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Beneke R, Granseyer M, Leithäuser RM. Cadence Paradox in Cycling-Part 1: Maximal Lactate Steady State and Carbohydrate Utilization Dependent on Cycling Cadence. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:558-564. [PMID: 38521054 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess (1) whether and how a higher maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) at higher cycling cadence (RPM) comes along with higher absolute and/or fractional carbohydrate combustion (CHOMLSS), respectively, and (2) whether there is an interrelation between potential RPM-dependent MLSS effects and the maximally achievable RPM (RPMMAX). METHODS Twelve healthy males performed incremental load tests to determine peak power, peak oxygen uptake, and 30-minute MLSS tests at 50 and 100 per minute, respectively, to assess RPM-dependent MLSS, corresponding power output, CHOMLSS responses, and 6-second sprints to measure RPMMAX. RESULTS Peak power, peak carbon dioxide production, and power output at MLSS were lower (P = .000, ω2 = 0.922; P = .044, ω2 > 0.275; and P = .016, ω2 = 0.373) at 100 per minute than at 50 per minute. With 6.0 (1.5) versus 3.8 (1.2) mmol·L-1, MLSS was higher (P = .000, ω2 = 0.771) at 100 per minute than at 50 per minute. No corresponding RPM-dependent differences were found in oxygen uptake at MLSS, carbon dioxide production at MLSS, respiratory exchange ratio at MLSS, CHOMLSS, or fraction of oxygen uptake used for CHO at MLSS, respectively. There was no correlation between the RPM-dependent difference in MLSS and RPMMAX. CONCLUSIONS The present study extends the previous finding of a consistently higher MLSS at higher RPM by indicating (1) that at fully established MLSS conditions, respiration and CHOMLSS management do not differ significantly between 100 per minute and 50 per minute, and (2) that linear correlation models did not identify linear interdependencies between RPM-dependent MLSS conditions and RPMMAX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Beneke
- Medizin Training und Gesundheit, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marisa Granseyer
- Medizin Training und Gesundheit, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Renate M Leithäuser
- Medizin Training und Gesundheit, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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2
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Rosenblat MA, Arnold J, Nelson H, Watt J, Seiler S. The Additional Effect of Training Above the Maximal Metabolic Steady State on VO2peak, Wpeak and Time-Trial Performance in Endurance-Trained Athletes: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Reality Check. Sports Med 2024; 54:429-446. [PMID: 37737543 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01924-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To improve sport performance, athletes use training regimens that include exercise below and above the maximal metabolic steady state (MMSS). OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to determine the additional effect of training above MMSS on VO2peak, Wpeak and time-trial (TT) performance in endurance-trained athletes. METHODS Studies were included in the review if they (i) were published in academic journals, (ii) were in English, (iii) were prospective, (iv) included trained participants, (v) had an intervention group that contained training above and below MMSS, (vi) had a comparator group that only performed training below MMSS, and (vii) reported results for VO2peak, Wpeak, or TT performance. Medline and SPORTDiscus were searched from inception until February 23, 2023. RESULTS Fourteen studies that ranged from 2 to 12 weeks were included in the review. There were 171 recreational and 128 competitive endurance athletes. The mean age and VO2peak of participants ranged from 15 to 43 years and 38 to 68 mL·kg-1·min-1, respectively. The inclusion of training above MMSS led to a 2.5 mL·kg-1·min-1 (95% CI 1.4-3.6; p < 0.01; I2 = 0%) greater improvement in VO2peak. A minimum of 81 participants per group would be required to obtain sufficient power to determine a significant effect (SMD 0.44) for VO2peak. No intensity-specific effect was observed for Wpeak or TT performance, in part due to a smaller sample size. CONCLUSION A single training meso-cycle that includes training above MMSS can improve VO2peak in endurance-trained athletes more than training only below MMSS. However, we do not have sufficient evidence to conclude that concurrent adaptation occurs for Wpeak or TT performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jem Arnold
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hannah Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jennifer Watt
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Seiler
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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3
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Gordon L, Ferris J, Pauli H. Rewarming from unwitnessed hypothermic cardiac arrest with good neurological recovery using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Perfusion 2023; 38:1734-1737. [PMID: 35980270 DOI: 10.1177/02676591221122274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A 26-year-old man, who was training in bad weather for a mountain ultramarathon, became hypothermic after running for 4 h. He deteriorated and was unable to continue. His running partner went for help. The man suffered an unwitnessed hypothermic cardiac arrest. The on-site management and evacuation are described and included the use of intermittent cardiopulmonary resuscitation and a mechanical device during transport. The patient was successfully resuscitated and rewarmed by Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) after more than 2 h of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. After 14 h of ECMO support and five days of ventilation, the patient subsequently made a good neurological recovery. At hospital discharge, he had normal cerebral function, and an improving peripheral polyneuropathy affecting distal limbs, with paraesthesia in both feet and reduced coordination and fine motor skills in both hands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Les Gordon
- Department of Anaesthesia, University Hospitals Morecambe Bay Trust, Lancaster, UK
- Langdale Ambleside Mountain Rescue Team, Ambleside, UK
| | - John Ferris
- North Cumbria Integrated Care NHS Trust, West Cumberland Hospital, Whitehaven, UK
- Keswick Mountain Rescue Team, Keswick, UK
| | - Henning Pauli
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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Webb KL, Gorman EK, Morkeberg OH, Klassen SA, Regimbal RJ, Wiggins CC, Joyner MJ, Hammer SM, Senefeld JW. The relationship between hemoglobin and [Formula: see text]: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292835. [PMID: 37824583 PMCID: PMC10569622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is widespread agreement about the key role of hemoglobin for oxygen transport. Both observational and interventional studies have examined the relationship between hemoglobin levels and maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) in humans. However, there exists considerable variability in the scientific literature regarding the potential relationship between hemoglobin and [Formula: see text]. Thus, we aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of the diverse literature and examine the relationship between hemoglobin levels (hemoglobin concentration and mass) and [Formula: see text] (absolute and relative [Formula: see text]) among both observational and interventional studies. METHODS A systematic search was performed on December 6th, 2021. The study procedures and reporting of findings followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Article selection and data abstraction were performed in duplicate by two independent reviewers. Primary outcomes were hemoglobin levels and [Formula: see text] values (absolute and relative). For observational studies, meta-regression models were performed to examine the relationship between hemoglobin levels and [Formula: see text] values. For interventional studies, meta-analysis models were performed to determine the change in [Formula: see text] values (standard paired difference) associated with interventions designed to modify hemoglobin levels or [Formula: see text]. Meta-regression models were then performed to determine the relationship between a change in hemoglobin levels and the change in [Formula: see text] values. RESULTS Data from 384 studies (226 observational studies and 158 interventional studies) were examined. For observational data, there was a positive association between absolute [Formula: see text] and hemoglobin levels (hemoglobin concentration, hemoglobin mass, and hematocrit (P<0.001 for all)). Prespecified subgroup analyses demonstrated no apparent sex-related differences among these relationships. For interventional data, there was a positive association between the change of absolute [Formula: see text] (standard paired difference) and the change in hemoglobin levels (hemoglobin concentration (P<0.0001) and hemoglobin mass (P = 0.006)). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that [Formula: see text] values are closely associated with hemoglobin levels among both observational and interventional studies. Although our findings suggest a lack of sex differences in these relationships, there were limited studies incorporating females or stratifying results by biological sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L. Webb
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ellen K. Gorman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Olaf H. Morkeberg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Stephen A. Klassen
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Riley J. Regimbal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Chad C. Wiggins
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Shane M. Hammer
- Department of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Jonathon W. Senefeld
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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5
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Vobejda C, Wortmann T, Zimmermann E. Constant power threshold—predicting maximal lactate steady state in recreational cyclists. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-022-00801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Prolonged time trials proved capable of precisely estimating anaerobic threshold. However, time trial studies in recreational cyclists are missing. The aim of the present study was to evaluate accuracy and viability of constant power threshold, which is the highest power output constantly maintainable over time, for estimating maximal lactate steady state in recreational athletes.
Methods
A total of 25 recreational athletes participated in the study of whom 22 (11 female, 11 male) conducted all constant load time trials required for determining constant power threshold 30 min and 45 min, which is the highest power output constantly maintainable over 30 min and 45 min, respectively. Maximal lactate steady state was assessed subsequently from blood samples taken every 5 min during the time trials.
Results
Constant power threshold over 45 min (175.5 ± 49.6 W) almost matched power output at maximal lactate steady state (176.4 ± 50.5 W), whereas constant power threshold over 30 min (181.4 ± 51.4 W) was marginally higher (P = 0.007, d = 0.74). Interrelations between maximal lactate steady state and constant power threshold 30 min and constant power threshold 45 min were very close (R2 = 0.99, SEE = 8.9 W, Percentage SEE (%SEE) = 5.1%, P < 0.001 and R2 = 0.99, SEE = 10.0 W, %SEE = 5.7%, P < 0.001, respectively).
Conclusions
Determination of constant power threshold is a straining but viable and precise alternative for recreational cyclists to estimate power output at maximal lactate steady state and thus maximal sustainable oxidative metabolic rate.
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Abstract
The elegant concept of a hyperbolic relationship between power, velocity, or torque and time to exhaustion has rightfully captivated the imagination and inspired extensive research for over half a century. Theoretically, the relationship's asymptote along the time axis (critical power, velocity, or torque) indicates the exercise intensity that could be maintained for extended durations, or the "heavy-severe exercise boundary". Much more than a critical mass of the extensive accumulated evidence, however, has persistently shown the determined intensity of critical power and its variants as being too high to maintain for extended periods. The extensive scientific research devoted to the topic has almost exclusively centered around its relationships with various endurance parameters and performances, as well as the identification of procedural problems and how to mitigate them. The prevalent underlying premise has been that the observed discrepancies are mainly due to experimental 'noise' and procedural inconsistencies. Consequently, little or no effort has been directed at other perspectives such as trying to elucidate physiological reasons that possibly underly and account for those discrepancies. This review, therefore, will attempt to offer a new such perspective and point out the discrepancies' likely root causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffy Dotan
- Kinesiology Department, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.
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7
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MacIntosh BR, Murias JM, Keir DA, Weir JM. What Is Moderate to Vigorous Exercise Intensity? Front Physiol 2021; 12:682233. [PMID: 34630133 PMCID: PMC8493117 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.682233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of health benefits associated with physical activity depends upon the frequency, intensity, duration, and type of exercise. Intensity of exercise is the most elusive of these elements and yet has important implications for the health benefits and particularly cardiovascular outcomes elicited by regular physical activity. Authorities recommend that we obtain 150min of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) each week. The current descriptions of moderate to vigorous intensity are not sufficient, and we wish to enhance understanding of MVPA by recognition of important boundaries that define these intensities. There are two key thresholds identified in incremental tests: ventilatory and lactate thresholds 1 and 2, which reflect boundaries related to individualized disturbance to homeostasis that are appropriate for prescribing exercise. VT2 and LT2 correspond with critical power/speed and respiratory compensation point. Moderate intensity physical activity approaches VT1 and LT1 and vigorous intensity physical activity is between the two thresholds (1 and 2). The common practice of prescribing exercise at a fixed metabolic rate (# of METs) or percentage of maximal heart rate or of maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) does not acknowledge the individual variability of these metabolic boundaries. As training adaptations occur, these boundaries will change in absolute and relative terms. Reassessment is necessary to maintain regular exercise in the moderate to vigorous intensity domains. Future research should consider using these metabolic boundaries for exercise prescription, so we will gain a better understanding of the specific physical activity induced health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan M Murias
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel A Keir
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jamie M Weir
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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8
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Mackey J, Horner K. What is known about the FTP 20 test related to cycling? A scoping review. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2735-2745. [PMID: 34304689 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1955515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Functional Threshold Power (FTP) in cycling is increasingly used in exercise prescription, particularly with the rise in use of home trainers and virtual exercise platforms. FTP testing does not require biological sampling and is considered a more practical test than others. This scoping review investigated what is known about the 20-minute FTP (FTP20) test. A three-step search strategy was used to identify studies in relevant databases (PubMed, CINAHL, SportDiscus, Google Scholar, Web of Science) and grey literature. Data were extracted and common themes identified which allowed for descriptive analysis and thematic summary. Fifteen studies were included. The primary focus fitted broadly into four themes: reliability, association with other physiological markers, other power-related concepts and performance prediction. The FTP20 test was reported as a reliable test. Studies investigating the relationship of FTP20 with other physiological markers and power-related concepts reported large limits of agreement suggesting parameters cannot be used interchangeably. Some findings indicate that FTP20 may be useful in performance prediction. The majority of studies involved trained male cyclists. Overall, existing literature on the FTP20 test is limited. Further investigation is needed to provide physiological justification for FTP20 and inform use in exercise prescription in a range of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Mackey
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science and Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katy Horner
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science and Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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9
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Aerobic Training Modulates the Increase in Plasma Concentrations of Cytokines in response to a Session of Exercise. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 2021:1304139. [PMID: 33510799 PMCID: PMC7826215 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1304139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute physical exercise can modulate immune function. For example, acute exercise is known to increase the circulating concentration of cytokines. Exercise is also known to modulate immune function chronically. It is not known whether exercise training can result in training of the immune system. Here, we investigated the effects of six weeks of aerobic training on cytokine responses induced by acute exercise until fatigue. Twelve healthy men performed a fatiguing exercise at the anaerobic threshold (AT) intensity. After the training period, the participants performed another bout of acute exercise at the same duration and intensity of the pretraining situation. The analysis was made at the beginning, end, and at 10, 30, and 60 minutes during the recovery period. Training at AT induced a gain of 11.2% of exercise capacity. Before training, a single bout of acute exercise induced a significant increase in plasma levels of cytokines, including IL-6, TNF-α, sTNFR1, IL-10, CXCL10, BDNF, leptin, resistin, and adiponectin. After six weeks of aerobic training, levels of IL-6, sTNFR1, BDNF, and leptin increased to a lesser extent after an acute bout exercise at the same absolute intensity as the pretraining period. Responses to the same relative exercise intensity were similar to those observed before exercise. These results show that aerobic training is associated with training of acute immune responses to acute exercise until fatigue.
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10
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Karsten B, Petrigna L, Klose A, Bianco A, Townsend N, Triska C. Relationship Between the Critical Power Test and a 20-min Functional Threshold Power Test in Cycling. Front Physiol 2021; 11:613151. [PMID: 33551839 PMCID: PMC7862708 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.613151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the agreement between critical power (CP) and functional threshold power (FTP), 17 trained cyclists and triathletes (mean ± SD: age 31 ± 9 years, body mass 80 ± 10 kg, maximal aerobic power 350 ± 56 W, peak oxygen consumption 51 ± 10 mL⋅min-1⋅kg-1) performed a maximal incremental ramp test, a single-visit CP test and a 20-min time trial (TT) test in randomized order on three different days. CP was determined using a time-trial (TT) protocol of three durations (12, 7, and 3 min) interspersed by 30 min passive rest. FTP was calculated as 95% of 20-min mean power achieved during the TT. Differences between means were examined using magnitude-based inferences and a paired-samples t-test. Effect sizes are reported as Cohen's d. Agreement between CP and FTP was assessed using the 95% limits of agreement (LoA) method and Pearson correlation coefficient. There was a 91.7% probability that CP (256 ± 50 W) was higher than FTP (249 ± 44 W). Indeed, CP was significantly higher compared to FTP (P = 0.041) which was associated with a trivial effect size (d = 0.04). The mean bias between CP and FTP was 7 ± 13 W and LoA were -19 to 33 W. Even though strong correlations exist between CP and FTP (r = 0.969; P < 0.001), the chance of meaningful differences in terms of performance (1% smallest worthwhile change), were greater than 90%. With relatively large ranges for LoA between variables, these values generally should not be used interchangeably. Caution should consequently be exercised when choosing between FTP and CP for the purposes of performance analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Karsten
- European University of Applied Sciences (EUFH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Luca Petrigna
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andreas Klose
- Institut für Sportwissenschaft, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nathan Townsend
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Christoph Triska
- Institute of Sport Science, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Leistungssport Austria, High Performance Unit, Brunn am Gebirge, Austria
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11
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Can an Incremental Step Test Be Used for Maximal Lactate Steady State Determination in Swimming? Clues for Practice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020477. [PMID: 33430166 PMCID: PMC7826783 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to compare the velocity, physiological responses, and stroke mechanics between the lactate parameters determined in an incremental step test (IST) and maximal lactate steady state (MLSS). Fourteen well-trained male swimmers (16.8 ± 2.8 years) were timed for 400 m and 200 m (T200). Afterwards, a 7 × 200-m front-crawl IST was performed. Swimming velocity, heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration (BLC), stroke mechanics, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured throughout the IST and in the 30-min continuous test (CT) bouts for MLSS determination. Swimming velocities at lactate threshold determined with log-log methodology (1.34 ± 0.06 m∙s−1) and Dmax methodology (1.40 ± 0.06 m∙s−1); and also, the velocity at BLC of 4 mmol∙L−1 (1.36 ± 0.07) were not significantly different from MLSSv, however, Bland–Altman analysis showed wide limits of agreement and the concordance correlation coefficient showed poor strength of agreement between the aforementioned parameters which precludes their interchangeable use. Stroke mechanics, HR, RPE, and BLC in MLSSv were not significantly different from the fourth repetition of IST (85% of T200), which by itself can provide useful support to daily practice of well-trained swimmers. Nevertheless, the determination of MLSSv, based on a CT, remains more accurate for exercise evaluation and prescription.
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12
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Katsumata Y, Sano M, Okawara H, Sawada T, Nakashima D, Ichihara G, Fukuda K, Sato K, Kobayashi E. Laminar flow ventilation system to prevent airborne infection during exercise in the COVID-19 crisis: A single-center observational study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257549. [PMID: 34758032 PMCID: PMC8580245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Particulate generation occurs during exercise-induced exhalation, and research on this topic is scarce. Moreover, infection-control measures are inadequately implemented to avoid particulate generation. A laminar airflow ventilation system (LFVS) was developed to remove respiratory droplets released during treadmill exercise. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the number of aerosols during training on a treadmill and exercise intensity and to elucidate the effect of the LFVS on aerosol removal during anaerobic exercise. In this single-center observational study, the exercise tests were performed on a treadmill at Running Science Lab in Japan on 20 healthy subjects (age: 29±12 years, men: 80%). The subjects had a broad spectrum of aerobic capacities and fitness levels, including athletes, and had no comorbidities. All of them received no medication. The exercise intensity was increased by 1-km/h increments until the heart rate reached 85% of the expected maximum rate and then maintained for 10 min. The first 10 subjects were analyzed to examine whether exercise increased the concentration of airborne particulates in the exhaled air. For the remaining 10 subjects, the LFVS was activated during constant-load exercise to compare the number of respiratory droplets before and after LFVS use. During exercise, a steady amount of particulates before the lactate threshold (LT) was followed by a significant and gradual increase in respiratory droplets after the LT, particularly during anaerobic exercise. Furthermore, respiratory droplets ≥0.3 μm significantly decreased after using LFVS (2120800±759700 vs. 560 ± 170, p<0.001). The amount of respiratory droplets significantly increased after LT. The LFVS enabled a significant decrease in respiratory droplets during anaerobic exercise in healthy subjects. This study's findings will aid in exercising safely during this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Katsumata
- Institute for Integrated Sports Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Motoaki Sano
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Okawara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Sawada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakashima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Genki Ichihara
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Institute for Integrated Sports Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Department of Organ Fabrication, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Newer Perspectives in Lactate Threshold Estimation for Endurance Sports – A Mini-Review. CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.18276/cej.2021.3-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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14
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Moral-González S, González-Sánchez J, Valenzuela PL, García-Merino S, Barbado C, Lucia A, Foster C, Barranco-Gil D. Time to Exhaustion at the Respiratory Compensation Point in Recreational Cyclists. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176352. [PMID: 32878259 PMCID: PMC7503988 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The time to exhaustion (tlim) at the respiratory compensation point (RCP) and whether a physiological steady state is observed at this workload remains unknown. Thus, this study analyzed tlim at the power output eliciting the RCP (tlim at RCP), the oxygen uptake (VO2) response to this effort, and the influence of endurance fitness. Sixty male recreational cyclists (peak oxygen uptake [VO2peak] 40–60 mL∙kg∙min−1) performed an incremental test to determine the RCP, VO2peak, and maximal aerobic power (MAP). They also performed constant-load tests to determine the tlim at RCP and tlim at MAP. Participants were divided based on their VO2peak into a low-performance group (LP, n = 30) and a high-performance group (HP, n = 30). The tlim at RCP averaged 20 min 32 s ± 5 min 42 s, with a high between-subject variability (coefficient of variation 28%) but with no differences between groups (p = 0.788, effect size = 0.06). No consistent relationships were found between the tlim at RCP and the different fitness markers analyzed (RCP, power output (PO) at RCP, VO2peak, MAP, or tlim at MAP; all p > 0.05). VO2 remained steady overall during the tlim test, although a VO2 slow component (i.e., an increase in VO2 >200 mL·min−1 from the third min to the end of the tests) was present in 33% and 40% of the participants in HP and LP, respectively. In summary, the PO at RCP could be maintained for about 20 min. However, there was a high between-subject variability in both the tlim and in the VO2 response to this effort that seemed to be independent of fitness level, which raises concerns on the suitability of this test for fitness assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Moral-González
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (S.M.-G.); (J.G.-S.); (S.G.-M.); (C.B.); (A.L.); (D.B.-G.)
| | - Javier González-Sánchez
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (S.M.-G.); (J.G.-S.); (S.G.-M.); (C.B.); (A.L.); (D.B.-G.)
| | - Pedro L. Valenzuela
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Sport and Health, Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport (AEPSAD), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-885-45-23
| | - Sonia García-Merino
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (S.M.-G.); (J.G.-S.); (S.G.-M.); (C.B.); (A.L.); (D.B.-G.)
| | - Carlos Barbado
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (S.M.-G.); (J.G.-S.); (S.G.-M.); (C.B.); (A.L.); (D.B.-G.)
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (S.M.-G.); (J.G.-S.); (S.G.-M.); (C.B.); (A.L.); (D.B.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carl Foster
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA;
| | - David Barranco-Gil
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (S.M.-G.); (J.G.-S.); (S.G.-M.); (C.B.); (A.L.); (D.B.-G.)
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Barranco-Gil D, Gil-Cabrera J, Valenzuela PL, Alejo LB, Montalvo-Pérez A, Talavera E, Moral-González S, Lucia A. Functional Threshold Power: Relationship With Respiratory Compensation Point and Effects of Various Warm-Up Protocols. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1047-1051. [PMID: 32604072 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The functional threshold power (FTP), which demarcates the transition from steady state to non-steady-state oxidative metabolism, is usually determined with a 20-minute cycling time trial that follows a standard ∼45-minute warm-up. This study aimed to determine if the standard warm-up inherent to FTP determination is actually necessary and how its modification or removal affects the relationship between FTP and the respiratory compensation point (RCP). METHODS A total of 15 male cyclists (age 35 [9] y, maximum oxygen uptake 66.4 [6.8] mL·kg-1·min-1) participated in this randomized, crossover study. Participants performed a ramp test for determination of RCP and maximum oxygen uptake. During subsequent visits, they performed a 20-minute time trial preceded by the "standard" warm-up that is typically performed before an FTP test (S-WU), a 10-minute warm-up at the power output (PO) corresponding to 60% of maximum oxygen uptake (60%-WU), or no warm-up (No-WU). FTP was computed as 95% of the mean PO attained during the time trial. RESULTS Although the FTP was correlated with the RCP independently of the warm-up (r = .89, .93, and .86 for No-WU, 60%-WU, and S-WU, respectively; all Ps < .001), the PO at RCP was higher than the FTP in all cases (bias ± 95% limits of agreement = 57 [24], 60 [23], and 57 [32] W for No-WU, 60%-WU, and S-WU, respectively; all Ps < .001 and effect size > 1.70). CONCLUSIONS The FTP is highly correlated with the RCP but corresponds to a significantly lower PO, being these results independent of the warm-up performed (or even with no warm-up).
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Bräuer EK, Smekal G. VO2 Steady State at and Just Above Maximum Lactate Steady State Intensity. Int J Sports Med 2020; 41:574-581. [PMID: 32353881 DOI: 10.1055/a-1100-7253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Over recent decades the association between metabolic and gas exchange parameters during exercise has become evident. Different "thresholds" (such as lactate thresholds, critical power, EMG thresholds) and intensity domains appear to be linked to an upper limit of oxygen uptake steady state (V̇O2SS). The aim of this study was to investigate whether MLSS is associated with the upper limit for a V̇O2SS. Forty-five subjects underwent one incremental test and 4-6 30-minute MLSS tests on a cycle ergometer. A three-component model was used to describe V̇O2 response at PMLSS and just above PMLSS+1. To evaluate the results, breath-by-breath V̇O2 and lactate (LA) values were analyzed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), increasing (k-) values and the Wilcoxon test. According to the calculated k-values of LA and VO2 at PMLSS and PMLSS+1, no significant increase of VO2 occurred during both intensities (PMLSS and PMLSS+1) from minute 10 to minute 30, confirming the existence of a V̇O2SS. Additionally, the ICC of 0.94 confirmed high accordance of the VO2 kinetics at both intensities (PMLSS and PMLSS+1). This study shows that power output at MLSS workload does not represent an accurate cut for an upper limit of V̇O2SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth K Bräuer
- Sports Science, Pädagogische Hochschule Niederösterreich, Baden, Austria
| | - Gerhard Smekal
- Department of Sports Physiology, University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Inglis EC, Iannetta D, Passfield L, Murias JM. Maximal Lactate Steady State Versus the 20-Minute Functional Threshold Power Test in Well-Trained Individuals: "Watts" the Big Deal? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:541-547. [PMID: 31689684 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To (1) compare the power output (PO) for both the 20-minute functional threshold power (FTP20) field test and the calculated 95% (FTP95%) with PO at maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) and (2) evaluate the sensitivity of FTP95% and MLSS to training-induced changes. METHODS Eighteen participants (12 males: 37 [6] y and 6 females: 28 [6] y) performed a ramp-incremental cycling test to exhaustion, 2 to 3 constant-load MLSS trials, and an FTP20 test. A total of 10 participants returned to repeat the test series after 7 months of training. RESULTS The PO at FTP20 and FTP95% was greater than that at MLSS (P = .00), with the PO at MLSS representing 88.5% (4.8%) and 93.1% (5.1%) of FTP and FTP95%, respectively. MLSS was greater at POST compared with PRE training (12 [8] W) (P = .002). No increase was observed in mean PO at FTP20 and FTP95% (P = .75). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the PO at FTP95% is different to MLSS, and that changes in the PO at MLSS after training were not reflected by FTP95%. Even when using an adjusted percentage (ie, 88% rather than 95% of FTP20), the large variability in the data is such that it would not be advisable to use this as a representation of MLSS.
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Pallarés JG, Lillo-Bevia JR, Morán-Navarro R, Cerezuela-Espejo V, Mora-Rodriguez R. Time to exhaustion during cycling is not well predicted by critical power calculations. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:753-760. [PMID: 31935109 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Three to 5 cycling tests to exhaustion allow prediction of time to exhaustion (TTE) at power output based on calculation of critical power (CP). We aimed to determine the accuracy of CP predictions of TTE at power outputs habitually endured by cyclists. Fourteen endurance-trained male cyclists underwent 4 randomized cycle-ergometer TTE tests at power outputs eliciting (i) mean Wingate anaerobic test (WAnTmean), (ii) maximal oxygen consumption, (iii) respiratory compensation threshold (VT2), and (iv) maximal lactate steady state (MLSS). Tests were conducted in duplicate with coefficient of variation of 5%-9%. Power outputs were 710 ± 63 W for WAnTmean, 366 ± 26 W for maximal oxygen consumption, 302 ± 31 W for VT2 and 247 ± 20 W for MLSS. Corresponding TTE were 00:29 ± 00:06, 03:23 ± 00:45, 11:29 ± 05:07, and 76:05 ± 13:53 min:s, respectively. Power output associated with CP was only 2% lower than MLSS (242 ± 19 vs. 247 ± 20 W; P < 0.001). The CP predictions overestimated TTE at WAnTmean (00:24 ± 00:10 mm:ss) and MLSS (04:41 ± 11:47 min:s), underestimated TTE at VT2 (-04:18 ± 03:20 mm:ss; P < 0.05), and correctly predicted TTE at maximal oxygen consumption. In summary, CP accurately predicts MLSS power output and TTE at maximal oxygen consumption. However, it should not be used to estimate time to exhaustion in trained cyclists at higher or lower power outputs (e.g., sprints and 40-km time trials). Novelty CP calculation enables to predict TTE at any cycling power output. We tested those predictions against measured TTE in a wide range of cycling power outputs. CP appropriately predicted TTE at maximal oxygen consumption intensity but err at higher and lower cycling power outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus G Pallarés
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory. University of Murcia, 30720, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose R Lillo-Bevia
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory. University of Murcia, 30720, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ricardo Morán-Navarro
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory. University of Murcia, 30720, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Ricardo Mora-Rodriguez
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory at Toledo. University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda Carlos III, s/n, 47051, Toledo, Spain
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Machado AF, Reis VM, Rica RL, Baker JS, Figueira Junior AJ, Bocalini DS. Energy expenditure and intensity of HIIT bodywork® session. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574202000040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor Machado Reis
- Centro de Pesquisa em Ciências do Esporte, Portugal; Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal
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Abstract
Exercise is a well-known non-pharmacologic agent used to prevent and treat a wide range of pathologic conditions such as metabolic and cardiovascular disease. In this sense, the classic field of exercise physiology has determined the main theoretical and practical bases of physiologic adaptations in response to exercise. However, the last decades were marked by significant advances in analytical laboratory techniques, where the field of biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology promoted exercise science to enter a new era. Regardless of its application, whether in the field of disease prevention or performance, the association of molecular biology with exercise physiology has been fundamental for unveiling knowledge of the molecular mechanisms related to the adaptation to exercise. This chapter will address the natural evolution of exercise physiology toward genetics and molecular biology, emphasizing the collection of integrated analytical approaches that composes the OMICS and their contribution to the field of molecular exercise physiology.
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Abstract
Trail running is a popular sport, yet factors related to performance are still not fully understood. Lactate thresholds have been thoroughly investigated in road running and correlate strongly with race performance, but to date few data are available about the value in trail running performance prediction. We examined 25 trail runners (age 31.2 ± 5.1 years, BMI 22.2 ± 1.82 kg/m2) with an initial graded exercise test for measurement of VO2max (59.5 ± 5.2 ml.kg‐1.min‐ 1) and lactate thresholds (LT): LTAET (LT aerobic) 1.03 ± 0.59 mmol/l; 11.2 ± 1.1 km/h), IAT (individual lactate threshold) (2.53 ± 0.59 mmol/l; 15.4 ± 1.6 km/h) and LT4 (lactate threshold at 4 mmol/l) (16.2 ± 1.9 km/h). All runners subsequently participated in a 31.1 km XS trail race and 9 runners in a 21 km XXS trail race. Race performance times correlated negatively with the XS trail run (LTAET: r = ‐0.65, p < 0.01; LT4: r = ‐0.87, p < 0.01; IAT: r = ‐0.84, p < 0.01) and regression analysis showed that race performance could be predicted by: LT4: ‐324.15×LT4+13195.23 (R2 = .753, F1,23 = 70.02, p < 0.01). A subgroup analysis showed higher correlations with race performance for slower than faster runners. No correlations were found with the XXS race. Lactate thresholds can be of value in predicting trail race performance and help in designing training plans.
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Is the Functional Threshold Power Interchangeable With the Maximal Lactate Steady State in Trained Cyclists? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:1029-1035. [PMID: 30676826 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Functional threshold power (FTP), determined as 95% of the average power during a 20-min time trial, is suggested as a practical test for the determination of the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) in cycling. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the validity of FTP in predicting MLSS. METHODS A total of 15 cyclists, 7 classified as trained and 8 as well trained (mean [SD] maximal oxygen uptake 62.3 [6.4] mL·kg-1·min-1, maximal aerobic power 329 [30] W), performed an incremental test to exhaustion, an FTP test, and several constant-load tests to determine the MLSS. The bias ± 95% limits of agreement (LoA), typical error of the estimate (TEE), and Pearson coefficient of correlation (r) were calculated to assess validity. RESULTS For the power-output measures, FTP presented a bias ± 95% LoA of 1.4% ± 9.2%, a moderate TEE (4.7%), and nearly perfect correlation (r = .91) with MLSS in all cyclists together. When divided by training level, the bias ± 95% LoA and TEE were higher in the trained group (1.4% ± 11.8% and 6.4%, respectively) than in the well-trained group (1.3% ± 7.4% and 3.0%, respectively). For the heart-rate measurement, FTP presented a bias ± 95% LoA of -1.4% ± 8.2%, TEE of 4.0%, and very large correlation (r = .80) with MLSS. CONCLUSION Therefore, trained and well-trained cyclists can use FTP as a noninvasive and practical alternative to estimate MLSS.
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Gronwald T, Hoos O, Hottenrott K. Effects of Acute Normobaric Hypoxia on Non-linear Dynamics of Cardiac Autonomic Activity During Constant Workload Cycling Exercise. Front Physiol 2019; 10:999. [PMID: 31427992 PMCID: PMC6688521 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Measurements of Non-linear dynamics of heart rate variability (HRV) provide new possibilities to monitor cardiac autonomic activity during exercise under different environmental conditions. Using detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) technique to assess correlation properties of heart rate (HR) dynamics, the present study examines the influence of normobaric hypoxic conditions (HC) in comparison to normoxic conditions (NC) during a constant workload exercise. Materials and Methods Nine well trained cyclists performed a continuous workload exercise on a cycle ergometer with an intensity corresponding to the individual anaerobic threshold until voluntary exhaustion under both NC and HC (15% O2). The individual exercise duration was normalized to 10% sections (10-100%). During exercise HR and RR-intervals were continuously-recorded. Besides HRV time-domain measurements (meanRR, SDNN), fractal correlation properties using short-term scaling exponent alpha1 of DFA were calculated. Additionally, blood lactate (La), oxygen saturation of the blood (SpO2), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded in regular time intervals. Results We observed significant changes under NC and HC for all parameters from the beginning to the end of the exercise (10% vs. 100%) except for SpO2 and SDNN during NC: increases for HR, La, and RPE in both conditions; decreases for SpO2 and SDNN during HC, meanRR and DFA-alpha1 during both conditions. Under HC HR (40-70%), La (10-90%), and RPE (50-90%) were significantly-higher, SpO2 (10-100%), meanRR (40-70%), and DFA-alpha1 (20-60%) were significantly-lower than under NC. Conclusion Under both conditions, prolonged exercise until voluntary exhaustion provokes a lower total variability combined with a reduction in the amplitude and correlation properties of RR fluctuations which may be attributed to increased organismic demands. Additionally, HC provoked higher demands and loss of correlation properties at an earlier stage during the exercise regime, implying an accelerated alteration of cardiac autonomic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gronwald
- Department of Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy and Health, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Hoos
- Center for Sports and Physical Education, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kuno Hottenrott
- Institute of Sports Science, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Physiological Responses of Continuous and Intermittent Swimming at Critical Speed and Maximum Lactate Steady State in Children and Adolescent Swimmers. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7010025. [PMID: 30669295 PMCID: PMC6359490 DOI: 10.3390/sports7010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to compare physiological responses during continuous and intermittent swimming at intensity corresponding to critical speed (CS: slope of the distance vs. time relationship using 200 and 400-m tests) with maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) in children and adolescents. Methods: CS and the speed corresponding to MLSS (sMLSS) were calculated in ten male children (11.5 ± 0.4 years) and ten adolescents (15.8 ± 0.7 years). Blood lactate concentration (BL), oxygen uptake (V·O2), and heart rate (HR) at sMLSS were compared to intermittent (10 × 200-m) and continuous swimming corresponding to CS. Results: CS was similar to sMLSS in children (1.092 ± 0.071 vs. 1.083 ± 0.065 m·s−1; p = 0.12) and adolescents (1.315 ± 0.068 vs. 1.297 ± 0.056 m·s−1; p = 0.12). However, not all swimmers were able to complete 30 min at CS and BL was higher at the end of continuous swimming at CS compared to sMLSS (children: CS: 4.0 ± 1.8, sMLSS: 3.4 ± 1.5; adolescents: CS: 4.5 ± 2.3, sMLSS: 3.1 ± 0.8 mmol·L−1; p < 0.05). V·O2 and HR in continuous swimming at CS were not different compared to sMLSS (p > 0.05). BL, V·O2 and HR in 10 × 200-m were similar to sMLSS and no different between groups. Conclusion: Intermittent swimming at CS presents physiological responses similar to sMLSS. Metabolic responses of continuous swimming at CS may not correspond to MLSS in some children and adolescent swimmers.
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MacInnis MJ, Thomas ACQ, Phillips SM. The Reliability of 4-Minute and 20-Minute Time Trials and Their Relationships to Functional Threshold Power in Trained Cyclists. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:38-45. [PMID: 29809063 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The mean power output (MPO) from a 60-min time trial (TT)-also known as functional threshold power, or FTP-is a standard measure of cycling performance; however, shorter performance tests are desirable to reduce the burden of performance testing. The authors sought to determine the reliability of 4- and 20-min TTs and the extent to which these short TTs were associated with 60-min MPO. METHODS Trained male cyclists (n = 8; age = 25 [5] y; VO2max = 71 [5] mL/kg/min) performed two 4-min TTs, two 20-min TTs, and one 60-min TT. Critical power (CP) was estimated from 4- and 20-min TTs. The typical error of the mean (TEM) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated to assess reliability, and R2 values were calculated to assess relationships with 60-min MPO. RESULTS Pairs of 4-min TTs (mean: 417 [SD: 45] W vs 412 [49] W, P = .25; TEM = 8.1 W; ICC = .98), 20-min TTs (342 [36] W vs 344 [33] W, P = .41; TEM = 4.6 W; ICC = .99), and CP estimates (323 [35] W vs 328 [32] W, P = .25; TEM = 6.5; ICC = .98) were reliable. The 4-min MPO (R2 = .95), 20-min MPO (R2 = .92), estimated CP (R2 = .82), and combination of the 4- and 20-min MPO (adjusted R2 = .98) were strongly associated with the 60-min MPO (309 [26] W). CONCLUSION The 4- and 20-min TTs appear useful for assessing performance in trained, if not elite, cyclists.
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Pelarigo JG, Fernandes RJ, Ribeiro J, Denadai BS, Greco CC, Vilas-Boas JP. Comparison of Different Methods for the Swimming Aerobic Capacity Evaluation. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:3542-3551. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hafen PS, Vehrs PR. Sex-Related Differences in the Maximal Lactate Steady State. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6040154. [PMID: 30486396 PMCID: PMC6316329 DOI: 10.3390/sports6040154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) is one of the factors that differentiates performance in aerobic events. The purpose of this study was to investigate the sex differences in oxygen consumption (VO₂), heart rate (HR), and the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) at the MLSS in well-trained distance runners. Twenty-two (12 female, 10 male) well-trained distance runners (23 ± 5.0 years) performed multiple 30-min steady-state runs to determine their MLSS, during which blood lactate and respiratory gas exchange measures were taken. To interpret the MLSS intensity as a training tool, runners completed a time-to-exhaustion (TTE) run at their MLSS. The relative intensity at which the MLSS occurred was identical between males and females according to both oxygen consumption (83 ± 5 %O₂max) and heart rate (89 ± 7 %HRmax). However, female runners displayed a significantly lower RER at MLSS compared to male runners (p < 0.0001; 0.84 ± 0.02 vs. 0.88 ± 0.04, respectively). There was not a significant difference in TTE at MLSS between males (79 ± 17 min) and females (80 ± 25 min). Due to the observed difference in the RER at the MLSS, it is suggested that RER derived estimates of MLSS be sex-specific. While the RER data suggest that the MLSS represents different metabolic intensities for males and females, the relative training load of MLSS appears to be similar in males and female runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Hafen
- Department of Exercise Sciences, 106 SFH; Brigham Young University; Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Pat R Vehrs
- Department of Exercise Sciences, 106 SFH; Brigham Young University; Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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Vandewalle H. Modelling of Running Performances: Comparisons of Power-Law, Hyperbolic, Logarithmic, and Exponential Models in Elite Endurance Runners. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8203062. [PMID: 30402494 PMCID: PMC6192093 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8203062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Many empirical and descriptive models have been proposed since the beginning of the 20th century. In the present study, the power-law (Kennelly) and logarithmic (Péronnet-Thibault) models were compared with asymptotic models such as 2-parameter hyperbolic models (Hill and Scherrer), 3-parameter hyperbolic model (Morton), and exponential model (Hopkins). These empirical models were compared from the performance of 6 elite endurance runners (P. Nurmi, E. Zatopek, J. Väätäinen, L. Virén, S. Aouita, and H. Gebrselassie) who were world-record holders and/or Olympic winners and/or world or European champions. These elite runners were chosen because they participated several times in international competitions over a large range of distances (1500, 3000, 5000, and 10000 m) and three also participated in a marathon. The parameters of these models were compared and correlated. The less accurate models were the asymptotic 2-parameter hyperbolic models but the most accurate model was the asymptotic 3-parameter hyperbolic model proposed by Morton. The predictions of long-distance performances (maximal running speeds for 30 and 60 min and marathon) by extrapolation of the logarithmic and power-law models were more accurate than the predictions by extrapolation in all the asymptotic models. The overestimations of these long-distance performances by Morton's model were less important than the overestimations by the other asymptotic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Vandewalle
- UFR de Santé, Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Université Paris XIII, Bobigny, France
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Ferreira MJ, Jarrete AP, Esposti RD, Sponton CHG, Anaruma CP, Zanesco A. Evaluation of maximal lactate steady state in middle-aged hypertensive women. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201800020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Cases J, Romain C, Marín-Pagán C, Chung LH, Rubio-Pérez JM, Laurent C, Gaillet S, Prost-Camus E, Prost M, Alcaraz PE. Supplementation with a Polyphenol-Rich Extract, PerfLoad ®, Improves Physical Performance during High-Intensity Exercise: A Randomized, Double Blind, Crossover Trial. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9040421. [PMID: 28441760 PMCID: PMC5409760 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Workout capacity is energy-production driven. To produce peak metabolic power outputs, the organism predominantly relies more on anaerobic metabolism, but this undoubtedly has a negative and limiting impact on muscle function and performance. The aim of the study was to evaluate if an innovative polyphenol-based food supplement, PerfLoad®, was able to improve metabolic homeostasis and physical performance during high-intensity exercises under anaerobic conditions. The effect of a supplementation has been investigated on fifteen recreationally-active male athletes during a randomized, double-blind and crossover clinical investigation. The Wingate test, an inducer of an unbalanced metabolism associated to oxidative stress, was used to assess maximum anaerobic power during a high-intensity exercise on a cycle ergometer. Supplementation with PerfLoad® correlated with a significant increase in total power output (5%), maximal peak power output (3.7%), and average power developed (5%), without inducing more fatigue or greater heart rate. Instead, oxidative homeostasis was stabilized in supplemented subjects. Such results demonstrated that PerfLoad® is a natural and efficient solution capable of, similarly to training benefits, helping athletes to improve their physical performance, while balancing their metabolism and reducing exercise-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Cases
- Fytexia, Innovation and Scientific Affairs, 34350 Vendres, France.
| | - Cindy Romain
- Fytexia, Innovation and Scientific Affairs, 34350 Vendres, France.
| | - Cristian Marín-Pagán
- Research Center in High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Linda H Chung
- Research Center in High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain.
| | - José Miguel Rubio-Pérez
- Research Center in High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Caroline Laurent
- UMR 204 Nutripass, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Sylvie Gaillet
- UMR 204 Nutripass, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | | | | | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- Research Center in High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain.
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Hall MM, Rajasekaran S, Thomsen TW, Peterson AR. Lactate: Friend or Foe. PM R 2017; 8:S8-S15. [PMID: 26972271 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid has played an important role in the traditional theory of muscle fatigue and limitation of endurance exercise performance. It has been called a waste product of anaerobic metabolism and has been believed to be responsible for the uncomfortable "burn" of intense exercise and directly responsible for the metabolic acidosis of exercise, leading to decreased muscle contractility and ultimately cessation of exercise. Although this premise has been commonly taught, it is not supported by the scientific literature and has led to a great deal of confusion among the sports medicine and exercise science communities. This review will provide the sports medicine clinician with an understanding of contemporary lactate theories, including lactate's role in energy production, its contributions to metabolic acidosis, and its function as an energy substrate for a variety of tissues. Lactate threshold concepts will also be discussed, including a practical approach to understanding prediction of performance and monitoring of training progress based on these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mederic M Hall
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Sports Medicine, 2701 Prairie Meadow Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242(∗).
| | - Sathish Rajasekaran
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Sports Medicine, 2701 Prairie Meadow Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242(†)
| | - Timothy W Thomsen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Sports Medicine, 2701 Prairie Meadow Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242(‡)
| | - Andrew R Peterson
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Sports Medicine, Iowa City, IA(¶)
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Peinado AB, Filho DP, Díaz V, Benito PJ, Álvarez-Sánchez M, Zapico AG, Calderón FJ. The midpoint between ventilatory thresholds approaches maximal lactate steady state intensity in amateur cyclists. Biol Sport 2016; 33:373-380. [PMID: 28090142 PMCID: PMC5143771 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1221812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to determine whether the midpoint between ventilatory thresholds (MPVT) corresponds to maximal lactate steady state (MLSS). Twelve amateur cyclists (21.0 ± 2.6 years old; 72.2 ± 9.0 kg; 179.8 ± 7.5 cm) performed an incremental test (25 W·min-1) until exhaustion and several constant load tests of 30 minutes to determine MLSS, on different occasions. Using MLSS determination as the reference method, the agreement with five other parameters (MPVT; first and second ventilatory thresholds: VT1 and VT2; respiratory exchange ratio equal to 1: RER = 1.00; and Maximum) was analysed by the Bland-Altman method. The difference between workload at MLSS and VT1, VT2, RER=1.00 and Maximum was 31.1 ± 20.0, -86.0 ± 18.3, -63.6 ± 26.3 and -192.3 ± 48.6 W, respectively. MLSS was underestimated from VT1 and overestimated from VT2, RER = 1.00 and Maximum. The smallest difference (-27.5 ± 15.1 W) between workload at MLSS and MPVT was in better agreement than other analysed parameters of intensity in cycling. The main finding is that MPVT approached the workload at MLSS in amateur cyclists, and can be used to estimate maximal steady state.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Peinado
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dm Pessôa Filho
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; College of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru (SP), Brazil
| | - V Díaz
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P J Benito
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Álvarez-Sánchez
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A G Zapico
- School of Education, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - F J Calderón
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Pelarigo JG, Greco CC, Denadai BS, Fernandes RJ, Vilas-Boas JP, Pendergast DR. Do 5% changes around maximal lactate steady state lead to swimming biophysical modifications? Hum Mov Sci 2016; 49:258-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Madrid B, Pires FO, Prestes J, César Leite Vieira D, Clark T, Tiozzo E, Lewis JE, Grubert Campbell CS, Gustavo Simões H. Estimation of the Maximal Lactate Steady State Intensity by the Rating of Perceived Exertion. Percept Mot Skills 2016; 122:136-49. [PMID: 27420312 DOI: 10.1177/0031512516631070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The maximal lactate steady state is the gold standard for evaluating aerobic capacity; however, it is time-consuming. The lactate minimum protocol is an easier alternative, but is not feasible and still expensive. This study investigated whether the rating of perceived exertion of 13 is an accurate predictor of lactate minimum and maximal lactate steady state intensities. Eleven physically active men performed three tests: (1) incremental exercise with workloads based on rating of perceived exertion of 10, 13, and 16 (experimental protocol - denominated RPE-13 test), (2) lactate minimum, and (3) maximal lactate steady state. No differences were observed among participants' workloads corresponding to rating of perceived exertion 13, lactate minimum, and maximal lactate steady state intensities. Thus, the workload associated with the rating of perceived exertion of 13 was equivalent to the other two protocols investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiano Madrid
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB), Taguatinga DF, Brazil; Paulista University (UNIP), Brasília DF, Brazil
| | - Flavio Oliveira Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jonato Prestes
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB), Taguatinga DF, Brazil
| | - Denis César Leite Vieira
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB), Taguatinga DF, Brazil; University Center (UDF), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Tyler Clark
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Eduard Tiozzo
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - John E Lewis
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Carmen S Grubert Campbell
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB), Taguatinga DF, Brazil
| | - Herbert Gustavo Simões
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB), Taguatinga DF, Brazil
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Recreational scuba diving in patients with congenital heart disease: Time for new guidelines. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 109:504-10. [PMID: 27364729 DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The number of recreational scuba divers is steadily increasing. In its latest recommendations, the French Federation of Undersea Studies and Sports listed congenital heart disease as a formal and final contraindication to scuba diving. On the other hand, with the progress made in their management, the prognosis and quality of life of patients with congenital heart diseases have improved considerably, enabling them to engage in physical and sports endeavours, which are known to confer general health and psychological benefits. As a consequence, the ability of these patients to dive has become a regular and recurrent issue. We review the various types of scuba diving, the physical performance required for its practice, its effects on cardiovascular function and the elements that need to be considered before recommending whether it can be practiced safely at various levels of difficulty. Because of the diversity and broad heterogeneity of congenital heart diseases, a detailed evaluation of each patient's performance based on clinical criteria common to all congenital heart diseases is recommended.
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Maciejewski H, Bourdin M, Féasson L, Dubouchaud H, Denis C, Freund H, Messonnier LA. Muscle MCT4 Content Is Correlated with the Lactate Removal Ability during Recovery Following All-Out Supramaximal Exercise in Highly-Trained Rowers. Front Physiol 2016; 7:223. [PMID: 27375499 PMCID: PMC4901069 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test if the lactate exchange (γ1) and removal (γ2) abilities during recovery following short all-out supramaximal exercise correlate with the muscle content of MCT1 and MCT4, the two isoforms of the monocarboxylate transporters family involved in lactate and H+ co-transport in skeletal muscle. Eighteen lightweight rowers completed a 3-min all-out exercise on rowing ergometer. Blood lactate samples were collected during the subsequent passive recovery to assess an individual blood lactate curve (IBLC). IBLC were fitted to the bi-exponential time function: La(t) = [La](0) + A1(1 − e-γ1t) + A2(1 − e-γ2t) where [La](0) is the blood lactate concentration at exercise completion and the velocity constants γ1 and γ2 denote the lactate exchange and removal abilities, respectively. An application of the bi-compartmental model of lactate distribution space allowed estimation of the lactate removal rate at exercise completion [LRR(0)]. Biopsy of the right vastus lateralis was taken at rest to measure muscle MCT1 and MCT4 content. Fiber type distribution, activity of key enzymes and capillary density (CD) were also assessed. γ1 was correlated with [La](0) (r = −0.54, P < 0.05) but not with MCT1, MCT4 or CD. γ2 and LRR(0) were correlated with MCT4 (r = 0.63, P < 0.01 and r = 0.73, P < 0.001, respectively) but not with MCT1 or cytochrome c oxidase activity. These findings suggest that the lactate exchange ability is highly dependent on the milieu so that the importance of the muscle MCT1 and MCT4 content in γ1 was hidden in the present study. Our results also suggest that during recovery following all-out supramaximal exercise in well-trained rowers, MCT4 might play a significant role in the distribution and delivery of lactate for its subsequent removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Maciejewski
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, University of Savoy Mont BlancLe Bourget-du-Lac, France; French Rowing FederationNogent-sur-Marne, France
| | - Muriel Bourdin
- IFSTTAR, LBMC UMR_T9406, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1 Oullins, France
| | - Léonard Féasson
- Myology Unit, Neuromuscular Rare Diseases Referent Center of Rhone-AlpsCHU Saint-Etienne, France; Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, University of LyonSaint-Etienne, France
| | - Hervé Dubouchaud
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics, Grenoble Alpes UniversityGrenoble, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1055Grenoble, France
| | - Christian Denis
- Myology Unit, Neuromuscular Rare Diseases Referent Center of Rhone-AlpsCHU Saint-Etienne, France; Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, University of LyonSaint-Etienne, France
| | - Hubert Freund
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, University of Savoy Mont Blanc Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - Laurent A Messonnier
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, University of Savoy Mont Blanc Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
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Cotelez LA, Serra MVGB, Ramos E, Zaia JE, Toledo FO, Quemelo PRV. Handgrip strength and muscle fatigue among footwear industry workers. FISIOTERAPIA EM MOVIMENTO 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-5150.029.002.ao10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Introduction: Muscle fatigue can be defined as a decrease in the performance of the neuromuscular system in generating force. This situation is considered a complex physiological process involving various body systems, in order to avoid irreversible damage or even cell death. Objective: The aim of this study was to measure muscle strength in order to assess the level of fatigue among footwear industry workers, and to determine a possible correlation between muscle strength and the perception of reported fatigue. Materials and Methods: The study included 32 male workers from the footwear industry with a mean age of 34.63 ± 11.98 years. The workers performed the handgrip strength test using a handheld dynamometer, and completed the Bipolar Fatigue Questionnaire. Results: The mean result of strength testing was 23.1 ± 8.3 kgf, and the mean score of the fatigue questionnaire was 2.28 ± 0.93 points. However, a low correlation was observed between the results of the fatigue questionnaire and the strength test results. Conclusion: The grip strength results of the footwear workers were below the values for the general Brazilian population, a fact that may indicate potential muscle fatigue. However, a low correlation with the perception of fatigue was indicated by the questionnaire.
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Pereira PE, Motoyama Y, Esteves GJ, Oliveira JC, Pereira R, Pandeló D, Azevedo P. Caffeine supplementation delays the fatigue through central nervous system modulation. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-016-0281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abreu P, Mendes SVD, Leal-Cardoso JH, Ceccatto VM. Anaerobic threshold employed on exercise training prescription and performance assessment for laboratory rodents: A short review. Life Sci 2016; 151:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Zagatto AM, Padulo J, Silva ARSD, Müller PDTG, Miyagi WE, Gobatto CA. Physiological responses at the lactate-minimum-intensity with and without prior high-intensity exercise. J Sports Sci 2016; 34:2106-13. [PMID: 26928746 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1151921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the physiological responses during exercise-to-exhaustion at the lactate-minimum-intensity with and without prior high-intensity exercise. Eleven recreationally trained males performed a graded exercise test, a lactate minimum test and two constant-load tests at lactate-minimum-intensity until exhaustion, which were applied with or without prior hyperlactatemia induction (i.e., 30-s Wingate test). The physiological responses were significantly different (P < 0.05) between constant-load tests for pulmonary ventilation ([Formula: see text]), blood-lactate-concentration ([La(-)]), pH, bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3]) and partial pressure of carbon dioxide during the initial minutes. The comparisons within constant-load tests showed steady state behaviour for oxygen uptake and the respiratory exchange ratio, but heart rate and rating of perceived exertion increased significantly during both exercise conditions, while the [Formula: see text] increased only during constant-load effort. During effort performed after high-intensity exercise: [Formula: see text], [La(-)], pH and [HCO3] differed at the start of exercise compared to another condition but were similar at the end (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the constant-load exercises performed at lactate-minimum-intensity with or without prior high-intensity exercise did not lead to the steady state of all analysed parameters; however, variables such as [La(-)], pH and [HCO3] - altered at the beginning of effort performed after high-intensity exercise - were reestablished after approximately 30 min of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adelino Ramos Sanchez da Silva
- c School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto , University of São Paulo (USP) , Ribeirão Preto , SP , Brazil
| | - Paulo de Tarso Guerrero Müller
- d Laboratory of Respiratory Pathophysiology (LAFIR), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) , Campo Grande , MS , Brazil
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Browne RAV, Sales MM, Sotero RDC, Asano RY, Moraes JFVND, Barros JDF, Campbell CSG, Simões HG. Critical velocity estimates lactate minimum velocity in youth runners. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742015000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the validity of critical velocity (CV) as a noninvasive method to estimate the lactate minimum velocity (LMV), 25 youth runners underwent the following tests: 1) 3,000m running; 2) 1,600m running; 3) LMV test. The intensity of lactate minimum was defined as the velocity corresponding to the lowest blood lactate concentration during the LMV test. The CV was determined using the linear model, defined by the inclination of the regression line between distance and duration in the running tests of 1,600 and 3,000m. There was no significant difference (p=0.3055) between LMV and CV. In addition, both protocols presented a good agreement based on the small difference between means and the narrow levels of agreement, as well as a standard error of estimation classified as ideal. In conclusion, CV, as identified in this study, may be an alternative for noninvasive identification of LMV.
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Baron B, Guilloux B, Begue M, Uriac S. Emotional responses during repeated sprint intervals performed on level, downhill and uphill surfaces. J Sports Sci 2014; 33:476-86. [PMID: 25260048 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.947523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test emotional responses during sprint intervals performed on a level, down and up surface. Fifty trained participants performed a maximal effort during a 60-m sprint and 10 repetitions of 60 m running sprints on a level, down and up surface on a 5.9% slope. Running speeds, emotional responses and heart rate were measured. Self-selected speeds were correlated with the rating of perceived exertion, the affective balance, the desire to stop and the resources needed for the task in all conditions whereas the pleasure, the desire to continue and the capacity to realise the task were correlated with speeds only during level and uphill running. Mean values of emotional parameters were significantly different (P < 0.05) during running on a flat surface, downhill and uphill. When the gradient of running surface is changed, the pattern of emotional responses was just translated, i.e. most of the slope between the evolution of emotional parameters and the repetitions were not significantly different whereas Y-intercepts were different. Consented effort is highly correlated with the resources needed for the task (P < 0.001, r(2) = 0.72). We propose that the difference in the resources needed for the task between level, downhill and uphill running (F 2, 1499 = 166.5, P < 0.001, Eta(2) = 0.18) is the most important key that explains our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Baron
- a IRISSE EA4075, Université de la Réunion , Le Tampon , France
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Time to exhaustion at continuous and intermittent maximal lactate steady state during running exercise. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2013; 9:772-6. [PMID: 24235775 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2013-0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the time to exhaustion (TE) and the physiological responses at continuous and intermittent (ratio 5:1) maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) in well-trained runners. Ten athletes (32.7 ± 6.9 y, VO2max 61.7 ± 3.9 mL · kg-1 · min-1) performed an incremental treadmill test, three to five 30-min constant-speed tests to determine the MLSS continuous and intermittent (5 min of running, interspaced by 1 min of passive rest), and 2 randomized TE tests at such intensities. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to compare the changes in physiological variables during the TE tests and between continuous and intermittent exercise. The intermittent MLSS velocity (MLSSint = 15.26 ± 0.97 km/h) was higher than in the continuous model (MLSScon = 14.53 ± 0.93 km/h), while the TE at MLSScon was longer than MLSSint (68 ± 11 min and 58 ± 15 min, P < .05). Regarding the cardiorespiratory responses, VO2 and respiratory-exchange ratio remained stable during both TE tests while heart rate, ventilation, and rating of perceived exertion presented a significant increase in the last portion of the tests. The results showed a higher tolerance to exercising during MLSScon than during MLSSint in trained runners. Thus, the training volume of an extensive interval session (ratio 5:1) designed at MLSS intensity should take into consideration this higher speed at MLSS and also the lower TE than with continuous exercise.
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Barros CLMD, Mendes TT, Pacheco DAS, Garcia ES. Efeitos do calor no OBLA: comparação entre ambiente quente e temperado. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742013000200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O OBLA (onset of blood lactate accumulation) é um método utilizado para estimar o limiar de lactato (LL). Entretanto, ainda não está claro o efeito da temperatura ambiente sobre o OBLA. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar o OBLA em ambiente quente (40ºC) e temperado (22ºC). Nove homens (idade: 23,9±2,4 anos; massa corporal: 75,9±7,3 kg e VO2máx: 47,8±4,9 mL•kg-1•min-1) realizaram teste progressivo em cicloergômetro para determinação da potência máxima (Wmáx) e do OBLA nos dois ambientes. A Wmáx (195±25W vs 225±28W) e a potência no OBLA (153±30W vs 165±32W) foram menores no ambiente quente do que no temperado. A frequência cardíaca no OBLA-40 foi maior do que no OBLA-22 (171±8 vs 153±10 bpm, respectivamente). Não foi observada diferença no consumo de oxigênio no OBLA-22 e OBLA-40 (31,65±5,21 vs 31,12±6,82 mL•kg-1•min-1). Estes resultados indicam que as condições ambientais influenciam a determinação do OBLA.
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Dittrich N, de Lucas RD, Maioral MF, Diefenthaeler F, Guglielmo LGA. Continuous and intermittent running to exhaustion at maximal lactate steady state: neuromuscular, biochemical and endocrinal responses. J Sci Med Sport 2013; 16:545-9. [PMID: 23391432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to characterize the neuromuscular, biochemical, and endocrinal responses from a running to exhaustion mode at the maximal lactate steady state intensity during continuous and intermittent protocols. DESIGN Pre-post test measures. METHODS Twelve athletes performed an incremental treadmill test, several constant speed tests to determine the maximal lactate steady state at continuous and intermittent (5:1 ratio) models and two randomized tests until exhaustion at such intensities. Knee extension torque and blood sampling were collected before and immediately after the time to exhaustion tests. RESULTS The results showed a significant decrement (∼15%) in torque production after time to exhaustion tests for both exercise models. In addition to neuromuscular impairment, an acute increase of 65% and 38% was observed creatine kinase, during continuous and intermittent running, respectively. Regarding hormonal responses when compared to baseline measurements, cortisol increased by 132% and 121% in the continuous and intermittent protocols, respectively. No correlation was found between biochemical, endocrinal and the neuromuscular variables. CONCLUSIONS The present findings showed that running until exhaustion performed at maximal lactate steady state, significantly impaired muscle strength and increased hormonal and muscle damage markers in two different protocols (i.e. continuous and intermittent) amongst trained runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiandra Dittrich
- Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Physical Effort Laboratory, Brazil.
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de Sousa N, Magosso R, Arakelian V, Pereira G, Domingos M, Perez S, Baldissera V. Acid-base balance at lactate threshold in resistance exercise. Sci Sports 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pereira BC, Filho LAL, Alves GF, Pauli JR, Ropelle ER, Souza CT, Cintra DE, Saad MJA, Silva ASR. A new overtraining protocol for mice based on downhill running sessions. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 39:793-8. [PMID: 22632058 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2012.05728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1. The purpose of the present study was to verify whether a downhill running protocol was able to induce non-functional overreaching in > 75% of mice. 2. Mice were divided into control (C), trained (TR) and overtrained (OTR) groups. Bodyweight and food intake were recorded weekly. The incremental load test (ILT) and the exhaustive test (ET) were used to measure performance before and after aerobic training and overtraining protocols. 3. Although the bodyweight of the OTR group was lower than that of the C group at the end of Week 7, the food intake of the OTR group was higher than that of the C and TR groups at the end of Week 8. Evaluation of results from the ILT and ET revealed significant intra- and inter-group differences: whereas the parameters measured by both tests increased significantly in the TR group, they were significantly decreased in the OTR group. 4. In conclusion, this new overtraining protocol based on downhill running sessions induced non-functional overreaching in 100% of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno C Pereira
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Grossl T, de Lucas RD, de Souza KM, Guglielmo LGA. Time to exhaustion at intermittent maximal lactate steady state is longer than continuous cycling exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012; 37:1047-53. [PMID: 22891876 DOI: 10.1139/h2012-088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) represents a submaximal intensity that may be important in prescribing both continuous and interval endurance training. This study compared time to exhaustion (TTE) at MLSS in continuous and intermittent (i.e., with pauses) exercise, investigating whether physiological variables differ between these exercise modes. Fourteen trained male cyclists volunteered for this investigation and performed an incremental test, several 30-min tests to determine two MLSS intensities (continuous and discontinuous protocol), and two randomized tests until exhaustion at MLSS intensities on a cycle ergometer. The intermittent or discontinuous protocol was performed using 5 min of cycling, with an interval of 1 min of passive rest. TTE at intermittent MLSS was 24% longer than TTE at continuous exercise (67.8 ± 14.3 min vs. 54.7 ± 10.9 min; p < 0.05; effect sizes = 1.04), even though the absolute power output of intermittent MLSS was higher than continuous (268 ± 29 W vs. 251 ± 29 W; p < 0.05). Additionally, the total mechanical work done was significantly lower at continuous exercise than at intermittent exercise. Likewise, regarding cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables, we observed greater responses during intermittent exercise than during continuous exercise at MLSS. Thus, for endurance training prescription, this is an important finding to apply in extensive interval sessions at MLSS. This result suggests that interval sessions at discontinuous MLSS should be used instead of continuous MLSS, as discontinuous MLSS allows for a larger amount of total work during the exhaustion trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Grossl
- Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Centro de Desportos – Laboratório de Esforço Físico, Campus Universitário – Trindade, CEP: 88040-900 Florianópolis (SC), Brazil
| | - Ricardo Dantas de Lucas
- Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Centro de Desportos – Laboratório de Esforço Físico, Campus Universitário – Trindade, CEP: 88040-900 Florianópolis (SC), Brazil
| | - Kristopher Mendes de Souza
- Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Centro de Desportos – Laboratório de Esforço Físico, Campus Universitário – Trindade, CEP: 88040-900 Florianópolis (SC), Brazil
| | - Luiz Guilherme Antonacci Guglielmo
- Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Centro de Desportos – Laboratório de Esforço Físico, Campus Universitário – Trindade, CEP: 88040-900 Florianópolis (SC), Brazil
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The Relationship Between Freely Chosen Cadence and Optimal Cadence in Cycling. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2012; 7:375-81. [PMID: 22868209 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.7.4.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:The main aim of this study was to compare the freely chosen cadence (FCC) and the cadence at which the blood lactate concentration at constant power output is minimized (optimal cadence [Copt]). The second aim was to examine the effect of a concomitant change of road incline and body position on FCC, the maximal external power output (Pmax), and the corresponding Copt.Methods:FCC, Copt, and Pmax were analyzed under 2 conditions: cycling on level ground in a dropped position (LGDP) and cycling uphill in an upright position (UHUP). Seven experienced cyclists participated in this study. They cycled on a treadmill to test the 2 main hypotheses: Experienced cyclists would choose an adequate cadence close to Copt independent of the cycling condition, and FCC and Copt would be lower and Pmax higher for UHUP than with LGDP.Results:Most but not all experienced cyclists chose an adequate cadence close to Copt. Independent of the cycling condition, FCC and Copt were not statistically different. FCC (82.1 ± 11.1 and 89.3 ± 10.6 rpm, respectively) and Copt (81.5 ± 9.8 and 87.7 ± 10.9 rpm, respectively) were significantly lower and Pmax was significantly higher (2.0 ± 2.1%) for UHUP than for LGDP.Conclusion:Most experienced cyclists choose a cadence near Copt to minimize peripheral fatigue at a given power output independent of the cycling condition. Furthermore, it is advantageous to use a lower cadence and a more upright body position during uphill cycling.
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