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Al-Aqtash R, Collier DM. Ionotropic purinergic receptor 7 (P2X7) channel structure and pharmacology provides insight regarding non-nucleotide agonism. Channels (Austin) 2024; 18:2355150. [PMID: 38762911 PMCID: PMC11110710 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2024.2355150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
P2X7 is a member of the Ionotropic Purinergic Receptor (P2X) family. The P2X family of receptors is composed of seven (P2X1-7), ligand-gated, nonselective cation channels. Changes in P2X expression have been reported in multiple disease models. P2Xs have large complex extracellular domains that function as receptors for a variety of ligands, including endogenous and synthetic agonists and antagonists. ATP is the canonical agonist. ATP affinity ranges from nanomolar to micromolar for most P2XRs, but P2X7 has uniquely poor ATP affinity. In many physiological settings, it may be difficult to achieve the millimolar extracellular ATP concentrations needed for P2X7 channel activation; however, channel function is implicated in pain sensation, immune cell function, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and osteoporosis. Multiple high-resolution P2X7 structures have been solved in apo-, ATP-, and antagonist-bound states. P2X7 structural data reveal distinct allosteric and orthosteric antagonist-binding sites. Both allosteric and orthosteric P2X7 antagonists are well documented to inhibit ATP-evoked channel current. However, a growing body of evidence supports P2X7 activation by non-nucleotide agonists, including extracellular histone proteins and human cathelicidin-derived peptides (LL-37). Interestingly, P2X7 non-nucleotide agonism is not inhibited by allosteric antagonists, but is inhibited by orthosteric antagonists. Herein, we review P2X7 function with a focus on the efficacy of available pharmacology on P2X7 channel current activation by non-nucleotide agonists in effort to understand agonist/antagonist efficacy, and consider the impact of these data on the current understanding of P2X7 in physiology and disease given these limitations of P2X7-selective antagonists and incomplete knockout mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rua’a Al-Aqtash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Daniel M. Collier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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2
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Wyss MT, Heuer C, Herwerth M. The bumpy road of purinergic inhibitors to clinical application in immune-mediated diseases. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1206-1211. [PMID: 37905866 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.386405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Purinergic signaling plays important roles throughout the body in the regulation of organ functions during and following the disruption of homeostasis. This is also reflected by the widespread expression of two families of purinergic receptors (P1 and P2) with numerous subtypes. In the last few decades, there has been increasing evidence that purinergic signaling plays an important role in the regulation of immune functions. Mainly, signals mediated by P2 receptors have been shown to contribute to immune system-mediated pathologies. Thus, interference with P2 receptors may be a promising strategy for the modulation of immune responses. Although only a few clinical studies have been conducted in isolated entities with limited success, preclinical work suggests that the use of P2 receptor inhibitors may bear some promise in various autoimmune diseases. Despite the association of P2 receptors with several disorders from this field, the use of P2 receptor antagonists in clinical therapy is still very scarce. In this narrative review, we briefly review the involvement of the purinergic system in immunological responses and clinical studies on the effect of purinergic inhibition on autoimmune processes. We then open the aperture a bit and show some preclinical studies demonstrating a potential effect of purinergic blockade on autoimmune events. Using suramin, a non-specific purinergic inhibitor, as an example, we further show that off-target effects could be responsible for observed effects in immunological settings, which may have interesting implications. Overall, we believe that it is worthwhile to further investigate this hitherto underexplored area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias T Wyss
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christine Heuer
- Neurology Department, University Hospital of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marina Herwerth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Neurology Department, University Hospital of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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3
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Lee NT, Savvidou I, Selan C, Calvello I, Vuong A, Wright DK, Brkljaca R, Willcox A, Chia JSJ, Wang X, Peter K, Robson SC, Medcalf RL, Nandurkar HH, Sashindranath M. Development of endothelial-targeted CD39 as a therapy for ischemic stroke. J Thromb Haemost 2024:S1538-7836(24)00281-2. [PMID: 38754782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2024.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is characterized by a necrotic lesion in the brain surrounded by an area of dying cells termed the penumbra. Salvaging the penumbra either with thrombolysis or mechanical retrieval is the cornerstone of stroke management. At-risk neuronal cells release extracellular adenosine triphosphate, triggering microglial activation and causing a thromboinflammatory response, culminating in endothelial activation and vascular disruption. This is further aggravated by ischemia-reperfusion injury that follows all reperfusion therapies. The ecto-enzyme CD39 regulates extracellular adenosine triphosphate by hydrolyzing it to adenosine, which has antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory properties and reverses ischemia-reperfusion injury. OBJECTIVES The objective off the study was to determine the efficacy of our therapeutic, anti-VCAM-CD39 in ischaemic stroke. METHODS We developed anti-VCAM-CD39 that targets the antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory properties of recombinant CD39 to the activated endothelium of the penumbra by binding to vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1. Mice were subjected to 30 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion and analyzed at 24 hours. Anti-VCAM-CD39 or control agents (saline, nontargeted CD39, or anti-VCAM-inactive CD39) were given at 3 hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion. RESULTS Anti-VCAM-CD39 treatment reduced neurologic deficit; magnetic resonance imaging confirmed significantly smaller infarcts together with an increase in cerebrovascular perfusion. Anti-VCAM-CD39 also restored blood-brain barrier integrity and reduced microglial activation. Coadministration of anti-VCAM-CD39 with thrombolytics (tissue plasminogen activator [tPA]) further reduced infarct volumes and attenuated blood-brain barrier permeability with no associated increase in intracranial hemorrhage. CONCLUSION Anti-VCAM-CD39, uniquely targeted to endothelial cells, could be a new stroke therapy even when administered 3 hours postischemia and may further synergize with thrombolytic therapy to improve stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Ting Lee
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ioanna Savvidou
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carly Selan
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ilaria Calvello
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy Vuong
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David K Wright
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert Brkljaca
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abbey Willcox
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanne S J Chia
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Molecular Imaging and Theranostics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon C Robson
- Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert L Medcalf
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Harshal H Nandurkar
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maithili Sashindranath
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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4
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Luo C, Liu X, Liu Y, Shao H, Gao J, Tao J. Upregulation of CD39 During Gout Attacks Promotes Spontaneous Remission of Acute Gouty Inflammation. Inflammation 2024; 47:664-677. [PMID: 38055119 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01936-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Gout is a self-limiting form of inflammatory arthropathy caused by the formation of urate crystals due to hyperuricemia. The resolution of gout involves the transition of proinflammatory M1-type macrophages to anti-inflammatory M2-type macrophages, as well as neutrophil-mediated extracellular trap (NET) formation. However, the underlying mechanisms of these changes are not clear. Studies have confirmed that high expression of CD39 on macrophages and neutrophils can trigger the polarization of macrophages from a proinflammatory state to an anti-inflammatory state. Recent studies have shown that the pathogenesis of gout involves extracellular ATP (eATP), and the synergistic effect of MSU and extracellular ATP can cause gout. CD39 is a kind of ATP hydrolysis enzyme that can degrade eATP, suggesting that CD39 may inhibit the aggravation of inflammation in gout and participate in the remission mechanism of gout. To confirm this hypothesis, using data mining and flow cytometry, we first found that CD39 expression was significantly upregulated on CD14 + monocytes and neutrophils in gout patients during the acute phase. Inhibition of CD39 by lentivirus or a CD39 inhibitor in acute gout models aggravated gouty arthritis and delayed gout remission. Apyrase, a functional analog of CD39, can significantly reduce the inflammatory response and promote gout remission in acute gout model mice. Our findings confirm that the upregulation of CD39 during gout flare-ups promotes spontaneous remission of acute gouty inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyue Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijun Shao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Tao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang J, Gao L, Zhang Y, Wang H, Sun S, Wu L. Involvement of microglial P2X7 receptor in pain modulation. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14496. [PMID: 37950524 PMCID: PMC10805404 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain is a rapid response mechanism that compels organisms to retreat from the harmful stimuli and triggers a repair response. Nonetheless, when pain persists for extended periods, it can lead to adverse changes into in the individual's brain, negatively impacting their emotional state and overall quality of life. Microglia, the resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS), play a pivotal role in regulating a variety of pain-related disorders. Specifically, recent studies have shed light on the central role that microglial purinergic ligand-gated ion channel 7 receptor (P2X7R) plays in regulating pain. In this respect, the P2X7R on microglial membranes represents a potential therapeutic target. AIMS To expound on the intricate link between microglial P2X7R and pain, offering insights into potential avenues for future research. METHODS We reviewed 140 literature and summarized the important role of microglial P2X7R in regulating pain, including the structure and function of P2X7R, the relationship between P2X7R and microglial polarization, P2X7R-related signaling pathways, and the effects of P2X7R antagonists on pain regulation. RESULTS P2X7R activation is related to M1 polarization of microglia, while suppressing P2X7R can transfer microglia from M1 into M2 phenotype. And targeting the P2X7R-mediated signaling pathways helps to explore new therapy for pain alleviation. P2X7R antagonists also hold potential for translational and clinical applications in pain management. CONCLUSIONS Microglial P2X7R holds promise as a potential novel pharmacological target for clinical treatments due to its distinctive structure, function, and the development of antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Lei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Yaoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Haozhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Shukai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Li‐an Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
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Sharafeldin N, Zhou L, Singh P, Crossman DK, Wang X, Hageman L, Landier W, Blanco JG, Burridge PW, Sapkota Y, Yasui Y, Armstrong GT, Robison LL, Hudson MM, Oeffinger K, Chow EJ, Armenian SH, Weisdorf DJ, Bhatia S. Gene-Level Analysis of Anthracycline-Induced Cardiomyopathy in Cancer Survivors: A Report From COG-ALTE03N1, BMTSS, and CCSS. JACC CardioOncol 2023; 5:807-818. [PMID: 38205005 PMCID: PMC10774788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Anthracyclines are highly effective in treating cancer, albeit with increased cardiomyopathy risk. Although risk is attributed to associations with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), multiple SNPs on a gene and their interactions remain unexamined. Objectives This study examined gene-level associations with cardiomyopathy among cancer survivors using whole-exome sequencing data. Methods For discovery, 278 childhood cancer survivors (129 cases; 149 matched control subjects) from the COG (Children's Oncology Group) study ALTE03N1 were included. Logic regression (machine learning) was used to identify gene-level SNP combinations for 7,212 genes and ordinal logistic regression to estimate gene-level associations with cardiomyopathy. Models were adjusted for primary cancer, age at cancer diagnosis, sex, race/ethnicity, cumulative anthracycline dose, chest radiation, cardiovascular risk factors, and 3 principal components. Statistical significance threshold of 6.93 × 10-6 accounted for multiple testing. Three independent cancer survivor populations (COG study, BMTSS [Blood or Marrow Transplant Survivor Study] and CCSS [Childhood Cancer Survivor Study]) were used to replicate gene-level associations and examine SNP-level associations from discovery genes using ordinal logistic, conditional logistic, and Cox regression models, respectively. Results Median age at cancer diagnosis for discovery cases and control subjects was 6 years and 8 years, respectively. Gene-level association for P2RX7 (OR: 0.10; 95% CI: 0.04-0.27; P = 2.19 × 10-6) was successfully replicated (HR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.47-0.90; P = 0.009) in the CCSS cohort. Additional signals were identified on TNIK, LRRK2, MEFV, NOBOX, and FBN3. Individual SNPs across all discovery genes, except FBN3, were replicated. Conclusions In our study, SNP sets having 1 or no copies of P2RX7 variant alleles were associated with reduced risk of cardiomyopathy, presenting a potential therapeutic target to mitigate cardiac outcomes in cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Sharafeldin
- Institute for Cancer Outcomes and Survivorship, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Liting Zhou
- Institute for Cancer Outcomes and Survivorship, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Purnima Singh
- Institute for Cancer Outcomes and Survivorship, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - David K. Crossman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Xuexia Wang
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Lindsey Hageman
- Institute for Cancer Outcomes and Survivorship, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Wendy Landier
- Institute for Cancer Outcomes and Survivorship, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Javier G. Blanco
- The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Paul W. Burridge
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yadav Sapkota
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yutaka Yasui
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Eric J. Chow
- Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Saro H. Armenian
- Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Daniel J. Weisdorf
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Smita Bhatia
- Institute for Cancer Outcomes and Survivorship, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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7
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De Salis SKF, Chen JZ, Skarratt KK, Fuller SJ, Balle T. Deep learning structural insights into heterotrimeric alternatively spliced P2X7 receptors. Purinergic Signal 2023:10.1007/s11302-023-09978-3. [PMID: 38032425 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09978-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) are membrane-bound ATP-gated ion channels that are composed of three subunits. Different subunit structures may be expressed due to alternative splicing of the P2RX7 gene, altering the receptor's function when combined with the wild-type P2X7A subunits. In this study, the application of the deep-learning method, AlphaFold2-Multimer (AF2M), for the generation of trimeric P2X7Rs was validated by comparing an AF2M-generated rat wild-type P2X7A receptor with a structure determined by cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) (Protein Data Bank Identification: 6U9V). The results suggested AF2M could firstly, accurately predict the structures of P2X7Rs and secondly, accurately identify the highest quality model through the ranking system. Subsequently, AF2M was used to generate models of heterotrimeric alternatively spliced P2X7Rs consisting of one or two wild-type P2X7A subunits in combination with one or two P2X7B, P2X7E, P2X7J, and P2X7L splice variant subunits. The top-ranking models were deemed valid based on AF2M's confidence measures, stability in molecular dynamics simulations, and consistent flexibility of the conserved regions between the models. The structure of the heterotrimeric receptors, which were missing key residues in the ATP binding sites and carboxyl terminal domains (CTDs) compared to the wild-type receptor, help to explain their observed functions. Overall, the models produced in this study (available as supplementary material) unlock the possibility of structure-based studies into the heterotrimeric P2X7Rs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie K F De Salis
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
- Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Jake Zheng Chen
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
- Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Kristen K Skarratt
- The University of Sydney, Nepean Clinical School, Kingswood, NSW, 2747, Australia
| | - Stephen J Fuller
- The University of Sydney, Nepean Clinical School, Kingswood, NSW, 2747, Australia
| | - Thomas Balle
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
- Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
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Sulicka-Grodzicka J, Guzik TJ. The ATP connection: a new therapeutic promise of P2X7 targeting in hypertension and vascular injury. J Hypertens 2023; 41:1696-1698. [PMID: 37796205 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Sulicka-Grodzicka
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Medicine and Omicron Medial Genomics Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Poland
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9
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Mafra JCM, Boechat N, Teixeira GP, Faria RX. Synthetic molecules as P2X7 receptor antagonists: A medicinal chemistry update focusing the therapy of inflammatory diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 957:175999. [PMID: 37619787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of the P2X7 receptor by extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate induces a series of responses in the organism, exceptionally protein cascades related to the proinflammatory process. This has made P2X7 a target for research on inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, the incessant search for new prototypes that aim to antagonize the action of P2X7 has been remarkable in recent decades, a factor that has already led to numerous clinical studies in humans. In this review, we present the key molecules developed over the years with potential inhibition of P2X7 and inflammation. In addition, an update with newly developed chemical classes with promising activity and results in clinical studies for human pathologies focusing on P2X7 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Carlos Martins Mafra
- Laboratório de Síntese de Fármacos (LASFAR) - Farmanguinhos - Fiocruz Brazil; Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro - IFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Nubia Boechat
- Laboratório de Síntese de Fármacos (LASFAR) - Farmanguinhos - Fiocruz Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Pegas Teixeira
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Rio de Janeiro Fiocruz Brazil.
| | - Robson Xavier Faria
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Rio de Janeiro Fiocruz Brazil.
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10
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Grassi F, Salina G. The P2X7 Receptor in Autoimmunity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14116. [PMID: 37762419 PMCID: PMC10531565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is an ATP-gated nonselective cationic channel that, upon intense stimulation, can progress to the opening of a pore permeable to molecules up to 900 Da. Apart from its broad expression in cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems, it is expressed in multiple cell types in different tissues. The dual gating property of P2X7R is instrumental in determining cellular responses, which depend on the expression level of the receptor, timing of stimulation, and microenvironmental cues, thus often complicating the interpretation of experimental data in comprehensive settings. Here we review the existing literature on P2X7R activity in autoimmunity, pinpointing the different functions in cells involved in the immunopathological processes that can make it difficult to model as a druggable target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Grassi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland;
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11
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Yin Y, Wei L, Caseley EA, Lopez‐Charcas O, Wei Y, Li D, Muench SP, Roger S, Wang L, Jiang L. Leveraging the ATP-P2X7 receptor signalling axis to alleviate traumatic CNS damage and related complications. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:1346-1373. [PMID: 36924449 PMCID: PMC10947395 DOI: 10.1002/med.21952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is an exceptional member of the P2X purinergic receptor family, with its activation requiring high concentrations of extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) that are often associated with tissue damage and inflammation. In the central nervous system (CNS), it is highly expressed in glial cells, particularly in microglia. In this review, we discuss the role and mechanisms of the P2X7 receptor in mediating neuroinflammation and other pathogenic events in a variety of traumatic CNS damage conditions, which lead to loss of neurological and cognitive functions. We raise the perspective on the steady progress in developing CNS-penetrant P2X7 receptor-specific antagonists that leverage the ATP-P2X7 receptor signaling axis as a potential therapeutic strategy to alleviate traumatic CNS damage and related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Yin
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Linyu Wei
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Emily A. Caseley
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Osbaldo Lopez‐Charcas
- EA4245, Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ToursToursFrance
| | - Yingjuan Wei
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Dongliang Li
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Steve P. Muench
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Sebastian Roger
- EA4245, Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ToursToursFrance
| | - Lu Wang
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Lin‐Hua Jiang
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
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12
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Zou Y, Ghaderpour A, Munkhbileg B, Seo SU, Seong SY. Taurodeoxycholate ameliorates DSS-induced colitis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 122:110628. [PMID: 37454634 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is typically managed using medications such as 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), glucocorticoids, anti-TNFα Ab, or anti-IL-12/23 Ab. However, some patients do not respond well to these treatments or frequently experience relapses. Therefore, alternative therapeutic options are needed. Since the activation of the inflammasome is crucial to the pathogenesis of IBD, inhibiting the inflammasome may be beneficial for patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We tested the efficacy of taurodeoxycholate (TDCA), which is a known G-protein coupled receptor 19 (GPCR19) agonist, in a mouse colitis model induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). RESULTS In the mouse colitis model, TDCA prevented loss of body weight, shortening of the colon, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, infiltration of pro-inflammatory cells, and mucosal ulceration in the colon. In vitro, TDCA inhibited the activation of NF-κB in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) by activating the cAMP-PKA axis. TDCA downregulated the expression of purinergic receptor P2X7 (P2X7R) and enhanced the colocalization of P2X7R with GPCR19, and inhibited the Ca2+ mobilization of BMDMs when stimulated with ATP or BzATP, which plays a pivotal role in activating the NLRP3 inflammasome (N3I) via P2X7R. TDCA inhibited the oligomerization of NLRP3-ASC and downregulated the expression of NLRP3 and ASC, as well as suppressed the maturation of pro-caspase-1 and pro-IL-1β. TDCA also increased the percentage of M2 macrophages while decreasing the number of M1 macrophages, Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells in the colon. CONCLUSION TDCA ameliorated DSS-induced colitis in mice, possibly by inhibiting both the priming phase (via the GPCR19-cAMP-PKA-NF-κB axis) and the activation phase (via the GPCR19-P2X7R-NLRP3-Caspase 1-IL-1β axis) of N3I signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Zou
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Aziz Ghaderpour
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bolormaa Munkhbileg
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Uk Seo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Seong
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Shaperon Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Prajapat SK, Maharana KC, Singh S. Mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction. Mol Cell Biochem 2023:10.1007/s11010-023-04835-8. [PMID: 37642880 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04835-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a matter of concern worldwide, and mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the major contributing factors. Vascular endothelial dysfunction has a major role in the development of atherosclerosis because of the abnormal chemokine secretion, inflammatory mediators, enhancement of LDL oxidation, cytokine elevation, and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Endothelial cells transfer oxygen from the pulmonary circulatory system to the tissue surrounding the blood vessels, and a majority of oxygen is transferred to the myocardium by endothelial cells, which utilise a small amount of oxygen to generate ATP. Free radicals of oxide are produced by mitochondria, which are responsible for cellular oxygen uptake. Increased mitochondrial ROS generation and reduction in agonist-stimulated eNOS activation and nitric oxide bioavailability were directly linked to the observed change in mitochondrial dynamics, resulting in various CVDs and endothelial dysfunction. Presently, the manuscript mainly focuses on endothelial dysfunction, providing a deep understanding of the various features of mitochondrial mechanisms that are used to modulate endothelial dysfunction. We talk about recent findings and approaches that may make it possible to detect mitochondrial dysfunction as a potential biomarker for risk assessment and diagnosis of endothelial dysfunction. In the end, we cover several targets that may reduce mitochondrial dysfunction through both direct and indirect processes and assess the impact of several different classes of drugs in the context of endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar Prajapat
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP) Zandaha Road, Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - Krushna Ch Maharana
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP) Zandaha Road, Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - Sanjiv Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotions Industrial Park (EPIP), Industrial Area, Dist: Vaishali, Hajipur, Bihar, 844102, India.
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14
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Ronning KE, Déchelle-Marquet PA, Che Y, Guillonneau X, Sennlaub F, Delarasse C. The P2X7 Receptor, a Multifaceted Receptor in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11747. [PMID: 37511507 PMCID: PMC10380278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by impaired episodic memory and two pathological lesions: amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. In AD, damaged neurons and the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides cause a significant release of high amounts of extracellular ATP, which acts as a danger signal. The purinergic receptor P2X7 is the main sensor of high concentrations of ATP, and P2X7 has been shown to be upregulated in the brains of AD patients, contributing to the disease's pathological processes. Further, there are many polymorphisms of the P2X7 gene that impact the risk of developing AD. P2X7 can directly modulate Aβ plaques and Tau protein lesions as well as the inflammatory response by regulating NLRP3 inflammasome and the expression of several chemokines. The significant role of microglial P2X7 in AD has been well established, although other cell types may also be important in P2X7-mediated mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss the different P2X7-dependent pathways involved in the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitryn E Ronning
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne University, F-75012 Paris, France
| | | | - Yueshen Che
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne University, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Guillonneau
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne University, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Florian Sennlaub
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne University, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Delarasse
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne University, F-75012 Paris, France
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15
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Bulté D, Rigamonti C, Romano A, Mortellaro A. Inflammasomes: Mechanisms of Action and Involvement in Human Diseases. Cells 2023; 12:1766. [PMID: 37443800 PMCID: PMC10340308 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasome complexes and their integral receptor proteins have essential roles in regulating the innate immune response and inflammation at the post-translational level. Yet despite their protective role, aberrant activation of inflammasome proteins and gain of function mutations in inflammasome component genes seem to contribute to the development and progression of human autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. In the past decade, our understanding of inflammasome biology and activation mechanisms has greatly progressed. We therefore provide an up-to-date overview of the various inflammasomes and their known mechanisms of action. In addition, we highlight the involvement of various inflammasomes and their pathogenic mechanisms in common autoinflammatory, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, including atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. We conclude by speculating on the future avenues of research needed to better understand the roles of inflammasomes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Bulté
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; (D.B.); (C.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Chiara Rigamonti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; (D.B.); (C.R.); (A.R.)
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Romano
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; (D.B.); (C.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Alessandra Mortellaro
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; (D.B.); (C.R.); (A.R.)
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16
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Okamoto Y, Takashima H. The Current State of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Treatment. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1391. [PMID: 37510296 PMCID: PMC10379063 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) and associated neuropathies are the most predominant genetically transmitted neuromuscular conditions; however, effective pharmacological treatments have not established. The extensive genetic heterogeneity of CMT, which impacts the peripheral nerves and causes lifelong disability, presents a significant barrier to the development of comprehensive treatments. An estimated 100 loci within the human genome are linked to various forms of CMT and its related inherited neuropathies. This review delves into prospective therapeutic strategies used for the most frequently encountered CMT variants, namely CMT1A, CMT1B, CMTX1, and CMT2A. Compounds such as PXT3003, which are being clinically and preclinically investigated, and a broad array of therapeutic agents and their corresponding mechanisms are discussed. Furthermore, the progress in established gene therapy techniques, including gene replacement via viral vectors, exon skipping using antisense oligonucleotides, splicing modification, and gene knockdown, are appraised. Each of these gene therapies has the potential for substantial advancements in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Okamoto
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takashima
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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17
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Lee WE, Genetzakis E, Figtree GA. Novel Strategies in the Early Detection and Treatment of Endothelial Cell-Specific Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Coronary Artery Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1359. [PMID: 37507899 PMCID: PMC10376062 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although elevated cholesterol and other recognised cardiovascular risk factors are important in the development of coronary artery disease (CAD) and heart attack, the susceptibility of humans to this fatal process is distinct from other animals. Mitochondrial dysfunction of cells in the arterial wall, particularly the endothelium, has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of CAD. In this manuscript, we review the established evidence and mechanisms in detail and explore the potential opportunities arising from analysing mitochondrial function in patient-derived cells such as endothelial colony-forming cells easily cultured from venous blood. We discuss how emerging technology and knowledge may allow us to measure mitochondrial dysfunction as a potential biomarker for diagnosis and risk management. We also discuss the "pros and cons" of animal models of atherosclerosis, and how patient-derived cell models may provide opportunities to develop novel therapies relevant for humans. Finally, we review several targets that potentially alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction working both via direct and indirect mechanisms and evaluate the effect of several classes of compounds in the cardiovascular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqian E. Lee
- Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.E.L.); (E.G.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Elijah Genetzakis
- Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.E.L.); (E.G.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Gemma A. Figtree
- Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.E.L.); (E.G.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
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18
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Tian Z, Li X, Jiang D. Analysis of immunogenic cell death in atherosclerosis based on scRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq data. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110130. [PMID: 37075670 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulated cell death plays a very important role in atherosclerosis (AS). Despite a large number of studies, there is a lack of literature on immunogenic cell death (ICD) in AS. METHOD Carotid atherosclerotic plaque single-cell RNA (scRNA) sequencing data were analyzed to define involved cells and determine their transcriptomic characteristics. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, CIBERSORT, ESTIMATE and ssGSEA (Gene Set Enrichment Analysis), consensus clustering analysis, random forest (RF), Decision Curve Analysis (DCA), and the Drug-Gene Interaction and DrugBank databases were applied for bulk sequencing data. All data were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). RESULT mDCs and CTLs correlated obviously with AS occurrence and development (k2(mDCs) = 48.333, P < 0.001; k2(CTL) = 130.56, P < 0.001). In total, 21 differentially expressed genes were obtained for the bulk transcriptome; KEGG enrichment analysis results were similar to those for differentially expressed genes in endothelial cells. Eleven genes with a gene importance score > 1.5 were obtained in the training set and validated in the test set, resulting in 8 differentially expressed genes for ICD. A model to predict occurrence of AS and 56 drugs that may be used to treat AS were obtained with these 8 genes. CONCLUSION Immunogenic cell death occurs mainly in endothelial cells in AS. ICD maintains chronic inflammation in AS and plays a crucial role in its occurrence and development. ICD related genes may become drug-targeted genes for AS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Tian
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Xinyang Li
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Delong Jiang
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China.
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19
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Zabłocki K, Górecki DC. The Role of P2X7 Purinoceptors in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Muscular Dystrophies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119434. [PMID: 37298386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are inherited neuromuscular diseases, resulting in progressive disability and often affecting life expectancy. The most severe, common types are Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Limb-girdle sarcoglycanopathy, which cause advancing muscle weakness and wasting. These diseases share a common pathomechanism where, due to the loss of the anchoring dystrophin (DMD, dystrophinopathy) or due to mutations in sarcoglycan-encoding genes (LGMDR3 to LGMDR6), the α-sarcoglycan ecto-ATPase activity is lost. This disturbs important purinergic signaling: An acute muscle injury causes the release of large quantities of ATP, which acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP). DAMPs trigger inflammation that clears dead tissues and initiates regeneration that eventually restores normal muscle function. However, in DMD and LGMD, the loss of ecto-ATPase activity, that normally curtails this extracellular ATP (eATP)-evoked stimulation, causes exceedingly high eATP levels. Thus, in dystrophic muscles, the acute inflammation becomes chronic and damaging. The very high eATP over-activates P2X7 purinoceptors, not only maintaining the inflammation but also tuning the potentially compensatory P2X7 up-regulation in dystrophic muscle cells into a cell-damaging mechanism exacerbating the pathology. Thus, the P2X7 receptor in dystrophic muscles is a specific therapeutic target. Accordingly, the P2X7 blockade alleviated dystrophic damage in mouse models of dystrophinopathy and sarcoglycanopathy. Therefore, the existing P2X7 blockers should be considered for the treatment of these highly debilitating diseases. This review aims to present the current understanding of the eATP-P2X7 purinoceptor axis in the pathogenesis and treatment of muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Zabłocki
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz C Górecki
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
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20
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Gόrecki DC, Rumney RMH. The P2X7 purinoceptor in pathogenesis and treatment of dystrophino- and sarcoglycanopathies. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2023; 69:102357. [PMID: 36842388 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2023.102357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Dystrophinopathy and sarcoglycanopathies are incurable diseases caused by mutations in the genes encoding dystrophin or members of the dystrophin associated protein complex (DAPC). Restoration of the missing dystrophin or sarcoglycans via genetic approaches is complicated by the downsides of personalised medicines and immune responses against re-expressed proteins. Thus, the targeting of disease mechanisms downstream from the mutant protein has a strong translational potential. Acute muscle damage causes release of large quantities of ATP, which activates P2X7 purinoceptors, resulting in inflammation that clears dead tissues and triggers regeneration. However, in dystrophic muscles, loss of α-sarcoglycan ecto-ATPase activity further elevates extracellular ATP (eATP) levels, exacerbating the pathology. Moreover, seemingly compensatory P2X7 upregulation in dystrophic muscle cells, combined with high eATP leads to further damage. Accordingly, P2X7 blockade alleviated dystrophic damage in mouse models of both dystrophinopathy and sarcoglycanopathy. Existing P2X7 blockers could be re-purposed for the treatment of these highly debilitating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz C Gόrecki
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK.
| | - Robin M H Rumney
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK
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21
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Gu Q, Zou J, Zhou Y, Deng Q. Mechanism of inflammasomes in cancer and targeted therapies. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1133013. [PMID: 37020871 PMCID: PMC10067570 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1133013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes, composed of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain(NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), are immune-functional protein multimers that are closely linked to the host defense mechanism. When NLRs sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), they assemble into inflammasomes. Inflammasomes can activate various inflammatory signaling pathways, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, and produce a large number of proinflammatory cytokines, which are closely associated with multiple cancers. They can also accelerate the occurrence and development of cancer by providing suitable tumor microenvironments, promoting tumor cell proliferation, and inhibiting tumor cell apoptosis. Therefore, the exploitation of novel targeted drugs against various inflammasomes and proinflammatory cytokines is a new idea for the treatment of cancer. In recent years, more than 50 natural extracts and synthetic small molecule targeted drugs have been reported to be in the research stage or have been applied to the clinic. Herein, we will overview the mechanisms of inflammasomes in common cancers and discuss the therapeutic prospects of natural extracts and synthetic targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingdan Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiazhen Zou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated 5 Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiuchan Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Qiuchan Deng,
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From lead to clinic: A review of the structural design of P2X7R antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115234. [PMID: 36893624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
P2X7R, which is a member of the purinergic P2 receptor family, is widely expressed in many immune cells, such as macrophages, lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils. P2X7R is upregulated in response to proinflammatory stimulation, which is closely related to a variety of inflammatory diseases. The inhibition of P2X7 receptors has resulted in the elimination or reduction of symptoms in animal models of arthritis, depression, neuropathic pain, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, the development of P2X7R antagonists is of great significance for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. This review classifies the reported P2X7R antagonists according to their different cores, focuses on the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the compounds, and analyzes some common substituents and strategies in the design of lead compounds, with the hope of providing valuable information for the development of new and efficient P2X7R antagonists.
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23
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Sudi S, Thomas FM, Daud SK, Ag Daud DM, Sunggip C. The Pleiotropic Role of Extracellular ATP in Myocardial Remodelling. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052102. [PMID: 36903347 PMCID: PMC10004151 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial remodelling is a molecular, cellular, and interstitial adaptation of the heart in response to altered environmental demands. The heart undergoes reversible physiological remodelling in response to changes in mechanical loading or irreversible pathological remodelling induced by neurohumoral factors and chronic stress, leading to heart failure. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is one of the potent mediators in cardiovascular signalling that act on the ligand-gated (P2X) and G-protein-coupled (P2Y) purinoceptors via the autocrine or paracrine manners. These activations mediate numerous intracellular communications by modulating the production of other messengers, including calcium, growth factors, cytokines, and nitric oxide. ATP is known to play a pleiotropic role in cardiovascular pathophysiology, making it a reliable biomarker for cardiac protection. This review outlines the sources of ATP released under physiological and pathological stress and its cell-specific mechanism of action. We further highlight a series of cardiovascular cell-to-cell communications of extracellular ATP signalling cascades in cardiac remodelling, which can be seen in hypertension, ischemia/reperfusion injury, fibrosis, hypertrophy, and atrophy. Finally, we summarize current pharmacological intervention using the ATP network as a target for cardiac protection. A better understanding of ATP communication in myocardial remodelling could be worthwhile for future drug development and repurposing and the management of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhaini Sudi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Fiona Macniesia Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Siti Kadzirah Daud
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Dayang Maryama Ag Daud
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
- Health through Exercise and Active Living (HEAL) Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Caroline Sunggip
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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Kinsella S, Evandy CA, Cooper K, Cardinale A, Iovino L, deRoos P, Hopwo KS, Smith CW, Granadier D, Sullivan LB, Velardi E, Dudakov JA. Damage-induced pyroptosis drives endog thymic regeneration via induction of Foxn1 by purinergic receptor activation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.19.524800. [PMID: 36711570 PMCID: PMC9882324 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.19.524800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous thymic regeneration is a crucial process that allows for the renewal of immune competence following stress, infection or cytoreductive conditioning. Fully understanding the molecular mechanisms driving regeneration will uncover therapeutic targets to enhance regeneration. We previously demonstrated that high levels of homeostatic apoptosis suppress regeneration and that a reduction in the presence of damage-induced apoptotic thymocytes facilitates regeneration. Here we identified that cell-specific metabolic remodeling after ionizing radiation steers thymocytes towards mitochondrial-driven pyroptotic cell death. We further identified that a key damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), ATP, stimulates the cell surface purinergic receptor P2Y2 on cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTECs) acutely after damage, enhancing expression of Foxn1, the critical thymic transcription factor. Targeting the P2Y2 receptor with the agonist UTPγS promotes rapid regeneration of the thymus in vivo following acute damage. Together these data demonstrate that intrinsic metabolic regulation of pyruvate processing is a critical process driving thymus repair and identifies the P2Y2 receptor as a novel molecular therapeutic target to enhance thymus regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad Kinsella
- Program in Immunology, Division of Translational Science and Therapeutics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle WA, 98109, US
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, 98109, US
| | - Cindy A Evandy
- Program in Immunology, Division of Translational Science and Therapeutics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle WA, 98109, US
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, 98109, US
| | - Kirsten Cooper
- Program in Immunology, Division of Translational Science and Therapeutics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle WA, 98109, US
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, 98109, US
| | - Antonella Cardinale
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, 00146, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Iovino
- Program in Immunology, Division of Translational Science and Therapeutics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle WA, 98109, US
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, 98109, US
| | - Paul deRoos
- Program in Immunology, Division of Translational Science and Therapeutics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle WA, 98109, US
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, 98109, US
| | - Kayla S Hopwo
- Program in Immunology, Division of Translational Science and Therapeutics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle WA, 98109, US
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, 98109, US
| | - Colton W Smith
- Program in Immunology, Division of Translational Science and Therapeutics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle WA, 98109, US
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, 98109, US
| | - David Granadier
- Program in Immunology, Division of Translational Science and Therapeutics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle WA, 98109, US
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, 98109, US
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle WA, 98195, US
| | - Lucas B Sullivan
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle WA, 98109, US
| | - Enrico Velardi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, 00146, Italy
| | - Jarrod A Dudakov
- Program in Immunology, Division of Translational Science and Therapeutics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle WA, 98109, US
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, 98109, US
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle WA, 98195, US
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25
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Spotlight on P2X7 Receptor PET Imaging: A Bright Target or a Failing Star? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021374. [PMID: 36674884 PMCID: PMC9861945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The homotrimeric P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is expressed by virtually all cells of the innate and adaptive immune system and plays a crucial role in various pathophysiological processes such as autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, neuropathic pain and cancer. Consequently, the P2X7R is considered a promising target for therapy and diagnosis. As the development of tracers comes hand-in-hand with the development of potent and selective receptor ligands, there is a rising number of PET tracers available in preclinical and clinical studies. This review analyzes the development of P2X7R positron emission tomography (PET) tracers and their potential in various PET imaging applications.
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The developmental journey of therapies targeting purine receptors: from basic science to clinical trials. Purinergic Signal 2022; 18:435-450. [PMID: 36173587 PMCID: PMC9832190 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09896-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of ATP as an extracellular signalling molecule in 1972, purinergic signalling, mediated by extracellular purines and pyrimidines has been identified in virtually all mammalian tissues and is implicated in regulating fundamental cellular processes. In recent years, there has been an increasing focus on the pathophysiology and potential therapeutic interventions based on purinergic signalling. A vast range of compounds targeting purine receptors are in clinical development, and many more are in preclinical studies, which highlights the fast growth in this research field. As a tribute to Professor Geoffrey Burnstock's legacy in purinergic signalling, we present here a brief review of compounds targeting purine receptors that are in different stages of clinical trials. The review highlights the 50-year journey from basic research on purinergic receptors to clinical applications of therapies targeting purine receptors.
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Alberto AVP, Ferreira NCDS, Bonavita AGC, Nihei OK, de Farias FP, Bisaggio RDC, de Albuquerque C, Savino W, Coutinho‐Silva R, Persechini PM, Alves LA. Physiologic roles of P2 receptors in leukocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:983-1012. [PMID: 35837975 PMCID: PMC9796137 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ru0421-226rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery in the 1970s, purinergic receptors have been shown to play key roles in a wide variety of biologic systems and cell types. In the immune system, purinergic receptors participate in innate immunity and in the modulation of the adaptive immune response. In particular, P2 receptors, which respond to extracellular nucleotides, are widely expressed on leukocytes, causing the release of cytokines and chemokines and the formation of inflammatory mediators, and inducing phagocytosis, degranulation, and cell death. The activity of these receptors is regulated by ectonucleotidases-expressed in these same cell types-which regulate the availability of nucleotides in the extracellular environment. In this article, we review the characteristics of the main purinergic receptor subtypes present in the immune system, focusing on the P2 family. In addition, we describe the physiologic roles of the P2 receptors already identified in leukocytes and how they can positively or negatively modulate the development of infectious diseases, inflammation, and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anael Viana Pinto Alberto
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz InstituteOswaldo Cruz FoundationRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | | | | | - Oscar Kenji Nihei
- Center of Education and LetterState University of the West of ParanáFoz do IguaçuPRBrazil
| | | | - Rodrigo da Cunha Bisaggio
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz InstituteOswaldo Cruz FoundationRio de JaneiroRJBrazil,Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | | | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz InstituteOswaldo Cruz FoundationRio de JaneiroRJBrazil,Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on NeuroimmunomodulationRio de Janeiro Research Network on NeuroinflammationRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | - Robson Coutinho‐Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics InstituteFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | - Pedro Muanis Persechini
- Laboratory of Immunobiophysics, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics InstituteFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | - Luiz Anastacio Alves
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz InstituteOswaldo Cruz FoundationRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
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Jasmer KJ, Muñoz Forti K, Woods LT, Cha S, Weisman GA. Therapeutic potential for P2Y 2 receptor antagonism. Purinergic Signal 2022:10.1007/s11302-022-09900-3. [PMID: 36219327 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09900-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors are the target of more than 30% of all FDA-approved drug therapies. Though the purinergic P2 receptors have been an attractive target for therapeutic intervention with successes such as the P2Y12 receptor antagonist, clopidogrel, P2Y2 receptor (P2Y2R) antagonism remains relatively unexplored as a therapeutic strategy. Due to a lack of selective antagonists to modify P2Y2R activity, studies using primarily genetic manipulation have revealed roles for P2Y2R in a multitude of diseases. These include inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, fibrotic diseases, renal diseases, cancer, and pathogenic infections. With the advent of AR-C118925, a selective and potent P2Y2R antagonist that became commercially available only a few years ago, new opportunities exist to gain a more robust understanding of P2Y2R function and assess therapeutic effects of P2Y2R antagonism. This review discusses the characteristics of P2Y2R that make it unique among P2 receptors, namely its involvement in five distinct signaling pathways including canonical Gαq protein signaling. We also discuss the effects of other P2Y2R antagonists and the pivotal development of AR-C118925. The remainder of this review concerns the mounting evidence implicating P2Y2Rs in disease pathogenesis, focusing on those studies that have evaluated AR-C118925 in pre-clinical disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Jasmer
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kevin Muñoz Forti
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Lucas T Woods
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Seunghee Cha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, Center for Orphaned Autoimmune Disorders, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gary A Weisman
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modeling studies of novel 1,2,3-triazole-linked menadione-furan derivatives as P2X7 inhibitors. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2022; 54:227-239. [PMID: 36070071 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-022-09947-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is an ion channel that promotes the passage of ions through the membrane through brief stimulation once activated by ATP, its endogenous opener. However, prolonged stimulation with ATP, which occurs in pathological processes, opens a nonselective pore in the plasma membrane, allowing the passage of large molecules and leading to cytokine release or even cell death. In this sense, the search for new inhibitors for this receptor has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. Considering the booming of biomass upgrading reactions in recent years and the continued efforts to synthesize biologically active molecules containing the 1,2,3-triazole ring, in the present work, we aimed to investigate whether triazole-linked menadione-furan derivatives could present P2X7R inhibitory activity. The novel compounds were tested for their inhibitory activity on ATP-induced dye uptake in peritoneal macrophages. Some have shown promising results, having displayed IC50 values lower than that of the P2X7R inhibitor BBG. Molecular docking studies also indicated that the active compounds bind to an allosteric site on P2X7R, presenting potential P2X7R inhibition.
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30
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Selezneva A, Gibb AJ, Willis D. The contribution of ion channels to shaping macrophage behaviour. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:970234. [PMID: 36160429 PMCID: PMC9490177 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.970234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The expanding roles of macrophages in physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms now include normal tissue homeostasis, tissue repair and regeneration, including neuronal tissue; initiation, progression, and resolution of the inflammatory response and a diverse array of anti-microbial activities. Two hallmarks of macrophage activity which appear to be fundamental to their diverse cellular functionalities are cellular plasticity and phenotypic heterogeneity. Macrophage plasticity allows these cells to take on a broad spectrum of differing cellular phenotypes in response to local and possibly previous encountered environmental signals. Cellular plasticity also contributes to tissue- and stimulus-dependent macrophage heterogeneity, which manifests itself as different macrophage phenotypes being found at different tissue locations and/or after different cell stimuli. Together, plasticity and heterogeneity align macrophage phenotypes to their required local cellular functions and prevent inappropriate activation of the cell, which could lead to pathology. To execute the appropriate function, which must be regulated at the qualitative, quantitative, spatial and temporal levels, macrophages constantly monitor intracellular and extracellular parameters to initiate and control the appropriate cell signaling cascades. The sensors and signaling mechanisms which control macrophages are the focus of a considerable amount of research. Ion channels regulate the flow of ions between cellular membranes and are critical to cell signaling mechanisms in a variety of cellular functions. It is therefore surprising that the role of ion channels in the macrophage biology has been relatively overlooked. In this review we provide a summary of ion channel research in macrophages. We begin by giving a narrative-based explanation of the membrane potential and its importance in cell biology. We then report on research implicating different ion channel families in macrophage functions. Finally, we highlight some areas of ion channel research in macrophages which need to be addressed, future possible developments in this field and therapeutic potential.
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31
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Genetzakis E, Gilchrist J, Kassiou M, Figtree GA. Development and clinical translation of P2X7 receptor antagonists: A potential therapeutic target in coronary artery disease? Pharmacol Ther 2022; 237:108228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Li X, Liu Y, Luo C, Tao J. Z1456467176 alleviates gouty arthritis by allosterically modulating P2X7R to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:979939. [PMID: 36052144 PMCID: PMC9424684 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.979939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NLRP3 inflammasome activation is a central process in initiating gout flares. The unique conformational rearrangement of the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) upon ATP binding is critical for the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. However, studies on allosteric modulation of P2X7R in gout treatment are limited. Here, we aimed to investigate the therapeutic implications of targeting P2X7R in gout by designing a P2X7R allosteric inhibitor and validating the inhibitory function on NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Through virtual screening, we identified Z1456467176 (N-{3-[(2-aminoethyl) sulfamoyl] phenyl}-2-methyl-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl] propanamide hydrochloride) bound to the drug-binding pocket as a potential antagonist of P2X7R. In functional assays, ATP- or BzATP-induced P2X7R function was assessed in vitro in HEK-293T cells overexpressing hP2X7R (dye uptake assay) and macrophages (IL-1β release assay). Z1456467176 exhibited a stable and significant P2X7R inhibitory effect. Importantly, in MSU crystal-induced gout, the presence and involvement of ATP were confirmed. Z1456467176 blocked ATP-induced activation of the NLRP3-caspase-1-IL-1β pathway and exerted promising effects in reducing gouty joint inflammation in rats. In addition, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies showed that the P27XR protein conformation was remodeled by Z1456467176 binding. Collectively, our results provide a potent P2X7R allosteric inhibitor that facilitates the remission of MSU crystal-induced gout inflammation by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation, suggesting that allosteric inhibition of P2X7R represents a new direction in gout treatment.
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33
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Su PYP, Zhang L, He L, Zhao N, Guan Z. The Role of Neuro-Immune Interactions in Chronic Pain: Implications for Clinical Practice. J Pain Res 2022; 15:2223-2248. [PMID: 35957964 PMCID: PMC9359791 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s246883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yi Paul Su
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lingyi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangliang He
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pain Management, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhonghui Guan
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Correspondence: Zhonghui Guan, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA, Tel +415.885.7246, Fax +415.885.7575, Email
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34
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Oken AC, Krishnamurthy I, Savage JC, Lisi NE, Godsey MH, Mansoor SE. Molecular Pharmacology of P2X Receptors: Exploring Druggable Domains Revealed by Structural Biology. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:925880. [PMID: 35784697 PMCID: PMC9248971 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.925880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP is a critical signaling molecule that is found in a wide range of concentrations across cellular environments. The family of nonselective cation channels that sense extracellular ATP, termed P2X receptors (P2XRs), is composed of seven subtypes (P2X1-P2X7) that assemble as functional homotrimeric and heterotrimeric ion channels. Each P2XR is activated by a distinct concentration of extracellular ATP, spanning from high nanomolar to low millimolar. P2XRs are implicated in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes in the cardiovascular, immune, and central nervous systems, corresponding to the spatiotemporal expression, regulation, and activation of each subtype. The therapeutic potential of P2XRs is an emerging area of research in which structural biology has seemingly exceeded medicinal chemistry, as there are several published P2XR structures but currently no FDA-approved drugs targeting these ion channels. Cryogenic electron microscopy is ideally suited to facilitate structure-based drug design for P2XRs by revealing and characterizing novel ligand-binding sites. This review covers structural elements in P2XRs including the extracellular orthosteric ATP-binding site, extracellular allosteric modulator sites, channel pore, and cytoplasmic substructures, with an emphasis on potential therapeutic ligand development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Oken
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Ipsita Krishnamurthy
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jonathan C. Savage
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Nicolas E. Lisi
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Michael H. Godsey
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Steven E. Mansoor
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- *Correspondence: Steven E. Mansoor,
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35
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Platelets and the Role of P2X Receptors in Nociception, Pain, Neuronal Toxicity and Thromboinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126585. [PMID: 35743029 PMCID: PMC9224425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors belong to a family of cation channel proteins, which respond to extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). These receptors have gained increasing attention in basic and translational research, as they are central to a variety of important pathophysiological processes such as the modulation of cardiovascular physiology, mediation of nociception, platelet and macrophage activation, or neuronal-glial integration. While P2X1 receptor activation is long known to drive platelet aggregation, P2X7 receptor antagonists have recently been reported to inhibit platelet activation. Considering the role of both P2X receptors and platelet-mediated inflammation in neuronal diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and stroke, targeting purinergic receptors may provide a valuable novel therapeutic approach in these diseases. Therefore, the present review illuminates the role of platelets and purinergic signaling in these neurological conditions to evaluate potential translational implications.
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36
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Combined drug triads for synergic neuroprotection in retinal degeneration. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Hamoudi C, Zhao C, Abderrazak A, Salem M, Fortin PR, Sévigny J, Aoudjit F. The Purinergic Receptor P2X4 Promotes Th17 Activation and the Development of Arthritis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1115-1127. [PMID: 35165166 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling plays a major role in T cell activation leading to IL-2 production and proliferation. However, it is unclear whether purinergic signaling contributes to the differentiation and activation of effector T cells. In this study, we found that the purinergic receptor P2X4 was associated with human Th17 cells but not with Th1 cells. Inhibition of P2X4 receptor with the specific antagonist 5-BDBD and small interfering RNA inhibited the development of Th17 cells and the production of IL-17 by effector Th17 cells stimulated via the CD3/CD28 pathway. Our results showed that P2X4 was required for the expression of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor C, which is the master regulator of Th17 cells. In contrast, inhibition of P2X4 receptor had no effect on Th1 cells and on the production of IFN-γ and it did not affect the expression of the transcription factor T-bet (T-box transcription factor). Furthermore, inhibition of P2X4 receptor reduced the production of IL-17 but not of IFN-γ by effector/memory CD4+ T cells isolated from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In contrast to P2X4, inhibition of P2X7 and P2Y11 receptors had no effects on Th17 and Th1 cell activation. Finally, treatment with the P2X4 receptor antagonist 5-BDBD reduced the severity of collagen-induced arthritis in mice by inhibiting Th17 cell expansion and activation. Our findings provide novel insights into the role of purinergic signaling in T cell activation and identify a critical role for the purinergic receptor P2X4 in Th17 activation and in autoimmune arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakib Hamoudi
- Division of Immune and Infectious Diseases, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,ARThrite Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chenqi Zhao
- Division of Immune and Infectious Diseases, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,ARThrite Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amna Abderrazak
- Division of Immune and Infectious Diseases, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mabrouka Salem
- Division of Immune and Infectious Diseases, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,ARThrite Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul R Fortin
- Division of Immune and Infectious Diseases, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,ARThrite Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Division of Immune and Infectious Diseases, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,ARThrite Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology-Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fawzi Aoudjit
- Division of Immune and Infectious Diseases, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; .,ARThrite Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology-Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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38
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Brock VJ, Wolf IMA, Er-Lukowiak M, Lory N, Stähler T, Woelk LM, Mittrücker HW, Müller CE, Koch-Nolte F, Rissiek B, Werner R, Guse AH, Diercks BP. P2X4 and P2X7 are essential players in basal T cell activity and Ca 2+ signaling milliseconds after T cell activation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl9770. [PMID: 35119925 PMCID: PMC8816335 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl9770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Initial T cell activation is triggered by the formation of highly dynamic, spatiotemporally restricted Ca2+ microdomains. Purinergic signaling is known to be involved in Ca2+ influx in T cells at later stages compared to the initial microdomain formation. Using a high-resolution Ca2+ live-cell imaging system, we show that the two purinergic cation channels P2X4 and P2X7 not only are involved in the global Ca2+ signals but also promote initial Ca2+ microdomains tens of milliseconds after T cell stimulation. These Ca2+ microdomains were significantly decreased in T cells from P2rx4-/- and P2rx7-/- mice or by pharmacological inhibition or blocking. Furthermore, we show a pannexin-1-dependent activation of P2X4 in the absence of T cell receptor/CD3 stimulation. Subsequently, upon T cell receptor/CD3 stimulation, ATP release is increased and autocrine activation of both P2X4 and P2X7 then amplifies initial Ca2+ microdomains already in the first second of T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J. Brock
- The Ca Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Insa M. A. Wolf
- The Ca Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marco Er-Lukowiak
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Niels Lory
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Stähler
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lena-Marie Woelk
- Department of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Willi Mittrücker
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - René Werner
- Department of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas H. Guse
- The Ca Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn-Philipp Diercks
- The Ca Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Corresponding author.
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Silpa L, Sim R, Russell AJ. Recent Advances in Small Molecule Stimulation of Regeneration and Repair. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 61:128601. [PMID: 35123003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches to stimulate regeneration and repair have the potential to transform healthcare and improve outcomes for patients suffering from numerous chronic degenerative diseases. To date most approaches have involved the transplantation of therapeutic cells, and while there have been a small number of clinical approvals, major hurdles exist to the routine adoption of such therapies. In recent years humans and other mammals have been shown to possess a regenerative capacity across multiple tissues and organs, and an innate regenerative and repair response has been shown to be activated in these organs in response to injury. These realisations have inspired a transformative approach in regenerative medicine: the development of new agents to directly target these innate regeneration and repair pathways. In this article we will review the current state of the art in the discovery of small molecule modulators of regeneration and their translation towards therapeutic agents, focussing specifically on the areas of neuroregeneration and cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Silpa
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford OX1 3TA
| | - Rachel Sim
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford OX1 3TA
| | - Angela J Russell
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford OX1 3TA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, University of Oxford OX1 3QT.
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Zhang T, Tsutsuki H, Li X, Sawa T. New insights into the regulatory roles of glutathione in NLRP3-inflammasome-mediated immune and inflammatory responses. J Biochem 2022; 171:367-377. [PMID: 34981119 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant non-protein thiol (-SH) in mammalian cells. Its synthesis and metabolism serve to maintain cellular reduction-oxidation (redox) homeostasis, which is important for multiple cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, and death. An accumulating body of evidence suggests that the essential roles of GSH extended far beyond its oxidant and electrophile scavenger activities and regulatory role in the lifespan of cells. Recent findings revealed that altered GSH levels are closely associated with a wide range of pathologies including bacterial and viral infections, neurodegenerative diseases, and autoimmune disorders, all of which are also characterized by aberrant activation of the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. As a result of these findings, GSH was assigned a central role in influencing the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. To expand on our recent advances in understanding this process, we discuss here the emerging roles of GSH in activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and the therapeutic potential of GSH in its associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianli Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Tsutsuki
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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Abstract
The P2X7 receptor has been proposed as a novel drug target for different types of diseases associated with inflammation, including brain diseases, peripheral inflammation, and cancers. Structurally diverse P2X7 receptor antagonists, mainly negative allosteric modulators (NAMs), have been developed in recent years, and several P2X7 receptor antagonists are currently evaluated in clinical trials. The P2X7 receptor requires high micro- to even millimolar ATP concentrations to be activated. Selective agonists for the P2X7 receptor are not available. Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) have been described, but PAMs with high potency and selectivity are still lacking. This chapter discusses medicinal chemistry approaches toward the development of P2X7 receptor modulators and presents a selection of recommended tool compounds for studying P2X7 receptors in humans and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa E Müller
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Ren WJ, Illes P. Involvement of P2X7 receptors in chronic pain disorders. Purinergic Signal 2021; 18:83-92. [PMID: 34799827 PMCID: PMC8850523 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09796-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is caused by cellular damage with an obligatory inflammatory component. In response to noxious stimuli, high levels of ATP leave according to their concentration gradient, the intracellular space through discontinuities generated in the plasma membrane or diffusion through pannexin-1 hemichannels, and activate P2X7Rs localized at peripheral and central immune cells. Because of the involvement of P2X7Rs in immune functions and especially the initiation of macrophage/microglial and astrocytic secretion of cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins, proteases, reactive oxygen, and nitrogen species as well as the excitotoxic glutamate/ATP, this receptor type has a key role in chronic pain processes. Microglia are equipped with a battery of pattern recognition receptors that detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from bacterial infections or danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as ATP. The co-stimulation of these receptors leads to the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) release. In the present review, we invite you to a journey through inflammatory and neuropathic pain, primary headache, and regulation of morphine analgesic tolerance, in the pathophysiology of which P2X7Rs are centrally involved. P2X7R bearing microglia and astrocyte-like cells playing eminent roles in chronic pain will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Ren
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Peter Illes
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
- Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04109, Leipzig, Germany.
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Hasan D, Shono A, van Kalken CK, van der Spek PJ, Krenning EP, Kotani T. A novel definition and treatment of hyperinflammation in COVID-19 based on purinergic signalling. Purinergic Signal 2021; 18:13-59. [PMID: 34757513 PMCID: PMC8578920 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperinflammation plays an important role in severe and critical COVID-19. Using inconsistent criteria, many researchers define hyperinflammation as a form of very severe inflammation with cytokine storm. Therefore, COVID-19 patients are treated with anti-inflammatory drugs. These drugs appear to be less efficacious than expected and are sometimes accompanied by serious adverse effects. SARS-CoV-2 promotes cellular ATP release. Increased levels of extracellular ATP activate the purinergic receptors of the immune cells initiating the physiologic pro-inflammatory immune response. Persisting viral infection drives the ATP release even further leading to the activation of the P2X7 purinergic receptors (P2X7Rs) and a severe yet physiologic inflammation. Disease progression promotes prolonged vigorous activation of the P2X7R causing cell death and uncontrolled ATP release leading to cytokine storm and desensitisation of all other purinergic receptors of the immune cells. This results in immune paralysis with co-infections or secondary infections. We refer to this pathologic condition as hyperinflammation. The readily available and affordable P2X7R antagonist lidocaine can abrogate hyperinflammation and restore the normal immune function. The issue is that the half-maximal effective concentration for P2X7R inhibition of lidocaine is much higher than the maximal tolerable plasma concentration where adverse effects start to develop. To overcome this, we selectively inhibit the P2X7Rs of the immune cells of the lymphatic system inducing clonal expansion of Tregs in local lymph nodes. Subsequently, these Tregs migrate throughout the body exerting anti-inflammatory activities suppressing systemic and (distant) local hyperinflammation. We illustrate this with six critically ill COVID-19 patients treated with lidocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atsuko Shono
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8666, Japan
| | | | - Peter J van der Spek
- Department of Pathology & Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Toru Kotani
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8666, Japan
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Pisciotta C, Saveri P, Pareyson D. Challenges in Treating Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease and Related Neuropathies: Current Management and Future Perspectives. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1447. [PMID: 34827446 PMCID: PMC8615778 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is still no effective drug treatment available for Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathies (CMT). Current management relies on rehabilitation therapy, surgery for skeletal deformities, and symptomatic treatment of pain; fatigue and cramps are frequent complaints that are difficult to treat. The challenge is to find disease-modifying therapies. Several approaches, including gene silencing, to counteract the PMP22 gene overexpression in the most frequent CMT1A type are under investigation. PXT3003 is the compound in the most advanced phase for CMT1A, as a second-phase III trial is ongoing. Gene therapy to substitute defective genes or insert novel ones and compounds acting on pathways important for different CMT types are being developed and tested in animal models. Modulation of the Neuregulin pathway determining myelin thickness is promising for both hypo-demyelinating and hypermyelinating neuropathies; intervention on Unfolded Protein Response seems effective for rescuing misfolded myelin proteins such as P0 in CMT1B. HDAC6 inhibitors improved axonal transport and ameliorated phenotypes in different CMT models. Other potential therapeutic strategies include targeting macrophages, lipid metabolism, and Nav1.8 sodium channel in demyelinating CMT and the P2X7 receptor, which regulates calcium influx into Schwann cells, in CMT1A. Further approaches are aimed at correcting metabolic abnormalities, including the accumulation of sorbitol caused by biallelic mutations in the sorbitol dehydrogenase (SORD) gene and of neurotoxic glycosphingolipids in HSN1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Davide Pareyson
- Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.P.); (P.S.)
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Wilson SH, Hellman KM, James D, Adler AC, Chandrakantan A. Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Medical Management of Hyperalgesia: an Educational Review. CURRENT ANESTHESIOLOGY REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40140-021-00485-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tung LT, Wang H, Belle JI, Petrov JC, Langlais D, Nijnik A. p53-dependent induction of P2X7 on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells regulates hematopoietic response to genotoxic stress. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:923. [PMID: 34625535 PMCID: PMC8501024 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Stem and progenitor cells are the main mediators of tissue renewal and repair, both under homeostatic conditions and in response to physiological stress and injury. Hematopoietic system is responsible for the regeneration of blood and immune cells and is maintained by bone marrow-resident hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Hematopoietic system is particularly susceptible to injury in response to genotoxic stress, resulting in the risk of bone marrow failure and secondary malignancies in cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Here we analyze the in vivo transcriptional response of HSPCs to genotoxic stress in a mouse whole-body irradiation model and, together with p53 ChIP-Seq and studies in p53-knockout (p53KO) mice, characterize the p53-dependent and p53-independent branches of this transcriptional response. Our work demonstrates the p53-independent induction of inflammatory transcriptional signatures in HSPCs in response to genotoxic stress and identifies multiple novel p53-target genes induced in HSPCs in response to whole-body irradiation. In particular, we establish the direct p53-mediated induction of P2X7 expression on HSCs and HSPCs in response to genotoxic stress. We further demonstrate the role of P2X7 in hematopoietic response to acute genotoxic stress, with P2X7 deficiency significantly extending mouse survival in irradiation-induced hematopoietic failure. We also demonstrate the role of P2X7 in the context of long-term HSC regenerative fitness following sublethal irradiation. Overall our studies provide important insights into the mechanisms of HSC response to genotoxic stress and further suggest P2X7 as a target for pharmacological modulation of HSC fitness and hematopoietic response to genotoxic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tze Tung
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - HanChen Wang
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jad I Belle
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jessica C Petrov
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David Langlais
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anastasia Nijnik
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Sehgal A, Behl T, Kaur I, Singh S, Sharma N, Aleya L. Targeting NLRP3 inflammasome as a chief instigator of obesity, contributing to local adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:43102-43113. [PMID: 34145545 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasome activity plays a vital role in various non-microbial disease states correlated with prolonged inflammation. NLRP3 inflammasome function and IL-1β formation are augmented in obesity and several obesity-linked metabolic disorders (i.e. diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hepatic steatosis, cancer, arthritis, and sleep apnea). Also, several factors are associated with the progression of diseases viz. increased plasma glucose, fatty acids, and β-amyloid are augmented during obesity and activate NLRP3 inflammasome expression. Prolonged NLRP3 stimulation seems to play significant role in various disorders, though better knowledge of inflammasome regulation and action might result in improved therapeutic tactics. Numerous compounds that mitigate NLRP3 inflammasome expression and suppress its chief effector, IL-1β are presently studied in clinical phases as therapeutics to manage or prevent these common disorders. A deep research on the literature available till date for inflammasome in obesity was conducted using various medical sites like PubMed, HINARI, MEDLINE from the internet, and data was collected simultaneously. The present review aims to examine the prospects of inflammasome as a major progenitor in the progression of obesity via directing their role in regulating appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Ishnoor Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environment Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besancon, France
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P2X7 receptor in multifaceted cellular signalling and its relevance as a potential therapeutic target in different diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 906:174235. [PMID: 34097884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
P2X7 receptor, a purinergic receptor family member, is abundantly expressed on many cells, including immune, muscle, bone, neuron, and glia. It acts as an ATP-activated cation channel that permits the influx of Ca2+, Na+ and efflux of K+ ions. The P2X7 receptor plays crucial roles in many physiological processes including cytokine and chemokine secretion, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, cellular growth and differentiation, locomotion, wound healing, transcription factors activation, cell death and T-lymphocyte survival. Past studies have demonstrated the up-regulation and direct association of this receptor in many pathophysiological conditions such as cancer, diabetics, arthritis, tuberculosis (TB) and inflammatory diseases. Hence, targeting this receptor is considered a worthwhile approach to lessen the afflictions associated with the disorders mentioned above by understanding the receptor architecture and downstream signalling processes. Here, in the present review, we have dissected the structural and functional aspects of the P2X7 receptor, emphasizing its role in various diseased conditions. This information will provide in-depth knowledge about the receptor and help to develop apt curative methodologies for the betterment of humanity in the coming years.
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Richardson P. Applications of fluorine to the construction of bioisosteric elements for the purposes of novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1261-1286. [PMID: 34074189 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1933427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction There continues to be an exponential rise in the number of small molecule drugs that contain either a fluorine atom or a fluorinated fragment. While the unique properties of fluorine enable the precise modulation of a molecule's physicochemical properties, strategic bioisosteric replacement of fragments with fluorinated moieties represents an area of significant growth.Areas covered This review discusses the strategic employment of fluorine substitution in the design and development of bioisosteres in medicinal chemistry. In addition, the classic exploitation of trifluoroethylamine group as an amide bioisostere is discussed. In each of the case studies presented, emphasis is placed on the context-dependent influence of the fluorinated fragment on the overall properties/binding of the compound of interest.Expert opinion Whereas utilization of bioisosteric replacements to modify molecular structures is commonplace within drug discovery, the overarching lesson to be learned is that the chances of success with this strategy significantly increase as the knowledge of the structure/environment of the biological target grows. Coupled to this, breakthroughs and learnings achieved using bioisosteres within a specific program are context-based, and though may be helpful in guiding future intuition, will not necessarily be directly translated to future programs. Another important point is to bear in mind what implications a structural change based on a bioisosteric replacement will have on the candidate molecule. Finally, the development of new methods and reagents for the controlled regioselective introduction of fluorine and fluorinated moieties into biologically relevant compounds particularly in drug discovery remains a contemporary challenge in organic chemistry.
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Pisciotta C, Saveri P, Pareyson D. Updated review of therapeutic strategies for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and related neuropathies. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:701-713. [PMID: 34033725 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1935242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) and related neuropathies represent the most prevalent inherited neuromuscular disorders. Nonetheless, there is still no pharmacological treatment available for any CMT type. However, the landscape is rapidly evolving and several novel approaches are providing encouraging results in preclinical studies and leading to clinical trials.Areas covered: The authors review the most promising therapies under study and the ongoing/planned clinical trials. Several approaches to address PMP22 overexpression underlying CMT1A, the most frequent subtype, are being tested. Gene silencing, targeting PMP22, and gene therapy, to introduce specific genes or to substitute or modulate defective ones, are being experimented in animal models. Compounds acting on ER stress, unfolded protein response, neuregulin pathways, phosphoinositides metabolism, axonal transport and degeneration, inflammation, polyol pathway, deoxysphingolipid metabolism, purine nucleotide pool are potential therapeutic candidates for different forms of CMT and related neuropathies.Expert opinion: We are getting closer to find effective therapies for CMT, but are far behind the exciting examples of other genetic neuromuscular disorders. The authors analyze the possible reasons for this gap and the way to fill it. Preclinical and clinical research is ongoing with coordinated efforts and they are confident that in the next few years we will see the first effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pisciotta
- Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Saveri
- Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Pareyson
- Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
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