29460110 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-018-0230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of widespread genomic testing for diagnostic indications and disease risk assessment, there is increased need to optimize genetic counseling services to support the scalable delivery of precision medicine. Here, we describe how we operationalized the reciprocal engagement model of genetic counseling practice to develop a framework of counseling components and strategies for the delivery of genomic results. This framework was constructed based upon qualitative research with patients receiving genomic counseling following online receipt of potentially actionable complex disease and pharmacogenomics reports. Consultation with a transdisciplinary group of investigators, including practicing genetic counselors, was sought to ensure broad scope and applicability of these strategies for use with any large-scale genomic testing effort. We preserve the provision of pre-test education and informed consent as established in Mendelian/single-gene disease genetic counseling practice. Following receipt of genomic results, patients are afforded the opportunity to tailor the counseling agenda by selecting the specific test results they wish to discuss, specifying questions for discussion, and indicating their preference for counseling modality. The genetic counselor uses these patient preferences to set the genomic counseling session and to personalize result communication and risk reduction recommendations. Tailored visual aids and result summary reports divide areas of risk (genetic variant, family history, lifestyle) for each disease to facilitate discussion of multiple disease risks. Post-counseling, session summary reports are actively routed to both the patient and their physician team to encourage review and follow-up. Given the breadth of genomic information potentially resulting from genomic testing, this framework is put forth as a starting point to meet the need for scalable genetic counseling services in the delivery of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Schmidlen
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA.,Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
| | - Amy C Sturm
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 2012 Kenny Road, Columbus, OH, 43221, USA
| | - Shelly Hovick
- School of Communication, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43214, USA
| | - Laura Scheinfeldt
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
| | - J Scott Roberts
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lindsey Morr
- School of Communication, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43214, USA
| | - Joseph McElroy
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Biostatistics, Columbus, OH, 43221, USA
| | - Amanda E Toland
- Division of Human Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 2012 Kenny Road, Columbus, OH, 43221, USA
| | - Michael Christman
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
| | - Julianne M O'Daniel
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Erynn S Gordon
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA.,Genome Medical, Monterey, CA, 93940, USA
| | - Barbara A Bernhardt
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kelly E Ormond
- Department of Genetics and Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kevin Sweet
- Division of Human Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 2012 Kenny Road, Columbus, OH, 43221, USA.
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20
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Kennell TI, Willig JH, Cimino JJ. Clinical Informatics Researcher's Desiderata for the Data Content of the Next Generation Electronic Health Record. Appl Clin Inform 2017; 8:1159-1172. [PMID: 29270955 DOI: 10.4338/aci-2017-06-r-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical informatics researchers depend on the availability of high-quality data from the electronic health record (EHR) to design and implement new methods and systems for clinical practice and research. However, these data are frequently unavailable or present in a format that requires substantial revision. This article reports the results of a review of informatics literature published from 2010 to 2016 that addresses these issues by identifying categories of data content that might be included or revised in the EHR. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used an iterative review process on 1,215 biomedical informatics research articles. We placed them into generic categories, reviewed and refined the categories, and then assigned additional articles, for a total of three iterations. RESULTS Our process identified eight categories of data content issues: Adverse Events, Clinician Cognitive Processes, Data Standards Creation and Data Communication, Genomics, Medication List Data Capture, Patient Preferences, Patient-reported Data, and Phenotyping. DISCUSSION These categories summarize discussions in biomedical informatics literature that concern data content issues restricting clinical informatics research. These barriers to research result from data that are either absent from the EHR or are inadequate (e.g., in narrative text form) for the downstream applications of the data. In light of these categories, we discuss changes to EHR data storage that should be considered in the redesign of EHRs, to promote continued innovation in clinical informatics. CONCLUSION Based on published literature of clinical informaticians' reuse of EHR data, we characterize eight types of data content that, if included in the next generation of EHRs, would find immediate application in advanced informatics tools and techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy I Kennell
- Informatics Institute, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - James H Willig
- Informatics Institute, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - James J Cimino
- Informatics Institute, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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21
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Nouri N, Nouri N, Tirgar S, Soleimani E, Yazdani V, Zahedi F, Larijani B. Consanguineous marriages in the genetic counseling centers of Isfahan and the ethical issues of clinical consultations. J Med Ethics Hist Med 2017; 10:12. [PMID: 29416832 PMCID: PMC5797678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Consanguineous marriage, which is common in many regions in the world, has absorbed much attention as a causative factor in raising the incidence of genetic diseases. The adverse effects may be attributed to the expression of the genes received from common ancestors and mortality and morbidity of the offspring. Iran has a high rate of consanguineous marriages. In recent years genetic counseling has come to be considered in health care services. This cross-sectional study was conducted in order to determine the prevalence and types of consanguineous marriages in the genetic clinics in Isfahan. We aimed to define the different types of marriages, specific categories of genetic disorders associated with consanguineous marriages, and mode of inheritance in the family tree. We also narratively reviewed the ethical aspects of the issue. The data were collected using a simple questionnaire. A total number of 1535 couples from urban and rural areas formed the study population. The marriages were classified according to the degree of the relationship between couples, including: double cousin, first cousin, first cousin once removed, second cousin and beyond second cousin. The SPSS software version 16 was used for data analysis. Data obtained through genetic counseling offered during a 5-year period revealed that 74.3% had consanguineous relationships, 62.3% were first cousins, 1% were double cousins and 7.8% were second cousins. In addition, 76% of the couples had at least one genetic disease in their family tree. Related ethical issues were also considered in this study, including autonomy and informed decision making, benefit and harm assessment, confidentiality, ethics in research, justice in access to counseling services, financial problems ethics, and the intellectual property of scientific success.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nayereh Nouri
- Genetic Laboratory of Al- Zahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Samane Tirgar
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Sciences, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran.
| | | | - Vida Yazdani
- Medical Genetics Laboratory of Genome, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Farzaneh Zahedi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Professor, Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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22
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Lipworth W, Mason PH, Kerridge I, Ioannidis JPA. Ethics and Epistemology in Big Data Research. JOURNAL OF BIOETHICAL INQUIRY 2017; 14:489-500. [PMID: 28321561 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-017-9771-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomedical innovation and translation are increasingly emphasizing research using "big data." The hope is that big data methods will both speed up research and make its results more applicable to "real-world" patients and health services. While big data research has been embraced by scientists, politicians, industry, and the public, numerous ethical, organizational, and technical/methodological concerns have also been raised. With respect to technical and methodological concerns, there is a view that these will be resolved through sophisticated information technologies, predictive algorithms, and data analysis techniques. While such advances will likely go some way towards resolving technical and methodological issues, we believe that the epistemological issues raised by big data research have important ethical implications and raise questions about the very possibility of big data research achieving its goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Lipworth
- Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, University of Sydney, Medical Foundation Building (K25), Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Paul H Mason
- Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, University of Sydney, Medical Foundation Building (K25), Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ian Kerridge
- Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, University of Sydney, Medical Foundation Building (K25), Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Haematology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, Reserve Rd, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - John P A Ioannidis
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford, CA, USA
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA
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23
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Ronquillo JG, Weng C, Lester WT. Assessing the readiness of precision medicine interoperabilty: An exploratory study of the National Institutes of Health genetic testing registry. JOURNAL OF INNOVATION IN HEALTH INFORMATICS 2017; 24:918. [PMID: 29334348 PMCID: PMC5891224 DOI: 10.14236/jhi.v24i4.918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precision medicine involves three major innovations currently taking place in healthcare: electronic health records, genomics, and big data. A major challenge for healthcare providers, however, is understanding the readiness for practical application of initiatives like precision medicine. OBJECTIVE To better understand the current state and challenges of precision medicine interoperability using a national genetic testing registry as a starting point, placed in the context of established interoperability formats. METHODS We performed an exploratory analysis of the National Institutes of Health Genetic Testing Registry. Relevant standards included Health Level Seven International Version 3 Implementation Guide for Family History, the Human Genome Organization Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) database, and Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine - Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT). We analyzed the distribution of genetic testing laboratories, genetic test characteristics, and standardized genome/clinical code mappings, stratified by laboratory setting. RESULTS There were a total of 25472 genetic tests from 240 laboratories testing for approximately 3632 distinct genes. Most tests focused on diagnosis, mutation confirmation, and/or risk assessment of germline mutations that could be passed to offspring. Genes were successfully mapped to all HGNC identifiers, but less than half of tests mapped to SNOMED CT codes, highlighting significant gaps when linking genetic tests to standardized clinical codes that explain the medical motivations behind test ordering. Conclusion: While precision medicine could potentially transform healthcare, successful practical and clinical application will first require the comprehensive and responsible adoption of interoperable standards, terminologies, and formats across all aspects of the precision medicine pipeline.
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24
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Novelli V, Vatta M. Editorial: Current Challenges in Cardiovascular Molecular Diagnostics. Front Cardiovasc Med 2017; 4:54. [PMID: 28920058 PMCID: PMC5585151 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Novelli
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy.,Centro Studi "Benito Stirpe" per la prevenzione della morte improvvisa nel giovane atleta, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Vatta
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Invitae, San Francisco, CA, United States
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25
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Takai-Igarashi T, Kinoshita K, Nagasaki M, Ogishima S, Nakamura N, Nagase S, Nagaie S, Saito T, Nagami F, Minegishi N, Suzuki Y, Suzuki K, Hashizume H, Kuriyama S, Hozawa A, Yaegashi N, Kure S, Tamiya G, Kawaguchi Y, Tanaka H, Yamamoto M. Security controls in an integrated Biobank to protect privacy in data sharing: rationale and study design. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2017; 17:100. [PMID: 28683736 PMCID: PMC5501115 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-017-0494-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background With the goal of realizing genome-based personalized healthcare, we have developed a biobank that integrates personal health, genome, and omics data along with biospecimens donated by volunteers of 150,000. Such a large-scale of data integration involves obvious risks of privacy violation. The research use of personal genome and health information is a topic of global discussion with regard to the protection of privacy while promoting scientific advancement. The present paper reports on our plans, current attempts, and accomplishments in addressing security problems involved in data sharing to ensure donor privacy while promoting scientific advancement. Methods Biospecimens and data have been collected in prospective cohort studies with the comprehensive agreement. The sample size of 150,000 participants was required for multiple researches including genome-wide screening of gene by environment interactions, haplotype phasing, and parametric linkage analysis. Results We established the TohokuMedicalMegabank (TMM) data sharing policy: a privacy protection rule that requires physical, personnel, and technological safeguards against privacy violation regarding the use and sharing of data. The proposed policy refers to that of NCBI and that of the Sanger Institute. The proposed policy classifies shared data according to the strength of re-identification risks. Local committees organized by TMM evaluate re-identification risk and assign a security category to a dataset. Every dataset is stored in an assigned segment of a supercomputer in accordance with its security category. A security manager should be designated to handle all security problems at individual data use locations. The proposed policy requires closed networks and IP-VPN remote connections. Conclusion The mission of the biobank is to distribute biological resources most productively. This mission motivated us to collect biospecimens and health data and simultaneously analyze genome/omics data in-house. The biobank also has the mission of improving the quality and quantity of the contents of the biobank. This motivated us to request users to share the results of their research as feedback to the biobank. The TMM data sharing policy has tackled every security problem originating with the missions. We believe our current implementation to be the best way to protect privacy in data sharing. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12911-017-0494-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Takai-Igarashi
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Kengo Kinoshita
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.,Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masao Nagasaki
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Soichi Ogishima
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoki Nakamura
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Tohoku University Hospital, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sachiko Nagase
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nagaie
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomo Saito
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fuji Nagami
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Tohoku University Hospital, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoko Minegishi
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoichi Suzuki
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kichiya Suzuki
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Tohoku University Hospital, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hashizume
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kuriyama
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hozawa
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuo Yaegashi
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Tohoku University Hospital, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shigeo Kure
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Tohoku University Hospital, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Gen Tamiya
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kawaguchi
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan. .,Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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26
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Dheensa S, Carrieri D, Kelly S, Clarke A, Doheny S, Turnpenny P, Lucassen A. A 'joint venture' model of recontacting in clinical genomics: challenges for responsible implementation. Eur J Med Genet 2017; 60:403-409. [PMID: 28501562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Advances in genomics often lead healthcare professionals (HCPs) to learn new information, e.g., about reinterpreted variants that could have clinical significance for patients seen previously. A question arises of whether HCPs should recontact these former patients. We present some findings interrogating the views of patients (or parents of patients) with a rare or undiagnosed condition about how such recontacting might be organised ethically and practically. Forty-one interviews were analysed thematically. Participants suggested a 'joint venture' model in which efforts to recontact are shared with HCPs. Some proposed an ICT-approach involving an electronic health record that automatically alerts them to potentially relevant updates. The need for rigorous privacy controls and transparency about who could access their data was emphasised. Importantly, these findings highlight that the lack of clarity about recontacting is a symptom of a wider problem: the lack of necessary infrastructure to pool genomic data responsibly, to aggregate it with other health data, and to enable patients/parents to receive updates. We hope that our findings will instigate a debate about the way responsibilities for recontacting under any joint venture model could be allocated, as well as the limitations and normative implications of using ICT as a solution to this intractable problem. As a first step to delineating responsibilities in the clinical setting, we suggest HCPs should routinely discuss recontacting with patients/parents, including the new information that should trigger a HCP to initiate recontact, as part of the consent process for genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandi Dheensa
- Clinical Ethics and Law, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK; ELSI Group, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | - Angus Clarke
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Shane Doheny
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Peter Turnpenny
- Egenis, University of Exeter, UK; Peninsular Genetics Service, Royal, Devon and Exeter Hospital, UK
| | - Anneke Lucassen
- Clinical Ethics and Law, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK; ELSI Group, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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Raja K, Patrick M, Gao Y, Madu D, Yang Y, Tsoi LC. A Review of Recent Advancement in Integrating Omics Data with Literature Mining towards Biomedical Discoveries. Int J Genomics 2017; 2017:6213474. [PMID: 28331849 PMCID: PMC5346376 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6213474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, the volume of "omics" data generated by the different high-throughput technologies has expanded exponentially. The managing, storing, and analyzing of this big data have been a great challenge for the researchers, especially when moving towards the goal of generating testable data-driven hypotheses, which has been the promise of the high-throughput experimental techniques. Different bioinformatics approaches have been developed to streamline the downstream analyzes by providing independent information to interpret and provide biological inference. Text mining (also known as literature mining) is one of the commonly used approaches for automated generation of biological knowledge from the huge number of published articles. In this review paper, we discuss the recent advancement in approaches that integrate results from omics data and information generated from text mining approaches to uncover novel biomedical information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Raja
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthew Patrick
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yilin Gao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Desmond Madu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yuyang Yang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lam C. Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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28
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Tebani A, Afonso C, Marret S, Bekri S. Omics-Based Strategies in Precision Medicine: Toward a Paradigm Shift in Inborn Errors of Metabolism Investigations. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091555. [PMID: 27649151 PMCID: PMC5037827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise of technologies that simultaneously measure thousands of data points represents the heart of systems biology. These technologies have had a huge impact on the discovery of next-generation diagnostics, biomarkers, and drugs in the precision medicine era. Systems biology aims to achieve systemic exploration of complex interactions in biological systems. Driven by high-throughput omics technologies and the computational surge, it enables multi-scale and insightful overviews of cells, organisms, and populations. Precision medicine capitalizes on these conceptual and technological advancements and stands on two main pillars: data generation and data modeling. High-throughput omics technologies allow the retrieval of comprehensive and holistic biological information, whereas computational capabilities enable high-dimensional data modeling and, therefore, accessible and user-friendly visualization. Furthermore, bioinformatics has enabled comprehensive multi-omics and clinical data integration for insightful interpretation. Despite their promise, the translation of these technologies into clinically actionable tools has been slow. In this review, we present state-of-the-art multi-omics data analysis strategies in a clinical context. The challenges of omics-based biomarker translation are discussed. Perspectives regarding the use of multi-omics approaches for inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are presented by introducing a new paradigm shift in addressing IEM investigations in the post-genomic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Tebani
- Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, 76031 Rouen, France.
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, CHU Rouen, Laboratoire NeoVasc ERI28, 76000 Rouen, France.
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Stéphane Marret
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, CHU Rouen, Laboratoire NeoVasc ERI28, 76000 Rouen, France.
- Department of Neonatal Pediatrics, Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Rouen University Hospital, 76031 Rouen, France.
| | - Soumeya Bekri
- Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, 76031 Rouen, France.
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, CHU Rouen, Laboratoire NeoVasc ERI28, 76000 Rouen, France.
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29
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Hoffman JM, Dunnenberger HM, Kevin Hicks J, Caudle KE, Whirl Carrillo M, Freimuth RR, Williams MS, Klein TE, Peterson JF. Developing knowledge resources to support precision medicine: principles from the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC). J Am Med Inform Assoc 2016; 23:796-801. [PMID: 27026620 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocw027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To move beyond a select few genes/drugs, the successful adoption of pharmacogenomics into routine clinical care requires a curated and machine-readable database of pharmacogenomic knowledge suitable for use in an electronic health record (EHR) with clinical decision support (CDS). Recognizing that EHR vendors do not yet provide a standard set of CDS functions for pharmacogenetics, the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Informatics Working Group is developing and systematically incorporating a set of EHR-agnostic implementation resources into all CPIC guidelines. These resources illustrate how to integrate pharmacogenomic test results in clinical information systems with CDS to facilitate the use of patient genomic data at the point of care. Based on our collective experience creating existing CPIC resources and implementing pharmacogenomics at our practice sites, we outline principles to define the key features of future knowledge bases and discuss the importance of these knowledge resources for pharmacogenomics and ultimately precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Hoffman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Henry M Dunnenberger
- Center for Molecular Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - J Kevin Hicks
- Pharmacy Department and Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kelly E Caudle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Robert R Freimuth
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Marc S Williams
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Teri E Klein
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Josh F Peterson
- Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Text Mining for Precision Medicine: Bringing Structure to EHRs and Biomedical Literature to Understand Genes and Health. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 939:139-166. [PMID: 27807747 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-1503-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The key question of precision medicine is whether it is possible to find clinically actionable granularity in diagnosing disease and classifying patient risk. The advent of next-generation sequencing and the widespread adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) have provided clinicians and researchers a wealth of data and made possible the precise characterization of individual patient genotypes and phenotypes. Unstructured text-found in biomedical publications and clinical notes-is an important component of genotype and phenotype knowledge. Publications in the biomedical literature provide essential information for interpreting genetic data. Likewise, clinical notes contain the richest source of phenotype information in EHRs. Text mining can render these texts computationally accessible and support information extraction and hypothesis generation. This chapter reviews the mechanics of text mining in precision medicine and discusses several specific use cases, including database curation for personalized cancer medicine, patient outcome prediction from EHR-derived cohorts, and pharmacogenomic research. Taken as a whole, these use cases demonstrate how text mining enables effective utilization of existing knowledge sources and thus promotes increased value for patients and healthcare systems. Text mining is an indispensable tool for translating genotype-phenotype data into effective clinical care that will undoubtedly play an important role in the eventual realization of precision medicine.
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31
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the current state of the electronic medical record, including benefits and shortcomings, and presents key factors likely to drive development in the next decade and beyond. The current electronic medical record to a large extent represents a digital version of the traditional paper legal record, owned and maintained by the practitioner. The future electronic health record is expected to be a shared tool, engaging patients in decision making, wellness and disease management and providing data for individual decision support, population management and analytics. Many drivers will determine this path, including payment model reform, proliferation of mobile platforms, telemedicine, genomics and individualized medicine and advances in 'big data' technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve G Peters
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 SW First Street, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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32
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Kim KK, Joseph JG, Ohno-Machado L. Comparison of consumers' views on electronic data sharing for healthcare and research. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2015; 22:821-30. [PMID: 25829461 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocv014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED New models of healthcare delivery such as accountable care organizations and patient-centered medical homes seek to improve quality, access, and cost. They rely on a robust, secure technology infrastructure provided by health information exchanges (HIEs) and distributed research networks and the willingness of patients to share their data. There are few large, in-depth studies of US consumers' views on privacy, security, and consent in electronic data sharing for healthcare and research together. OBJECTIVE This paper addresses this gap, reporting on a survey which asks about California consumers' views of data sharing for healthcare and research together. MATERIALS AND METHODS The survey conducted was a representative, random-digit dial telephone survey of 800 Californians, performed in Spanish and English. RESULTS There is a great deal of concern that HIEs will worsen privacy (40.3%) and security (42.5%). Consumers are in favor of electronic data sharing but elements of transparency are important: individual control, who has access, and the purpose for use of data. Respondents were more likely to agree to share deidentified information for research than to share identified information for healthcare (76.2% vs 57.3%, p < .001). DISCUSSION While consumers show willingness to share health information electronically, they value individual control and privacy. Responsiveness to these needs, rather than mere reliance on Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), may improve support of data networks. CONCLUSION Responsiveness to the public's concerns regarding their health information is a pre-requisite for patient-centeredness. This is one of the first in-depth studies of attitudes about electronic data sharing that compares attitudes of the same individual towards healthcare and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine K Kim
- Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Jill G Joseph
- Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Lucila Ohno-Machado
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine and Clinical Translational Research Institute, University of, California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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33
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Zhao Y, Wang X, Tang H. Secure Genomic Computation through Site-Wise Encryption. AMIA JOINT SUMMITS ON TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE PROCEEDINGS. AMIA JOINT SUMMITS ON TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 2015:227-31. [PMID: 26306278 PMCID: PMC4525260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Commercial clouds provide on-demand IT services for big-data analysis, which have become an attractive option for users who have no access to comparable infrastructure. However, utilizing these services for human genome analysis is highly risky, as human genomic data contains identifiable information of human individuals and their disease susceptibility. Therefore, currently, no computation on personal human genomic data is conducted on public clouds. To address this issue, here we present a site-wise encryption approach to encrypt whole human genome sequences, which can be subject to secure searching of genomic signatures on public clouds. We implemented this method within the Hadoop framework, and tested it on the case of searching disease markers retrieved from the ClinVar database against patients' genomic sequences. The secure search runs only one order of magnitude slower than the simple search without encryption, indicating our method is ready to be used for secure genomic computation on public clouds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - XiaoFeng Wang
- School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405: co-advisor
| | - Haixu Tang
- School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405: primary advisor
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34
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Deckard J, McDonald CJ, Vreeman DJ. Supporting interoperability of genetic data with LOINC. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2015; 22:621-7. [PMID: 25656513 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocu012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic reporting of genetic testing results is increasing, but they are often represented in diverse formats and naming conventions. Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) is a vocabulary standard that provides universal identifiers for laboratory tests and clinical observations. In genetics, LOINC provides codes to improve interoperability in the midst of reporting style transition, including codes for cytogenetic or mutation analysis tests, specific chromosomal alteration or mutation testing, and fully structured discrete genetic test reporting. LOINC terms follow the recommendations and nomenclature of other standards such as the Human Genome Organization Gene Nomenclature Committee's terminology for gene names. In addition to the narrative text they report now, we recommend that laboratories always report as discrete variables chromosome analysis results, genetic variation(s) found, and genetic variation(s) tested for. By adopting and implementing data standards like LOINC, information systems can help care providers and researchers unlock the potential of genetic information for delivering more personalized care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clement J McDonald
- Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel J Vreeman
- Regenstrief Institute, Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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35
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Prince AER, Conley JM, Davis AM, Lázaro-Muñoz G, Cadigan RJ. Automatic Placement of Genomic Research Results in Medical Records: Do Researchers Have a Duty? Should Participants Have a Choice? THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2015; 43:827-42. [PMID: 26711421 PMCID: PMC4780406 DOI: 10.1111/jlme.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In genomics research, it is becoming common practice to return individualized primary and incidental findings to participants and several ongoing major studies have begun to automatically transfer these results to a participant's clinical medical record. This paper explores who should decide whether to place genomic research findings into a clinical medical record. Should participants make this decision, or does a researcher's duty to place this information in a medical record override the participant's autonomy? We argue that there are no clear ethical, legal, professional, or regulatory duties that mandate placement without the consent of the participant. We conclude that informing participants of results, together with a clear explanation, relevant recommendations and referral sources, and the option to consent to placement in the medical records will best discharge researchers' ethical and legal duties towards participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya E R Prince
- Postdoctoral Research Associate at the Center for Genomics and Society at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine. Ms. Prince received her Juris Doctor and Masters of Public Policy from Georgetown University in Washington, D.C
| | - John M Conley
- William Rand Kenan, Jr. Professor of Law at the University of North Carolina, and an investigator in the university's Center for Genomics and Society. He received his A.B. from Harvard University in Cambridge, MA, and J.D. and Ph.D. (Anthropology) from Duke University in Durham, NC
| | - Arlene M Davis
- Research Associate Professor in the Department of Social Medicine at the University of North Carolina, core faculty in its Center for Bioethics, and Adjunct Associate Professor at the University of North Carolina School of Law. She received her Juris Doctor from the University of Washington School of Law, Seattle
| | - Gabriel Lázaro-Muñoz
- Postdoctoral Research Associate at the Center for Genomics and Society at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine. Dr. Lázaro-Muñoz received his Ph.D. in Neuroscience from New York University; his J.D. from the University of Pennsylvania School of Law; his Master of Bioethics degree from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; and his B.A. from the University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras
| | - R Jean Cadigan
- Research Assistant Professor in the Department of Social Medicine at the University of North Carolina. She received her Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of California, Los Angeles
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36
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Jiang X, Zhao Y, Wang X, Malin B, Wang S, Ohno-Machado L, Tang H. A community assessment of privacy preserving techniques for human genomes. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2014; 14 Suppl 1:S1. [PMID: 25521230 PMCID: PMC4290799 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6947-14-s1-s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To answer the need for the rigorous protection of biomedical data, we organized the Critical Assessment of Data Privacy and Protection initiative as a community effort to evaluate privacy-preserving dissemination techniques for biomedical data. We focused on the challenge of sharing aggregate human genomic data (e.g., allele frequencies) in a way that preserves the privacy of the data donors, without undermining the utility of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) or impeding their dissemination. Specifically, we designed two problems for disseminating the raw data and the analysis outcome, respectively, based on publicly available data from HapMap and from the Personal Genome Project. A total of six teams participated in the challenges. The final results were presented at a workshop of the iDASH (integrating Data for Analysis, 'anonymization,' and SHaring) National Center for Biomedical Computing. We report the results of the challenge and our findings about the current genome privacy protection techniques.
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37
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Williams JK, Cashion AK, Veenstra DL. Challenges in evaluating next-generation sequence data for clinical decisions. Nurs Outlook 2014; 63:48-50. [PMID: 25261386 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann K Cashion
- National Institute of Nursing Research/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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38
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Hansen MM, Miron-Shatz T, Lau AYS, Paton C. Big Data in Science and Healthcare: A Review of Recent Literature and Perspectives. Contribution of the IMIA Social Media Working Group. Yearb Med Inform 2014; 9:21-6. [PMID: 25123717 DOI: 10.15265/iy-2014-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As technology continues to evolve and rise in various industries, such as healthcare, science, education, and gaming, a sophisticated concept known as Big Data is surfacing. The concept of analytics aims to understand data. We set out to portray and discuss perspectives of the evolving use of Big Data in science and healthcare and, to examine some of the opportunities and challenges. METHODS A literature review was conducted to highlight the implications associated with the use of Big Data in scientific research and healthcare innovations, both on a large and small scale. RESULTS Scientists and health-care providers may learn from one another when it comes to understanding the value of Big Data and analytics. Small data, derived by patients and consumers, also requires analytics to become actionable. Connectivism provides a framework for the use of Big Data and analytics in the areas of science and healthcare. This theory assists individuals to recognize and synthesize how human connections are driving the increase in data. Despite the volume and velocity of Big Data, it is truly about technology connecting humans and assisting them to construct knowledge in new ways. Concluding Thoughts: The concept of Big Data and associated analytics are to be taken seriously when approaching the use of vast volumes of both structured and unstructured data in science and health-care. Future exploration of issues surrounding data privacy, confidentiality, and education are needed. A greater focus on data from social media, the quantified self-movement, and the application of analytics to "small data" would also be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Hansen
- Margaret Hansen, School of Nursing and Health Professions, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA, E-mail:
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39
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Greenberg MS. Genetics and health communication: a primer. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2014; 30:92-95. [PMID: 25122170 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2014.903372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The progress of genetic knowledge has been swift and steadfast. As we move forward in the genomic era, post Human Genome Project, and continue to explore how one's genes interact with one's environment, it becomes increasingly important for all audiences to have a firm grasp of the vocabulary used in this health context. This primer is intended to be used as a reference and to introduce and/or make more clear concepts related to genetics to increase understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa S Greenberg
- a Department of Communication Arts and Sciences , The Pennsylvania State University
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40
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Potamias G, Lakiotaki K, Katsila T, Lee MTM, Topouzis S, Cooper DN, Patrinos GP. Deciphering next-generation pharmacogenomics: an information technology perspective. Open Biol 2014; 4:140071. [PMID: 25030607 PMCID: PMC4118603 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.140071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the post-genomic era, the rapid evolution of high-throughput genotyping technologies and the increased pace of production of genetic research data are continually prompting the development of appropriate informatics tools, systems and databases as we attempt to cope with the flood of incoming genetic information. Alongside new technologies that serve to enhance data connectivity, emerging information systems should contribute to the creation of a powerful knowledge environment for genotype-to-phenotype information in the context of translational medicine. In the area of pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine, it has become evident that database applications providing important information on the occurrence and consequences of gene variants involved in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug efficacy and drug toxicity will become an integral tool for researchers and medical practitioners alike. At the same time, two fundamental issues are inextricably linked to current developments, namely data sharing and data protection. Here, we discuss high-throughput and next-generation sequencing technology and its impact on pharmacogenomics research. In addition, we present advances and challenges in the field of pharmacogenomics information systems which have in turn triggered the development of an integrated electronic 'pharmacogenomics assistant'. The system is designed to provide personalized drug recommendations based on linked genotype-to-phenotype pharmacogenomics data, as well as to support biomedical researchers in the identification of pharmacogenomics-related gene variants. The provisioned services are tuned in the framework of a single-access pharmacogenomics portal.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Potamias
- Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Crete, Greece
| | - Kleanthi Lakiotaki
- Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Crete, Greece
| | - Theodora Katsila
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, University Campus, Rion, Patras, Greece
| | - Ming Ta Michael Lee
- Laboratory for International Alliance on Genomic Medicine, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Stavros Topouzis
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, University Campus, Rion, Patras, Greece
| | - David N Cooper
- Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - George P Patrinos
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, University Campus, Rion, Patras, Greece
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41
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Perakslis ED, Shon J. Translational informatics in personalized medicine: an update for 2014. Per Med 2014; 11:339-349. [DOI: 10.2217/pme.14.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many things have changed but much has remained the same as we have seen a dramatic increase in the generation of genetics, genomics and a variety of clinical data leading to increased data density and continued challenges in organizing and managing that data in pursuit of personalized medicine. Simultaneously, we have seen an increase in commercial and open-source solutions, and marked movement toward open sharing of tools and data in public–private partnerships, yet still few examples of traditional companion diagnostics for personalized medicine products. Most encouraging are examples of focused public and private efforts that have resulted in knowledge leading to critical assessment of existing therapies and the development of new therapies. These examples lay highly emulatable informatics foundations for rapid advances in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Perakslis
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Precision for Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
- American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA, USA
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