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McNamee M, Anderson LC, Borry P, Camporesi S, Derman W, Holm S, Knox TR, Leuridan B, Loland S, Lopez Frias FJ, Lorusso L, Malcolm D, McArdle D, Partridge B, Schramme T, Weed M. Sport-related concussion research agenda beyond medical science: culture, ethics, science, policy. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2024:jme-2022-108812. [PMID: 36868564 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2022-108812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Concussion in Sport Group guidelines have successfully brought the attention of brain injuries to the global medical and sport research communities, and has significantly impacted brain injury-related practices and rules of international sport. Despite being the global repository of state-of-the-art science, diagnostic tools and guides to clinical practice, the ensuing consensus statements remain the object of ethical and sociocultural criticism. The purpose of this paper is to bring to bear a broad range of multidisciplinary challenges to the processes and products of sport-related concussion movement. We identify lacunae in scientific research and clinical guidance in relation to age, disability, gender and race. We also identify, through multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary analysis, a range of ethical problems resulting from conflicts of interest, processes of attributing expertise in sport-related concussion, unjustifiably narrow methodological control and insufficient athlete engagement in research and policy development. We argue that the sport and exercise medicine community need to augment the existing research and practice foci to understand these problems more holistically and, in turn, provide guidance and recommendations that help sport clinicians better care for brain-injured athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike McNamee
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Pascal Borry
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Silvia Camporesi
- Global Health & Social Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Political Sciences, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Wayne Derman
- Institute of Sport & Exercise Medicine, Dept of Exercise, Sport & Lifestyle Medicine, Facuty of Medicine & Health Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- IOC Research Center, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Soren Holm
- Centre for Social Ethics and Policy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Centre for Medical Ethics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Bert Leuridan
- Centre for Philosophical Psychology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Sigmund Loland
- Department of Sport and Social Sciences, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ludovica Lorusso
- Departament de Psicologia Social, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dominic Malcolm
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | | | - Brad Partridge
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Schramme
- Department of Philosophy, University of Liverpool Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mike Weed
- Centre for Sport, Physical Education & Activity Research (spear), Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK
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Hsieh E, Morrissey BS, Chiareli IA. The Landscape of Direct-To-Consumer Genetic Testing in Reproductive Health Contexts: An Analytical Framework of Stakeholders and Their Competing Motivations. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38317624 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2024.2312607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
We propose a theoretical framework that identifies (a) the different categories of stakeholders and (b) the normative values that drive their attitudes toward direct-to-consumer genetic testing, with an emphasis on the reproductive health contexts. We conducted a literature search using varied combinations of search terms, including direct-to-consumer genetic testing, decision-making, reproductive health, and policy. Using a grounded theory approach to existing literature and in combination with a narrative review, we present a systematic framework of five categories of stakeholders (i.e., genome-driven stakeholders, industry-driven stakeholders, history-driven stakeholders, value-driven stakeholders, and social justice-driven stakeholders) that shape the public's discourse. Moving beyond the dialectical ethics that have governed the public discourse, we also identify the normative values and interests that motivate different stakeholders' attitudes and decision-making through theoretical sampling under the grounded theory. We investigate the competing and conflicting values within the same category of stakeholders. For example, despite being industry-driven stakeholders, medical professionals' attitudes are driven by concerns about standards of care; in contrast, health insurance companies' concerns are centered on profit. We further explore the tensions between these stakeholders that impact their strategic alliances and pose challenges to the practices of direct-to-consumer genetic testing. Finally, we examine how these stakeholders and their corresponding values may shape future development and policies of direct-to-consumer genetic testing in the context of reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Hsieh
- Department of Communication Studies, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
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Fitzgerald H, Fitzgerald DA, Selvadurai H. Exercise testing for young athletes. Paediatr Respir Rev 2023:S1526-0542(23)00082-9. [PMID: 38176989 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
With increasing competitiveness across the sporting landscape, there is a need for more research into monitoring and managing the young athlete, as the needs of a young athlete are vastly different to those of an older athlete who is already established in their respective sport. As the age of sports specialisation seems to decrease, exercise testing in the younger cohort of athletes is crucial for safety and long-term success. This article provides a comprehensive summary of available testing and monitoring methods that can be used to assist young athletes as they mature and attempt to excel in their chosen sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fitzgerald
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - D A Fitzgerald
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - H Selvadurai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Likhanov M, Zakharov I, Awofala A, Ogundele O, Selita F, Kovas Y, Chapman R. Attitudes towards genetic testing: The role of genetic literacy, motivated cognition, and socio-demographic characteristics. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293187. [PMID: 37967060 PMCID: PMC10651000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding reasons for why people choose to have or not to have a genetic test is essential given the ever-increasing use of genetic technologies in everyday life. The present study explored the multiple drivers of people's attitudes towards genetic testing. Using the International Genetic Literacy and Attitudes Survey (iGLAS), we collected data on: (1) willingness to undergo testing; (2) genetic literacy; (3) motivated cognition; and (4) demographic and cultural characteristics. The 37 variables were explored in the largest to-date sample of 4311 participants from diverse demographic and cultural backgrounds. The results showed that 82% of participants were willing to undergo genetic testing for improved treatment; and over 73%-for research. The 35 predictor variables together explained only a small proportion of variance: 7%-in the willingness to test for Treatment; and 6%-for Research. The strongest predictors of willingness to undergo genetic testing were genetic knowledge and deterministic beliefs. Concerns about data misuse and about finding out unwanted health-related information were weakly negatively associated with willingness to undergo genetic testing. We also found some differences in factors linked to attitudes towards genetic testing across the countries included in this study. Our study demonstrates that decision-making regarding genetic testing is influenced by a large number of potentially interacting factors. Further research into these factors may help consumers to make decisions regarding genetic testing that are right for their specific circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Likhanov
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ilya Zakharov
- Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Psychological Institute of Russian Academy of Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Adeyemi Awofala
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu-Ode, Nigeria
| | - Olusegun Ogundele
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu-Ode, Nigeria
| | - Fatos Selita
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yulia Kovas
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Chapman
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Haller N, Reichel T, Zimmer P, Behringer M, Wahl P, Stöggl T, Krüger K, Simon P. Blood-Based Biomarkers for Managing Workload in Athletes: Perspectives for Research on Emerging Biomarkers. Sports Med 2023; 53:2039-2053. [PMID: 37341908 PMCID: PMC10587296 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01866-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
At present, various blood-based biomarkers have found their applications in the field of sports medicine. This current opinion addresses biomarkers that warrant consideration in future research for monitoring the athlete training load. In this regard, we identified a variety of emerging load-sensitive biomarkers, e.g., cytokines (such as IL-6), chaperones (such as heat shock proteins) or enzymes (such as myeloperoxidase) that could improve future athlete load monitoring as they have shown meaningful increases in acute and chronic exercise settings. In some cases, they have even been linked to training status or performance characteristics. However, many of these markers have not been extensively studied and the cost and effort of measuring these parameters are still high, making them inconvenient for practitioners so far. We therefore outline strategies to improve knowledge of acute and chronic biomarker responses, including ideas for standardized study settings. In addition, we emphasize the need for methodological advances such as the development of minimally invasive point-of-care devices as well as statistical aspects related to the evaluation of these monitoring tools to make biomarkers suitable for regular load monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Haller
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Reichel
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Behringer
- Department of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Patrick Wahl
- Department of Exercise Physiology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Perikles Simon
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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Collins M, September AV. Are commercial genetic injury tests premature? Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:1584-1597. [PMID: 37243491 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing companies have emerged that claim to be able to test for susceptibility for musculoskeletal injuries. Although there are several publications on the emergence of this industry, none have critically evaluated the evidence for the use of genetic polymorphisms in commercial tests. The aim of this review was to identify, where possible, the polymorphisms and to evaluate the current scientific evidence for their inclusion. RESULTS The most common polymorphisms included COL1A1 rs1800012, COL5A1 rs12722, and GDF5 rs143383. The current evidence suggests that it is premature or even not viable to include these three polymorphisms as markers of injury risk. A unique set of injury-specific polymorphisms, which do not include COL1A1, COL5A1, or GDF5, identified from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) is used by one company in their tests for 13 sports injuries. However, of the 39 reviewed polymorphisms, 22 effective alleles are rare and absent in African, American, and/or Asian populations. Even when informative in all populations, the sensitivity of many of the genetic markers was low and/or has not been independently validated in follow-up studies. CONCLUSIONS The current evidence suggests it is premature to include any of the reviewed polymorphisms identified by GWAS or candidate gene approaches in commercial genetic tests. The association of MMP7 rs1937810 with Achilles tendon injuries, and SAP30BP rs820218 and GLCCI1 rs4725069 with rotator cuff injuries does warrant further investigation. Based on current evidence, it remains premature to market any commercial genetic test to determine susceptibility to musculoskeletal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Collins
- Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alison V September
- Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa
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Hiam D, Jones P, Pitsiladis Y, Eynon N. Genomics and Biology of Exercise, Where Are We Now? Clin J Sport Med 2023; 33:e112-e114. [PMID: 37656977 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; and
| | - Patrice Jones
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yannis Pitsiladis
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, United Kingdom
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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Rancelis T, Domarkiene I, Ambrozaityte L, Utkus A. Implementing Core Genes and an Omnigenic Model for Behaviour Traits Prediction in Genomics. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1630. [PMID: 37628681 PMCID: PMC10454355 DOI: 10.3390/genes14081630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A high number of genome variants are associated with complex traits, mainly due to genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Using polygenic risk scores (PRSs) is a widely accepted method for calculating an individual's complex trait prognosis using such data. Unlike monogenic traits, the practical implementation of complex traits by applying this method still falls behind. Calculating PRSs from all GWAS data has limited practical usability in behaviour traits due to statistical noise and the small effect size from a high number of genome variants involved. From a behaviour traits perspective, complex traits are explored using the concept of core genes from an omnigenic model, aiming to employ a simplified calculation version. Simplification may reduce the accuracy compared to a complete PRS encompassing all trait-associated variants. Integrating genome data with datasets from various disciplines, such as IT and psychology, could lead to better complex trait prediction. This review elucidates the significance of clear biological pathways in understanding behaviour traits. Specifically, it highlights the essential role of genes related to hormones, enzymes, and neurotransmitters as robust core genes in shaping these traits. Significant variations in core genes are prominently observed in behaviour traits such as stress response, impulsivity, and substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tautvydas Rancelis
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Santariskiu Str. 2, LT-08661 Vilnius, Lithuania; (I.D.); (L.A.); (A.U.)
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Konopka MJ, Sperlich B, Rietjens G, Zeegers MP. Genetics and athletic performance: a systematic SWOT analysis of non-systematic reviews. Front Genet 2023; 14:1232987. [PMID: 37621703 PMCID: PMC10445150 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1232987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise genetics/genomics is a growing research discipline comprising several Strengths and Opportunities but also deals with Weaknesses and Threats. This "systematic SWOT overview of non-systematic reviews" (sSWOT) aimed to identify the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats linked to exercise genetics/genomics. A systematic search was conducted in the Medline and Embase databases for non-systematic reviews to provide a comprehensive overview of the current literature/research area. The extracted data was thematically analyzed, coded, and categorized into SWOT clusters. In the 45 included reviews five Strengths, nine Weaknesses, six Opportunities, and three Threats were identified. The cluster of Strengths included "advances in technology", "empirical evidence", "growing research discipline", the "establishment of consortia", and the "acceptance/accessibility of genetic testing". The Weaknesses were linked to a "low research quality", the "complexity of exercise-related traits", "low generalizability", "high costs", "genotype scores", "reporting bias", "invasive methods", "research progress", and "causality". The Opportunities comprised of "precision exercise", "omics", "multicenter studies", as well as "genetic testing" as "commercial"-, "screening"-, and "anti-doping" detection tool. The Threats were related to "ethical issues", "direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies", and "gene doping". This overview of the present state of the art research in sport genetics/genomics indicates a field with great potential, while also drawing attention to the necessity for additional advancement in methodological and ethical guidance to mitigate the recognized Weaknesses and Threats. The recognized Strengths and Opportunities substantiate the capability of genetics/genomics to make significant contributions to the performance and wellbeing of athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Johanna Konopka
- Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science and Training, Institute of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerard Rietjens
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maurice Petrus Zeegers
- Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Semenova EA, Hall ECR, Ahmetov II. Genes and Athletic Performance: The 2023 Update. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1235. [PMID: 37372415 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypes of athletic performance and exercise capacity are complex traits influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. This update on the panel of genetic markers (DNA polymorphisms) associated with athlete status summarises recent advances in sports genomics research, including findings from candidate gene and genome-wide association (GWAS) studies, meta-analyses, and findings involving larger-scale initiatives such as the UK Biobank. As of the end of May 2023, a total of 251 DNA polymorphisms have been associated with athlete status, of which 128 genetic markers were positively associated with athlete status in at least two studies (41 endurance-related, 45 power-related, and 42 strength-related). The most promising genetic markers include the AMPD1 rs17602729 C, CDKN1A rs236448 A, HFE rs1799945 G, MYBPC3 rs1052373 G, NFIA-AS2 rs1572312 C, PPARA rs4253778 G, and PPARGC1A rs8192678 G alleles for endurance; ACTN3 rs1815739 C, AMPD1 rs17602729 C, CDKN1A rs236448 C, CPNE5 rs3213537 G, GALNTL6 rs558129 T, IGF2 rs680 G, IGSF3 rs699785 A, NOS3 rs2070744 T, and TRHR rs7832552 T alleles for power; and ACTN3 rs1815739 C, AR ≥21 CAG repeats, LRPPRC rs10186876 A, MMS22L rs9320823 T, PHACTR1 rs6905419 C, and PPARG rs1801282 G alleles for strength. It should be appreciated, however, that elite performance still cannot be predicted well using only genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Semenova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Physical Culture and Sport, Volga Region State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, 420138 Kazan, Russia
| | - Elliott C R Hall
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4UA, UK
| | - Ildus I Ahmetov
- Laboratory of Genetics of Aging and Longevity, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, 191040 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Physical Education, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 115093 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5AF, UK
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Association between basketball playing position and ACTN3 R577X polymorphism in athletes of first division Brazilian Basketball League. Gene 2023; 863:147302. [PMID: 36813062 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetic-association studies have shown that some polymorphisms are associated with different aspects of athletic performance, including very specific features, such as players' position in team sports, like soccer, rugby, and Australian football. However, this type of association has not been investigated in Basketball yet. The present study analyzed the association of ACTN3 R577X, AGT M268T, ACE I/D and BDKRB2+9/-9 polymorphisms with the position of basketball players. METHODS One hundred fifty-two male athletes from 11 teams of the first division of Brazilian Basketball League and 154 male Brazilian controls were genotyped. The analyses of the ACTN3 R577X and AGT M268T were performed by the allelic discrimination method, while ACE I/D and BDKRB2+9/-9 by conventional PCR followed by electrophorese in agarose gel. RESULTS The results showed a significant effect of height on all positions and an association between the genetic polymorphisms analyzed and basketball positions. In addition, a significantly higher frequency of ACTN3 577XX genotype was observed in Point Guards. Also, compared to Point Guard, ACTN3 RR and RX were more prevalent in the Shooting Guard and Small Forward group and RR genotype was also more prevalent in the Power Forward and Center group. CONCLUSION The main finding of our study was the positive association of ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and basketball playing position, and a suggestion of genotypes related to strength/power performance with post players and genotypes related to endurance performance with point guard players.
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12
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GATTACA is still pertinent 25 years later. Nat Genet 2022; 54:1758-1760. [PMID: 36424501 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Genetic profiles to identify talents in elite endurance athletes and professional football players. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274880. [PMID: 36112609 PMCID: PMC9480996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic profile that is needed to identify talents has been studied extensively in recent years. The main objective of this investigation was to approach, for the first time, the study of genetic variants in several polygenic profiles and their role in elite endurance and professional football performance by comparing the allelic and genotypic frequencies to the non-athlete population. In this study, genotypic and allelic frequencies were determined in 452 subjects: 292 professional athletes (160 elite endurance athletes and 132 professional football players) and 160 non-athlete subjects. Genotyping of polymorphisms in liver metabolisers (CYP2D6, GSTM1, GSTP and GSTT), iron metabolism and energy efficiency (HFE, AMPD1 and PGC1a), cardiorespiratory fitness (ACE, NOS3, ADRA2A, ADRB2 and BDKRB2) and muscle injuries (ACE, ACTN3, AMPD1, CKM and MLCK) was performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Single Nucleotide Primer Extension (PCR-SNPE). The combination of the polymorphisms for the “optimal” polygenic profile was quantified using the genotype score (GS) and total genotype score (TGS). Statistical differences were found in the genetic distributions between professional athletes and the non-athlete population in liver metabolism, iron metabolism and energy efficiency, and muscle injuries (p<0.001). The binary logistic regression model showed a favourable OR (odds ratio) of being a professional athlete against a non-athlete in liver metabolism (OR: 1.96; 95% CI: 1.28–3.01; p = 0.002), iron metabolism and energy efficiency (OR: 2.21; 95% CI: 1.42–3.43; p < 0.001), and muscle injuries (OR: 2.70; 95% CI: 1.75–4.16; p < 0.001) in the polymorphisms studied. Genetic distribution in professional athletes as regards endurance (professional cyclists and elite runners) and professional football players shows genetic selection in these sports disciplines.
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14
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Zani ALS, Gouveia MH, Aquino MM, Quevedo R, Menezes RL, Rotimi C, Lwande GO, Ouma C, Mekonnen E, Fagundes NJR. Genetic differentiation in East African ethnicities and its relationship with endurance running success. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265625. [PMID: 35588128 PMCID: PMC9119534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 1960s, East African athletes, mainly from Kenya and Ethiopia, have dominated long-distance running events in both the male and female categories. Further demographic studies have shown that two ethnic groups are overrepresented among elite endurance runners in each of these countries: the Kalenjin, from Kenya, and the Oromo, from Ethiopia, raising the possibility that this dominance results from genetic or/and cultural factors. However, looking at the life history of these athletes or at loci previously associated with endurance athletic performance, no compelling explanation has emerged. Here, we used a population approach to identify peaks of genetic differentiation for these two ethnicities and compared the list of genes close to these regions with a list, manually curated by us, of genes that have been associated with traits possibly relevant to endurance running in GWAS studies, and found a significant enrichment in both populations (Kalenjin, P = 0.048, and Oromo, P = 1.6x10-5). Those traits are mainly related to anthropometry, circulatory and respiratory systems, energy metabolism, and calcium homeostasis. Our results reinforce the notion that endurance running is a systemic activity with a complex genetic architecture, and indicate new candidate genes for future studies. Finally, we argue that a deterministic relationship between genetics and sports must be avoided, as it is both scientifically incorrect and prone to reinforcing population (racial) stereotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L. S. Zani
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mateus H. Gouveia
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marla M. Aquino
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Quevedo
- School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo L. Menezes
- School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Charles Rotimi
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gerald O. Lwande
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Collins Ouma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Ephrem Mekonnen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nelson J. R. Fagundes
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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15
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Varillas-Delgado D, Del Coso J, Gutiérrez-Hellín J, Aguilar-Navarro M, Muñoz A, Maestro A, Morencos E. Genetics and sports performance: the present and future in the identification of talent for sports based on DNA testing. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1811-1830. [PMID: 35428907 PMCID: PMC9012664 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04945-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The impact of genetics on physiology and sports performance is one of the most debated research aspects in sports sciences. Nearly 200 genetic polymorphisms have been found to influence sports performance traits, and over 20 polymorphisms may condition the status of the elite athlete. However, with the current evidence, it is certainly too early a stage to determine how to use genotyping as a tool for predicting exercise/sports performance or improving current methods of training. Research on this topic presents methodological limitations such as the lack of measurement of valid exercise performance phenotypes that make the study results difficult to interpret. Additionally, many studies present an insufficient cohort of athletes, or their classification as elite is dubious, which may introduce expectancy effects. Finally, the assessment of a progressively higher number of polymorphisms in the studies and the introduction of new analysis tools, such as the total genotype score (TGS) and genome-wide association studies (GWAS), have produced a considerable advance in the power of the analyses and a change from the study of single variants to determine pathways and systems associated with performance. The purpose of the present study was to comprehensively review evidence on the impact of genetics on endurance- and power-based exercise performance to clearly determine the potential utility of genotyping for detecting sports talent, enhancing training, or preventing exercise-related injuries, and to present an overview of recent research that has attempted to correct the methodological issues found in previous investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Varillas-Delgado
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, 28933, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Gutiérrez-Hellín
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Millán Aguilar-Navarro
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Muñoz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Esther Morencos
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Abstract
Sports genomics is the scientific discipline that focuses on the organization and function of the genome in elite athletes, and aims to develop molecular methods for talent identification, personalized exercise training, nutritional need and prevention of exercise-related diseases. It postulates that both genetic and environmental factors play a key role in athletic performance and related phenotypes. This update on the panel of genetic markers (DNA polymorphisms) associated with athlete status and soft-tissue injuries covers advances in research reported in recent years, including one whole genome sequencing (WGS) and four genome-wide association (GWAS) studies, as well as findings from collaborative projects and meta-analyses. At end of 2020, the total number of DNA polymorphisms associated with athlete status was 220, of which 97 markers have been found significant in at least two studies (35 endurance-related, 24 power-related, and 38 strength-related). Furthermore, 29 genetic markers have been linked to soft-tissue injuries in at least two studies. The most promising genetic markers include HFE rs1799945, MYBPC3 rs1052373, NFIA-AS2 rs1572312, PPARA rs4253778, and PPARGC1A rs8192678 for endurance; ACTN3 rs1815739, AMPD1 rs17602729, CPNE5 rs3213537, CKM rs8111989, and NOS3 rs2070744 for power; LRPPRC rs10186876, MMS22L rs9320823, PHACTR1 rs6905419, and PPARG rs1801282 for strength; and COL1A1 rs1800012, COL5A1 rs12722, COL12A1 rs970547, MMP1 rs1799750, MMP3 rs679620, and TIMP2 rs4789932 for soft-tissue injuries. It should be appreciated, however, that hundreds and even thousands of DNA polymorphisms are needed for the prediction of athletic performance and injury risk.
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17
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Jonvik KL, King M, Rollo I, Stellingwerff T, Pitsiladis Y. New Opportunities to Advance the Field of Sports Nutrition. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:852230. [PMID: 35252862 PMCID: PMC8891369 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.852230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sports nutrition is a relatively new discipline; with ~100 published papers/year in the 1990s to ~3,500+ papers/year today. Historically, sports nutrition research was primarily initiated by university-based exercise physiologists who developed new methodologies that could be impacted by nutrition interventions (e.g., carbohydrate/fat oxidation by whole body calorimetry and muscle glycogen by muscle biopsies). Application of these methods in seminal studies helped develop current sports nutrition guidelines as compiled in several expert consensus statements. Despite this wealth of knowledge, a limitation of the current evidence is the lack of appropriate intervention studies (e.g., randomized controlled clinical trials) in elite athlete populations that are ecologically valid (e.g., in real-life training and competition settings). Over the last decade, there has been an explosion of sports science technologies, methodologies, and innovations. Some of these recent advances are field-based, thus, providing the opportunity to accelerate the application of ecologically valid personalized sports nutrition interventions. Conversely, the acceleration of novel technologies and commercial solutions, especially in the field of biotechnology and software/app development, has far outstripped the scientific communities' ability to validate the effectiveness and utility of the vast majority of these new commercial technologies. This mini-review will highlight historical and present innovations with particular focus on technological innovations in sports nutrition that are expected to advance the field into the future. Indeed, the development and sharing of more “big data,” integrating field-based measurements, resulting in more ecologically valid evidence for efficacy and personalized prescriptions, are all future key opportunities to further advance the field of sports nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L. Jonvik
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michelle King
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Barrington, IL, United States
| | - Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Trent Stellingwerff
- Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Yannis Pitsiladis
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Yannis Pitsiladis
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18
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Nieman DC. Multiomics Approach to Precision Sports Nutrition: Limits, Challenges, and Possibilities. Front Nutr 2022; 8:796360. [PMID: 34970584 PMCID: PMC8712338 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.796360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Most sports nutrition guidelines are based on group average responses and professional opinion. Precision nutrition for athletes aims to improve the individualization of nutrition practices to optimize long-term performance and health. This is a 2-step process that first involves the acquisition of individual-specific, science-based information using a variety of sources including lifestyle and medical histories, dietary assessment, physiological assessments from the performance lab and wearable sensors, and multiomics data from blood, urine, saliva, and stool samples. The second step consists of the delivery of science-based nutrition advice, behavior change support, and the monitoring of health and performance efficacy and benefits relative to cost. Individuals vary widely in the way they respond to exercise and nutritional interventions, and understanding why this metabolic heterogeneity exists is critical for further advances in precision nutrition. Another major challenge is the development of evidence-based individualized nutrition recommendations that are embraced and efficacious for athletes seeking the most effective enhancement of performance, metabolic recovery, and health. At this time precision sports nutrition is an emerging discipline that will require continued technological and scientific advances before this approach becomes accurate and practical for athletes and fitness enthusiasts at the small group or individual level. The costs and scientific challenges appear formidable, but what is already being achieved today in precision nutrition through multiomics and sensor technology seemed impossible just two decades ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Nieman
- North Carolina Research Campus, Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States
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19
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Yang R, Jin F, Wang L, Shen X, Guo Q, Song H, Hu J, Zhao Q, Wan J, Cai M. Prediction and Identification of Power Performance Using Polygenic Models of Three Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Chinese Elite Athletes. Front Genet 2021; 12:726552. [PMID: 34691150 PMCID: PMC8532995 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.726552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The manuscript aims to explore the relationship between power performance and SNPs of Chinese elite athletes and to create polygenic models. Methods: One hundred three Chinese elite athletes were divided into the power group (n = 60) and endurance group (n = 43) by their sports event. Best standing long jump (SLJ) and standing vertical jump (SVJ) were collected. Twenty SNPs were genotyped by SNaPshot. Genotype distribution and allele frequency were compared between groups. Additional genotype data of 125 Chinese elite athletes were used to verify the screened SNPs. Predictive and identifying models were established by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: ACTN3 (rs1815739), ADRB3 (rs4994), CNTFR (rs2070802), and PPARGC1A (rs8192678) were significantly different in genotype distribution or allele frequency between groups (p < 0.05). The predictive model consisted of ACTN3 (rs1815739), ADRB3 (rs4994), and PPARGC1A (rs8192678), the area under curve (AUC) of which was 0.736. The identifying model consisted of body mass index (BMI), standing vertical jump (SVJ), ACTN3, ADRB3, and PPARGC1A, the area under curve (AUC) of which was 0.854. Based on the two models, nomograms were created to visualize the results. Conclusion: Two models can be used for talent identification in Chinese athletes, among which the predictive model can be used in adolescent athletes to predict development potential of power performance and the identifying one can be used in elite athletes to evaluate power athletic status. These can be applied quickly and visually by using nomograms. When the score is more than the 130 or 148 cutoff, it suggests that the athlete has a good development potential or a high level for power performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Yang
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Jin
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xunzhang Shen
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Talent Identification and Development, Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-Doping Center), Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Guo
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haihan Song
- Central Lab, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyun Hu
- Central Lab, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- National Center for Gene Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wan
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Cai
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
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20
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Lekstutiene J, Holm S, Gefenas E. Biobanks and Individual Health Related Findings: from an Obstacle to an Incentive. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2021; 27:55. [PMID: 34379215 PMCID: PMC8526456 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-021-00330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the benefits biobanks are expected to bring, there have recently been concerns raised that the public and private non-profit biobanks still prevailing in Europe often fail to reach their initial objectives due to a variety of reasons, including a shortage of funding and insufficient utilization of collections. The necessity to find new ways to manage biobanks has been clearly recognized and one way to do this is to follow the success of some commercial direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC GT) companies in the biobanking field. This paper is focused on a double role the return of individual health related findings (IHRF) detected through the biobanking activities can play in the management of biobanks. These findings can be seen as an untapped opportunity to offer health related information to biobank participants. At the same time, the IHRF policy can also serve as an additional tool that can improve biobanking governance. This paper aims to consider diverse IHRF approaches as well as to explore some key ethical concerns related to them. In particular, it reveals how different accounts of personal autonomy shape consent policies related to IHRF and emphasizes ethical controversies related to the commercial DTC GT initiatives as well as some non-profit biobanks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurate Lekstutiene
- Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M.K. Čiurlionio 21, 03101, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Søren Holm
- Centre for Social Ethics and Policy, School of Law, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Center of Medical Ethics, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eugenijus Gefenas
- Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M.K. Čiurlionio 21, 03101, Vilnius, Lithuania
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21
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Williams CJ, Li Z, Harvey N, Lea RA, Gurd BJ, Bonafiglia JT, Papadimitriou I, Jacques M, Croci I, Stensvold D, Wisloff U, Taylor JL, Gajanand T, Cox ER, Ramos JS, Fassett RG, Little JP, Francois ME, Hearon CM, Sarma S, Janssen SLJE, Van Craenenbroeck EM, Beckers P, Cornelissen VA, Howden EJ, Keating SE, Yan X, Bishop DJ, Bye A, Haupt LM, Griffiths LR, Ashton KJ, Brown MA, Torquati L, Eynon N, Coombes JS. Genome wide association study of response to interval and continuous exercise training: the Predict-HIIT study. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:37. [PMID: 33985508 PMCID: PMC8117553 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00733-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low cardiorespiratory fitness (V̇O2peak) is highly associated with chronic disease and mortality from all causes. Whilst exercise training is recommended in health guidelines to improve V̇O2peak, there is considerable inter-individual variability in the V̇O2peak response to the same dose of exercise. Understanding how genetic factors contribute to V̇O2peak training response may improve personalisation of exercise programs. The aim of this study was to identify genetic variants that are associated with the magnitude of V̇O2peak response following exercise training. METHODS Participant change in objectively measured V̇O2peak from 18 different interventions was obtained from a multi-centre study (Predict-HIIT). A genome-wide association study was completed (n = 507), and a polygenic predictor score (PPS) was developed using alleles from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated (P < 1 × 10-5) with the magnitude of V̇O2peak response. Findings were tested in an independent validation study (n = 39) and compared to previous research. RESULTS No variants at the genome-wide significance level were found after adjusting for key covariates (baseline V̇O2peak, individual study, principal components which were significantly associated with the trait). A Quantile-Quantile plot indicates there was minor inflation in the study. Twelve novel loci showed a trend of association with V̇O2peak response that reached suggestive significance (P < 1 × 10-5). The strongest association was found near the membrane associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain containing 2 (MAGI2) gene (rs6959961, P = 2.61 × 10-7). A PPS created from the 12 lead SNPs was unable to predict V̇O2peak response in a tenfold cross validation, or in an independent (n = 39) validation study (P > 0.1). Significant correlations were found for beta coefficients of variants in the Predict-HIIT (P < 1 × 10-4) and the validation study (P < × 10-6), indicating that general effects of the loci exist, and that with a higher statistical power, more significant genetic associations may become apparent. CONCLUSIONS Ongoing research and validation of current and previous findings is needed to determine if genetics does play a large role in V̇O2peak response variance, and whether genomic predictors for V̇O2peak response trainability can inform evidence-based clinical practice. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR), Trial Id: ACTRN12618000501246, Date Registered: 06/04/2018, http://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=374601&isReview=true .
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla J Williams
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Zhixiu Li
- Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas Harvey
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia.,Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rodney A Lea
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Ioannis Papadimitriou
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ilaria Croci
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Sport, Movement and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dorthe Stensvold
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ulrik Wisloff
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jenna L Taylor
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Trishan Gajanand
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Emily R Cox
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joyce S Ramos
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Caring Futures Institute, SHAPE Research Centre, Exercise Science and Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Robert G Fassett
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Monique E Francois
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher M Hearon
- Internal Medicine, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Satyam Sarma
- Internal Medicine, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sylvan L J E Janssen
- Internal Medicine, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Paul Beckers
- Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Véronique A Cornelissen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences - Research Group for Rehabilitation in Internal Disorders, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erin J Howden
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shelley E Keating
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australia Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Anja Bye
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Cardiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Larisa M Haupt
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kevin J Ashton
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew A Brown
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Luciana Torquati
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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22
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Abstract
It is clear, based on a deep scientific literature base, that genetic and genomic factors play significant roles in determining a wide range of sport and exercise characteristics including exercise endurance capacity, strength, daily physical activity levels, and trainability of both endurance and strength. Although the research field of exercise systems genetics has rapidly expanded over the past two decades, many researchers publishing in this field are not extensively trained in molecular biology or genomics techniques, sometimes creating gaps in generating high-quality and cutting-edge research for publication. As current or former Associate Editors for Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise that have handled the majority of exercise genetics articles for Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise in the past 15 yr, we have observed a large number of scientific manuscripts submitted for publication review that have exhibited significant flaws preventing their publication; flaws that often directly stem from a lack of knowledge regarding the "state-of-the-art" methods and accepted literature base that is rapidly changing as the field evolves. The purpose of this commentary is to provide researchers-especially those coming from a nongenetics background attempting to publish in the exercise system genetics area-with recommendations regarding best-practice research standards and data analysis in the field of exercise systems genetics, to strengthen the overall literature in this important and evolving field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Timothy Lightfoot
- Department of Health and Kinesiology and the Sydney and JL Huffines Institute for Sports Medicine and Human Performance, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Stephen M Roth
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Monica J Hubal
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN
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23
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Rahim M, Lacerda M, Collins M, Posthumus M, September AV. Risk modelling further implicates the angiogenesis pathway in anterior cruciate ligament ruptures. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:650-657. [PMID: 33522443 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1884750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the interactions between the interleukins and the angiogenesis signalling pathway, following a pathway-based approach. Statistical modelling tools were used to develop a preliminary polygenic risk assessment model for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures, incorporating the angiogenesis signalling genes (VEGFA and KDR) and interleukins (IL1B, IL6, IL6R) which also function to regulate angiogenesis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the most informative contributors to ACL rupture risk from a range of eleven potential intrinsic risk factors: age, sex, BMI and eight genetic polymorphisms within five genes, namely, IL1B rs16944 C/T, IL6 rs1800795 G/C, IL6R rs2228145 C/A, VEGFA rs699947 C/A, VEGFA rs1570360 G/A, VEGFA rs2010963 C/G, KDR rs2071559 A/G and KDR rs1870377 T/A. A total of 232 asymptomatic controls (CON) and 234 participants with surgically diagnosed ACL ruptures, of which 135 participants reported a non-contact mechanism of injury (NON subgroup), were previously genotyped for the selected polymorphisms. The polygenic risk model identified the VEGFA rs699947 CC genotype (p = 0.024, odds ratio (OR): 3.35, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17-9.62), VEGFA rs2010963 GC genotype (p = 0.049, OR: 2.43, 95% CI: 1.00-5.87), age (p = 0.011, OR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95-0.99) and BMI (p = 0.009, OR:1.09, 95% CI: 0.57-2.11) as the most significant predictors of ACL rupture risk from the data included. The results of this study highlight VEGFA, age and BMI as biologically significant components of this network requiring further investigation in the context of musculoskeletal soft tissue injury risk. HighlightsThe findings of this study highlight the VEGFA gene, age and BMI as biologically significant contributors to ACL rupture susceptibility.Upon further validation of these risk factors, they may be included in genetic risk assessment tools to design pre-habilitation strategies, prescribe appropriate treatment strategies after injury or to assess how an individual is likely to respond to load.Polygenic risk models aid in highlighting the components of the complex ECM remodelling pathway requiring further investigation, using a multidisciplinary approach.VEGFA is a key angiogenic protein contributing to ECM homeostasis and may therefore have potential therapeutic implications that need to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masouda Rahim
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,FIMS Sports Medicine Collaborating Centre, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Miguel Lacerda
- Department of Statistical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Malcolm Collins
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,FIMS Sports Medicine Collaborating Centre, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michael Posthumus
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,FIMS Sports Medicine Collaborating Centre, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alison V September
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,FIMS Sports Medicine Collaborating Centre, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
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24
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Can Genetic Testing Predict Talent? A Case Study of 5 Elite Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 16:429-434. [PMID: 33271500 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The genetic influence on the attainment of elite athlete status is well established, with a number of polymorphisms found to be more common in elite athletes than in the general population. As such, there is considerable interest in understanding whether this information can be utilized to identify future elite athletes. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to compare the total genotype scores of 5 elite athletes to those of nonathletic controls, to subsequently determine whether genetic information could discriminate between these groups, and, finally, to suggest how these findings may inform debates relating to the potential for genotyping to be used as a talent-identification tool. METHODS The authors compared the total genotype scores for both endurance (68 genetic variants) and speed-power (48 genetic variants) elite athlete status of 5 elite track-and-field athletes, including an Olympic champion, to those of 503 White European nonathletic controls. RESULTS Using the speed-power total genotype score, the elite speed-power athletes scored higher than the elite endurance athletes; however, using this speed-power score, 68 nonathletic controls registered higher scores than the elite power athletes. Surprisingly, using the endurance total genotype score, the elite speed-power athletes again scored higher than the elite endurance athletes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that genetic information is not capable of accurately discriminating between elite athletes and nonathletic controls, illustrating that the use of such information as a talent-identification tool is currently unwarranted and ineffective.
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25
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Wallingford CK, Cutler K, Istiko SN, Fowles LF, Lamb R, Bean J, Healy L, Hondow G, Pratt G, Vidgen ME, Waddell N, Evans E, Bunker D, McInerney-Leo AM. Queensland Consumers' Awareness and Understanding of Clinical Genetics Services. Front Genet 2020; 11:537743. [PMID: 33193608 PMCID: PMC7593610 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.537743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As genetic testing becomes increasingly utilized in health care, consumer awareness and understanding is critical. Both are reported to be low in Australia, though there are limited studies to date. A consumer survey assessed perceived knowledge, awareness and attitudes toward genetic medicine, prior to consumers’ genomics forums in Queensland in 2018 and 2019. Data was analyzed using t-test and Mann-Whitney U tests analysis to detect any associations between sociodemographic factors and familiarity or attitudes. This highly educated and experienced health consumer cohort reported they were significantly more familiar with the healthcare system generally than genetic medicine specifically (p < 0.0001). Consumers perceived that genetic testing would be significantly more important in the future than it is currently (p < 0.00001). Consumers agreed that genetic testing should be promoted (91.4%), made available (100%), better funded (94.2%), and offered to all pregnant women (81.6%). The preferred learning modality about genetics was internet sites (62.7%) followed by talks/presentations (30.8%). Benefits of genetic testing, reported in qualitative responses, included the potential for additional information to promote personal control and improve healthcare. Perceived concerns included ethical implications (including privacy and discrimination), and current limitations of science, knowledge and/or practice. This study demonstrates that even knowledgeable consumers have little familiarity with genetic medicine but are optimistic about its potential benefits. Ethical concerns, particularly concerns regarding genetic discrimination should inform legislation and policy. Consumers are supportive of online resources in increasing genomic literacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney K Wallingford
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Lindsay F Fowles
- Genetic Health Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rachel Lamb
- Queensland Genomics, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | - Gary Hondow
- Queensland Genomics, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gregory Pratt
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Miranda E Vidgen
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicola Waddell
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Erin Evans
- Queensland Genomics, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Aideen M McInerney-Leo
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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26
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Moreno-Pérez V, Machar R, Sanz-Rivas D, Del Coso J. ACTN3 R577X Genotype in Professional and Amateur Tennis Players. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:952-956. [PMID: 31917734 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Moreno-Pérez, V, Machar, R, Sanz-Rivas, D, and Del Coso, J. ACTN3 R577X genotype in professional and amateur tennis players. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 952-956, 2020-Several investigations have concluded that the RR genotype in the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism is overrepresented in elite athletes of strength- and power-based sports when compared with nonelite populations, suggesting a positive role of this genotype on physical performance. However, no investigation has been geared to determine the distribution of this polymorphism in elite tennis players. The aim of this study was to compare the frequency distribution of the ACTN3 R577X genotype in professional and nonprofessional tennis players to determine whether this polymorphism has an association with tennis performance. A total of 128 tennis players volunteered to participate in this study. From the total, 56 were professional tennis players (16 were top 10 in Women Tennis Association/Association of Tennis Professionals [WTA/ATP] rankings, 22 were top 100 in WTA/ATP rankings, and 18 were ranked > top 100 in the WTA/ATP rankings), and the remaining 72 were categorized as nonprofessional. Chi-squared tests were used to assess differences in the distribution of RR, RX, and XX genotypes between the different performance categories. The distribution of the RR, RX, and XX genotypes was similar in professional (33.9, 48.2, and 17.9%) and nonprofessional tennis players (37.5, 40.3, and 22.2%; p = 0.650). Furthermore, the distribution of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism was not different in top 10 (25.0, 50.0, and 25.0%), top 100 (31.8, 50.0, and 18.2%), and WTA/ATP-ranked players (44.4, 44.4, and 11.2%; p = 0.847). These results indicate that the distribution of the ACTN3 R577X genotype is similar in tennis players of very different performance levels. This outcome suggests that the ACTN3 genotype was not associated with elite tennis performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Moreno-Pérez
- Department of Pathology and Surgery, Miguel Hernandez University, San Juan de Alicante, Spain.,Sports Research Center, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Reid Machar
- Department of Innovation, Tennis Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Sanz-Rivas
- Tennis Performance Research Group, Madrid, Spain.,Royal Spanish Tennis Federation (RFET), Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Center for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain
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27
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Schupmann W, Jamal L, Berkman BE. Re-examining the Ethics of Genetic Counselling in the Genomic Era. JOURNAL OF BIOETHICAL INQUIRY 2020; 17:325-335. [PMID: 32557217 PMCID: PMC10084396 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-020-09983-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Respect for patient autonomy has served as the dominant ethical principle of genetic counselling, but as we move into a genomic era, it is time to actively re-examine the role that this principle plays in genetic counselling practice. In this paper, we argue that the field of genetic counselling should move away from its emphasis on patient autonomy and toward the incorporation of a more balanced set of principles that allows counsellors to offer clear guidance about how best to obtain or use genetic information. We begin with a brief history of how respect for patient autonomy gained such emphasis in the field and how it has taken on various manifestations over time, including the problematic concept of nondirectiveness. After acknowledging the field's preliminary move away from nondirectiveness, we turn to a series of arguments about why the continued dominance of patient autonomy has become untenable given the arrival of the genomic era. To conclude, we describe how a more complete set of bioethical principles can be adapted and used by genetic counsellors to strengthen their practice without undermining patient autonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Schupmann
- Department of Bioethics, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., Bldg. 10/Room 1C118, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Leila Jamal
- Department of Bioethics, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, 10 Center Dr., Bldg. 10/Room 1C118, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Benjamin E Berkman
- Department of Bioethics, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health; Bioethics Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, 10 Center Dr., Bldg. 10/Room 1C118, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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28
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Tanisawa K, Wang G, Seto J, Verdouka I, Twycross-Lewis R, Karanikolou A, Tanaka M, Borjesson M, Di Luigi L, Dohi M, Wolfarth B, Swart J, Bilzon JLJ, Badtieva V, Papadopoulou T, Casasco M, Geistlinger M, Bachl N, Pigozzi F, Pitsiladis Y. Sport and exercise genomics: the FIMS 2019 consensus statement update. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54:969-975. [PMID: 32201388 PMCID: PMC7418627 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rapid advances in technologies in the field of genomics such as high throughput DNA sequencing, big data processing by machine learning algorithms and gene-editing techniques are expected to make precision medicine and gene-therapy a greater reality. However, this development will raise many important new issues, including ethical, moral, social and privacy issues. The field of exercise genomics has also advanced by incorporating these innovative technologies. There is therefore an urgent need for guiding references for sport and exercise genomics to allow the necessary advancements in this field of sport and exercise medicine, while protecting athletes from any invasion of privacy and misuse of their genomic information. Here, we update a previous consensus and develop a guiding reference for sport and exercise genomics based on a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis. This SWOT analysis and the developed guiding reference highlight the need for scientists/clinicians to be well-versed in ethics and data protection policy to advance sport and exercise genomics without compromising the privacy of athletes and the efforts of international sports federations. Conducting research based on the present guiding reference will mitigate to a great extent the risks brought about by inappropriate use of genomic information and allow further development of sport and exercise genomics in accordance with best ethical standards and international data protection principles and policies. This guiding reference should regularly be updated on the basis of new information emerging from the area of sport and exercise medicine as well as from the developments and challenges in genomics of health and disease in general in order to best protect the athletes, patients and all other relevant stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumpei Tanisawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Guan Wang
- Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Jane Seto
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ioanna Verdouka
- Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Richard Twycross-Lewis
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Antonia Karanikolou
- Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Masashi Tanaka
- Department for Health and Longevity Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mats Borjesson
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Center for Health and Performance, Goteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Ostra, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Luigi Di Luigi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Michiko Dohi
- Sport Medical Center, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bernd Wolfarth
- Department of Sport Medicine, Humboldt University and Charité University School of Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeroen Swart
- UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Victoriya Badtieva
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Moscow Research and Practical Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Restorative and Sports Medicine, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Theodora Papadopoulou
- Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre, Stanford Hall, Loughborough, UK
- British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Doncaster, UK
| | | | - Michael Geistlinger
- Unit of International Law, Department of Constitutional, International and European Law, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Norbert Bachl
- Institute of Sports Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Institute of Sports Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabio Pigozzi
- Sport Medicine Unit, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Yannis Pitsiladis
- Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
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29
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Zhao Y, Huang G, Chen Z, Fan X, Huang T, Liu J, Zhang Q, Shen J, Li Z, Shi Y. Four Loci Are Associated with Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Endurance Performance in Young Chinese Females. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10117. [PMID: 32572135 PMCID: PMC7723046 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and endurance performance are characterized by a complex genetic trait with high heritability. Although research has identified many physiological and environmental correlates with CRF, the genetic architecture contributing to CRF remains unclear, especially in non-athlete population. A total of 762 Chinese young female participants were recruited and an endurance run test was used to determine CRF. We used a fixed model of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for CRF. Genotyping was performed using the Affymetrix Axiom and illumina 1 M arrays. After quality control and imputation, a linear regression-based association analysis was conducted using a total of 5,149,327 variants. Four loci associated with CRF were identified to reach genome-wide significance (P < 5.0 × 10-8), which located in 15q21.3 (rs17240160, P = 1.73 × 10-9, GCOM1), 3q25.31 (rs819865, P = 8.56 × 10-9, GMPS), 21q22.3 (rs117828698, P = 9.59 × 10-9, COL18A1), and 17q24.2 (rs79806428, P = 3.85 × 10-8, PRKCA). These loci (GCOM1, GMPS, COL18A1 and PRKCA) associated with cardiorespiratory fitness and endurance performance in Chinese non-athlete young females. Our results suggest that these gene polymorphisms provide further genetic evidence for the polygenetic nature of cardiorespiratory endurance and be used as genetic biomarkers for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Physical Education Department, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guoyuan Huang
- Pott College of Science, Engineering and Education, University of Southern Indiana, Indiana, 47712, USA
| | - Zuosong Chen
- Physical Education Department, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiang Fan
- Physical Education Department, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Physical Education Department, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jinsheng Liu
- School Infirmary, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jingyi Shen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China. .,Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China. .,Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Yongyong Shi
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China. .,Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China. .,Department of Psychiatry, First Teaching Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830046, China.
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30
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Abstract
Humans vary in their ‘natural ability’ related to sports performance. One facet of natural ability reflects so-called intrinsic ability or the ability to do well with minimal training. A second facet of natural ability is how rapidly an individual adapts to training; this is termed trainability. A third facet is the upper limit achievable after years of prolonged intense training; this represents both intrinsic ability and also trainability. There are other features of natural ability to consider, for example body size, because some events, sports, or positions favor participants of different sizes. In this context, the physiological determinants of elite endurance performance, especially running and cycling, are well known and can be used as a template to discuss these general issues. The key determinants of endurance performance include maximal oxygen uptake \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\hbox{max} } )$$\end{document}(V˙O2max), the lactate threshold, and running economy (efficiency in the case of cycling or other sports). In this article, I use these physiological determinants to explore what is known about the genetics of endurance performance. My main conclusion is that at this time there are very few, if any, obvious relationships between these key physiological determinants of performance and DNA sequence variation. Several potential reasons for this lack of relationship will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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31
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Du L, Wang M. Genetic Privacy and Data Protection: A Review of Chinese Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Test Services. Front Genet 2020; 11:416. [PMID: 32425986 PMCID: PMC7205185 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The existing literature has not examined how Chinese direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing providers navigate the issues of informed consent, privacy, and data protection associated with testing services. This research aims to explore these questions by examining the relevant documents and messages published on websites of the Chinese DTC genetic test providers. Methods Using Baidu.com, the most popular Chinese search engine, we compiled the websites of providers who offer genetic testing services and analyzed available documents related to informed consent, the terms of services, and the privacy policy. The analyses were guided by the following inquiries as they applied to each DTC provider: the methods available for purchasing testing products; the methods providers used to obtain informed consent; privacy issues and measures for protecting consumers’ health information; the policy for third-party data sharing; consumers right to their data; and the liabilities in the event of a data breach. Results 68.7% of providers offer multiple channels for purchasing genetic testing products, and that social media has become a popular platform to promote testing services. Informed consent forms are not available on 94% of providers’ websites and a privacy policy is only offered by 45.8% of DTC genetic testing providers. Thirty-nine providers stated that they used measures to protect consumers’ information, of which, 29 providers have distinguished consumers’ general personal information from their genetic information. In 33.7% of the cases examined, providers stated that with consumers’ explicit permission, they could reuse and share the clients’ information for non-commercial purposes. Twenty-three providers granted consumer rights to their health information, with the most frequently mentioned right being the consumers’ right to decide how their data can be used by providers. Lastly, 21.7% of providers clearly stated their liabilities in the event of a data breach, placing more emphasis on the providers’ exemption from any liability. Conclusions Currently, the Chinese DTC genetic testing business is running in a regulatory vacuum, governed by self-regulation. The government should develop a comprehensive legal framework to regulate DTC genetic testing offerings. Regulatory improvements should be made based on periodical reviews of the supervisory strategy to meet the rapid development of the DTC genetic testing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Du
- Faculty of Law, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Faculty of Law, University of Macau, Macau, China
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32
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Campbell MLH, McNamee MJ. Ethics, Genetic Technologies and Equine Sports: The Prospect of Regulation of a Modified Therapeutic Use Exemption Policy. SPORT ETHICS AND PHILOSOPHY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17511321.2020.1737204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. L. H Campbell
- Department of Production and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, South Mymms, UK
| | - M. J. McNamee
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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33
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Ruhl GL, Hazel JW, Clayton EW, Malin BA. Public Attitudes Toward Direct to Consumer Genetic Testing. AMIA ... ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS. AMIA SYMPOSIUM 2020; 2019:774-783. [PMID: 32308873 PMCID: PMC7153088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Direct to consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) is an emerging service that allows individuals to have their DNA tested without having to consult a healthcare provider. DTC-GT can provide insight into various aspects about an individual, including their health and ancestry. However, testing may pose privacy risks and yield distressing results. Despite the growing popularity of DTC-GT, public attitudes toward such services remain largely ill-defined. Using Amazon Mechanical Turk, we administered a web-based survey to over 1,000 individuals to obtain intuition into public attitudes about DTC-GT. S urvey questions were grounded in a literature review of people's views about DTC-GT. The results of the survey indicated that respondents were interested in DTC-GT as a possible way to gain insight about health, ancestry, and family relationships, as well as advance research. Despite this, respondents were concerned that DTC-GT companies and other users of their DTC-GT data would infringe upon their privacy.
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34
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Floris M, Cano A, Porru L, Addis R, Cambedda A, Idda ML, Steri M, Ventura C, Maioli M. Direct-to-Consumer Nutrigenetics Testing: An Overview. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020566. [PMID: 32098227 PMCID: PMC7071525 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, specialized companies offering genetic testing services without the involvement of clinicians are growing; this development is a direct consequence of the significant decrease in genotyping and sequencing costs. Online companies offer predictions about the risk of developing complex diseases during one's life course, and they offer suggestions for personal lifestyle. Several companies have been created that provide nutrigenetics services; these companies suggest dietary indications-a central issue in the prevention and etiopathogenesis of specific diseases-based on one's personal genetic background. Dietary patterns are defined on the basis of a limited set of genetic markers. In this article, we analyze the online nutrigenetics services offered by 45 companies worldwide, to obtain an overall picture of the costs, the types of nutritional traits considered and the level of scientific precision of the services proposed. Our analysis clearly highlights the need for specific guidelines, in order to ensure a set of minimum quality standards for the nutrigenetics services offered to the customer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Floris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.C.)
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, traversa La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Antonella Cano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Laura Porru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Roberta Addis
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Antonio Cambedda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Maria Laura Idda
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, traversa La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Maristella Steri
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, SS 554 Km 4,500, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Carlo Ventura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems–Eldor Lab, Innovation Accelerator, CNR, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Margherita Maioli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.C.)
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, SS 554 Km 4,500, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems–Eldor Lab, Innovation Accelerator, CNR, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy;
- Center for Developmental Biology and Reprogramming-CEDEBIOR, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (M.M.)
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35
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Grover VK, Verma JP, Kumar A, Sharma N, Tiwari PK. A statistical model for ACTN3 genotype in elite power and speed athletes. JOURNAL OF STATISTICS & MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09720510.2020.1724624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijmendra Kumar Grover
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior 474002, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Jai Prakash Verma
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior 474002, Madhya Pradesh, India,
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, Madhya Pradesh, India,
| | - Nivedita Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, Madhya Pradesh, India,
| | - Pramod Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, Madhya Pradesh, India,
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Pickering C, Suraci B, Semenova EA, Boulygina EA, Kostryukova ES, Kulemin NA, Borisov OV, Khabibova SA, Larin AK, Pavlenko AV, Lyubaeva EV, Popov DV, Lysenko EA, Vepkhvadze TF, Lednev EM, Leońska-Duniec A, Pająk B, Chycki J, Moska W, Lulińska-Kuklik E, Dornowski M, Maszczyk A, Bradley B, Kana-Ah A, Cięszczyk P, Generozov EV, Ahmetov II. A Genome-Wide Association Study of Sprint Performance in Elite Youth Football Players. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2344-2351. [PMID: 31343553 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Pickering, C, Suraci, B, Semenova, EA, Boulygina, EA, Kostryukova, ES, Kulemin, NA, Borisov, OV, Khabibova, SA, Larin, AK, Pavlenko, AV, Lyubaeva, EV, Popov, DV, Lysenko, EA, Vepkhvadze, TF, Lednev, EM, Leońska-Duniec, A, Pająk, B, Chycki, J, Moska, W, Lulińska-Kuklik, E, Dornowski, M, Maszczyk, A, Bradley, B, Kana-ah, A, Cięszczyk, P, Generozov, EV, and Ahmetov, II. A genome-wide association study of sprint performance in elite youth football players. J Strength Cond Res 33(9): 2344-2351, 2019-Sprint speed is an important component of football performance, with teams often placing a high value on sprint and acceleration ability. The aim of this study was to undertake the first genome-wide association study to identify genetic variants associated with sprint test performance in elite youth football players and to further validate the obtained results in additional studies. Using micro-array data (600 K-1.14 M single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) of 1,206 subjects, we identified 12 SNPs with suggestive significance after passing replication criteria. The polymorphism rs55743914 located in the PTPRK gene was found as the most significant for 5-m sprint test (p = 7.7 × 10). Seven of the discovered SNPs were also associated with sprint test performance in a cohort of 126 Polish women, and 4 were associated with power athlete status in a cohort of 399 elite Russian athletes. Six SNPs were associated with muscle fiber type in a cohort of 96 Russian subjects. We also examined genotype distributions and possible associations for 16 SNPs previously linked with sprint performance. Four SNPs (AGT rs699, HSD17B14 rs7247312, IGF2 rs680, and IL6 rs1800795) were associated with sprint test performance in this cohort. In addition, the G alleles of 2 SNPs in ADRB2 (rs1042713 & rs1042714) were significantly over-represented in these players compared with British and European controls. These results suggest that there is a genetic influence on sprint test performance in footballers, and identifies some of the genetic variants that help explain this influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Pickering
- School of Sport and Wellbeing, Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom.,Prenetics DNAFit Research Center, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce Suraci
- Academy Coaching Department, AFC Bournemouth, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - Ekaterina A Semenova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Biochemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - Elena S Kostryukova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nickolay A Kulemin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg V Borisov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Sofya A Khabibova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey K Larin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V Pavlenko
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Lyubaeva
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniil V Popov
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny A Lysenko
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana F Vepkhvadze
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor M Lednev
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Agata Leońska-Duniec
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Beata Pająk
- Independent Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene Epidemiology, Poland
| | - Jakub Chycki
- Department of Sports Training, Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Waldemar Moska
- Faculty of Tourism and Recreation, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewelina Lulińska-Kuklik
- Faculty of Tourism and Recreation, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marcin Dornowski
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Adam Maszczyk
- Department of Theory and Practice of Sport, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice Poland
| | - Ben Bradley
- Academy Sports Science Department, AFC Bournemouth, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Kana-Ah
- Academy Sports Science Department, AFC Bournemouth, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - Pawel Cięszczyk
- Department of Theory and Practice of Sport, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice Poland
| | - Edward V Generozov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ildus I Ahmetov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Maloney SJ. The Relationship Between Asymmetry and Athletic Performance: A Critical Review. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2579-2593. [PMID: 29742749 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Maloney, SJ. The relationship between asymmetry and athletic performance: A critical review. J Strength Cond Res 33(9): 2579-2593, 2019-Symmetry may be defined as the quality to demonstrate an exact correspondence of size, shape, and form when split along a given axis. Although it has been widely asserted that the bilateral asymmetries are detrimental to athletic performance, research does not wholly support such an association. Moreover, the research rarely seeks to distinguish between different types of bilateral asymmetry. Fluctuating asymmetries describe bilateral differences in anthropometric attributes, such as nostril width and ear size, and are thought to represent the developmental stability of an organism. There is evidence to suggest that fluctuating asymmetries may be related to impaired athletic performance, although contradictory findings have been reported. Sporting asymmetries is a term that may better describe bilateral differences in parameters, such as force output or jump height. These asymmetries are likely to be a function of limb dominance and magnified by long-standing participation within sport. Sporting asymmetries do not seem to carry a clear influence on athletic performance measures. Given the vast discrepancy in the methodologies used by different investigations, further research is warranted. Recent investigations have demonstrated that training interventions can reduce sporting asymmetries and improve performance. However, studies have not sought to determine whether the influence of sporting asymmetry is independent of improvements in neuromuscular parameters. It may be hypothesized that the deficient (weaker) limb has a greater potential for adaptation in comparison to the strong limb and may demonstrate greater responsiveness to training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J Maloney
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, United Kingdom
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Pedlar CR, Newell J, Lewis NA. Blood Biomarker Profiling and Monitoring for High-Performance Physiology and Nutrition: Current Perspectives, Limitations and Recommendations. Sports Med 2019; 49:185-198. [PMID: 31691931 PMCID: PMC6901403 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Blood test data were traditionally confined to the clinic for diagnostic purposes, but are now becoming more routinely used in many professional and elite high-performance settings as a physiological profiling and monitoring tool. A wealth of information based on robust research evidence can be gleaned from blood tests, including: the identification of iron, vitamin or energy deficiency; the identification of oxidative stress and inflammation; and the status of red blood cell populations. Serial blood test data can be used to monitor athletes and make inferences about the efficacy of training interventions, nutritional strategies or indeed the capacity to tolerate training load. Via a profiling and monitoring approach, blood biomarker measurement combined with contextual data has the potential to help athletes avoid injury and illness via adjustments to diet, training load and recovery strategies. Since wide inter-individual variability exists in many biomarkers, clinical population-based reference data can be of limited value in athletes, and statistical methods for longitudinal data are required to identify meaningful changes within an athlete. Data quality is often compromised by poor pre-analytic controls in sport settings. The biotechnology industry is rapidly evolving, providing new technologies and methods, some of which may be well suited to athlete applications in the future. This review provides current perspectives, limitations and recommendations for sports science and sports medicine practitioners using blood profiling and monitoring for nutrition and performance purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Pedlar
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK.
- Orreco, Business Innovation Unit, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London (UCL), London, UK.
| | - John Newell
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Nathan A Lewis
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
- Orreco, Business Innovation Unit, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- English Institute of Sport, Bath, UK
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Pickering C, Kiely J, Grgic J, Lucia A, Del Coso J. Can Genetic Testing Identify Talent for Sport? Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E972. [PMID: 31779250 PMCID: PMC6969917 DOI: 10.3390/genes10120972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Elite athlete status is a partially heritable trait, as are many of the underpinning physiological, anthropometrical, and psychological traits that contribute to elite performance. In recent years, our understanding of the specific genetic variants that contribute to these traits has grown, such that there is considerable interest in attempting to utilise genetic information as a tool to predict future elite athlete status. In this review, we explore the extent of the genetic influence on the making of a sporting champion and we describe issues which, at present, hamper the utility of genetic testing in identifying future elite performers. We build on this by exploring what further knowledge is required to enhance this process, including a reflection on the potential learnings from the use of genetics as a disease prediction tool. Finally, we discuss ways in which genetic information may hold utility within elite sport in the future, including guiding nutritional and training recommendations, and assisting in the prevention of injury. Whilst genetic testing has the potential to assist in the identification of future talented performers, genetic tests should be combined with other tools to obtain an accurate identification of those athletes predisposed to succeed in sport. The use of total genotype scores, composed of a high number of performance-enhancing polymorphisms, will likely be one of the best strategies in the utilisation of genetic information to identify talent in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Pickering
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK; (C.P.); (J.K.)
| | - John Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK; (C.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne 3011, Australia;
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
- Research Institute i+12, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain
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ACTN3 R577X Genotype and Exercise Phenotypes in Recreational Marathon Runners. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10060413. [PMID: 31146466 PMCID: PMC6627880 DOI: 10.3390/genes10060413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Homozygosity for the X-allele in the ACTN3 R577X (rs1815739) polymorphism results in the complete absence of α-actinin-3 in sarcomeres of fast-type muscle fibers. In elite athletes, the ACTN3 XX genotype has been related to inferior performance in speed and power-oriented sports; however, its influence on exercise phenotypes in recreational athletes has received less attention. We sought to determine the influence of ACTN3 genotypes on common exercise phenotypes in recreational marathon runners. Methods: A total of 136 marathoners (116 men and 20 women) were subjected to laboratory testing that included measurements of body composition, isometric muscle force, muscle flexibility, ankle dorsiflexion, and the energy cost of running. ACTN3 genotyping was performed using TaqMan probes. Results: 37 runners (27.2%) had the RR genotype, 67 (49.3%) were RX and 32 (23.5%) were XX. There was a difference in body fat percentage between RR and XX genotype groups (15.7 ± 5.8 vs. 18.8 ± 5.5%; effect size, ES, = 0.5 ± 0.4, p = 0.024), whereas the distance obtained in the sit-and-reach-test was likely lower in the RX than in the XX group (15.3 ± 7.8 vs. 18.4 ± 9.9 cm; ES = 0.4 ± 0.4, p = 0.046). Maximal dorsiflexion during the weight-bearing lunge test was different in the RR and XX groups (54.8 ± 5.8 vs. 57.7 ± 5.1 degree; ES = 0.5 ± 0.5, p = 0.044). Maximal isometric force was higher in the RR than in the XX group (16.7 ± 4.7 vs. 14.7 ± 4.0 N/kg; ES = −0.5 ± 0.3, p = 0.038). There was no difference in the energy cost of running between genotypes (~4.8 J/kg/min for all three groups, ES ~0.2 ± 0.4). Conclusions: The ACTN3 genotype might influence several exercise phenotypes in recreational marathoners. Deficiency in α-actinin-3 might be accompanied by higher body fatness, lower muscle strength and higher muscle flexibility and range of motion. Although there is not yet a scientific rationale for the use of commercial genetic tests to predict sports performance, recreational marathon runners who have performed such types of testing and have the ACTN3 XX genotype might perhaps benefit from personalized strength training to improve their performance more than their counterparts with other ACTN3 genotypes.
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The Development of a Personalised Training Framework: Implementation of Emerging Technologies for Performance. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:jfmk4020025. [PMID: 33467340 PMCID: PMC7739422 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been considerable interest in the individualisation of athlete training, including the use of genetic information, alongside more advanced data capture and analysis techniques. Here, we explore the evidence for, and practical use of, a number of these emerging technologies, including the measurement and quantification of epigenetic changes, microbiome analysis and the use of cell-free DNA, along with data mining and machine learning. In doing so, we develop a theoretical model for the use of these technologies in an elite sport setting, allowing the coach to better answer six key questions: (1) To what training will my athlete best respond? (2) How well is my athlete adapting to training? (3) When should I change the training stimulus (i.e., has the athlete reached their adaptive ceiling for this training modality)? (4) How long will it take for a certain adaptation to occur? (5) How well is my athlete tolerating the current training load? (6) What load can my athlete handle today? Special consideration is given to whether such an individualised training framework will outperform current methods as well as the challenges in implementing this approach.
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Guest NS, Horne J, Vanderhout SM, El-Sohemy A. Sport Nutrigenomics: Personalized Nutrition for Athletic Performance. Front Nutr 2019; 6:8. [PMID: 30838211 PMCID: PMC6389634 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An individual's dietary and supplement strategies can influence markedly their physical performance. Personalized nutrition in athletic populations aims to optimize health, body composition, and exercise performance by targeting dietary recommendations to an individual's genetic profile. Sport dietitians and nutritionists have long been adept at placing additional scrutiny on the one-size-fits-all general population dietary guidelines to accommodate various sporting populations. However, generic "one-size-fits-all" recommendations still remain. Genetic differences are known to impact absorption, metabolism, uptake, utilization and excretion of nutrients and food bioactives, which ultimately affects a number of metabolic pathways. Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics are experimental approaches that use genomic information and genetic testing technologies to examine the role of individual genetic differences in modifying an athlete's response to nutrients and other food components. Although there have been few randomized, controlled trials examining the effects of genetic variation on performance in response to an ergogenic aid, there is a growing foundation of research linking gene-diet interactions on biomarkers of nutritional status, which impact exercise and sport performance. This foundation forms the basis from which the field of sport nutrigenomics continues to develop. We review the science of genetic modifiers of various dietary factors that impact an athlete's nutritional status, body composition and, ultimately athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanci S Guest
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Nutrigenomix Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Justine Horne
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Shelley M Vanderhout
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Nutrigenomix Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ahmed El-Sohemy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Nutrigenomix Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
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Loos RJF. From nutrigenomics to personalizing diets: are we ready for precision medicine? Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:1-2. [PMID: 30715122 PMCID: PMC6358032 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth J F Loos
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, and The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY
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Pickering C, Kiely J, Suraci B, Collins D. The magnitude of Yo-Yo test improvements following an aerobic training intervention are associated with total genotype score. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207597. [PMID: 30485313 PMCID: PMC6261586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated that there is considerable inter-individual variation in the response to aerobic training, and that this variation is partially mediated by genetic factors. As such, we aimed to investigate if a genetic based algorithm successfully predicted the magnitude of improvements following eight-weeks of aerobic training in youth soccer players. A genetic test was utilised to examine five single nucleotide polymorphisms (VEGF rs2010963, ADRB2 rs1042713 and rs1042714, CRP rs1205 & PPARGC1A rs8192678), whose occurrence is believed to impact aerobic training adaptations. 42 male soccer players (17.0 ± 1y, 176 ± 6 cm, 69 ± 9 kg) were tested and stratified into three different Total Genotype Score groups; "low", "medium"and "high", based on the possession of favourable polymorphisms. Subjects underwent two Yo-Yo tests separated by eight-weeks of sports-specific aerobic training. Overall, there were no significant differences between the genotype groups in pre-training Yo-Yo performance, but evident between-group response differentials emerged in post-training Yo-Yo test performance. Subjects in the "high" group saw much larger improvements (58%) than those in the 'medium" (35%) and "low" (7%) groups. There were significant (p<0.05) differences between the groups in the magnitude of improvement, with athletes in the "high" and medium group having larger improvements than the "low" group (d = 2.59 "high" vs "low"; d = 1.32 "medium" vs "low"). In conclusion, the magnitude of improvements in aerobic fitness following a training intervention were associated with a genetic algorithm comprised of five single nucleotide polymorphisms. This information could lead to the development of more individualised aerobic training designs, targeting optimal fitness adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Pickering
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport & Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
- Exercise and Nutritional Genomics Research Centre, DNAFit Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - J. Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport & Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - B. Suraci
- Exercise and Nutritional Genomics Research Centre, DNAFit Ltd, London, United Kingdom
- Suraci Consultancy, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - D. Collins
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport & Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
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Kreutzer A, Martinez CA, Kreutzer M, Stone JD, Mitchell JB, Oliver JM. Effect of ACTN3 Polymorphism on Self-reported Running Times. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 33:80-88. [PMID: 30431530 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Kreutzer, A, Martinez, CA, Kreutzer, M, Stone, JD, Mitchell, JB, and Oliver, JM. Effect of ACTN3 polymorphism on self-reported running times. J Strength Cond Res 33(1): 80-88, 2019-This investigation examined the effect of ACTN3 genotype on self-reported distance running personal records (PRs). Of 94 (n = 94) recreationally active men and women, 82 (f = 42, m = 40; age: 22.6 ± 4.5 years; body mass index [BMI]: 23.5 ± 3.4 kg·m) reported 1-mile running PRs, whereas 57 (f = 33, m = 24; age: 23.4 ± 5.3 years; BMI: 22.9 ± 9.3 kg·m) reported 5K running PRs. Subjects were grouped by the presence (ACTN3) or absence (ACTN3) of α-actinin-3, as well as by individual genotype (RR, RX, and XX). Among female participants, ACTN3 reported 64.5 seconds faster (p = 0.048) 1-mile PRs compared with their ACTN3 counterparts. No differences were observed when comparing 5K PRs between genotypes. Two one-sided test equivalence testing revealed that none of the effects observed when comparing ACTN3 and ACTN3 were equivalent to zero. Our study confirms a reportedly greater prevalence of XX benefits for endurance performance in females when compared with males but fails to strongly link ACTN3 genotype to endurance performance. Practitioners should continue to be cautious when using genetic information for talent identification and sport selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kreutzer
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise & Sport Performance Laboratory, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Christopher A Martinez
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise & Sport Performance Laboratory, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - McKensie Kreutzer
- Beutler Lab, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jason D Stone
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise & Sport Performance Laboratory, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Joel B Mitchell
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise & Sport Performance Laboratory, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Jonathan M Oliver
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise & Sport Performance Laboratory, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas
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Genetic Testing by Sports Medicine Physicians in the United States: Attitudes, Experiences, and Knowledge. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6040145. [PMID: 30424536 PMCID: PMC6315998 DOI: 10.3390/sports6040145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It remains unknown whether and how sports medicine physicians currently utilize genetic testing in their clinical practice. This study sought to assess knowledge of, experience with, and attitudes towards genetic testing by sports medicine physicians in the United States (US). An email with a survey hyperlink was distributed twice to members of the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) listserv in September 2016, with approximately a 10% response rate. Questions focused on knowledge of, experience with, and attitudes towards testing for different genes related to sports proficiency, injury risk, and disease risk. Few AMSSM physicians believe that genetic testing to adapt training (12%) or to choose a sport (2%) is ready for clinical adoption. Most respondents self-reported minimal knowledge about, and limited experience with, genetic testing. The main exception was screening for sickle cell trait (SCT) for which most (84%) reported moderate/significant/expert knowledge and over two-thirds had ordered testing. Although most respondents thought it appropriate to counsel and test for health conditions associated with cardiac and connective tissue disorders in the setting of a positive family history, only a minority had been asked to do so. Five or fewer respondents (2%) had been asked to test for performance-associated variants (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) II and Alpha-Actinin 3 (ACTN3)), and five or fewer (2%) would recommend changes based on the results. Our study provides a baseline of current US sports medicine physicians’ minimal experiences with, and knowledge of, genetic testing. The findings of our study indicate that sports medicine physicians require further genetics education as it relates to sports and exercise in order to be prepared to competently engage with their patients and to develop sound professional organizational policies.
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47
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Spencer EG, Topol EJ. Direct to Consumer Fitness DNA Testing. Clin Chem 2018; 65:45-47. [PMID: 30274978 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2018.287326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Spencer
- Scripps Research Translational Institute; Scripps Research; La Jolla, CA.
| | - Eric J Topol
- Scripps Research Translational Institute; Scripps Research; La Jolla, CA
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Vargas-Mendoza N, Fregoso-Aguilar T, Madrigal-Santillán E, Morales-González Á, Morales-González JA. Ethical Concerns in Sport: When the Will to Win Exceed the Spirit of Sport. Behav Sci (Basel) 2018; 8:bs8090078. [PMID: 30177618 PMCID: PMC6162520 DOI: 10.3390/bs8090078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The need to advance and achieve success is deeply ingrained in human evolution. As a species, humans developed instincts that allowed them to survive and transmit their genes along generations. The will to win is an instinct that has been maintained in the species for millions of years. Sport is an activity as old as humans themselves and is subject to rules; Objective: The proposal of this work is to explore some of the most recurrent practices to achieve the athletes' goals, and the origins and historical use of methods or substances to improve performance and its regulation, as well as to review the impact of new technologies on achieving better results and to make a proposal of what actions should be takenin order to prevent bad practices; Methods: A narrative literature review of ethical sports issues and decision-making was performed in the English language; Results: Practically all behavior with regards to the theme of sports is regulated by ethical codes that must be followed by sportspersons, as well as by everyone involved in the athlete's healthcare and in the athlete's administrative, marketing, and business aspects. Notwithstanding this, winning and reaping glory implies a reward far greater than fame and fortune, which can lead to poor ethical practices in athletes, as well as in interested parties who detract from the intrinsic value of the spirit of sports. The will to win could exceed the limits of what is permitted in fair-play, like the use of prohibited methods or substances; Conclusions: In this work, we review some of the bioethical aspects ofsports. Additionally, recommendations are offered for good practices and to prevent falling into poor ethical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Vargas-Mendoza
- Área Académica de Nutrición, ICSa, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca de Soto CP42000, Mexico.
| | - Tomás Fregoso-Aguilar
- Depto. de Fisiología, Laboratorio de Hormonas y Conducta, ENCB Campus Zacatenco, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 07700, Mexico.
| | - Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Ciudad de Mexico CP 11340, Mexico.
| | - Ángel Morales-González
- Escuela Superior de Cómputo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Juan de Dios Bátiz s/n esquina Miguel Othón de Mendizabal, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Ciudad de Mexico CP 07738, Mexico.
| | - José A Morales-González
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Ciudad de Mexico CP 11340, Mexico.
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The Potential Role of Genetic Markers in Talent Identification and Athlete Assessment in Elite Sport. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6030088. [PMID: 30200182 PMCID: PMC6162373 DOI: 10.3390/sports6030088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In elite sporting codes, the identification and promotion of future athletes into specialised talent pathways is heavily reliant upon objective physical, technical, and tactical characteristics, in addition to subjective coach assessments. Despite the availability of a plethora of assessments, the dependence on subjective forms of identification remain commonplace in most sporting codes. More recently, genetic markers, including several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), have been correlated with enhanced aerobic capacity, strength, and an overall increase in athletic ability. In this review, we discuss the effects of a number of candidate genes on athletic performance, across single-skilled and multifaceted sporting codes, and propose additional markers for the identification of motor skill acquisition and learning. While displaying some inconsistencies, both the ACE and ACTN3 polymorphisms appear to be more prevalent in strength and endurance sporting teams, and have been found to correlate to physical assessments. More recently, a number of polymorphisms reportedly correlating to athlete performance have gained attention, however inconsistent research design and varying sports make it difficult to ascertain the relevance to the wider sporting population. In elucidating the role of genetic markers in athleticism, existing talent identification protocols may significantly improve—and ultimately enable—targeted resourcing in junior talent pathways.
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Haga SB. A Brief Comparative History Analysis. GENDER AND THE GENOME 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2470289718787086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of gene-editing tools, changes to sequences encoding genes or regulatory elements can be made with relative ease compared to prior technologies. The development and anticipated commercialization of new applications using gene-editing technologies may span the gamut from therapeutic interventions to agricultural applications to cosmetic or enhancement procedures. Although objections have been raised about the purpose and on whom gene editing should be performed, limiting its uses in the absence of demonstrated harm may be difficult and unwise at this time, even at this early stage of development. The fledgling field may benefit from a review of the history of plastic and cosmetic surgery that underwent a similarly rocky start and continues to evolve to this day. From this brief comparative historical analysis, we may gain some insight about the path forward regarding the use of gene-editing tools for cosmetic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne B. Haga
- Department of Medicine, Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine and Genomic & Computational Biology, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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