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Perna P, de Keijzer KL, Beato M. Flywheel resistance training in football: a useful rehabilitation tool for practitioners. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1434995. [PMID: 39036368 PMCID: PMC11257893 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1434995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Perna
- School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- Medical Department, Chelsea Football Club, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin L. de Keijzer
- School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
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2
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Palau M, Baiget E, Cortés J, Martínez J, Crespo M, Casals M. Retirements of professional tennis players in second- and third-tier tournaments on the ATP and WTA tours. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304638. [PMID: 38829827 PMCID: PMC11146734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The demands of professional tennis, including physical and psychological aspects, contribute to the frequency of retirements at elite levels of the sport. The aim of this study was to analyze epidemiological patterns and risk factors associated with retirements in previous ATP and WTA Tour tournaments. A retrospective cohort study was conducted. This study focused on previous ATP and WTA Tour tournaments. The ATP database encompassed 584,806 matches, while the WTA database included 267,380 matches. To assess retirements, potential risk factors such as playing surface, tournament category, match round, and player age were analyzed. Incidence rates were calculated for the period between 1978-2019 for men and 1994-2018 for women. The overall incidence rate was 1.56 (95%CI: 1.54, 1.59) and 1.36 (95%CI: 1.33, 1.39) retirements per 1000 games played in male and female competitions, respectively. Retirements increased over the years. Higher incidence rates were observed on hard (1.59 [95%CI: 1.56, 1.63] and 1.39 [95%CI: 1.34, 1.44]) and clay (1.60 [95%CI: 1.57, 1.63] and 1.36 [95%CI: 1.32, 1.41]) compared to grass courts (0.79 [95%CI: 0.65, 0.94] and 1.06 [95%CI: 0.88, 1.27]). Risk factors differed by gender, with tournament category significant in males (IRR: 1.23 [95%CI: 1.19, 1.28] in ITF vs ATP) and match round in females (IRR: 0.92 [95%CI: 0.88, 0.98] in preliminary vs final). This study provides valuable insights for coaches, players, support teams, and epidemiologists regarding retirements and associated risk factors in previous ATP and WTA Tour tournaments, contributing to injury prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Palau
- Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ernest Baiget
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Cortés
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Martínez
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBGI, Salt, Spain
| | - Miguel Crespo
- Development Department, International Tennis Federation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martí Casals
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Barcelona, Spain
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Barcelona, Spain
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Alashram AR, D'Onofrio R, Sannicandro I, Manzi V, Padua E, Youssef T, Annino G. Return to training in soccer players after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: reflections and considerations. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:578-587. [PMID: 38324269 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
This clinical and rehabilitative overview focuses on the return to unrestricted sporting activity, aiming to consolidate the scientific evidence surrounding the structural progression of athletes, particularly footballers, undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). A multidisciplinary approach necessitates a shared language and standardized methodologies. Unfortunately, significant disparities persist in the structural strategies guiding the decision-making process for returning to on-field activities, the latter stages of rehabilitation, and subsequent restoration of technical and tactical football abilities. Divergences in definitions, terminologies, and rehabilitation protocols can substantially influence final outcomes. Presently, scientific consensus studies regarding the decision-making process during the final stages of on-field rehabilitation are lacking. Nevertheless, this overview outlines and defines pivotal language parameters crucial for effective communication and the seamless integration of clinical and rehabilitative data among the diverse professionals involved in facilitating the athlete's return to peak performance. In conclusion, the successful resumption of competitive sporting activities for footballer's post ACLR demands a collaborative decision-making approach encompassing various professionals. Additionally, it necessitates a cohesive transition from rehabilitation to on-field work, aiming at reinstating athleticism, technical prowess, and tactical acumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas R Alashram
- Department of Physiotherapy, Middle East University, Amman, Jordan -
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan -
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy -
| | - Rosario D'Onofrio
- Medical-Scientific Multidisciplinary Commission, Italian Football Doctors Association, L.A.M.I.CA., Rome, Italy
| | - Italo Sannicandro
- Experimental and Clinical Department, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Manzi
- Department of Humanities Science, Pegaso Open University, Naples, Italy
| | - Elvira Padua
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Tarek Youssef
- Department of Physiotherapy, Middle East University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Giuseppe Annino
- Center of Space Bio-Medicine, Department of Medicine Systems, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
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4
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Bangert Y, Jaber A, Trefzer R, Zietzschmann S, Koch KA, Kern R, Spielmann J, Renkawitz T, Weishorn J. The Impact of Injury on Career Progression in Elite Youth Football-Findings at 10 Years. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1915. [PMID: 38610680 PMCID: PMC11012782 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13071915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: There is a lack of evidence regarding the impact of time loss, match exposure, and age at injury on career progression in elite football. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify injury characteristics and their influence on career progression in a German youth academy. Methods: During the 2012/2013 season, a prospective cohort study reported 107 time-loss injuries among 130 young athletes from an elite German soccer academy. Individual career progression was analyzed using 10-year data. Results: Injuries and time loss were not associated with career progression (p > 0.05) in the overall cohort. In the U17 and U19 groups, 24% were able to reach the professional level, with injuries significantly decreasing this probability (p = 0.002). Injuries lasting more than 28 days had a negative impact on career progression compared to minor injuries (30% vs. 10%; p = 0.02). Conclusions: Not only the characteristics of injuries, but also their impact on career development, vary with age. In the U17 and U19 age groups, serious injuries resulting in more than 28 days of absence have a negative impact on career progression. It is important to be aware of these effects in order to focus on the prevention of long-term injuries to ensure the optimal development of young athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Bangert
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (Y.B.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (K.-A.K.); (T.R.)
- TSG 1899 Hoffenheim Fußball-Spielbetriebs GmbH, Horrenberger Straße 58, 74939 Zuzenhausen, Germany;
| | - Ayham Jaber
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (Y.B.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (K.-A.K.); (T.R.)
| | - Raphael Trefzer
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (Y.B.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (K.-A.K.); (T.R.)
| | - Severin Zietzschmann
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (Y.B.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (K.-A.K.); (T.R.)
| | - Kevin-Arno Koch
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (Y.B.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (K.-A.K.); (T.R.)
| | - Ralph Kern
- TSG 1899 Hoffenheim Fußball-Spielbetriebs GmbH, Horrenberger Straße 58, 74939 Zuzenhausen, Germany;
- Ethianum, Fehrentzstrasse 2, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Spielmann
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Horrenberger Straße 58, 74939 Zuzenhausen, Germany;
| | - Tobias Renkawitz
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (Y.B.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (K.-A.K.); (T.R.)
| | - Johannes Weishorn
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (Y.B.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (K.-A.K.); (T.R.)
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Massidda M, Flore L, Cugia P, Piras F, Scorcu M, Kikuchi N, Cięszczyk P, Maciejewska-Skrendo A, Tocco F, Calò CM. Association Between Total Genotype Score and Muscle Injuries in Top-Level Football Players: a Pilot Study. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:22. [PMID: 38448778 PMCID: PMC10917720 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00682-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, genetic predisposition to injury has become a popular area of research and the association between a few single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the susceptibility to develop musculoskeletal injuries has been shown. This pilot study aimed to investigate the combined effect of common gene polymorphisms previously associated with muscle injuries in Italian soccer players. RESULTS A total of 64 Italian male top football players (age 23.1 ± 5.5 years; stature 180.2 ± 7.4 cm; weight 73.0 ± 7.9 kg) were genotyped for four gene polymorphisms [ACE I/D (rs4341), ACTN3 c.1729C > T (rs1815739), COL5A1 C > T (rs2722) and MCT1 c.1470A > T (rs1049434)]. Muscle injuries were gathered for 10 years (2009-2019). Buccal swabs were used to obtain genomic DNA, and the PCR method was used to genotype the samples. The combined influence of the four polymorphisms studied was calculated using a total genotype score (TGS: from 0 to 100 arbitrary units; a.u.). A genotype score (GS) of 2 was assigned to the "protective" genotype for injuries, a GS of 1 was assigned to the heterozygous genotype while a GS of 0 was assigned to the "worst" genotype. The distribution of genotype frequencies in the ACE I/D (rs4341), ACTN3 c.1729C > T (rs1815739) and MCT1 c.1470A > T (rs1049434) polymorphisms was different between non-injured and injured football players (p = 0.001; p = 0.016 and p = 0.005, respectively). The incidence of muscle injuries was significantly different among the ACE I/D (rs4341), ACTN3 c.1729C > T (rs1815739) and COL5A1 C > T (rs2722) genotype groups, showing a lower incidence of injuries in the "protective" genotype than "worse" genotype (ACE, p < 0.001; ACTN3, p = 0.005) or intermediate genotype (COL5A1, p = 0.029). The mean TGS in non-injured football players (63.7 ± 13.0 a.u.) was different from that of injured football players (42.5 ± 12.5 a.u., p < 0.001). There was a TGS cut-off point (56.2 a.u.) to discriminate non-injured from injured football players. Players with a TGS beyond this cut-off had an odds ratio of 3.5 (95%CI 1.8-6.8; p < 0.001) to suffer an injury when compared with players with lower TGS. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary data suggest that carrying a high number of "protective" gene variants could influence an individual's susceptibility to developing muscle injuries in football. Adapting the training load parameters to the athletes' genetic profile represents today the new frontier of the methodology of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myosotis Massidda
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
- Italian Federation of Sports Medicine, Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura Flore
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paolo Cugia
- Italian Federation of Sports Medicine, Rome, Italy
- Cagliari Calcio SpA, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Piras
- Italian Federation of Sports Medicine, Rome, Italy
- Cagliari Calcio SpA, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Scorcu
- Italian Federation of Sports Medicine, Rome, Italy
- Cagliari Calcio SpA, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Naoki Kikuchi
- Nippon Sport Science University (NSSU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pawel Cięszczyk
- Department of Physical Education, University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Maciejewska-Skrendo
- Department of Physical Education, University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 71-065, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Filippo Tocco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Italian Federation of Sports Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Maria Calò
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Hallén A, Tomás R, Ekstrand J, Bengtsson H, Van den Steen E, Hägglund M, Waldén M. UEFA Women's Elite Club Injury Study: a prospective study on 1527 injuries over four consecutive seasons 2018/2019 to 2021/2022 reveals thigh muscle injuries to be most common and ACL injuries most burdensome. Br J Sports Med 2024; 58:128-135. [PMID: 38182274 PMCID: PMC10894819 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Injuries in women's football (soccer) have scarcely been investigated, and no study has been conducted in the highest competitive level involving club teams from different countries. Our aim was to investigate the time-loss injury epidemiology and characteristics among women's elite football players over four seasons. METHODS 596 players from 15 elite women's teams in Europe were studied prospectively during the 2018/2019 to 2021/2022 seasons (44 team seasons). Medical staff recorded individual player exposure and time-loss injuries. Injury incidence was calculated as the number of injuries per 1000 playing hours and injury burden as the number of days lost per 1000 hours. RESULTS 1527 injuries were recorded in 463 players with an injury incidence of 6.7 (95% CI 6.4 to 7.0) injuries per 1000 hours and a nearly fourfold higher incidence during match play compared with training (18.4, 95% CI 16.9 to 19.9 vs 4.8, 95% CI 4.5 to 5.1; rate ratio 3.8, 95% CI 3.5 to 4.2). Thigh muscle injuries (hamstrings 12%, 188/1527, and quadriceps 11%, 171/1527) were the most frequent injury, while anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury had the highest burden (38.0 days lost per 1000 hours, IQR 29.2-52.1) with median days lost of 292 (IQR 246-334) days. Concussions constituted 3% (47/1527) of all injuries, with more than half of them (55%, 26/47) due to ball-related impact. CONCLUSION An elite women's football team can expect approximately 35 time-loss injuries per season. Thigh muscle injury was the most common injury and ACL injury had the highest injury burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hallén
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
- Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Rita Tomás
- Federação Portuguesa de Futebol, Portugal Football School, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
- PM&R Unit, Hospital CUF Descobertas, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jan Ekstrand
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
- Unit of Public Health, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Håkan Bengtsson
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
- Unit of Public Health, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Elke Van den Steen
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, AZ St Jan, Brugge, Belgium
| | - Martin Hägglund
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
- Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Markus Waldén
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
- Unit of Public Health, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Amundsen R, Thorarinsdottir S, Larmo A, Pedersen R, Andersen TE, Møller M, Bahr R. #ReadyToplay: hamstring injuries in women's football - a two-season prospective cohort study in the Norwegian women's premier league. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38243669 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2024.2305389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
In this two-season prospective cohort study (2020-2021), we aimed to describe the characteristics, clinical findings and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of hamstring injuries in the Norwegian women's premier league. Hamstring injuries were examined by team physiotherapists using a standardised clinical examination and injury form. Injury location and severity (modified Peetrons classification) were graded based on MRI by two independent radiologists. Fifty-three hamstring injuries were clinically examined, 31 of these with MRI. Hamstring injuries caused 8 days (median) lost from football (interquartile range: 3-15 days, range: 0-188 days), most were non-contact and occurred during sprinting. Gradual-onset (53%) and sudden-onset injuries (47%) were evenly distributed. The injuries examined with MRI were classified as grade 0 (52%), grade 1 (16%) or grade 2 (29%). One proximal tendinopathy case was not graded. Grade 2 injuries caused more time loss than grade 0 (19 ± 8 vs. 7 ± 7 days, p = 0.002). Of injuries with MRI changes, 60% were in the m. biceps femoris, mainly the muscle-tendon junction, and 40% in the m. semimembranosus, most in the proximal tendon. Compared to previous findings from men's football, a higher proportion of hamstring injuries in women's football had a gradual onset and involved the m. semimembranosus, particularly its proximal tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Amundsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - S Thorarinsdottir
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Larmo
- Radiology Department, Evidia Norge AS, Oslo, Norway
| | - R Pedersen
- Radiology Department, Unilabs Norge AS, Oslo, Norway
| | - T E Andersen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- The Norwegian Football Association Medical Centre (Idrettens helsesenter), The Norwegian Football Association, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Møller
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - R Bahr
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Martins F, França C, Sarmento H, Henriques R, Przednowek K, Nascimento MDM, Marques A, Ihle A, Gouveia ÉR. Lower limbs strength variations between injured and non-injured professional soccer players. Sci Prog 2024; 107:368504231216312. [PMID: 38262935 PMCID: PMC10807315 DOI: 10.1177/00368504231216312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Due to its physical demands, professional soccer is becoming a real challenge regarding players' exposure to high injury risk. Given its tight correlation with high-intensity actions, muscular strength is a crucial physical characteristic for soccer players. Therefore, the aims of this study are (a) to compare the vertical jumping performance during the season according to the injury profile, and (b) to investigate differences in isokinetic strength performance at the beginning and the end of the season. Twenty-one male professional soccer players (age: 26.0 ± 4.1 years, height: 181.0 ± 6.9 cm, body mass: 73.7 ± 6.9 kg) were assessed in isokinetic strength (Biodex System 4 Pro Dynamometer), and Optojump Next (Microgate, Bolzano, Italy). Isokinetic strength analyses considered the peak torque scores of knee flexors and knee extensors, according to the player's preferred and non-preferred limb. The countermovement and squat jump maximum height were assessed as lower body explosive strength indicators. No significant differences were found when comparing injured and non-injured players in vertical jump and isokinetic strength assessments. However, significant results were found when comparing both groups' initial and final evaluation in isokinetic strength assessment, with both groups significantly improving their performance. Our findings indicate that the overall lower body strength performance was not a discriminant factor between injured and non-injury players. Thus, muscular strength assessment performance increased throughout the season independently of the injury profile. Future research needs to integrate other variables related to sports injuries since they seem to result from multifactorial causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Martins
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
- LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Cíntia França
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
- LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences, and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Krzysztof Przednowek
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | | | - Adilson Marques
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- ISAMB, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreas Ihle
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES—Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Élvio Rúbio Gouveia
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
- LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Sánchez-Sánchez J, Torres Martín L, Ramirez-Campillo R, Castillo D, Raya-González J. The effects of jump training on measures of physical performance, lower extremities injury incidence and burden in highly trained male soccer players. Res Sports Med 2024; 32:107-121. [PMID: 35616245 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2022.2079989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the effects of a 16-week jump training program on the physical performance and lower extremities injury profile in semi-professional male soccer players. Participants were randomly assigned to the control group (CG; n = 13; age = 21.7 ± 3.6 years) or the experimental group (EG; n = 10; age = 22.3 ± 3.5 years). Countermovement jump (CMJ) height (cm), 30 m linear sprint time (s) with split times at 10 m and 20 m distances, and change of direction speed (CODS; 10 + 10 m with 90° turn) time (s) with turns using the dominant or non-dominant leg, were assessed before and after the intervention. Lower extremity injuries sustained throughout the intervention period were collected. Significant within-group improvements were found in EG in CMJ (p = 0.01; effect size [ES] = 1.03; large). Additionally, between-group difference after intervention was found in CMJ (F = 4.42; p = 0.013) in favour of EG. Injury burden was 194.86 (CG) vs 71.37 (EG) days of absence/1,000 h (RR = 2.73; 95% CI 2.10-3.54; p < 0.001). No other significant within-group or between-group differences were found. In conclusion, compared to regular soccer training, jump training was effective to improve jumping ability and burden in soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
- Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis Torres Martín
- Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Education, University of Valladolid, Soria, Spain
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Bache-Mathiesen LK, Andersen TE, Dalen-Lorentsen T, Tabben M, Chamari K, Clarsen B, Fagerland MW. A new statistical approach to training load and injury risk: separating the acute from the chronic load. Biol Sport 2024; 41:119-134. [PMID: 38188114 PMCID: PMC10765439 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.127388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The relationship between recent (acute) training load relative to long-term (chronic) training load may be associated with sports injury risk. We explored the potential for modelling acute and chronic loads separately to address current statistical methodology limitations. We also determined whether there was any evidence of an interaction in the association between acute and chronic training loads and injury risk in football. A men's Qatar Stars League football cohort (1 465 players, 1 977 injuries), where training load was defined as the number of minutes of activity, and a Norwegian elite U-19 football cohort (81 players, 60 injuries), where training load was defined as the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Mixed logistic regression was run with training load on the current day (acute load) and cumulative past training load estimated by distributed lag non-linear models (chronic load) as independent variables. Injury was the outcome. An interaction between acute and chronic training load was modelled. In both football populations, we observed that the risk of injury on the current day for different values of acute training load was highest for players with low chronic load, followed by high and then medium chronic load. The slopes varied substantially between different levels of chronic training load, indicating an interaction. Modelling acute and chronic loads separately in regression models is a suitable statistical approach for analysing the association between relative training load and injury risk in injury prevention research. Sports scientists should also consider the potential for interactions between acute and chronic load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Kristin Bache-Mathiesen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Einar Andersen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torstein Dalen-Lorentsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Smart Sensors and Microsystems, SINTEF Digital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Montassar Tabben
- Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
| | - Karim Chamari
- Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
| | - Benjamin Clarsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Health and Functioning, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Morten Wang Fagerland
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Research Support Services, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Sprouse B, Alty J, Kemp S, Cowie C, Mehta R, Tang A, Morris J, Cooper S, Varley I. The Football Association Injury and Illness Surveillance Study: The Incidence, Burden and Severity of Injuries and Illness in Men's and Women's International Football. Sports Med 2024; 54:213-232. [PMID: 33369724 PMCID: PMC7768595 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the incidence and characteristics of injury and illness in English men's and women's senior and youth international football. METHODS Time-loss injuries and illnesses, alongside match and training exposure, were collected across 8 seasons (2012-2020) in youth (U15, U16, U17, U18, U19) and senior (U20, U21, U23, senior) English men's and women's international teams. Analysis of incidence, burden, and severity of injury and illness was completed. Sex-specific comparisons were made between the senior and youth groups, and across the 8 seasons of data collection. RESULTS In men's international football, 535 injuries were recorded (216 senior; 319 youth) during 73,326 h of exposure. Overall, match injury incidence (31.1 ± 10.8 injuries/1000 h) and burden (454.0 ± 195.9 d absent/1000 h) were greater than training injury incidence (4.0 ± 1.0 injuries/1000 h) and burden (51.0 ± 21.8 d absent/1000 h) (both P < 0.001). In women's international football, 503 injuries were recorded (senior: 177; youth: 326) during 80,766 h of exposure and match injury incidence (27.6 ± 11.3 injuries/1000 h) and burden (506.7 ± 350.2 days absent/1000 h) were greater than training injury incidence (5.1 ± 1.8 injuries/1000 h) and burden (87.6 ± 32.8 days absent/1000 h) (both P < 0.001). In women's international football, a group × season interaction was observed for training injury incidence (P = 0.021), with the senior group recording a greater training injury incidence during the 2015-2016 season compared to the youth group (14.4 vs 5.7 injuries/1000 h; P = 0.022). There was no difference in injury severity between match and training for men's (P = 0.965) and women's (P = 0.064) international football. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide a comprehensive examination of injury and illness in English men's and women's senior and youth international football. Practitioners will be able to benchmark their team's injury and illness incidence and characteristics to the match-play and training information provided in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Sprouse
- Sport Science Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jon Alty
- The Football Association, Burton-Upon-Trent, UK
| | - Steve Kemp
- The Football Association, Burton-Upon-Trent, UK
| | | | - Ritan Mehta
- The Football Association, Burton-Upon-Trent, UK
| | - Alicia Tang
- The Football Association, Burton-Upon-Trent, UK
| | - John Morris
- Sport Science Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Simon Cooper
- Sport Science Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ian Varley
- Sport Science Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
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12
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Diz JBM, Dutra MTP, Feijó IC, Sogno ALM, Silva FR, Carnevale GDEF, Moreira BDES, Silva CFM. LOW BACK PAIN ESTIMATES IN PROFESSIONAL SOCCER: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. ACTA ORTOPEDICA BRASILEIRA 2023; 31:e266012. [PMID: 38115872 PMCID: PMC10726716 DOI: 10.1590/1413-785220233105e266012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of low back pain (LBP) in adult professional soccer players. Methods Systematic review and meta-analysis. Results The review included 44 studies. The pooled prevalence of LBP during ≤ 1 season was 1% (95%CI = 0-4%) in men. The pooled point prevalence of LBP was 25% (95%CI = 16-36%) in men and 28% (95%CI = 20-37%) in women. The pooled past-year prevalence of LBP was 34% (95%CI = 24-44%) in men. The pooled lifetime prevalence of LBP was 32% (95%CI = 25-39%) in men and 50% (95%CI = 32-69%) in women. The pooled frequency of LBP/total number of injuries was 2% (95%CI = 1-3%) in men and 4% (95%CI = 2-5%) in women. The pooled incidence rate of LBP/1,000 player-hours of exposure was 0.30 (95%CI = 0.17- 0.53) in men and 0.32 (95%CI = 0.06 -1.87) in women. The recurrence of LBP ranged from 3% to 63% in men. The intensity of LBP ranged from 1.68 (2.39) to 4.87 (2.14) points on a 0-10 scale (minimum = 0 and maximum = 8 points). The severity of LBP (days absent from professional activities due to pain) ranged from 2 (0) to 10 (19) days (minimum = 1 and maximum = 28 days). Conclusion Adult elite soccer players have a substantial prevalence of LBP. The frequency and incidence of LBP (compared with other conditions and sports) seems to be low. Estimates of the recurrence, intensity, and severity of LBP are uncertain. Level of Evidence II, Systematic Review of Level II Studies.
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13
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Adams SR, Toohey LA, Drew MK, Smith C, Borges N, Wollin M, Livingston GC, Schultz A. Epidemiology of time-loss injuries within an Australian male professional football club: A 5-year prospective observational study of 21,343 player hours. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:2161-2168. [PMID: 38390955 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2313834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to establish injury incidence rates (IIRs) and burden within an Australian male professional football club (n = 73) and to investigate longitudinal trends across five consecutive seasons (2016/17-2020/21). There was an overall IIR of 9.18 injuries per 1000 hours (h) (95% CI [7.89, 10.47]). The IIR was approximately seven times greater (rate ratio (RR): 6.85; 95% CI [5.13, 9.19]; p < 0.01) in matches (31.29 injuries per 1000 h; 95% CI [25.25, 37.33]) compared to training (4.49 injuries per 1000 h; 95% CI [3.51, 5.47]). The overall injury burden was 254.1 days lost per 1000 h (95% CI [220.9, 292.3]). Compared with the reference 2016/17 season, there were significant increases in minimal (RR: 6.94; 95% CI [1.27, 128.73]) and mild injuries (RR: 3.76; 95% CI [1.21, 16.39]) in season 2017/18 and decreases in moderate (RR: 0.40; 95% CI [0.19, 0.80]) and contact injuries (RR: 0.35; 95% CI [0.12, 0.90]) in season 2019/2020. Time-loss injury is common and represents a major burden in Australian male professional football, with injuries more frequently sustained during matches. Injury prevention practices should specifically be directed towards muscle/tendon and ligament injuries of the lower limb, particularly anterior cruciate ligament, ankle sprain and hamstring strain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart R Adams
- College of Engineering, Science and the Environment, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Newcastle Jets Football Club, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Liam A Toohey
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Canberra, Australia
- Department of Physical Therapies, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Australia
| | - Michael K Drew
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Canberra, Australia
| | - Chris Smith
- Newcastle Jets Football Club, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Nattai Borges
- College of Engineering, Science and the Environment, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Martin Wollin
- Performance Health Management, Canberra, Australia
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - G C Livingston
- College of Engineering, Science and the Environment, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Adrian Schultz
- Australian College of Physical Education (ACPE), Sydney Olympic Park, Australia
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Leonardelli C, Howitt S, deGraauw L. Canada-based sports chiropractors' attitudes, beliefs, and practical application of sport psychology in the injury rehabilitation process: a mixed-methods study. THE JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN CHIROPRACTIC ASSOCIATION 2023; 67:226-245. [PMID: 38283157 PMCID: PMC10814706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Objective To understand Canada-based sports chiropractors' attitudes, beliefs, and practical application of sport psychology in the sports injury rehabilitation process. Methods A cross-sectional, mixed-methods study design was employed. A questionnaire was emailed to 144 eligible participants including Fellows and Residents of the Royal College of Chiropractic Sports Sciences (Canada) (RCCSS(C)). Fifty-two surveys were returned fully completed. Fifteen respondents completed semi-structured interviews to further examine attitudes and beliefs in sport psychology training, delivery, and referrals. Results Approximately two-thirds of Canada-based sports chiropractors felt that athletes were affected psychologically 100% of the time when injured. Sports chiropractors reported using some basic psychological techniques during the sports injury rehab process and expressed interest in having more training in more advanced techniques and practical application of these skills, as well as developing a referral network with sport psychology professionals in Canada. Conclusions Sports chiropractors in Canada reported receiving entry level training in sports psychology and understood the importance of addressing the psychological aspects of sports injury. Further research is warranted to explore the effectiveness of current and future sports psychology education interventions for sports chiropractors.
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15
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Diniz P, Lacerda D, Mendes B, Pereira H, Ferreira FC, Kerkhoffs GMMJ. Return-to-performance in elite soccer players after Achilles tendon ruptures: a study using a weighted plus/minus metric and matched-control analysis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2023; 31:6059-6068. [PMID: 37853243 PMCID: PMC10719144 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-023-07607-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies have shown decreased match participation and shortened careers in athletes suffering Achilles tendon ruptures (ATRs), but assessment using a true performance metric is lacking. Plus/minus (PM) metrics provide a practical and objective approach to player performance assessment and are commonly used in other sports. This study aimed to quantify and compare individual player performance variations in elite football league players who sustained ATRs and returned to play within 1 year compared to those without ATRs, using a PM metric. METHODS Player and team data were sourced from Transfermarkt.com. Male players sustaining ATRs between 2007 and 2018 were identified through injury reports. A control group (CTRL) was matched by position, age, height, and league, with a 6:1 ratio of controls to ATR subjects. The day of injury was considered "time zero". Year -1 corresponds to the 360 days preceding injury, and Year 1 to the interval between 360 and 720 days after. Performance in the player's main team was evaluated using a previously validated weighted PM metric. Only data from Year -1 and Year 1 were used for ATR versus CTRL group comparisons. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS The ATR group included 125 athletes. Data from more than 76,000 matches were analyzed. No statistically significant differences in net weighted PM metric between Year -1 and Year 1 were found. CONCLUSION No differences were found between athletes suffering from ATRs and controls regarding the weighted PM metric. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Diniz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital de Sant'Ana, Rua de Benguela, 501, 2775-028, Parede, Portugal.
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Fisiogaspar, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Diogo Lacerda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital de Sant'Ana, Rua de Benguela, 501, 2775-028, Parede, Portugal
| | | | - Hélder Pereira
- Orthopaedic Department, Centro Hospitalar Póvoa de Varzim, Vila do Conde, Portugal
- Ripoll y De Prado Sports Clinic: FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Murcia-Madrid, Spain
- University of Minho ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Frederico Castelo Ferreira
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gino M M J Kerkhoffs
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Evidence Based Sports Medicine (ACES), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Ekstrand J, Van Zoest W, Gauffin H. Changes in head staff members in male elite-level football teams are associated with increased hamstring injury burden for that season: the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001640. [PMID: 38022762 PMCID: PMC10660205 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate whether a change of head coach or other head staff before or during a season is correlated to hamstring injury (HI) burden in male elite-level football (soccer) in Europe. Methods The survey was conducted using a questionnaire reporting any staff change within the team. Data about the head staff changes and hamstring injury burdens were collected from 14 teams participating in the Elite Club Injury Study (ECIS) during the 2019/2020, 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 seasons. Results On average, replacing the head coach before or during a season happens in every second season. All changes, except for the change of the head coach during a season, indicate an association with an increase in HI burden (ranging from 10% to 81%). However, only changes in the fitness coach and team doctor roles reached statistical significance. The HI burden seems to be influenced by adding new staff members, such as the head of fitness/performance coach in 36% of the teams and the team doctor in 17%. New head coaches starting the season with their own, for the team new, fitness/performance coach was highly associated with increased HI burden (p<0.001). Conclusions Bringing their own fitness/performance coaches is common for managers entering a new elite male football club. However, this paper has highlighted that this trend seems to lead to a three times increase in HI burden. Similarly, replacing the team doctor was also associated with increased HI burden. Instability among head staff members in male elite-level football teams seems associated with increased HI burden during the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ekstrand
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Wart Van Zoest
- Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Anna Hospital, Geldrop, The Netherlands
- PSV, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Håkan Gauffin
- Department of Orthopaedics Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
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17
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Jiménez-Rubio S, Raya-González J, Lobo-Triviño D, García-Calvo T. The impact of a multicomponent training program on physical fitness and joint injuries in Spanish male professional soccer players. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1934-1943. [PMID: 38258651 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2307780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effects of a multicomponent training program (ProSAS) on selected measures of physical fitness and joint injuries in Spanish male professional soccer players. Twenty-six professional soccer players (age: 25.2 ± 3.1 years) were randomly assigned to either the experimental (EG; n = 16) or control group (CG; n = 10). Y-balance test (YBT), Single leg countermovement jump (SLCMJ), Single leg hop for distance test (SLH), Side-hop test (SH), Speedy jump test (SpJ), Agility T-test (TT) and Lower extremity functional test (LEFT) were performed before and after an 8-weeks training period. Additionally, any joint injury occurring during the intervention period were recorded. Significant improvements in the EG in all tests (p = 0.001 to p = 0.014), except for SLCMJ (p = 0.632) with the dominant leg were observed. CG displayed decreases in SLCMJ with the non-dominant leg (p = 0.014), SH for both legs (p = 0.001 to p = 0.050), TT (p = 0.005), and LEFT (p = 0.001). Inter-groups differences revealed better results for the EG in all variables (p = 0.001 to p = 0.008) except from SLCMJd (p = 0.555). Moreover, the EG exhibited lower joint injury incidence and burden compared to the CG (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the ProSAS is an effective multicomponent program to improve variables related to risk of joint injuries, and consequently, to reduce the incidence and burden of these injuries in professional soccer players.
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Dunlop G, Ivarsson A, Andersen TE, Brown S, O'Driscoll G, Lewin C, Dupont G, Ardern CL, Delecroix B, Podlog L, McCall A. Examination of the validity of the Injury-Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport (I-PRRS) scale in male professional football players: A worldwide study of 29 professional teams. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1906-1914. [PMID: 38269550 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2307764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Perceived confidence is an important dimension of an athlete's psychological readiness to return-to-play. However, there is no established and validated tool to evaluate confidence in professional football. This study aimed to provide preliminary evaluation of the internal structure of the Injury-Psychological Readiness to Return-to-Sport scale (I-PRRS) in a cohort of injured male professional footballers. Over an 18-month period, 29 teams from 17 leagues participated. Players sustaining injuries eliciting ≥ 3 weeks' time-loss were recruited. Cross culturally adapted to 4 further languages, the I-PRRS was administered on two occasions: 1) day before returning-to-training and 2) day before returning-to-match-play. In total, 113 injuries were recorded with 96 completed I-PRRS data sets collected. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated the I-PRRS was a unidimensional scale, with all items measuring the same construct. The scale demonstrated good internal consistency (ω = .88). When examining longitudinal invariance of the I-PRRS across administration time-points, indices of model fit supported scalar invariance. There was preliminary evidence of good internal structure for the I-PRRS in professional male footballers. However, before further research involving the I-PRRS can be endorsed, efforts to confirm or refute empirical developments pertaining to psychological readiness are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Dunlop
- Arsenal Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London Colney, UK
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andreas Ivarsson
- School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Thor Einar Andersen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Susan Brown
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gary O'Driscoll
- Medical Department, Manchester United Football Club, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gregory Dupont
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Clare L Ardern
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Sport & Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Leslie Podlog
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alan McCall
- Arsenal Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London Colney, UK
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
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de Pablo B, Sugimoto D, Arboix-Alio J, Rodas G, Casals M. Analysis of injuries during the 2019 Rink Hockey World Championship. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2023; 51:442-448. [PMID: 36166621 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2022.2129502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to describe the incidence and characteristics of injuries at the 2019 Rink Hockey World Championship. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed among rink hockey athletes from three National Teams (Argentina, Portugal, and Spain). All injuries were reported by the medical staff of each National Team during the preparation period and the competition in the 2019 World Championship (Barcelona, Spain). Injury rate was calculated as the number of injuries per 1000 hours of player-hours of exposure. RESULTS A total of 91 players (n = 61, 67% male; and n = 30, 33% female) participated in the study: 31 Senior Male (34%), 30 Senior Female (33%), and 30 Under-19 Male (33%). A total of 54 games were played by 9 teams from 3 countries, comprising of 4562 and 4380 hours of total athletic game and training exposure recorded, respectively. Fifty-one injuries (20 injuries with time-loss and 31 medical attention -injuries with no time-loss) were reported. The overall injury incidence rate was 11.2/1000 hours (95% CI, 8.5-14.7). The injury incidence during games (27.5; 95% CI, 11.6-65.2) was higher than the injury incidence during training sessions (3.4; 95% CI, 2-5.7). The incidence rate for game for the entire study period was 8.19 times higher (95% CI, 2.61-21.36) than that for training. The global injury burden was 45.4 days/1000 hours for a total exposure time. Acute was the most frequently documented onset and the non-contact was the most common mechanism. The most frequently reported injuries were head contusion (n = 5, 25%), followed by thigh injuries (n = 3, 15%). CONCLUSIONS The injury incidence reported in a Rink Hockey international competition was 11.2/1000 hours. The risk of injury was higher during games than during training. Prevention strategies for injuries in these kinds of championships may be worth discussing. The craniofacial injuries were the most frequently reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernat de Pablo
- Emergency Department, Hospital Universitari Mutua Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Department, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barça Innovation Hub, Barcelona, Spain
- Doctoral Program in Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dai Sugimoto
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Sports Medicine Unit, The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Jordi Arboix-Alio
- Department of Sports Science, Ramon Llull University, Fpcee Blanquerna, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gil Rodas
- Medical Department, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barça Innovation Hub, Barcelona, Spain
- Sports Medicine Unit, Hospital Clinic & Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Casals
- Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic, Catalunya, Spain
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group (SPARG), University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Barcelona, Spain
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Juch EEAE, van de Koppel VC, Blokland D, Wouters RA, Backx FJG, Goedhart EA, van der Horst N. Growth-related sports injuries among young male professional football players in the Netherlands: a prospective cohort study concerning injury incidence, severity and burden. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37740902 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2023.2261399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the incidence, type and location of growth-related sports injuries (GRSI) in youth professional football in the Netherlands. Secondary, to gain more knowledge on the injury severity and burden of GRSI. METHODS In this prospective, longitudinal cohort study, 813 players aged 10-18 are included. Data collection is performed by instructing the medical staff of six professional football club academies to register GRSI by means of standardized forms. Training and match exposure are registered individually on a weekly basis. Injury incidence was calculated as number of GRSI per 1000 hours, injury severity as the median number of days lost in categories and injury burden as the number of days lost per 1000 hours. RESULTS A total of 62 GRSI were documented in the football season 2021-2022. The total incidence of GRSI was 0.62/1000 hours football exposure. Morbus Osgood Schlatter and Morbus Sever were most common types of GRSI, both with incidence rates of 0.22/1000 hours exposure. About 58.3% of the documented GRSI were classified as major (>28 days lost). Within this group, the mean severity was 55 days time-loss to football. CONCLUSIONS GRSI are relatively common in youth professional football. The most common types are Morbus Sever and Morbus Osgood Schlatter. Morbus Osgood Schlatter has the highest injury severity and burden compared to other types of GRSI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donna Blokland
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy Science & Sports, University Medical Center Utrecht, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neurosciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Renko A Wouters
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy Science & Sports, University Medical Center Utrecht, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neurosciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J G Backx
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy Science & Sports, University Medical Center Utrecht, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neurosciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin A Goedhart
- FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Royal Netherlands Football Association (KNVB), Zeist, The Netherlands
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Weishorn J, Jaber A, Zietzschmann S, Spielmann J, Renkawitz T, Bangert Y. Injury Patterns and Incidence in an Elite Youth Football Academy-A Prospective Cohort Study of 138 Male Athletes. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6138. [PMID: 37834782 PMCID: PMC10573676 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a lack of evidence regarding injury incidence in German elite youth football academies, and the risk of re-injury is unknown. Therefore, the objectives of this study were (1) to determine injury patterns and incidence in an elite youth football academy in Germany, (2) to monitor overuse-/trauma-related injuries over the course of the season, and (3) determine the risk of re-injury. METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted in the 2012/2013 season among 138 male players from an elite youth football academy in Germany. Injuries were recorded according to the consensus statement on injury definitions and data collection in studies of football injuries. Injury incidence was reported as the number of injuries per 1000 h of exposure and the number of injuries per squad season. RESULTS A total of 109 injuries were reported, resulting in a cumulative time-loss of 2536 days. A squad of 25 players sustained 19.7 injuries per season, with an average of 23.3 days (15.7-30.9; 95% CI lower-upper) of absence per injury. Ligament sprains (28%), muscle strains (19%) and physeal injuries (12%) were the most common causes of time-loss. Physeal injuries were the most common severe type of injury (29%), with a mean time-loss of 29.7 days (18.2-41.2; 95% CI lower-upper). Re-injuries accounted for 3% of all injuries and resulted in significantly more time-loss than non-re-injuries (60 vs. 23 days; p = 0.01). CONCLUSION In the youth academies studied, a team of 25 players sustained an average of 19.7 injuries per season, resulting in a cumulative time-loss of 459 days. Physeal injuries are a major contributor to severe injuries and therefore require special attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Weishorn
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.W.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (T.R.)
| | - Ayham Jaber
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.W.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (T.R.)
| | - Severin Zietzschmann
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.W.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (T.R.)
| | - Jan Spielmann
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Horrenberger Straße 58, 74939 Zuzenhausen, Germany;
| | - Tobias Renkawitz
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.W.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (T.R.)
| | - Yannic Bangert
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.W.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (T.R.)
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22
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Raya-González J, Torres Martin L, Beato M, Rodríguez-Fernández A, Sanchez-Sanchez J. The effects of training based on Nordic hamstring and sprint exercises on measures of physical fitness and hamstring injury prevention in U19 male soccer players. Res Sports Med 2023; 31:588-603. [PMID: 34841995 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.2010206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study analysed the effects of a training program based on Nordic hamstring and sprint exercises on physical performance and hamstring injuries in young male soccer players. Forty-nine U19 players were randomly assigned to a control (CG; n = 26) or experimental group (EG; n = 23). Linear sprint and with change of direction (COD) were assessed before and after a 14-week training period. Hamstring injuries were collected during the intervention period. Between-groups analysis revealed differences in linear sprint performance (p = 0.012-0.001) in favour of the EG. Pre-to-post performance increased significantly in the EG for 20 m (effect size [ES] = -0.56) and 30 m (ES = -0.62) sprints, but a significant reduction in some COD parameters was observed (ES = 0.45-0.57). In CG, only a significant reduction in COD with dominant leg was found (ES = 0.63). Significant differences in injury burden in favour of the EG was reported such as (27.87 [CG] vs. 3.82 [EG] absence days/1000 h of exposure, rate ratio = 7.30, 95% CI 3.34-15.99). While injury incidence was not different between the EG and CG. These findings suggest that the training program implemented can improve sprint performance and reduce injury burden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Torres Martin
- Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Science, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Javier Sanchez-Sanchez
- Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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23
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Torres Martín L, Raya-González J, Ramirez-Campillo R, Chaabene H, Sánchez-Sánchez J. Effects of body mass-based resistance training on measures of physical fitness and musculotendinous injury incidence and burden in U16 male soccer players. Res Sports Med 2023; 31:574-587. [PMID: 34852693 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.2010205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of body mass-based resistance training (bmRT) on selected measures of physical fitness and injury incidence and burden in soccer players. Forty-six U16 male soccer players were randomly assigned to an control (CG; n = 26) or experimental group (EG; n = 20) Countermovement jump (CMJ), change of direction (CoD) (i.e., 20 m with one CoD), and linear sprint over 30 m were assessed before and after a 15-weeks training. Any type of musculotendinous injury that occurred throughout the intervention period was recorded. Between-group difference was noted at post-test for CMJ (p = 0.008). Pre-to-post training values increased in the EG (effect size [ES] = 1.01) while in the CG no pre-to-post changes were detected (ES = 0.27). No between-group differences at post-test were observed for sprint and CoD tests. Differences in injury burden were reported (33.28 [CG] vs. 9.55 [EG] absence days/1,000 hours exposure, rate ratio = 3.49, 95% CI 2.03-6.00, p < 0.001), but not in injury incidence. A bmRT programis suitable for improving jumping height but not linear and CoD speed performance. Additionally, bmRT may reduce injury burden, and therefore, the severity of musculotendinous injuries in U16 male soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Torres Martín
- Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Santiago, Chile
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Department of Sports and Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- High Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
- Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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24
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Ekstrand J, Hallén A, Marin V, Gauffin H. Most modifiable risk factors for hamstring muscle injury in women's elite football are extrinsic and associated with the club, the team, and the coaching staff and not the players themselves: the UEFA Women's Elite Club Injury Study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2023:10.1007/s00167-023-07429-5. [PMID: 37121935 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-023-07429-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the perceived importance of suggested hamstring injury risk factors according to chief medical officers (CMOs) of European women's professional football clubs. A secondary objective was to compare if these perceptions differed between teams with a lower-than-average and higher-than-average hamstring injury burden. METHODS The CMOs of eleven European professional women's football clubs were initially asked to suggest modifiable risk factors for hamstring injury. These risk factors were rated in according with their perceived importance on a 5-graded Likert scale. Participating teams were divided in two groups depending on their hamstring injury burden during the 2020/21 season. The LOW group consisted of six teams that had a lower-than-average hamstring injury burden. The HIGH group consisted of five teams that had a higher-than-average hamstring injury burden. RESULTS Twenty-one risk factors were suggested, most of which were extrinsic in nature, hence associated with the coaching staff, the team or the club organization rather than with the players themselves. The risk factors with the highest average importance were: "lack of communication between medical staff and coaching staff" and "load on players" (each with a weighted average of 3.9), followed by "lack of regular exposure to high-speed football actions during training" and "playing matches 2-3 times a week" (weighted average of 3.8 and 3.7). Differently from the LOW group, the HIGH group perceived the coaching factors (style of coach leadership, training/exercise surveillance by coaching staff) as more important. CONCLUSION In accordance to the eleven CMOs recruited in this study, most risk factors for hamstring injuries are extrinsic in nature and associated with the club, the team, and the coaching staff, and not the players themselves. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ekstrand
- Unit of Community Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Platensgatan 19, S-582 20, Linköping, Sweden.
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Anna Hallén
- Unit of Community Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Platensgatan 19, S-582 20, Linköping, Sweden
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Vittoria Marin
- Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, London, UK
| | - Håkan Gauffin
- Department of Orthopedics and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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25
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Corsini A, Bisciotti A, Canonico R, Causarano A, Del Vescovo R, Gatto P, Gola P, Iera M, Mazzoni S, Minafra P, Nanni G, Pasta G, Pulcini I, Salvatori S, Scorcu M, Stefanini L, Tenore F, Palermi S, Casasco M, Calza S. Are Football Players More Prone to Muscle Injury after COVID-19 Infection? The "Italian Injury Study" during the Serie a Championship. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5182. [PMID: 36982090 PMCID: PMC10048896 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Football was the first sport to resume competitions after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown and promptly the hypothesis was raised of a potential relationship between the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and musculoskeletal injuries in athletes. This study aimed to confirm the association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and muscle strain injury in a large population of elite football players and to investigate if the COVID-19 severity level could affect the risk of injury. METHODS A retrospective cohort study involving 15 Italian professional male football teams was performed during the Italian Serie A 2020-2021 season. Injuries and SARS-CoV-2 positivity data were collected by team doctors through an online database. RESULTS Of the 433 included players, we observed 173 SARS-CoV-2 infections and 332 indirect muscle strains. COVID-19 episodes mostly belonged to severity level I and II. The injury risk significantly increased after a COVID-19 event, by 36% (HR = 1.36, CI95% 1.05; 1.77, p-value = 0.02). The injury burden demonstrated an 86% increase (ratio = 1.86, CI95% 1.21; 2.86, p-value = 0.005) in the COVID-19 severity level II/III versus players without a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, while level I (asymptomatic) patients showed a similar average burden (ratio = 0.92, CI95% 0.54; 1.58, p-value = 0.77). A significantly higher proportion of muscle-tendon junction injuries (40.6% vs. 27.1%, difference = 13.5%, CI95% 0.002%; 26.9%, p-value = 0.047) was found when comparing level II/III versus Non-COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the correlation between SARS-CoV-2 infection and indirect muscle injuries and highlights how the severity of the infection would represent an additional risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefano Mazzoni
- Sport Medicine Department—Milan Lab, Associazione Calcistica Milan, 20149 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Gianni Nanni
- Bologna Football Club 1909, 40132 Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefano Palermi
- Public Health Department, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | | | - Stefano Calza
- Unit of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy
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26
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Matsunaga R, Nagao M, Akagi R, Fukai A, Sando T, Ikeda H, Taketomi S. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Injury Incidence in Japanese Male Professional Soccer Players. Orthop J Sports Med 2023; 11:23259671221149373. [PMID: 36860773 PMCID: PMC9969458 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221149373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) led to an enforced quarantine period and limited training and match activities for athletes. Purpose To report the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the occurrence of injury in Japanese male professional soccer players. Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods In total, 21 clubs in the 2019 season and 28 clubs in the 2020 season from the Japan Professional Football League were prospectively followed, and 16 clubs in 2019 and 24 clubs in 2020 were analyzed in this study. Individual training, match exposure, and time-loss injuries were recorded using an electronic data capture system. The influence of COVID-19-related suspension during the 2020 season was retrospectively investigated via comparisons with the 2019 season. Results Total activity time included 114,001 hours in training and 16,339 hours in matches in 2019 and 170,798 hours in training and 25,411 hours in matches in 2020. The mean training interruption period caused by COVID-19 in 2020 was 39.9 days (range, 3-65 days), and the mean game-interruption period was 70.1 days (range, 58-79 days). The total number of injuries was 1495 in 2019 and 1701 in 2020. The overall injury incidence per 1000 hours of exposure was 5.7 in 2019 and 5.8 in 2020. The overall injury burden per 1000 hours of exposure was 155.5 days in 2019 and 130.2 days in 2020. The muscle injury incidence was highest in May 2020, immediately after the suspension period. Conclusion The overall injury incidence did not differ between 2019 and 2020. However, muscle injury incidence notably increased in the 2 months after the COVID-19 pandemic suspension period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masashi Nagao
- Surveillance Subcommittee, Medical Committee, Japan Football
Association, Tokyo, Japan.,Masashi Nagao, MD, PhD, Japan Football Association, 3-10-15
Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113 8311, Japan (
)
| | - Ryuichiro Akagi
- Surveillance Subcommittee, Medical Committee, Japan Football
Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fukai
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo,
Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Ikeda
- Medical Committee, Japan Football Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Taketomi
- Surveillance Subcommittee, Medical Committee, Japan Football
Association, Tokyo, Japan.,Medical Committee, Japan Football Association, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Ekstrand J, Ueblacker P, Van Zoest W, Verheijen R, Vanhecke B, van Wijk M, Bengtsson H. Risk factors for hamstring muscle injury in male elite football: medical expert experience and conclusions from 15 European Champions League clubs. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001461. [PMID: 36726776 PMCID: PMC9884908 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To describe the perceived importance of suggested hamstring injury risk factors according to chief medical officers (CMOs) of European male professional football clubs. A secondary objective was to compare if these perceptions differed between teams with a lower-than-average hamstring injury burden and teams with a higher than average hamstring injury burden. Methods First, CMOs of 15 European professional male football clubs were asked to suggest risk factors for hamstring injury in their club. The perceived importance of the suggested risk factors was then rated by all participants on a 5-graded Likert scale. Participating teams were divided in two groups depending on their hamstring injury burden during the 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons. The LOW group consisted of seven teams that had a lower than average hamstring injury burden. The HIGH group consisted of eight teams that had a higher-than-average hamstring injury burden. Results Twenty-one risk factors were suggested. The majority were extrinsic in nature, associated with coaching staff, team or club rather than players themselves. 'Lack of communication between medical staff and coaching staff' had the highest average importance (weighted average=3.7) followed by 'Lack of regular exposure to high-speed football during training sessions' (weighted average=3.6). The HIGH group perceived the player factors fatigue and wellness as more important than the LOW group. Conclusion According to CMOs recruited in this study, most risk factors for hamstring injuries are extrinsic and associated with the club and coaching staff, and not the players themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ekstrand
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | | | - Wart Van Zoest
- PSV Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands,Department of Sports and Orthopaedic Surgery, Anna Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bruno Vanhecke
- Football Club Brugge, Brugge, Belgium,Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, AZ Delta Hospitals, Brugge, Belgium
| | | | - Håkan Bengtsson
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden,Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
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28
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Martins F, Marques A, França C, Sarmento H, Henriques R, Ihle A, de Maio Nascimento M, Saldanha C, Przednowek K, Gouveia ÉR. Weekly External Load Performance Effects on Sports Injuries of Male Professional Football Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1121. [PMID: 36673875 PMCID: PMC9859064 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
One of the most challenging issues professional football players face throughout their careers is injuries. Those injuries often result from suboptimal training programs that were not designed according to the players' individual needs. This prospective study aimed to examine in detail the effects of sports injuries on professional football players' weekly external load performances. Thirty-three male professional football players were monitored using 10-Hz Global Positioning System (GPS) units (Apex pro series, StatSports) during an entire season. The variables considered in the analysis were total distance (TD), high-speed running (HSR), accelerations (ACC), and decelerations (DEC). The comparisons were made between the four-week block before injury (-4T), four-week block after return (+4T), and players' season averages (S). Players displayed significantly higher values of TD, HSR, ACC, and DEC in the -4T, compared to the other two moments (+4T and S). Furthermore, the comparison between the +4T and S showed no significant variations in the GPS metrics. It was shown that a significant increase in players' weekly external load performance over a four-week period may have a negative effect on the occurrence of injuries from a professional football standpoint. Future research should consider the effects of injury severity on players' external load variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Martins
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Adilson Marques
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1495-751 Lisbon, Portugal
- ISAMB, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-020 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cíntia França
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences, and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Andreas Ihle
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES—Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcelo de Maio Nascimento
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina 56304-917, Brazil
| | - Carolina Saldanha
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Krzysztof Przednowek
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College, University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Élvio Rúbio Gouveia
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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29
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Ekstrand J, Hallén A, Gauffin H, Bengtsson H. Low adoption in women's professional football: teams that used the Nordic Hamstring Exercise in the team training had fewer match hamstring injuries. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001523. [PMID: 37159583 PMCID: PMC10163446 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The primary objective was to study the reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation and maintenance of the Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE) programme in women's elite teams in Europe in the 2020-21 season. The secondary objective was to compare hamstring injury rates between teams that used the NHE programme regularly in team training and teams that did not. Methods Eleven teams participating in the Women's Elite Club Injury Study during the 2020-21 season provided data about injury rates and the implementation of the NHE programme. Results One team (9%) used the full original NHE programme, and four teams used the programme in the team training during parts of the season (team training group, n=5). Five teams did not use the NHE, or used it only sporadically for individual players, and one team used NHE only for players with a previous or current hamstring injury (no team training group, n=6). The team training group had a lower incidence of hamstring injuries during match-play (1.4 vs 4.0, p=0.028) than the non-team training group while no difference between groups was shown for the hamstring injury incidence in training (0.6 vs 0.7, p=0.502). Conclusion A low adoption of the NHE programme was reported during the 2020-21 season. However, teams that used NHE for the whole team or most players had a lower hamstring injury incidence at match-play than teams that did not use the NHE or used it for individual players only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ekstrand
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna Hallén
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Håkan Gauffin
- Department of Orthopaedics Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Håkan Bengtsson
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
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Injury incidence and risk factors in youth soccer players: a systematic literature review. Part I: epidemiological analysis. Biol Sport 2023; 40:3-25. [PMID: 36636179 PMCID: PMC9806741 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.109961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of the epidemiological data and the risk factors underlying injuries is crucial to promote prevention strategies in young soccer players. The objective of the present study was to perform a systematic literature review on the epidemiological data, described in the first part, and injury risk factors, presented in the second part. After electronic database searching, articles in line with the inclusion criteria were selected for the systematic review. Epidemiological data were extracted and discussed in this first part of the review. Data were grouped as follows: injury incidence, injury severity, and re-injury, injury types, injury mechanisms, and anatomical location. The principal findings of this first part of the review are as follows: (1) injury incidence is higher in older players and during matches than during training; (2) sex and maturity status may increase risk of injury; (3) male soccer players are more prone to muscle strains and ligament sprains while female players suffer more ligament sprains; (4) most injuries are located in the ankle and thigh in young male soccer players, and in the ankle and knee in female players; (5) severe injuries are less frequent but the incidence increases in older players. Re-injuries represent only a small percentage. Although soccer is considered a safe sport, many injuries are recorded in young soccer players every year. Injury predisposition changes in relation to age, sex, and biological age. Coaches and physical trainers should be aware of individual differences in order to promote prevention strategies and personalised training.
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31
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Isern-Kebschull J, Pedret C, Mechó S, Pruna R, Alomar X, Yanguas X, Valle X, Kassarjian A, Martínez J, Tomas X, Rodas G. MRI findings prior to return to play as predictors of reinjury in professional athletes: a novel decision-making tool. Insights Imaging 2022; 13:203. [PMID: 36575363 PMCID: PMC9794673 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-022-01341-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because MRI has shown great accuracy in assessing acute muscle injuries, identification of risk factors for reinjury before return to play (RTP) in professional athletes during the healing process could be very relevant. We assessed the value of MRI findings prior to RTP as predictors of reinjury. METHODS Retrospective observational study of 59 professional athletes, mean age 26 years, with first-time acute muscle injury and successful rehabilitation ready to RTP. They underwent MRI within 6 days of the injury and within 7 days prior to RTP. The primary outcome was reinjury. Risk of reinjury was assessed using radiological signs in control MRI scans before RTP. The risk was classified as low, medium or high when none, one or two radiological signs were observed, respectively. RESULTS Reinjury occurred in 9 participants, with a rate of 15.2%. None of the baseline MRI-related variables was significantly associated with reinjury. In the control MRI scan performed within 7 days prior to RTP, three independent findings were significantly associated with reinjury. These included transversal and/or mixed connective tissue gap (p = 0.002), intermuscular oedema (p = 0.015) and callus gap (p = 0.046). In the predictive model of the risk of reinjury, the presence of two of these radiological signs, together with interstitial feathery oedema, was associated with a high risk of recurrence (OR 29.58, 95% CI 3.86-226.64; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In professional athletes with acute muscle injuries of the lower limbs successfully rehabilitated, some radiological signs on MRI performed shortly before RTP were associated with a high risk of reinjury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Isern-Kebschull
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Department of Radiology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, C/Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sandra Mechó
- Department of Radiology, Hospital de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricard Pruna
- FCBarcelona Medical Department, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Alomar
- Department of Radiology, Centres Mèdics Creu Blanca, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Xavier Valle
- FCBarcelona Medical Department, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ara Kassarjian
- Musculoskeletal Radiology, Elite Sports Imaging, SL, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Xavier Tomas
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Department of Radiology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, C/Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gil Rodas
- FCBarcelona Medical Department, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.410458.c0000 0000 9635 9413Medicine Sport Unit, Hospital Clínic-Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
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Ekstrand J, Bengtsson H, Waldén M, Davison M, Khan KM, Hägglund M. Hamstring injury rates have increased during recent seasons and now constitute 24% of all injuries in men's professional football: the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study from 2001/02 to 2021/22. Br J Sports Med 2022; 57:bjsports-2021-105407. [PMID: 36588400 PMCID: PMC9985757 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-105407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To: (1) describe hamstring injury incidence and burden in male professional football players over 21 seasons (2001/02 to 2021/22); (2) analyse the time-trends of hamstring muscle injuries over the most recent eight seasons (2014/15 to 2021/22); and (3) describe hamstring injury location, mechanism and recurrence rate. METHODS 3909 players from 54 teams (in 20 European countries) from 2001/02 to 2021/22 (21 consecutive seasons) were included. Team medical staff recorded individual player exposure and time-loss injuries. Time-trend analyses were performed with Poisson regression using generalised linear models. RESULTS 2636 hamstring injuries represented 19% of all reported injuries, with the proportion of all injuries increasing from 12% during the first season to 24% in the most recent season. During that same period, the percentage of all injury absence days caused by hamstring injuries increased from 10% to 20%. Between 2014/15 and 2021/22, training hamstring injury incidence increased (6.7% annually, 95% CI 1.7% to 12.5%) as did burden (9.0% annually, 95% CI 1.2% to 18.3%). During those years, the match hamstring injury incidence also increased (3.9% annually, 95% CI 0.1% to 7.9%) and with the same trend (not statistically significant) for match hamstring injury burden (6.2% annually, 95% CI -0.5% to 15.0%). CONCLUSIONS Hamstring injury proportions-in number of injuries and total absence days-doubled during the 21-year period of study. During the last eight seasons, hamstring injury rates have increased both in training and match play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ekstrand
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Håkan Bengtsson
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Markus Waldén
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Michael Davison
- FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, London, Isokinetic Medical Group, London, UK
| | - Karim M Khan
- Family Practice & Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Hägglund
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Martins F, França C, Henriques R, Ihle A, Przednowek K, Marques A, Lopes H, Sarmento H, Gouveia ÉR. Body composition variations between injured and non-injured professional soccer players. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20779. [PMID: 36456608 PMCID: PMC9715542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Professional soccer is characterized by its physical demands, making players' exposure to high injury risks a growing problem. It is crucial to study the factors associated with injuries in professional soccer. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between age, body composition, and others variables related with the injury profile of professional soccer players of a specific Portuguese team. Also, it analyzed the impact of the injury profile on soccer's variations in body fat (BF%), skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and total body water (TBW) throughout the season. The sample comprised 31 male professional soccer players competing in the First Portuguese Soccer League. Older players had a higher prevalence of muscular injuries. Midfielders and forwards showed the highest number of muscular injuries during the season being quadriceps the most affected zone. Considering players' BF% [Wilks' Lambda = 0.42, F (7, 23) = 4.61, p = 0.002, r = 0.58], SMM [Wilks' Lambda = 0.59, F (6, 23) = 2.70, p = 0.039, r = 0.41] and TBW [Wilks' Lambda = 0.54, F (7, 23) = 2.80, p = 0.029, r = 0.46] there was a substantial main effect for the assessments performed throughout the season and the injury status. Age assumes relevance in explaining the injury profile. The impact of the injury profile on soccer's variations in BF%, SMM and TBW throughout the season must be analyzed considering the clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Martins
- grid.26793.390000 0001 2155 1272Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal ,LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Cíntia França
- grid.26793.390000 0001 2155 1272Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal ,LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal ,grid.513237.1Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences, and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Andreas Ihle
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland ,grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland ,grid.425888.b0000 0001 1957 0992Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES—Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Krzysztof Przednowek
- grid.13856.390000 0001 2154 3176Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów University, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Adilson Marques
- grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudo da Performance Humana, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Lisbon, Portugal ,grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263ISAMB, University of Lisbon, 1649-020 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hélder Lopes
- grid.26793.390000 0001 2155 1272Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal ,grid.513237.1Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences, and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physhical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Élvio Rúbio Gouveia
- grid.26793.390000 0001 2155 1272Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal ,LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal ,grid.425888.b0000 0001 1957 0992Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES—Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Raya-González J, Pulido JJ, Beato M, Ponce-Bordón JC, López del Campo R, Resta R, García-Calvo T. Analysis of the Effect of Injuries on Match Performance Variables in Professional Soccer Players: A Retrospective, Experimental Longitudinal Design. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:31. [PMID: 35239035 PMCID: PMC8894514 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00427-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Knowing the impact of injuries is essential for their adequate management during reconditioning programs. Objective This study aimed to analyze the changes in match performance parameters in professional soccer players after sustaining an injury, which was defined according to injury severity.
Methods Two-hundred and seven injuries related to one hundred and sixty-one professional soccer players from the Spanish LaLiga™ were considered for this study. All the injuries were classified according to their severity as minor (from 4 to 7 missed days), moderate (from 8 to 28 missed days), and major (more than 28 missed days). Through Mediacoach® videotracking system, time and external demand variables were collected and subsequently compared between pre-injury and return to play periods. The analyzed variables were (in m min−1): relative distance covered (RD; total distance covered·min−1), distance covered walking (0–6 km h−1), distance covered jogging (6–12 km h−1), distance covered running (12–18 km h−1), distance covered at intense running (18–21 km h−1), distance covered at high-speed running (21–24 km h−1), and sprinting (> 24 km h−1) distance covered. Results Significant reductions in playing time after suffering moderate and major injuries were observed. Significant reductions after minor injuries were observed in jogging (> 6 km h−1) and running (6–12 km h−1), while significantly greater distances at intense running (18–21 km h−1) and high-speed running (21–24 km h−1) were covered by players who suffer major injuries. Finally, relevant decreases in the maximum speed achieved after moderate and major injuries were found. Conclusions In conclusion, this study shows the importance of high loads during reconditioning programs, as well as implementing strategies that allow reaching levels of maximum speed values after the return to play.
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Pulici L, Certa D, Zago M, Volpi P, Esposito F. Injury Burden in Professional European Football (Soccer): Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Economic Considerations. Clin J Sport Med 2022; 33:00042752-990000000-00071. [PMID: 36730365 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the injury burden and the related economic cost in European professional male football players. DATA SOURCES Multiple database research was performed up to August 5, 2022 (PubMed, EMbase, Scopus, Cochrane Library), including only studies that reported severity in the number of days of absence for each injury, incidence reported in the number of injuries/1000 hours, or reported number of injuries and exposure time and adult male football players, professionals from European clubs. Two reviewers extracted data and assessed paper quality with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology statement and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. MAIN RESULTS Twenty-two studies have reported incidence, severity, and burden of injuries in professional football. The highest injury burden was found for ligament-joint injuries (37.9 days/1000 hours; 222 397 €/1000 hours) and for muscle injuries (34.7 days/1000 hours; 203 620 €/1000 hours). Injury locations with high burden were knee injuries (34.8 days/1000 hours; 20 4206 €/1000 hours)-mainly anterior cruciate ligament injuries (14.4 days/1000 hours; 84 499 €/1000 h)-followed by thigh injuries (25.0 days/1000 hours; 146 700 €/1000 hours), hamstrings injuries (15.4 days/1000 hours; 90 367 €/1000 hours), hip-and-groin injuries (16.1 days/1000 hours; 94 475 €/1000 hours), primarily adductor muscles injuries (9.4 days/1000 hours; 55 159€/1000 hours), and ankle injuries (13.1 days/1000 h; 76 871 €/1000 hours) with ankle sprains (7.4 days/1000 hours; 43 423 €/1000 hours). CONCLUSIONS Being exposed to injury risk has serious consequences for individual and club performance and economy. This review identified the most relevant targets in injury management, compared their injury data with reference values, and provided economic evidence when trying to gain buy-in from the key decision makers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Certa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Matteo Zago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Piero Volpi
- Knee Surgery and Sport Traumatology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; and
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Maestro A, Del Coso J, Aguilar-Navarro M, Gutiérrez-Hellín J, Morencos E, Revuelta G, Ruiz Casares E, Perucho T, Varillas-Delgado D. Genetic profile in genes associated with muscle injuries and injury etiology in professional soccer players. Front Genet 2022; 13:1035899. [DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1035899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many causes define injuries in professional soccer players. In recent years, the study of genetics in association with injuries has been of great interest. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between muscle injury-related genes, injury risk and injury etiology in professional soccer players. In a cross-sectional cohort study, one hundred and twenty-two male professional football players were recruited. AMPD1 (rs17602729), ACE (rs4646994), ACTN3 (rs1815739), CKM (rs8111989) and MLCK (rs2849757 and rs2700352) polymorphisms were genotyped by using Single Nucleotide Primer Extension (SNPE). The combined influence of the six polymorphisms studied was calculated using a total genotype score (TGS). A genotype score (GS) of 2 was assigned to the “protective” genotype for injuries, a GS of 1 was assigned to the heterozygous genotype while a GS of 0 was assigned to the “worst” genotype. Injury characteristics and etiology during the 2021/2022 season were classified following a Consensus Statement for injuries recording. The distribution of allelic frequencies in the AMPD1 and MLCK c.37885C>A polymorphisms were different between non-injured and injured soccer players (p < 0.001 and p = 0.003, respectively). The mean total genotype score (TGS) in non-injured soccer players (57.18 ± 14.43 arbitrary units [a.u.]) was different from that of injured soccer players (51.71 ± 12.82 a.u., p = 0.034). There was a TGS cut-off point (45.83 a.u.) to discriminate non-injured from injured soccer players. Players with a TGS beyond this cut-off had an odds ratio of 1.91 (95%CI: 1.14–2.91; p = 0.022) to suffer an injury when compared with players with lower TGS. In conclusion, TGS analysis in muscle injury-related genes presented a relationship with professional soccer players at increased risk of injury. Future studies will help to develop this TGS as a potential tool to predict injury risk and perform prevention methodology in this cohort of football players.
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37
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Manara JR, Salmon LJ, Kilani FM, Zelaya de Camino G, Monk C, Sundaraj K, Pinczewski LA, Roe JP. Repeat Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and Return to Sport in Australian Soccer Players After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Hamstring Tendon Autograft. Am J Sports Med 2022; 50:3533-3543. [PMID: 36190172 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221125467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soccer is the most commonly played team sport in the world and a high-risk sport for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and subsequent ACL reconstruction (ACLR). PURPOSE To assess the rate of further ACL injury in patients who have undergone ACLR with hamstring tendon autograft after soccer injuries in Australia and to determine factors associated with repeat ACL injury and return to soccer. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS From a prospectively collected database, a series of 1000 consecutive ACLRs using hamstring autografts performed in soccer players were identified. Patients were surveyed at a minimum 5 years after reconstruction, including details of further ACL injuries to either knee, return to soccer or other sports, and psychological readiness per the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI) scale. RESULTS Of the 862 participants reviewed, ACL graft rupture occurred in 85 (10%) and contralateral ACL rupture in 68 (8%) within 5 years after the reconstruction. The 5-year ACL graft survivorship was 94% for females and 88% for males. The survivorship of the contralateral ACL was 92% for males and 90% for females. When compared with those aged >25 years, the odds of ACL graft rupture was increased by 4 to 5 times in those aged 19 to 25 years and 3 to 7 times in those ≤18 years. Further ACL injury to the graft or contralateral knee occurred in 44% of males aged ≤18 years. Risk factors for further ACL injury were younger age at time of surgery, male sex, and return to soccer. Graft diameter did not influence ACL graft rupture rates, and 70% of patients returned to soccer after ACLR. The mean ACL-RSI score was 59, and patients who reported more fear of reinjury on this scale were less likely to have returned to soccer. CONCLUSION The prevalence of ACL graft rupture (10%) and contralateral ACL rupture (8%) was near equivalent over 5 years in this large cohort of mostly recreational Australian soccer players. ACLR with hamstring autograft is a reliable procedure, allowing 70% of patients to return to soccer in this high-risk population. Risk factors for further ACL injury are progressively younger age at time of surgery, male sex, and return to soccer. Graft diameter was not a factor in ACL graft rupture, indicating that other factors, particularly age, are of primary importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Manara
- North Sydney Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lucy J Salmon
- North Sydney Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Centre, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Sydney, Australia
| | - Faisal M Kilani
- School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Claire Monk
- North Sydney Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - Keran Sundaraj
- North Sydney Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - Leo A Pinczewski
- North Sydney Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Centre, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Sydney, Australia
| | - Justin P Roe
- North Sydney Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Centre, Sydney, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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38
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Robles-Palazón FJ, López-Valenciano A, De Ste Croix M, Oliver JL, García-Gómez A, Sainz de Baranda P, Ayala F. Epidemiology of injuries in male and female youth football players: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2022; 11:681-695. [PMID: 34700052 PMCID: PMC9729930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological data of injuries in male and female youth football players. METHODS Searches were performed in MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and SPORTDiscus databases. Studies were considered if they reported injury incidence rate in male and female youth (≤19 years old) football players. Two reviewers (FJRP and ALV) extracted data and assessed trial quality using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement and the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach determined the quality of evidence. Studies were combined using a Poisson random effects regression model. RESULTS Forty-three studies were included. The overall incidence rate was 5.70 injuries/1000 h in males and 6.77 injuries/1000 h in females. Match injury incidence (14.43 injuries/1000 h in males and 14.97 injuries/1000 h in females) was significantly higher than training injury incidence (2.77 injuries/1000 h in males and 2.62 injuries/1000 h in females). The lower extremity had the highest incidence rate in both sexes. The most common type of injury was muscle/tendon for males and joint/ligament for females. Minimal injuries were the most common in both sexes. The incidence rate of injuries increased with advances in chronological age in males. Elite male players presented higher match injury incidence than sub-elite players. In females, there was a paucity of data for comparison across age groups and levels of play. CONCLUSION The high injury incidence rates and sex differences identified for the most common location and type of injury reinforce the need for implementing different targeted injury-risk mitigation strategies in male and female youth football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Robles-Palazón
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia 30720, Spain
| | | | - Mark De Ste Croix
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester GL2 9HW, UK
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
| | - Alberto García-Gómez
- Operative Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche 03202, Spain
| | - Pilar Sainz de Baranda
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia 30720, Spain
| | - Francisco Ayala
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia 30720, Spain; School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester GL2 9HW, UK
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39
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Martins F, França C, Marques A, Iglésias B, Sarmento H, Henriques R, Ihle A, Lopes H, Ornelas RT, Gouveia ÉR. Sports Injuries of a Portuguese Professional Football Team during Three Consecutive Seasons. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191912582. [PMID: 36231882 PMCID: PMC9565996 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Professional football players are exposed to high injury risk due to the physical demands of this sport. The purpose of this study was to characterize the injuries of a professional football team in the First Portuguese League over three consecutive sports seasons. Seventy-one male professional football players in the First Portuguese Football League were followed throughout the sports seasons of 2019/2020, 2020/2021, and 2021/2022. In total, 84 injuries were recorded. Each player missed an average of 16.6 days per injury. Lower limbs were massively affected by injuries across all three seasons, mainly with muscular injuries in the quadriceps and hamstrings and sprains in the tibiotarsal structure. Overall, the injury incidence was considerably higher in matches than in training. The two times of the season that proved most conducive to injuries were the months of July and January. Our results emphasize the importance of monitoring sports performance, including injury occurrence, and assisting in identifying risk factors in professional football. Designing individualized training programs and optimizing prevention and recovery protocols are crucial for maximizing this global process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Martins
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Laboratory of Robotics and Engineering Systems, Interactive Technologies Institute, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Cíntia França
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Laboratory of Robotics and Engineering Systems, Interactive Technologies Institute, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Adilson Marques
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1499-002 Lisbon, Portugal
- ISAMB, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-020 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Iglésias
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1499-002 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 2004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Andreas Ihle
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES—Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Helder Lopes
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Rui T. Ornelas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Élvio Rúbio Gouveia
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Laboratory of Robotics and Engineering Systems, Interactive Technologies Institute, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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40
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Argibay-González JC, Vázquez-Estévez C, Gutiérrez-Santiago A, Paramés-González A, Reguera-López-de-la-Osa X, Prieto-Lage I. Analysis of Injury Patterns in Men's Football between the English League and the Spanish League. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11296. [PMID: 36141571 PMCID: PMC9517621 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injuries in professional football lead to reduced team performance and large financial losses. The aim of this study was to analyse injuries in the two best team competitions in the world (LaLiga and Premier League), establishing similarities and differences, as well as determining injury causation patterns. METHODS A total of 277 on-field injuries requiring a substitution were analysed (142 in the Spanish league and 135 in the English league). The analysis was performed using traditional statistical tests (frequency analysis, chi-square test) with SPSS 25 and a T-Patterns sequence analysis with THEME 5.0. RESULTS In the Spanish league, there were a similar number of injuries in the first part of the season as in the second part of the season, while in the English league, they are more frequent in the first part of the season. In the Spanish league, injuries are more frequent in the first half of the match, while in the English league, they are more frequent in the second half. The type of player most frequently injured was the defender. Most of the injuries occurred without the presence of an opponent. The accumulated minutes during the season affect injuries of the muscular type. CONCLUSIONS The most common type of injury in both leagues was a strain, followed by a sprain and a contusion. Although common injury patterns can be established between the two leagues, there are notable differences. One of the factors is determined by the English league calendar (many matches at Christmas). In Spain, there were more muscular injuries that were not caused by the opponent, while in England there were more tackling injuries. Age is a risk factor in the Spanish league. In this league, there is a moderately significant relationship between the number of injuries and the points won.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alfonso Gutiérrez-Santiago
- Observational Research Group, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Adrián Paramés-González
- Observational Research Group, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Xoana Reguera-López-de-la-Osa
- Education, Physical Activity and Health Research Group (Gies10-DE3), Galicia Sur Health Research, Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Iván Prieto-Lage
- Observational Research Group, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain
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Tears C, Rae G, Hide G, Sinha R, Franklin J, Brand P, Hasan F, Chesterton P. The British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification grading system as a predictor of return to play following hamstrings injury in professional football players. Phys Ther Sport 2022; 58:46-51. [PMID: 36148699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Investigate the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification (BAMIC) grading system as a predictor of return to play (RTP) following primary hamstring strain injury (HSI) and its agreement with the Peetron's classification system in professional footballers. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of 39 hamstrings strains in a professional English football club were identified. Two musculoskeletal radiologists reviewed historical MRI's and classified them against the BAMIC and Peetron's grading system. Classification, oedema length and cross-sectional area were compared against RTP. RESULTS Pearson's correlation coefficient demonstrated a weak but statistically significant correlation between BAMIC and RTP (r = 0.32; 95%CI 0.01 to 0.58; p = 0.05). Maximum length of intramuscular oedema demonstrated weak correlations with RTP (r = 0.3; 95%CI -0.02 to 0.56; p = 0.06). Percentage cross sectional demonstrated a weak correlation with RTP (r = 0.02; 95%CI -0.3 to 0.33; p = 0.91). Multiple regression demonstrated that 16% of the variance in RTP was explained by the model. Kappa for the agreement between BAMIC and Peetron's was 0.21 (95%CI 0 to 0.42). CONCLUSIONS A significant association between the grade of HSI on the BAMIC system and RTP was found. Findings suggest BAMIC could provide valuable prognostic information on the RTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Tears
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, United Kingdom.
| | - Glen Rae
- England Cricket Board, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Geoff Hide
- Department of Radiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Hospital NHS Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Raj Sinha
- Department of Radiology, Newcastle Nuffield Hospital, United Kingdom
| | - John Franklin
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Brand
- Sunderland Association Football Club, Stadium of Light, United Kingdom
| | - Farah Hasan
- South Tees Hospital NHS Trust, James Cook University Hospital, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Chesterton
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, United Kingdom
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42
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Bullock GS, Ferguson T, Arundale AH, Martin CL, Collins GS, Kluzek S. Return to performance following severe ankle, knee, and hip injuries in National Basketball Association players. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac176. [PMID: 36714864 PMCID: PMC9802060 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare basketball performance markers 1 y prior to initial severe lower extremity injury, including ankle, knee, and hip injuries, to 1 and 2 y following injury during the regular National Basketball Association (NBA) season. Publicly available data were extracted through a reproducible extraction computed programmed process. Eligible participants were NBA players with at least three seasons played between 2008 and 2019, with a time-loss injury reported during the study period. Basketball performance was evaluated for season minutes, points, and rebounds. Prevalence of return to performance and linear regressions were calculated. A total of 285 athletes sustained a severe lower extremity injury. A total of 196 (69%) played for 1 y and 130 (45%) played for 2 y following the injury. A total of 58 (30%) players participated in a similar number of games and 57 (29%) scored similar points 1 y following injury. A total of 48 (37%) participated in a similar number of games and 55 (42%) scored a similar number of points 2 y following injury. Fewer than half of basketball players who suffered a severe lower extremity injury were participating at the NBA level 2 y following injury, with similar findings for groin/hip/thigh, knee, and ankle injuries. Fewer than half of players were performing at previous preinjury levels 2 y following injury. Suffering a severe lower extremity injury may be a prognostic factor that can assist sports medicine professionals to educate and set performance expectations for NBA players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tyler Ferguson
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Amelia H Arundale
- Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, 5303 Thalgau, Austria,Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Gary S Collins
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6UD, UK,Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Stefan Kluzek
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis,University of Oxford, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK,Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK,University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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Martins F, Przednowek K, França C, Lopes H, de Maio Nascimento M, Sarmento H, Marques A, Ihle A, Henriques R, Gouveia ÉR. Predictive Modeling of Injury Risk Based on Body Composition and Selected Physical Fitness Tests for Elite Football Players. J Clin Med 2022; 11:4923. [PMID: 36013162 PMCID: PMC9409763 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11164923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Injuries are one of the most significant issues for elite football players. Consequently, elite football clubs have been consistently interested in having practical, interpretable, and usable models as decision-making support for technical staff. This study aimed to analyze predictive modeling of injury risk based on body composition variables and selected physical fitness tests for elite football players through a sports season. The sample comprised 36 male elite football players who competed in the First Portuguese Soccer League in the 2020/2021 season. The models were calculated based on 22 independent variables that included players' information, body composition, physical fitness, and one dependent variable, the number of injuries per season. In the net elastic analysis, the variables that best predicted injury risk were sectorial positions (defensive and forward), body height, sit-and-reach performance, 1 min number of push-ups, handgrip strength, and 35 m linear speed. This study considered multiple-input single-output regression-type models. The analysis showed that the most accurate model presented in this work generates an error of RMSE = 0.591. Our approach opens a novel perspective for injury prevention and training monitorization. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to identify risk factors associated with injury prediction in elite soccer players, as this is a rising topic that requires several analyses performed in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Martins
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Laboratory of Robotics and Engineering Systems, Interactive Technologies Institute, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Krzysztof Przednowek
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College, University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Cíntia França
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Laboratory of Robotics and Engineering Systems, Interactive Technologies Institute, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Helder Lopes
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Marcelo de Maio Nascimento
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina 56304-917, Brazil
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Adilson Marques
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1495-751 Lisbon, Portugal
- ISAMB, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-020 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreas Ihle
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES—Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Élvio Rúbio Gouveia
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Laboratory of Robotics and Engineering Systems, Interactive Technologies Institute, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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44
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Shah S, Collins K, Macgregor LJ. The Influence of Weekly Sprint Volume and Maximal Velocity Exposures on Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Professional Football Players. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10080125. [PMID: 36006091 PMCID: PMC9414047 DOI: 10.3390/sports10080125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hamstring strains are the most common moderate-major severity injuries in football. The majority of hamstring injuries occur during sprinting, with low eccentric hamstring strength being associated with an elevated risk. Objective: To examine the relationship between sprinting and eccentric hamstring strength by monitoring total weekly sprint distance and weekly efforts > 90% and >95% of maximum velocity. Methods: Fifty-eight professional male footballers were observed over one-and-a-half seasons. Players’ running was monitored during training and matches using GPS, and eccentric hamstring strength was measured weekly. Results: Weekly sprint distance (ρ = −0.13, p < 0.01) and weekly efforts >90% of maximum velocity (ρ = −0.08, p = 0.01) both displayed significant inverse relationships with the percentage change in eccentric hamstring strength; weekly efforts >95% of maximum velocity showed no relationship with hamstring strength (ρ = −0.02, p = 0.45). Only weekly efforts >90% of maximum velocity significantly influenced the mean percentage change in eccentric hamstring force, F(3,58) = 3.71, p = 0.01, with significant differences occurring when comparing 7−8 sprint efforts with 0−2 efforts (0.11%, p = 0.03) and 5−6 efforts (0.12%, p = 0.03). Conclusions: Eccentric hamstring strength levels significantly decrease when 7−8 weekly sprint efforts are completed at >90% of maximum velocity. Monitoring weekly sprint loading at velocities > 90% of maximum velocity may be valuable to help to reduce the risk of hamstring injuries in professional football.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunnan Shah
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Kieran Collins
- Gaelic Sports Research Centre, Institute of Technology Tallaght, D24 FKT9 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lewis J. Macgregor
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)178646-6475
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45
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Maestro A, Varillas-Delgado D, Morencos E, Gutiérrez-Hellín J, Aguilar-Navarro M, Revuelta G, Del Coso J. Injury Incidence Increases after COVID-19 Infection: A Case Study with a Male Professional Football Team. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191610267. [PMID: 36011901 PMCID: PMC9407930 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: The SARS-CoV-2 virus disease has caused numerous changes in sports routines in the last two years, showing the influence on an increase in sports injuries. The aim of this study was to prospectively analyze the incidence and characteristics of injuries in male professional football players diagnosed with COVID-19 when they return to play after recovering from this illness. Methods: Injury characteristics of professional male football players were recorded for the 2020−2021 season following the international consensus statement from the International Olympic Committee (IOC). SARS-CoV-2 infection in the football players was certified by PCR analysis. Injury epidemiology was compared in players infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus before and after being diagnosed with COVID-19. Results: 14 players (53.8%) were diagnosed with COVID-19 during 2020−2021 season and 12 (46.2%) were not infected (controls). Only three (21.4%) had suffered an injury before being diagnosed with COVID-19. Eleven players (78.6%) had injuries after being diagnosed with COVID-19 (p < 0.001). Among the players diagnosed with COVID-19, injury incidence increased on their return to play after the infection (3.8 to 12.4 injuries/1000 h of exposure, p < 0.001). Additionally, injury incidence during training (10.6 vs. 5.1 injuries/1000 h of exposure, p < 0.001) and matches (56.3 vs. 17.6 injuries/1000 h of exposure, p < 0.001) was ~two-fold higher on return to play after COVID-19 compared to controls (33.4 vs. 17.6 injuries/1000 h of exposure, respectively, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Injury incidence in professional football players who had been infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus significantly increased compared to the injury rates that these same players had prior to the illness. Additionally, the injury incidence was higher when compared to players who were not infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus during the season, especially during matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Maestro
- Faculty of Medicine, Oviedo University, 33003 Oviedo, Spain
- Hospital Begoña, 33204 Gijón, Spain
| | - David Varillas-Delgado
- Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo, Spain
| | - Esther Morencos
- Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo, Spain
| | - Jorge Gutiérrez-Hellín
- Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo, Spain
| | - Millán Aguilar-Navarro
- Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Revuelta
- Clinica El Molinon, Centre for Advanced Medicine, 33203 Gijón, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain
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46
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Miyake E, Yatsunami M, Kurabayashi J, Teruya K. Longitudinal study on locations of injury among junior high school, high school, and university badminton athletes at Japanese national-level competitions. J Phys Ther Sci 2022; 34:571-576. [PMID: 35937623 PMCID: PMC9345752 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.34.571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of study was to examine incidence of injury according to location of
injury to develop an injury prevention program for elite badminton players of junior high
school, high school, and university. [Participants and Methods] We conducted a prospective
longitudinal study, between April 2012 and March 2013, on 133 national-level badminton
players attending junior high school, high school, and university. Injury rates in
athletes per 1,000 exposures were calculated based on gender and school age for the five
most common injury locations, in addition, severity, type and circumstance were
investigated. [Results] Injury rates in athletes per 1,000 exposures were the highest in
the racket-side (RS) shoulder/clavicle among the female university students (4.35), RS
thigh of high school females (2.21), and lumbar spine/lower back of males of all school
ages and junior high school females (1.83–1.25). Significantly higher injury rates were
noted for the overuse of the lumbar spine/lower back and RS shoulder/clavicle, trauma of
the RS thigh and ankle, and injury, when compared with slight injury of the RS ankle.
[Conclusion] Injury prevention programs should be developed for RS shoulder/clavicle
overuse in university females, RS thigh trauma in high school females, and lumbar
spine/lower back in males of all school ages and junior high school females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Miyake
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Nursing and Rehabilitation Sciences, Showa University: 1865 Tokaichibamachi, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8555, Japan.,Showa University Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Japan
| | - Mitsunobu Yatsunami
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, Japan
| | - Jun Kurabayashi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, Japan
| | - Koji Teruya
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, Japan
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47
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Weber J, Ernstberger A, Reinsberger C, Popp D, Nerlich M, Alt V, Krutsch W. Video analysis of 100 matches in male semi-professional football reveals a heading rate of 5.7 headings per field player and match. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:132. [PMID: 35842676 PMCID: PMC9288693 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00521-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heading is an integral part of football and frequent media reports and previous studies about potential danger of heading and head trauma in football fuelled discussions. Epidemiological data and video analyses regarding headings situation and associated head injuries are still missing in male adult professional football. METHODS In a prospective cohort study in the male fourth German football league, 100 official matches of the 2015-2016 season were assessed by video analysis and a standardized protocol. Heading situations and concomitant circumstances as well as incidents with a propensity of injury (critical incidents) were analyzed. Critical incidents (CI) and seasonal reported head injuries were cross-referenced. RESULTS Overall, 11,514 headings were analysed in detail. Video analysis yielded a mean of 5.7 headings per player and match (SD: 1.2; range 0-15). Heading was predominantly performed with the frontal part of the head (76.8%), and nearly two thirds of all headings occurred during defending (65.8%). 71.0% of all headings occured during tacklings, of which 71.9% involved body contact with the opponent player. Video analysis yielded 31 CI on the head due to heading (incidence: 1.02 per 1000 h match exposure and player). 29 CI occurred during heading duels (odds ratio: 5.91), 30 CI with body contact (odds ratio: 28.8) and 6 CI with elbow contact (odds ratio: 6.13). CONCLUSION Heading frequency in male semi-professional football could be determined with a rate of 5.7 headings per match and field player. Cross referencing CI and seasonal reported head injuries revealed a very low number of reported head injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Weber
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Andreas Ernstberger
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Claus Reinsberger
- Institute of Sports Medicine, University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Daniel Popp
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Nerlich
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Volker Alt
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Werner Krutsch
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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Krutsch W, Hadji A, Tröß T, Szymski D, Aus der Fünten K, Gärtner B, Alt V, Meyer T. No increased injury incidence in the German Bundesliga after the SARS-CoV-2 virus lockdown. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2022; 142:1571-1578. [PMID: 34286365 PMCID: PMC8294279 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-021-04060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The coronavirus lockdown in 2020 resulted in a worldwide suspension of professional sports. The first major professional football league to restart after the lockdown was the German Bundesliga. This study investigates whether the injury incidence increased after the restart of the season with only 9 days of regular preparation time and without any friendly matches in comparison to three control periods. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a prospective cohort study, injury analysis (at least 1 day of absence from official football matches or training sessions) of the German Bundesliga registry was standardised according to Hägglund et al. (Br J Sports Med 39:340-346, 2005) and Fuller et al. (Clin J Sports Med 16:97-106, 2006) for data collection and to previous publications for the validated use of media sources for injury registration. The study period after the lockdown in May and June of the 2019-2020 season was compared to three control periods: the period directly before the lockdown, the beginning of the 2019-2020 season and the 2018-2019 season final. RESULTS The nine match days after the restart of the 2019-2020 season showed an overall injury incidence of 4.9 per 1000 h football. This rate was significantly lower than that of the previous season final (9 last match days, overall injury incidence: 6.9 per 1000 h football; p < 0.001) and not increased compared to the rates after the summer break (9 match days; incidence: 5.5/1000 h, p > 0.05) or the winter break (8 match days; incidence: 5.6/1000 h, p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The period after the unexpected break in the 2019-2020 season due to the coronavirus lockdown and the rapid return to competition showed no increase in the injury rate compared to the pre-lockdown period and a lower injury rate than in the previous season final. The unintentional mid-season rest with its potential for physical recovery and individual fitness training seems to have had a positive effect on injury occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Krutsch
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Abed Hadji
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tobias Tröß
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dominik Szymski
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karen Aus der Fünten
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Barbara Gärtner
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Volker Alt
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Ekstrand J, Bengtsson H, Walden M, Davison M, Hagglund M. Still poorly adopted in male professional football: but teams that used the Nordic Hamstring Exercise in team training had fewer hamstring injuries – a retrospective survey of 17 teams of the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study during the 2020–2021 season. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2022; 8:e001368. [PMID: 35979432 PMCID: PMC9315904 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The primary objective was to study the adoption of the NHE programme in European football teams in the 2020/21 season and to compare it to the previous study. A second objective was to compare hamstring injury rates between teams that used the NHE programme in the team training and teams that used the NHE only for players with previous or current hamstring injuries. Methods Data about the implementation of the NHE programme and injury rates were included for 17 teams participating in the Elite Club Injury Study during the 2020/2021 season. Results One team (6%) used the full original NHE programme, and another four teams used it for all or most players in the team (team training group, n=5). Eleven teams used NHE only for players with a previous or current hamstring injury (individual training group), and one team did not use NHE. The team training group had fewer hamstring injuries (5 vs 11 per team, p=0.008) and a lower injury burden (12 vs 35 lay-off days per 1000 hours, p=0.003) than the individual training group. Conclusion Similar to previous reports, low adoption of the NHE programme was seen in the 2020/2021 season. The low adoption rate (13%) relates to the number of teams fully or partly using NHE programmes. Teams that used NHE for the whole team or most players had a lower hamstring injury burden than teams that used NHE only for individual players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ekstrand
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Håkan Bengtsson
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Markus Walden
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Michael Davison
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
- FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, London, UK
| | - Martin Hagglund
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
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Robles-Palazón FJ, Ruiz-Pérez I, Aparicio-Sarmiento A, Cejudo A, Ayala F, Sainz de Baranda P. Incidence, burden, and pattern of injuries in Spanish male youth soccer players: A prospective cohort study. Phys Ther Sport 2022; 56:48-59. [PMID: 35816871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the incidence, burden, and pattern of injuries in Spanish male youth soccer players during a 9-month competitive season (from September to May-June). DESIGN Prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS 314 young (10-19 years) soccer players. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incidence, burden, location, type, severity, mechanism, and circumstance of injuries, as well as potential differences by tactical position, month of the year, age group, and maturity status. RESULTS A total of 146 time-loss injuries were sustained by 101 different players. This resulted in an overall injury incidence of 3.1 injuries per 1000 h, a training injury incidence of 1.8 injuries per 1000 h, and a match injury incidence of 11.2 injuries per 1000 h. The probability of injury over the season was 34%. Most of the injuries affected the lower extremity and were classified as muscle/tendon injuries, with hamstring muscle injuries representing the most burdensome diagnosis. The incidence of injuries increased with age and maturation, but a heightened risk of overuse injuries during periods around peak height velocity was also identified. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a need for implementing specific injury prevention measures. Due to the high burden shown, these measures should mainly focus on reducing the number and severity of hamstring muscle injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Robles-Palazón
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Iñaki Ruiz-Pérez
- Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Faculty of Health Sciences, University Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | - Alba Aparicio-Sarmiento
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Cejudo
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Ayala
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pilar Sainz de Baranda
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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