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Spampinato S, Pavone P, Cacciaguerra G, Cocuzza S, Venanzi Rullo E, Marino S, Marino A, Nunnari G. Coronavirus OC43 and Influenza H3N2 Concomitant Unilateral Parotitis: The Importance of Laboratory Tests in Mumps-Like Parotitis. Pathogens 2023; 12:1309. [PMID: 38003774 PMCID: PMC10674652 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mumps is an acute generalized infection caused by a Paramyxovirus. Infection occurs mainly in school-aged children and adolescents and the most prominent clinical manifestation is nonsuppurative swelling and tenderness of the salivary glands, unilaterally or bilaterally. Negative serology for mumps requires a differential diagnosis with other infectious agents, but it is not routine. An 11-year-old girl presented with fever and right-sided parotitis and a negative serology for Mumps. A respiratory panel revealed the presence of Coronavirus OC43 and influenza virus H3N2. Parotitis may be caused by the parainfluenza virus, Epstein-Barr virus, influenza virus, rhinovirus, adenovirus, or other viruses in addition to noninfectious causes such as drugs, immunologic diseases, or obstruction of the salivary tract as predisposing factors. In this case, Coronavirus OC43 and influenza virus H3N2 were detected. The H3N2 has been already reported in the literature, whereas Coronavirus OC43 has never been associated with parotitis before; although, in the present case, the association of the two viruses does not let us conclude which of the two was responsible for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Spampinato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy;
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, ARNAS Garibaldi Hospital, 95122 Catania, Italy; (A.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Piero Pavone
- Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Giovanni Cacciaguerra
- Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Salvatore Cocuzza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, ENT Section, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | - Emmanuele Venanzi Rullo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy;
| | - Silvia Marino
- Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Andrea Marino
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, ARNAS Garibaldi Hospital, 95122 Catania, Italy; (A.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Giuseppe Nunnari
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, ARNAS Garibaldi Hospital, 95122 Catania, Italy; (A.M.); (G.N.)
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Gokhale DV, Brett TS, He B, King AA, Rohani P. Disentangling the causes of mumps reemergence in the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2207595120. [PMID: 36623178 PMCID: PMC9934068 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2207595120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, multiple countries with high vaccine coverage have experienced resurgent outbreaks of mumps. Worryingly, in these countries, a high proportion of cases have been among those who have completed the recommended vaccination schedule, raising alarm about the effectiveness of existing vaccines. Two putative mechanisms of vaccine failure have been proposed as driving observed trends: 1) gradual waning of vaccine-derived immunity (necessitating additional booster doses) and 2) the introduction of novel viral genotypes capable of evading vaccinal immunity. Focusing on the United States, we conduct statistical likelihood-based hypothesis testing using a mechanistic transmission model on age-structured epidemiological, demographic, and vaccine uptake time series data. We find that the data are most consistent with the waning hypothesis and estimate that 32.8% (32%, 33.5%) of individuals lose vaccine-derived immunity by age 18 y. Furthermore, we show using our transmission model how waning vaccine immunity reproduces qualitative and quantitatively consistent features of epidemiological data, namely 1) the shift in mumps incidence toward older individuals, 2) the recent recurrence of mumps outbreaks, and 3) the high proportion of mumps cases among previously vaccinated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deven V. Gokhale
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA30602
- Center of Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Athens, GA30602
- Center for Influenza Disease & Emergence Research, Athens, GA30602
| | - Tobias S. Brett
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA30602
- Center of Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Athens, GA30602
- Center for Influenza Disease & Emergence Research, Athens, GA30602
| | - Biao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA30602
| | - Aaron A. King
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
- Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Pejman Rohani
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA30602
- Center of Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Athens, GA30602
- Center for Influenza Disease & Emergence Research, Athens, GA30602
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Ogawa G, Kagoya R, Mochiki M, Ito K. A Case of Mumps Presenting With Unilateral Submandibular Sialadenitis and Laryngeal Edema. Cureus 2022; 14:e29290. [PMID: 36277528 PMCID: PMC9578382 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mumps is a viral infection that primarily affects the parotid glands. Here, we report an atypical case of mumps presenting with unilateral submandibular sialadenitis and laryngeal edema. A 20-year-old woman with unremarkable medical history was referred to our hospital for the management of left submandibular sialadenitis. Laryngeal endoscopy revealed laryngeal edema. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the neck revealed swelling of the left submandibular gland with surrounding fluid density and increased density of the cervical subcutaneous adipose tissue. A few days later, both anti-mumps immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies were positive, and she was diagnosed with mumps. To date, there have been no reports of unilateral submandibular gland mumps complicated by laryngeal edema. It is important to keep in mind that the involvement of the submandibular gland in cases of mumps is probably a risk factor for laryngeal edema.
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An Economic Analysis of Mumps Vaccination in Fiji: Static Model Simulation of Routine Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) Vaccination Instead of Current Measles-Rubella (MR) Vaccination. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031861. [PMID: 35162883 PMCID: PMC8835634 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Mumps remains endemic in Fiji, with 7802 cases reported between 2016 and 2018. The introduction of mumps vaccination has been discouraged due to perceptions of mumps as a self-limited disease and the perceived high cost of mumps vaccines. We estimated the benefits and costs of introducing a mumps vaccination program in Fiji. First, we estimated the burden of mumps and mumps-related complications in Fiji based on the reported cases in the Fiji National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System between 2016 and 2018. We then developed a static simulation model with stable mumps herd immunity after routine measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccination. Finally, we compared the estimated economic burden of mumps with current MR vaccination and the assumptive burden of the stable-state simulation model after routine MMR vaccination. The benefit–cost ratios (BCRs) were 2.65 from the taxpayer view and 3.00 from the societal view. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis indicated that the 1st and 99th percentiles of BCRs were 1.4 and 5.2 from the taxpayer’s perspective and 1.5 and 6.1 from the societal perspective. From both the taxpayer and societal perspectives, the probability of BCRs greater than 1.0 was 100%. A routine MMR program has value for money from both the taxpayer and societal perspectives. MMR vaccination should be urgently introduced in Fiji.
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Garg T, Gupta M, Gupta S, Kaur N, Rajesh R. Mumps Infection With Symptoms of Parotitis, Pancreatitis, and Orchitis Concurrently in an Adolescent Male. Cureus 2022; 14:e21963. [PMID: 35282503 PMCID: PMC8906564 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.21963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Giannakou K, Kyprianidou M, Hadjikou A, Fakonti G, Photiou G, Tzira E, Heraclides A. Knowledge of mothers regarding children's vaccinations in Greece: an online cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2119. [PMID: 34794423 PMCID: PMC8600348 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the main reasons that influence parental choice to postpone or avoid children's vaccination is insufficient knowledge. Mothers' knowledge can be considered as an important factor when determining childcare, as they are often the primary decision maker for their children's healthcare issues. This study aimed to assess the level of mothers' knowledge and practice on certain aspects of vaccination for their child/children in Greece. METHODS This was an online cross-sectional survey, which collected information about mother's socio-demographic characteristics, vaccination-related information, and vaccine knowledge using a self-administered questionnaire. The survey was conducted between April 2020 and June 2020 and the study population included mothers over 18 years old with at least one child (< 18 years old), living in four broad geographical areas of Greece (Attica, Central Greece, North Greece, and Crete/Aegean Islands). RESULTS A total of 1885 Greek mothers participated in the study. The majority stated that they vaccined their child/children (98%), and the most popular source of information about vaccination was their child's pediatrician (89%). About half of participants (52%) have delayed their child/children vaccination with their pediatrician's suggestion being the main driver. The median knowledge score was 11 which indicates a high knowledge level for childhood vaccination among Greek mothers. Multiple linear regression analysis identified an inverse association between education and knowledge score, characterized by higher knowledge scores among individuals with secondary and even higher among those with higher education. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the strict adherence to the prescribed dosage as indicated by the local recommendations for each vaccine, was associated with most of the knowledge items included in the study. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that the vast majority of mothers in Greece did vaccinate their child/children, while pediatricians appear to have a very influential role in mothers' decision making. High knowledge around vaccination was associated with mothers' educational attainment, being particularly high among those who completed higher education. Considerable attention is required from public health authorities to promote vaccination through educational programs and campaigns, particularly aimed at people with lower educational attainment. Additionally, improving communication between pediatricians and mothers to reach those women who have not decided to vaccinate or delayed vaccination for their children, may prove to be very beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Giannakou
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 6 Diogenes Str. Engomi, 2404, P.O. Box: 22006, 1516, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Maria Kyprianidou
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 6 Diogenes Str. Engomi, 2404, P.O. Box: 22006, 1516, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Andria Hadjikou
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 6 Diogenes Str. Engomi, 2404, P.O. Box: 22006, 1516, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Georgia Fakonti
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 6 Diogenes Str. Engomi, 2404, P.O. Box: 22006, 1516, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Galatia Photiou
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Eleana Tzira
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 6 Diogenes Str. Engomi, 2404, P.O. Box: 22006, 1516, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Alexandros Heraclides
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 6 Diogenes Str. Engomi, 2404, P.O. Box: 22006, 1516, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Zhang M, Zhu Y. Association between particulate matter pollution and the incidence of mumps in 31 provinces from China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:51210-51216. [PMID: 33977431 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have found that particulate matter (PM) pollution is a risk factor for respiratory disease by affecting body's immunity and carrying microorganisms. This study aimed to explore the association between PM and the incidence of mumps in 31 provinces from China. Monthly mumps cases, air pollution concentration, and meteorological factors in each province were obtained between January 2014 to December 2017. We used a generalized additive model (GAM) to investigate the associations of PM2.5 and PM10 with monthly mumps cases. We also tested the statistical significance of the differences between effect estimates in the warm season (April to September) and cold season (October to March) to explore potential effect modification. We found that a 10-μg/m3 increase (lag0) in PM2.5, and PM10 was associated with a 2.34% (95% CI: 1.32 to 3.36) and 1.90% (95% CI: 1.19 to 2.62) increase in the monthly counts of mumps cases, respectively. We also observed significant positive associations of PM2.5 and PM10 with mumps cases at lag0-1. These results were robust in our sensitivity analyses. No significant differences were found between the season-specific effects. Our results indicate that there is a positive relationship between PM and the incidence of mumps, which provides important implications for the prevention and control of mumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Zhang
- School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yongjian Zhu
- School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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Rosenthal A, Madigan T, Chen SF, Gans H, Nadimpalli S. Live virus vaccination of pediatric solid organ transplant candidates within 1 month prior to transplantation: A multicenter experience. Transpl Infect Dis 2021; 23:e13667. [PMID: 34145665 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are at increased risk of vaccine-preventable illness due to the high degree of immunosuppression required following transplantation. The current recommendation is to vaccinate with live attenuated vaccines, including Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) and Varicella (VAR) vaccines, at least 4 weeks prior to transplant. However, data to support the time interval between vaccine and transplant are limited. METHODS We conduct a literature review of the natural history of the viruses and length of viremia following live-attenuated viral vaccines, and we describe a series of 5 cases from 2 pediatric transplant centers in which live attenuated viral vaccines were administered within 21 days prior to SOT. RESULTS None of the 5 children who received MMR or VAR 8-21 days prior to liver (2) and heart (3) transplant suffered from vaccine-related viral illness after transplant, even in the presence of significant immunosuppression with T-cell-depleting agents. CONCLUSION These cases support that shorter intervals of live vaccine administration prior to transplant may be safe, allowing the vaccination of a larger cohort of SOT candidates. Increasing pretransplant vaccinations is crucial since, in most cases, live viral vaccines are contraindicated posttransplantation, and the most effective vaccine approaches utilize prime-boost strategies, priming before and boosting after transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Rosenthal
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Theresa Madigan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sharon F Chen
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hayley Gans
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sruti Nadimpalli
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Australia's notifiable disease status, 2016: Annual report of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 45. [PMID: 34074234 DOI: 10.33321/cdi.2021.45.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract In 2016, a total of 67 diseases and conditions were nationally notifiable in Australia. The states and territories reported 330,387 notifications of communicable diseases to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. Notifications have remained stable between 2015 and 2016. In 2016, the most frequently notified diseases were vaccine preventable diseases (139,687 notifications, 42% of total notifications); sexually transmissible infections (112,714 notifications, 34% of total notifications); and gastrointestinal diseases (49,885 notifications, 15% of total notifications). Additionally, there were 18,595 notifications of bloodborne diseases; 6,760 notifications of vectorborne diseases; 2,020 notifications of other bacterial infections; 725 notifications of zoonoses and one notification of a quarantinable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
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- Australian Government Department of Health
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Chirwa M, Davies O, Castelino S, Mpenge M, Nyatsanza F, Sethi G, Shabbir M, Rayment M. United Kingdom British association for sexual health and HIV national guideline for the management of epididymo-orchitis, 2020. Int J STD AIDS 2021; 32:884-895. [PMID: 34009058 DOI: 10.1177/09564624211003761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) UK guideline for the management of epididymo-orchitis has been updated in 2020. It offers advice on diagnostic tests, treatment and health promotion principles in the effective management of epididymo-orchitis. Empirical treatment should be started in patients with objective swelling and tenderness on testicular examination. First-line empirical treatment for sexually acquired epididymo-orchitis has changed to ceftriaxone 1g intramuscularly and doxycycline. Higher dose of ceftriaxone in line with the BASHH 2018 gonorrhoea guideline ensures effective treatment of strains with reduced susceptibility. Ofloxacin or doxycycline is recommended in patients with epididymo-orchitis probably due to non-gonococcal organisms (e.g. negative microscopy for gram-negative intracellular diplococci or no risk factors for gonorrhoea identified). Where Mycoplasma genitalium is tested and identified, treatment should include an appropriate antibiotic (e.g. moxifloxacin). If enteric pathogens are a likely cause (e.g. older patient, not sexually active, recent instrumentation, men who practice insertive anal intercourse, men with known abnormalities of the urinary tract or a positive urine dipstick for leucocytes and nitrites), ofloxacin and levofloxacin are recommended. A clinical care pathway has been produced to simplify the management of epididymo-orchitis. A patient information leaflet has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimie Chirwa
- Genitourinary Medicine, 9762Bedfordshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Luton, UK
| | - Olubanke Davies
- Genitourinary Medicine, Epsom & St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Sheena Castelino
- Genitourinary Medicine, Guy's & St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mbiye Mpenge
- Consultant Microbiologist, Weston Area Health NHS Trust, Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, UK
| | - Farai Nyatsanza
- Genitourinary Medicine, Cambridge Community Services NHS Trust, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Gulshan Sethi
- Genitourinary Medicine, Guy's & St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Majid Shabbir
- Urologist, Guy's & St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael Rayment
- Genitourinary Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Sasaki H, Fukunaga T, Asano A, Yamanaka K, Oikawa K, Shibata N. Seroprevalence of anti-mumps virus IgG antibody titer and voluntary mumps vaccination coverage in young adults in Japan. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:3153-3155. [PMID: 33877956 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1913967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In Japan, monovalent vaccine against mumps virus (MuV) infection was shifted to a voluntary basis vaccination due to the incidences of aseptic meningitis in the past. According to an analysis of a total of 409 participants aged 18-20 years, overall vaccination coverage rate was 48%. The mean anti-MuV IgG antibody titer of participants with medical history and more than two times vaccination was significantly higher than that in those without a medical history and unvaccinated and single vaccination, respectively. Seropositivity against MuV infection was >50% regardless of the number of vaccinations. Although these results suggest that seropositivity may persist due to asymptomatic infection, it is necessary to implement either a high vaccine coverage or routine vaccination for prevention of periodic mumps epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiraku Sasaki
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Japan
| | - Tomoko Fukunaga
- Section of Health Management, Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Japan
| | - Ai Asano
- Section of Health Management, Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Japan
| | - Kansuke Yamanaka
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Japan
| | - Kota Oikawa
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Japan
| | - Nobuto Shibata
- Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Karimi-Boroujeni M, Zahedi-Amiri A, Coombs KM. Embryonic Origins of Virus-Induced Hearing Loss: Overview of Molecular Etiology. Viruses 2021; 13:71. [PMID: 33419104 PMCID: PMC7825458 DOI: 10.3390/v13010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss, one of the most prevalent chronic health conditions, affects around half a billion people worldwide, including 34 million children. The World Health Organization estimates that the prevalence of disabling hearing loss will increase to over 900 million people by 2050. Many cases of congenital hearing loss are triggered by viral infections during different stages of pregnancy. However, the molecular mechanisms by which viruses induce hearing loss are not sufficiently explored, especially cases that are of embryonic origins. The present review first describes the cellular and molecular characteristics of the auditory system development at early stages of embryogenesis. These developmental hallmarks, which initiate upon axial specification of the otic placode as the primary root of the inner ear morphogenesis, involve the stage-specific regulation of several molecules and pathways, such as retinoic acid signaling, Sonic hedgehog, and Wnt. Different RNA and DNA viruses contributing to congenital and acquired hearing loss are then discussed in terms of their potential effects on the expression of molecules that control the formation of the auditory and vestibular compartments following otic vesicle differentiation. Among these viruses, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus appear to have the most effect upon initial molecular determinants of inner ear development. Moreover, of the molecules governing the inner ear development at initial stages, SOX2, FGFR3, and CDKN1B are more affected by viruses causing either congenital or acquired hearing loss. Abnormalities in the function or expression of these molecules influence processes like cochlear development and production of inner ear hair and supporting cells. Nevertheless, because most of such virus-host interactions were studied in unrelated tissues, further validations are needed to confirm whether these viruses can mediate the same effects in physiologically relevant models simulating otic vesicle specification and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Karimi-Boroujeni
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada;
| | - Ali Zahedi-Amiri
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Kevin M. Coombs
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
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Brett TS, Rohani P. Dynamical footprints enable detection of disease emergence. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000697. [PMID: 32433658 PMCID: PMC7239390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing methods for anticipating the emergence or reemergence of infectious diseases is both important and timely; however, traditional model-based approaches are stymied by uncertainty surrounding the underlying drivers. Here, we demonstrate an operational, mechanism-agnostic detection algorithm for disease (re-)emergence based on early warning signals (EWSs) derived from the theory of critical slowing down. Specifically, we used computer simulations to train a supervised learning algorithm to detect the dynamical footprints of (re-)emergence present in epidemiological data. Our algorithm was then challenged to forecast the slowly manifesting, spatially replicated reemergence of mumps in England in the mid-2000s and pertussis post-1980 in the United States. Our method successfully anticipated mumps reemergence 4 years in advance, during which time mitigation efforts could have been implemented. From 1980 onwards, our model identified resurgent states with increasing accuracy, leading to reliable classification starting in 1992. Additionally, we successfully applied the detection algorithm to 2 vector-transmitted case studies, namely, outbreaks of dengue serotypes in Puerto Rico and a rapidly unfolding outbreak of plague in 2017 in Madagascar. Taken together, these findings illustrate the power of theoretically informed machine learning techniques to develop early warning systems for the (re-)emergence of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias S. Brett
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Pejman Rohani
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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Su SB, Chang HL, Chen KT. Current Status of Mumps Virus Infection: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Vaccine. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17051686. [PMID: 32150969 PMCID: PMC7084951 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mumps is an important childhood infectious disease caused by mumps virus (MuV). We reviewed the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and vaccine development of mumps. Previous studies were identified using the key words “mumps” and “epidemiology”, “pathogenesis” or “vaccine” in MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. We excluded the articles that were not published in the English language, manuscripts without abstracts, and opinion articles from the review. The number of cases caused by MuV decreased steeply after the introduction of the mumps vaccine worldwide. In recent years, a global resurgence of mumps cases in developed countries and cases of aseptic meningitis caused by some mumps vaccine strains have renewed the importance of MuV infection worldwide. The performance of mumps vaccination has become an important issue for controlling mumps infections. Vaccine development and routine vaccination are still effective measures to globally reduce the incidence of mumps infections. During outbreaks, a third of MMR vaccine is recommended for groups of persons determined by public authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Bin Su
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan;
| | - Hsiao-Liang Chang
- Department of Surveillance, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
| | - Kow-Tong Chen
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital (managed by Show Chwan Medical Care Corporation), Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-6-2609926; Fax: +886-6-2606351
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Geren S Stone
- From the Departments of Medicine (G.S.S., N.J.), Radiology (M.G.), and Pathology (M.M.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (G.S.S., N.J.), Radiology (M.G.), and Pathology (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - McKinley Glover
- From the Departments of Medicine (G.S.S., N.J.), Radiology (M.G.), and Pathology (M.M.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (G.S.S., N.J.), Radiology (M.G.), and Pathology (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Nikolaus Jilg
- From the Departments of Medicine (G.S.S., N.J.), Radiology (M.G.), and Pathology (M.M.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (G.S.S., N.J.), Radiology (M.G.), and Pathology (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Maroun M Sfeir
- From the Departments of Medicine (G.S.S., N.J.), Radiology (M.G.), and Pathology (M.M.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (G.S.S., N.J.), Radiology (M.G.), and Pathology (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
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16
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Liang Y, Che Y, Yang B, Zhan F, Li H, Guan X, Zhang Y, Yin Q, Li C, Li J, Zhao Z, Liu L, Jiang G, Liao Y, Xu X, Ye J, Ren Q, He Y, Feng M, Wang L, Fan S, Cui X, Wang Z, Li C, Xiao H, Liu R, Li Q, Jiang C, Liu J, Li Q. Immunogenicity and Safety of an F-Genotype Attenuated Mumps Vaccine in Healthy 8- to 24-Month-Old Children. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:50-58. [PMID: 30085178 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mumps vaccine immunizations have reduced the incidence of this disease. With the variation of mumps circulating strain, novel vaccine strains are always important. Methods A 2-center parallel, randomized, double-blind noninferiority trial was performed to compare an F-genotype attenuated mumps vaccine (SP strain) to the A-genotype vaccine (S-79, Jeryl-Lynn strain) in 1080 healthy children aged 8-24 months in Hubei, China. Results Participants were randomly assigned to receive a high or low dose of the SP or S79 vaccine and then assessed clinically at 30 minutes and 1-28 days postinoculation. No differences in local or systemic reactivity were observed. A similar incidence of severe adverse events associated with the vaccine was observed in the high-dose group and the positive control group. Based on throat swab collections, no viral shedding was present at the 4th and 10th days in any group. Neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody assays with the F- or A-genotype strains showed similar trends in geometric mean titers in the high-dose SP and S79 groups. Increased cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses were observed in all groups. Conclusions The F-genotype attenuated mumps vaccine is safe, offers immunogenicity against a homologous virus, and is noninferior to the A-genotype vaccine in 8- to 24-month-old children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Yanchun Che
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Beifang Yang
- Hubei Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Faxian Zhan
- Hubei Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xuhua Guan
- Hubei Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Qiongzhou Yin
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Changgui Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Zhimei Zhao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Longding Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Guorun Jiang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Yun Liao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Xingli Xu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Jianjun Ye
- Hubei Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Qunhui Ren
- Dangyang City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hubei, China
| | - Yonghua He
- Gucheng County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hubei, China
| | - Min Feng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Lichun Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Shengtao Fan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cui
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Hubei Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuanyin Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Haitao Xiao
- Dangyang City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hubei, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Gucheng County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hubei, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Hubei Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Changjun Jiang
- Dangyang City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hubei, China
| | - Jianqun Liu
- Gucheng County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hubei, China
| | - Qihan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
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17
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Qin W, Wang Y, Yang T, Xu XK, Meng XM, Zhao CJ, Li SY, Xie SY, Li KC, Su H. Outbreak of mumps in a student population with high vaccination coverage in China: time for two-dose vaccination. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:2106-2111. [PMID: 30779678 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1581526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, an outbreak of mumps occurred in a primary school in China with a student population having high vaccination coverage. An unmatched case-control study was performed to identify risk factors contributing to this outbreak, and a retrospective cohort study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of mumps-containing vaccine (MuCV). A total of 97 cases were identified during the outbreak, and the overall attack rate was 8.2%. Among students with confirmed vaccination status, 90% had received at least one dose of MuCV. Cases were more likely than non-cases to report taking the school bus during the epidemic period (adjusted OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.4-3.7). Vaccine effectiveness (VE) was higher for two-dose MuCV (76%, 95% CI:49â€"89%) than for one-dose MuCV (59%, 95% CI: 36â€"74%. The protection afforded by both one-dose and two-dose MuCV waned over time, from 82% among students vaccinated within 5 years to 41% among those vaccinated more than 10 years previously for one-dose VE, and from 90% to 25% over the same time period for two-dose VE. We found that outbreaks of mumps can occur in schools despite high coverage of one-dose MuCV vaccination. Although the VE of both two-dose and one-dose MuCV wanes over time, the overall VE for two-dose MuCV was superior than that of one-dose MuCV. Therefore, a two-dose MuCV schedule through routine services is likely needed in order to control mumps epidemics in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qin
- Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Lu'an Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Lu'an , Anhui , China.,Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program (CFETP), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University , Hefei , China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Lu'an Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Lu'an , Anhui , China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Lu'an Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Lu'an , Anhui , China
| | - Xiao-Kang Xu
- Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Lu'an Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Lu'an , Anhui , China
| | - Xiang-Mei Meng
- Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Lu'an Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Lu'an , Anhui , China
| | - Chang-Jun Zhao
- Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Jin'an District Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Lu'an , Anhui , China
| | - Shao-Yi Li
- Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Jin'an District Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Lu'an , Anhui , China
| | - Shao-Yu Xie
- Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Lu'an Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Lu'an , Anhui , China
| | - Kai-Chun Li
- Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Lu'an Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Lu'an , Anhui , China
| | - Hong Su
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University , Hefei , China
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18
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Australia’s notifiable disease status, 2015: Annual report of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. Commun Dis Intell (2018) 2019. [DOI: 10.33321/cdi.2019.43.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, 67 diseases and conditions were nationally notifiable in Australia. States and territories reported a total of 320,480 notifications of communicable diseases to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, an increase of 16% on the number of notifications in 2014. In 2015, the most frequently notified diseases were vaccine preventable diseases (147,569 notifications, 46% of total notifications), sexually transmissible infections (95,468 notifications, 30% of total notifications), and gastrointestinal diseases (45,326 notifications, 14% of total notifications). There were 17,337 notifications of bloodborne diseases; 12,253 notifications of vectorborne diseases; 1,815 notifications of other bacterial infections; 710 notifications of zoonoses and 2 notifications of quarantinable diseases.
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Boyle C, Asimakopoulos P, Khatamzas E, Vernham G. Mumps presenting with unilateral, synchronous parotid and submandibular gland swelling. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2018-226547. [PMID: 30181408 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-226547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A previously healthy 22-year-old woman presented with acute, unilateral facial and neck swelling, associated with fever and malaise. She was initially treated with intravenous antibiotics; however, CT imaging showed unilateral, synchronous swelling and inflammation of the parotid and submandibular glands, and a PCR swab from the parotid duct was positive for mumps. She was fully immunised and had no contact in the preceding period with anyone diagnosed with mumps. She responded to supportive management and her symptoms resolved over the course of her admission. Unilateral, synchronous swelling and severe inflammation of both the parotid and submandibular glands in mumps is a very unusual presentation, and not one previously reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Boyle
- Division of Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Otolaryngology, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Elham Khatamzas
- Regional Infectious Diseases Unit, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Guy Vernham
- Department of Otolaryngology, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
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Li Y, Liu X, Wang L. Modelling the Transmission Dynamics and Control of Mumps in Mainland China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 15:E33. [PMID: 29278378 PMCID: PMC5800133 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mumps is a common childhood viral disease and children have been vaccinated throughout the world since 1967. The incidence of mumps has increased with more than 300,000 young people infected with mumps annually in mainland China since 2005. Therefore, we designed and analyzed long-term mumps surveillance data in an SVEILR (susceptible-vaccinated-exposed-severely infectious-mildly infectious-recovered) dynamic transmission model with optimized parameter values to describe the dynamics of mumps infections in China. There were 18.02% of mumps infected young adults seeking medical advice. The vaccine coverage has been insufficient in China. Young adults with frequent contact and mild infection were identified as a major driver of mumps epidemics. The reproduction number of mumps was determined 4.28 in China. Sensitivity analysis of the basic reproduction number and the endemic equilibrium was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of mumps control measures. We propose to increase the vaccine coverage and make two doses of MMR (Measles, mumps and rubella) vaccines freely available in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Mathematics and Statistics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- School of Information and Mathematics, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China.
| | - Xianning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Mathematics and Statistics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Lianwen Wang
- Department of Mathematics, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi 445000, China.
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21
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Fukuda A, Morita S, Nakamaru Y, Hoshino K, Fujiwara K, Akazawa S, Sakashita T, Obara N, Homma A. Anti-mumps IgM antibody positive rate with sudden sensorineural hearing loss using second-generation enzyme immunoassay: A retrospective, multi-institutional investigation in Hokkaido, Japan. Auris Nasus Larynx 2017; 45:911-915. [PMID: 29224848 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although elevated anti-mumps IgM antibody levels were reported in 5.7%-7.2% of Japanese patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL), there were several reports of false-positive cases, such as the continually IgM positive case and the IgM positive case in normal adults. To improve specificity, the new enzyme immuno assay (EIA) anti-mumps IgM antibody measurement kit was introduced in December 2009. This study re-examined the frequency of anti-mumps IgM antibody test positivity with SSNHL using the new measurement kit and compared the results with those from a previous report that used old kit. METHODS This is a retrospective multi-institutional study involving patients diagnosed with SSNHL who exhibited the anti-mumps IgM antibody. We compared the positive rate of anti-mumps IgM antibody and the annual average number of mumps cases per sentinel in Hokkaido between the patients in the present study and patients previously evaluated. RESULTS Overall, 100 patients with SSNHL were enrolled. One case (1.0%) was positive for anti-mumps IgM antibody. Of the 69 patients evaluated in the previous study, 5 cases (7.2%) were positive for anti-mumps IgM antibody. The positive rate of the anti-mumps IgM antibody in the present cases was significantly lower than that previously reported (p=0.042). The annual average number of mumps cases per sentinel in Hokkaido of the present and previous surveillance period was 34.47 and 42.77, respectively; no significant difference was seen in these data (p=0.4519). CONCLUSION The present study revealed that 1.0% of SSNHL was positive for the anti-mumps IgM antibody using the new EIA-IgM measurement kit. After the introduction of the new EIA-IgM measurement kit, anti-mumps IgM antibody positive rate with SSNHL significantly decreased, indicating that the proportion of asymptomatic mumps among etiology of SSNHL may be lower than those previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Fukuda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Shinya Morita
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakamaru
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kimiko Hoshino
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Keishi Fujiwara
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Shigeru Akazawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hakodate Central General Hospital, 33-2, Honcho, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 040-8585, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sakashita
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kushiro City General Hospital, 1-12, Syunkodai, Kushiro, Hokkaido, 085-0822, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Obara
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nakashibetsu Town Hosipital, 1-1, West 10, South 9, Nakashibetsu, Hokkaido, 086-1110, Japan
| | - Akihiro Homma
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
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Ho YH, Tsai CC, Tsai YW, Wang YC, Lin TY, Lee DJ, Chen CJ. Humoral immunity to mumps in a highly vaccinated population in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2017; 52:379-385. [PMID: 29046249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A resurgence of mumps was noted recently and outbreaks were increasingly reported in populations with high vaccine coverage. We aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence to mumps in Taiwan, where a two-dose childhood mumps-containing vaccine program, with a high coverage rate, had been implemented for >20 years. METHODS The anti-mumps IgG was determined in 3552 participants of all ages in Taiwan. The age-specific seropositivity rates were calculated and the sociodemographic variables associated with the seronegative sera were analyzed with a logistic regression method. RESULTS The overall seroprevalence to mumps was 71%, with a higher rate in adults ≥19 years old than in the pediatric population <19 years old (80.4% versus 62.0%, P < 0.0001). In participants aged 2-20 years, who had been given at least one mumps-containing vaccine, the seropositivity fluctuated across different age subgroups and the lowest rate (36.8%) occurred in the 17-18 years age group. The multivariate analysis identified age within 17-18 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 8.598, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.990-24.722, P < 0.0001), within 19-20 years (aOR 5.076, 95% CI 1.702-15.133, P = 0.0080), and being a resident of the suburban area of northern Taiwan (aOR 1.089, 95% CI 0.823-1.414, P = 0.0008) as independent factors associated with an increased risk of seronegative sera. CONCLUSION The seropositivity to mumps was unexpectedly low in highly vaccinated generations, and with a significant geographical discrepancy in Taiwan, which may have been responsible for the sustained reports of mumps cases in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Huai Ho
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chi Tsai
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Tsai
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chiang Wang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tzou-Yien Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - De-Jen Lee
- Physical Education Office, Chang Gung University, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Jung Chen
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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23
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An outbreak of mumps with genetic strain variation in a highly vaccinated student population in Scotland. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:3219-3225. [PMID: 28903791 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817002102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of mumps within a student population in Scotland was investigated to assess the effect of previous vaccination on infection and clinical presentation, and any genotypic variation. Of the 341 cases, 79% were aged 18-24. Vaccination status was available for 278 cases of whom 84% had received at least one dose of mumps containing vaccine and 62% had received two. The complication rate was 5·3% (mainly orchitis), and 1·2% were admitted to hospital. Genetic sequencing of mumps virus isolated from cases across Scotland classified 97% of the samples as genotype G. Two distinct clusters of genotype G were identified, one circulating before the outbreak and the other thereafter, suggesting the virus that caused this outbreak was genetically different from the previously circulating virus. Whilst the poor vaccine effectiveness we found may be due to waning immunity over time, a contributing factor may be that the current mumps vaccine is less effective against some genotypes. Although the general benefits of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine should continue to be promoted, there may be value in reassessing the UK vaccination schedule and the current mumps component of the MMR vaccine.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Mumps is an acute viral infection and while the infection is usually mild, complications can lead to permanent sequelae including brain damage and deafness. The burden of mumps is currently unknown the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), we therefore assessed susceptibility to mumps infection among children 6-59 months of age. METHODS In collaboration with the 2013-2014 DRC Demographic and Health Survey, we conducted a serosurvey to assess population immunity to vaccine preventable diseases. Dried blood spot samples were collected from children 6 to 59 months of age and processed at the UCLA-DRC laboratory in Kinshasa, DRC using the Dynex Technologies Multiplier FLEX chemiluminescent immunoassay platform (Dynex multiplex assay, Chantilly, VA). Logistic multivariate analyses were used to determine risk factors for mumps seropositivity. RESULTS Serologic and survey data were matched for 7195, 6-59 month-old children, among whom 22% were positive and 3% indeterminate for mumps antibodies in weighted analyses. In multivariate analyses, the odds of seropositivity increased with increasing age, female gender, number of children in household, increasing socioeconomic status and province (Kinshasa with the highest odds of positive test result compared with all other provinces). CONCLUSION These data suggest that mumps virus is circulating in DRC and risk of exposure increases with age. At present, the introduction of a combined measles-mumps-rubella vaccine remains unlikely, as the capacity to maintain adequate vaccine coverage levels for routine immunization must be improved before additional antigens can be considered for the routine immunization schedule.
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Morita S, Fujiwara K, Fukuda A, Fukuda S, Nishio SY, Kitoh R, Hato N, Ikezono T, Ishikawa K, Kaga K, Matsubara A, Matsunaga T, Murata T, Naito Y, Nishizaki K, Ogawa K, Sano H, Sato H, Sone M, Suzuki M, Takahashi H, Tono T, Yamashita H, Yamasoba T, Usami SI. The clinical features and prognosis of mumps-associated hearing loss: a retrospective, multi-institutional investigation in Japan. Acta Otolaryngol 2017; 137:S44-S47. [PMID: 28338374 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2017.1290826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS The majority of hearing loss due to mumps presents as unilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss, which is refractory to treatment. In rare cases of bilateral total deafness, cochlear implants were beneficial for speech perception. Vaccination against mumps is recommended to prevent mumps-associated hearing loss. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the clinical characteristics of hearing loss due to mumps and to evaluate hearing outcomes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The clinical parameters were analyzed under a retrospective multi-institutional study design in patients diagnosed with hearing loss due to mumps at the Otolaryngology departments of 19 hospitals between 1987 and 2016. RESULTS Sixty-seven patients with hearing loss due to mumps were enrolled. The study population consisted of 35 males and 32 females, ranging in age from 1 to 54, with a median age of 9.5 years. Sixty-three patients presented with unilateral, and 4 with bilateral hearing loss. Profound hearing loss was observed in 65 ears. Only one ear with severe hearing loss showed complete recovery. Four patients with bilateral hearing loss received cochlear implant surgery. Most of the patients with hearing loss due to mumps had no history of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Morita
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keishi Fujiwara
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fukuda
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukuda
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shin-ya Nishio
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kitoh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Naohito Hato
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Shigenobu-cho, Toon City, Ehime, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ikezono
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Saitama School of Medicine, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kotaro Ishikawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa City, Saitama Prefecture, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Kaga
- Division of Hearing and Balance Research, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Matsubara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki-shi, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Matsunaga
- Division of Hearing and Balance Research, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Murata
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi-City, Japan
| | - Yasushi Naito
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Chuo-ku, Kobe-City, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nishizaki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmacy, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kaoru Ogawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Sano
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Michihiko Sone
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mikio Suzuki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Ryukyu, Nishihara-cho, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Haruo Takahashi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nagasaki University Faculty of Medicine, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tono
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki-shi, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamashita
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube City, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Usami
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
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Street EJ, Justice ED, Kopa Z, Portman MD, Ross JD, Skerlev M, Wilson JD, Patel R. The 2016 European guideline on the management of epididymo-orchitis. Int J STD AIDS 2017. [PMID: 28632112 DOI: 10.1177/0956462417699356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Epididymo-orchitis is a commonly encountered condition with a reported incidence of 2.45 cases per 1000 men in the United Kingdom. This 2016 International Union against Sexually Transmitted Infections guideline provides up-to-date advice on the management of this condition. It describes the aetiology, clinical features and potential complications, as well as presenting diagnostic considerations and clear recommendations for management and follow-up. Early diagnosis and management are essential, as serious complications can include abscess formation, testicular infarction and infertility. Recent epidemiological evidence suggests that selection of fluoroquinolone antibiotics with anti-Chlamydial activity is more appropriate in the management of sexually active men in the over 35 years age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Street
- 1 Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield, UK
| | | | - Zsolt Kopa
- 3 Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mags D Portman
- 4 Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Ross
- 5 University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mihael Skerlev
- 6 Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Zagreb University School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Rajul Patel
- 8 Solent NHS Trust, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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27
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Qu Q, Fang C, Zhang L, Jia W, Weng J, Li Y. A mumps model with seasonality in China. Infect Dis Model 2017; 2:1-11. [PMID: 29928725 PMCID: PMC5963329 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mumps, an infectious viral disease, classically manifested by inflammation of salivary glands and is best known as a common childhood viral disease with no specific treatment. Although it can be protected by vaccine, there are more than 100,000 reported mumps cases according to the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. However, the factors and mechanisms behind the persistence and prevalence of mumps have not been well understood. METHODS A mumps model with seasonal fluctuation is formulated and investigated. We evaluate the basic reproduction number ℛ0 and analyze the dynamical behavior of the model. We also use the model to simulate the monthly data of mumps cases and carry out some sensitivity analysis of ℛ0 in terms of various model parameters. RESULTS It is shown that there exists only disease-free solution which is globally asymptotically stable if ℛ0 < 1, and there exists a positive periodic solution if ℛ0 > 1. ℛ0 is a threshold parameter, and its magnitude determines the extinction or persistence of the disease. CONCLUSION Our analysis shows that vaccination rate and invalid vaccination rate play important roles in the spread of mumps. Hence, Our study suggests to increase the vaccine coverage and make two doses of MMR (Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine) vaccine freely available in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Qu
- School of Information and Mathematics, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Cong Fang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Le Zhang
- School of Information and Mathematics, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Wanru Jia
- School of Information and Mathematics, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Jie Weng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Yong Li
- School of Information and Mathematics, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
- Institute of Applied Mathematics, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
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28
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James SH. Measles, Mumps and Rubella Viruses. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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29
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Vygen S, Fischer A, Meurice L, Mounchetrou Njoya I, Gregoris M, Ndiaye B, Ghenassia A, Poujol I, Stahl JP, Antona D, Le Strat Y, Levy-Bruhl D, Rolland P. Waning immunity against mumps in vaccinated young adults, France 2013. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:30156. [PMID: 26987576 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.10.30156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In 2013, 15 clusters of mumps were notified in France; 72% (82/114) of the cases had been vaccinated twice with measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. To determine whether the risk of mumps increased with time since the last vaccination, we conducted a case-control study among clusters in universities and military barracks. A confirmed case had an inflammation of a salivary gland plus laboratory confirmation in 2013. A probable case presented with inflammation of a salivary gland in 2013 either lasting for > 2 days or with epidemiological link to a confirmed case. Controls had no mumps symptoms and attended the same university course, student party or military barracks. We collected clinical and vaccination data via web questionnaire and medical records. We calculated adjusted odds ratios (aOR) using logistic regression. 59% (50/85) of cases and 62% (199/321) of controls had been vaccinated twice. The odds of mumps increased for twice-vaccinated individuals by 10% for every year that had passed since the second dose (aOR 1.10; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02-1.19; p = 0.02). Mumps immunity waned with increasing time since vaccination. Our findings contributed to the French High Council of Public Health's decision to recommend a third MMR dose during outbreaks for individuals whose second dose dates > 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Vygen
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), Department of Coordination of Alerts and Regions (DCAR), Regional office in Aquitaine
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Yung CF, Ramsay M. Estimating true hospital morbidity of complications associated with mumps outbreak, England, 2004/05. Euro Surveill 2016; 21:30320. [PMID: 27562958 PMCID: PMC4998425 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.33.30320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mumps outbreaks in highly vaccinated populations continue to be reported globally. Therefore, quantifying the burden of mumps morbidity accurately will be necessary to better assess the impact of mumps vaccination programmes. We aim to estimate the true morbidity resulting from mumps complications in terms of hospitalised orchitis, meningitis, oophoritis and pancreatitis in England during the outbreak in 2004/05. This outbreak in England led to a clear increase in hospitalisations coded to mumps for complications of orchitis in those born in the 1970s and 1980s and possibly for meningitis in those born in the 1980s. A simple statistical model, based on analysing time trends for diagnosed complications in hospital databases with routine laboratory surveillance data, found that the actual morbidity was much higher. There were 2.5 times (166 cases) more mumps orchitis cases in the 1970s cohort and 2.0 times (708 cases) more mumps orchitis cases in the 1980s cohort than complications coded to mumps in hospital databases. Our study demonstrated that the mumps outbreak in England 2004/05 resulted in a substantial increase in hospitalised mumps complications, and the model we used can improve the ascertainment of morbidity from a mumps outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- CF Yung
- Immunisation, Hepatitis and Blood Safety Department, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Paediatrics, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore
| | - M Ramsay
- Immunisation, Hepatitis and Blood Safety Department, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
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Gouma S, Koopmans MPG, van Binnendijk RS. Mumps virus pathogenesis: Insights and knowledge gaps. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:3110-3112. [PMID: 27455055 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1210745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent mumps outbreaks among MMR vaccinated persons have raised questions about the biological mechanisms related to mumps symptoms and complications in the background of waning immunity. Contrary to other paramyxoviruses, the understanding of mumps virus pathogenesis is limited, and further in-depth clinical studies are required to provide answers to important research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Gouma
- a Centre for Infectious Disease Control , National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands.,b Department of Viroscience , Erasmus University Medical Centre , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- a Centre for Infectious Disease Control , National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands.,b Department of Viroscience , Erasmus University Medical Centre , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Rob S van Binnendijk
- a Centre for Infectious Disease Control , National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
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32
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Koenig KL, Shastry S, Mzahim B, Almadhyan A, Burns MJ. Mumps Virus: Modification of the Identify-Isolate-Inform Tool for Frontline Healthcare Providers. West J Emerg Med 2016; 17:490-6. [PMID: 27625709 PMCID: PMC5017829 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2016.6.30793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mumps is a highly contagious viral infection that became rare in most industrialized countries following the introduction of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine in 1967. The disease, however, has been re-emerging with several outbreaks over the past decade. Many clinicians have never seen a case of mumps. To assist frontline healthcare providers with detecting potential cases and initiating critical actions, investigators modified the “Identify-Isolate-Inform” tool for mumps infection. The tool is applicable to regions with rare incidences or local outbreaks, especially seen in college students, as well as globally in areas where vaccination is less common. Mumps begins with a prodrome of low-grade fever, myalgias and malaise/anorexia, followed by development of nonsuppurative parotitis, which is the pathognomonic finding associated with acute mumps infection. Orchitis and meningitis are the two most common serious complications, with hearing loss and infertility occurring rarely. Providers should consider mumps in patients with exposure to a known case or international travel to endemic regions who present with consistent signs and symptoms. If mumps is suspected, healthcare providers must immediately implement standard and droplet precautions and notify the local health department and hospital infection control personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Koenig
- University of California Irvine, Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Center for Disaster Medical Sciences, Orange, California
| | - Siri Shastry
- University of California Irvine Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Orange California
| | - Bandr Mzahim
- University of California Irvine, Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Center for Disaster Medical Sciences, Orange, California; King Fahad Medical City, Department of Emergency Medicine, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed Almadhyan
- University of California Irvine, Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Center for Disaster Medical Sciences, Orange, California; Qassim University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael J Burns
- University of California Irvine, Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Orange, California
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Gouma S, Hahné SJ, Gijselaar DB, Koopmans MP, van Binnendijk RS. Severity of mumps disease is related to MMR vaccination status and viral shedding. Vaccine 2016; 34:1868-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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McGuire A, Drummond M, Keeping S. Childhood and adolescent influenza vaccination in Europe: A review of current policies and recommendations for the future. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:659-70. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1138861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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35
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Rhie K, Park HK, Kim YS, Yeom JS, Park JS, Seo JH, Park ES, Lim JY, Park CH, Woo HO, Youn HS. Factors associated with mumps meningitis and the possible impact of vaccination. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2016; 59:24-9. [PMID: 26893600 PMCID: PMC4753196 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2016.59.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Mumps meningitis is a common complication of mumps infection; however, information on mumps meningitis in the postvaccine era is limited. The purpose of the present study was to determine factors associated with mumps meningitis and to discuss the effect of vaccination on this disease. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients younger than 19 years with mumps, diagnosed at a university hospital in Korea between 2003 and 2013. Patients were divided into groups with and without meningitis, and the clinical features of the 2 groups were compared. Results The study enrolled 119 patients: 19 patients with meningitis and 100 patients without. Univariate analysis showed that older age (median: 15 years vs. 9.5 years, respectively), a longer interval from last vaccination (median: 10.2 years vs. 4.8 years, respectively), and febrile presentation (94.7% vs. 31.0%, respectively) were significantly associated with mumps meningitis. Sex, number of vaccination doses, bilateral parotitis, and the presence of complications other than meningitis did not differ between the 2 groups. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, age (odds ratio, 1.38; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–1.89; P=0.04) and fever (odds ratio, 30.46; 95% confidence interval, 3.27–283.61; P<0.01) remained independent factors for mumps meningitis. Conclusion Clinicians in the postvaccine era should be aware of the possibility of mumps meningitis in febrile cases of mumps in adolescents, regardless of the number of vaccination doses. To establish the role of vaccination in mumps meningitis, further studies will be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuyol Rhie
- Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Heung-Keun Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Young-Soo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
| | - Jung Sook Yeom
- Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea.; Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Korea
| | - Ji Sook Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea.; Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Seo
- Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea.; Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Korea
| | - Eun Sil Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea.; Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea.; Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Korea
| | - Chan-Hoo Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea.; Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Korea
| | - Hyang-Ok Woo
- Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea.; Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Korea
| | - Hee-Shang Youn
- Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea.; Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Korea
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Maple PAC. Application of Oral Fluid Assays in Support of Mumps, Rubella and Varicella Control Programs. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:988-1003. [PMID: 26690230 PMCID: PMC4693228 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3040988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of specific viral antibody or nucleic acid produced by infection or immunization, using oral fluid samples, offers increased potential for wider population uptake compared to blood sampling. This methodology is well established for the control of HIV and measles infections, but can also be applied to the control of other vaccine preventable infections, and this review describes the application of oral fluid assays in support of mumps, rubella and varicella national immunization programs. In England and Wales individuals with suspected mumps or rubella, based on clinical presentation, can have an oral fluid swab sample taken for case confirmation. Universal varicella immunization of children has led to a drastic reduction of chickenpox in those countries where it is used; however, in England and Wales such a policy has not been instigated. Consequently, in England and Wales most children have had chickenpox by age 10 years; however, small, but significant, numbers of adults remain susceptible. Targeted varicella zoster virus (VZV) immunization of susceptible adolescents offers the potential to reduce the pool of susceptible adults and oral fluid determination of VZV immunity in adolescents is a potential means of identifying susceptible individuals in need of VZV vaccination. The main application of oral fluid testing is in those circumstances where blood sampling is deemed not necessary, or is undesirable, and when the documented sensitivity and specificity of the oral fluid assay methodology to be used is considered sufficient for the purpose intended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A C Maple
- East Yorkshire Microbiology, Innovation Centre, York Science Park, York YO10 5DG, UK.
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Shu M, Zhang YQ, Li Z, Liu GJ, Wan C, Wen Y. Chinese medicinal herbs for mumps. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 2015:CD008578. [PMID: 25887348 PMCID: PMC7198052 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008578.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mumps is an infectious disease caused by the mumps virus. Chinese physicians generally believe that Chinese medicinal herbs are effective in alleviating symptoms and reducing the duration of mumps. Herbalists tend to develop a treatment plan according to the individual's symptoms. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Chinese medicinal herbs combined with routine treatments for mumps. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL (2015, Issue 1), MEDLINE (1948 to January week 4, 2015), EMBASE (1974 to February 2015), CINAHL (1981 to February 2015), AMED (1985 to April 2014), the Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM) (1980 to February 2015), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) (1979 to February 2015), VIP Information (1989 to February 2015), and relevant databases of ongoing trials. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of Chinese medicinal herbs for mumps (with or without complications). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently evaluated trial quality and conducted data extraction. We contacted the trial authors for missing data regarding participant allocation. Some trials allocated participants according to the participants' admission sequence, making it a pseudo-random allocation. None of the trials concealed participants' allocation or used blinding. MAIN RESULTS We did not identify any eligible trials for inclusion. We identified 108 studies that claimed to use random allocation. We excluded 104 studies because the allocation methods the authors had used were not actually randomised. We were unable to contact the trial authors of the remaining four studies. These trials require further evaluation and have been allocated to the 'Studies awaiting classification' section. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We did not find any RCTs for or against Chinese herbal medicine used in the treatment of mumps. We hope more high-quality RCTs will be conducted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shu
- West China Second University Hospital, West China Women's and Children's HospitalDepartment of PediatricsNo. 17, Section Three, Ren Min Nan Lu AvenueChengduSichuanChina610041
| | - Yi Qiong Zhang
- The First People's Hospital of Long Quan Yi DistrictDepartment of Paediatrics417 Oupeng AvenueLong Quan Yi DistrictChengduSichuanChina610100
| | - Zhiyao Li
- The Fourth Hospital of Sichuan ProvinceDepartment of Paediatrics57, Chengshou DongdajieChengduSichuanChina610016
| | - Guan J Liu
- West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChinese Cochrane Centre, Chinese Evidence‐Based Medicine CentreNo. 37, Guo Xue XiangChengduSichuanChina610041
| | - Chaomin Wan
- West China Second University Hospital, West China Women's and Children's HospitalDepartment of PediatricsNo. 17, Section Three, Ren Min Nan Lu AvenueChengduSichuanChina610041
| | - Yang Wen
- West China Second University Hospital, West China Women's and Children's HospitalDepartment of PediatricsNo. 17, Section Three, Ren Min Nan Lu AvenueChengduChina610041
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Abstract
Routine vaccination against mumps has markedly reduced its incidence. However, the incidence of mumps continuously has increased since 2007. In 2013, a large mumps epidemic occurred in Korea, and this epidemic is still an ongoing problem. This epidemic occurred primarily in school settings and affected vaccinated adolescents, predominantly male students. The recent resurgence of mumps is caused by multiple factors: suboptimal effectiveness of the current mumps vaccines, use of the Rubini strain vaccine, waning immunity in the absence of natural boosting due to the marked reduction in the mumps incidence, genotype mismatch between the vaccine and circulating mumps virus strains, and environmental conditions that foster intense exposures. Containment of mumps outbreaks is challenging because the sensitivity of diagnostic tests is low among vaccinees and control measures are less efficient because of the inherent nature of the mumps virus. Despite the suboptimal vaccine effectiveness in outbreak settings, maintaining the high vaccine coverage is an important strategy to prevent mumps outbreaks, given that the routine use of mumps vaccines has substantially reduced the incidence of mumps and its complications as compared with that in the pre-vaccine era. In order to control the current mumps epidemic and prevent further outbreaks, we need to better understand the dynamics of mumps among vaccinated populations and the changing epidemiology in Korea. Concerted efforts should be made to systematically monitor the immunization status of the Korean population and to improve diagnosis efficiency. Furthermore, more effective mumps vaccines need to be developed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hee Park
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Cohen BE, Durstenfeld A, Roehm PC. Viral causes of hearing loss: a review for hearing health professionals. Trends Hear 2014; 18:18/0/2331216514541361. [PMID: 25080364 PMCID: PMC4222184 DOI: 10.1177/2331216514541361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of viral infections can cause hearing loss. Hearing loss induced by these viruses can be congenital or acquired, unilateral or bilateral. Certain viral infections can directly damage inner ear structures, others can induce inflammatory responses which then cause this damage, and still others can increase susceptibility or bacterial or fungal infection, leading to hearing loss. Typically, virus-induced hearing loss is sensorineural, although conductive and mixed hearing losses can be seen following infection with certain viruses. Occasionally, recovery of hearing after these infections can occur spontaneously. Most importantly, some of these viral infections can be prevented or treated. For many of these viruses, guidelines for their treatment or prevention have recently been revised. In this review, we outline many of the viruses that cause hearing loss, their epidemiology, course, prevention, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Durstenfeld
- Department of Surgery, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pamela C Roehm
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Mumps-associated meningitis and encephalitis in patients with no suspected mumps infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 79:171-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Koch J, Takla A. [Effects of the MMR vaccination on the epidemiology of mumps in Germany]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2014; 56:1305-12. [PMID: 23990094 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-013-1784-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mumps is an acute viral infectious disease characterized by fever and swelling and tenderness of one or more salivary glands, usually the parotid gland. Since 1976, the German Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO) has recommended a mumps vaccination as part of the routine immunization schedule in former West Germany. In East Germany, the vaccination was only introduced in 1991 after reunification. In the preceding decades, no comprehensive surveillance system existed in Germany. However, for East Germany and the successional federal states of former East Germany, data on mumps incidence are available from different Eastern surveillance systems for the time period 1968-2012. According to these data, the incidence of mumps has dropped from > 200 cases/100,000 annually in the pre-vaccine era to currently <1/100,000. Recently, an age shift has been noted predominantly in the Western federal states. Based on data from school entry examinations and seroprevalence studies, the age shift is likely due to insufficient vaccination coverage and secondary vaccine failure ("waning immunity"). In view of the changes in mumps epidemiology and the increase of outbreaks among adolescents and young adults, the implementation of a nationwide mandatory notification was initiated and came into effect in March 2013. Mandatory notification enables the early detection of outbreaks and obtainment of comprehensive data for evaluation of the immunization program in place. Regarding the long-term prevention of mumps in Germany, it is hoped that--as part of the measles and rubella elimination effort--coverage rates for the second MMR dose among children will increase nationwide above 95% and existing vaccination gaps among adults will be closed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Koch
- Abteilung für Infektionsepidemiologie, Fachgebiet 33 Impfprävention, Robert Koch-Institut, DGZ-Ring 1, 13086, Berlin, Deutschland.
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Sydnor E, Perl TM. Healthcare providers as sources of vaccine-preventable diseases. Vaccine 2014; 32:4814-22. [PMID: 24726251 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine-preventable infectious diseases may be introduced into the healthcare setting and pose a serious risk to vulnerable populations including immunocompromised patients. Healthcare providers (HCPs) are exposed to these pathogens through their daily tasks and may serve as a reservoir for ongoing disease transmission in the healthcare setting. The primary method of protection from work-related infection risk is vaccination that protects not only an individual HCP from disease, but also subsequent patients in contact with that HCP. Individual HCPs and healthcare institutions must balance the ethical and professional responsibility to protect their patients from nosocomial transmission of preventable infections with HCP autonomy. This article reviews known cases of HCP-to-patient transmission of the most common vaccine-preventable infections encountered in the healthcare setting including hepatitis B virus, influenza virus, Bordetella pertussis, varicella-zoster virus, measles, mumps and rubella virus. The impact of HCP vaccination on patient care and current recommendations for HCP vaccination against vaccine-preventable infectious diseases are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Sydnor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States.
| | - Trish M Perl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
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Wattal C, Khardori N. The Mighty World of Microbes: An Overview. HOSPITAL INFECTION PREVENTION 2014. [PMCID: PMC7120817 DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-1608-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The world of microbes on our planet is vast and diverse. This includes the normal bacterial flora present on the skin and mucous membranes of humans. The human microbiome project (HMP) was launched by NIH in 2007 as a part of a road map for medical research. The HMP serves as a template for researchers who are studying more than 1,000 microbial genomes with a focus on their role in health and disease. The study samples have been derived from five human body regions that are known to be inhabited by microbial flora. These include the gastrointestinal tract, female urogenital tract, mouth, nose, and skin. The techniques being used include finger printing, sequencing, dynamic range, and comparison of multiple samples. It is now well accepted that there are more microbial cells than human cells in the human body. Just the gastrointestinal tract harbors more than tenfold microbial cells than the number of human cells in the entire body. The understanding of the relationship between microbes and humans is at best rudimentary at this point in time. Similarly, the relationship between humans and microbes in the environment and environmental surfaces is poorly understood except for a few pathogenic microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chand Wattal
- Clinical Microbiology & Immunology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Nancy Khardori
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Virginia, USA
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Gracie K, Correa E, Mabbott S, Dougan JA, Graham D, Goodacre R, Faulds K. Simultaneous detection and quantification of three bacterial meningitis pathogens by SERS. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52875h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the use of a SERS based DNA detection assay for the multiplexed, quantification of three bacterial meningitis pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Gracie
- Centre of Molecular Nanometrology
- WestCHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow, UK
| | - Elon Correa
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- University of Manchester
- Manchester, UK
| | - Samuel Mabbott
- Centre of Molecular Nanometrology
- WestCHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow, UK
| | - Jennifer A. Dougan
- Centre of Molecular Nanometrology
- WestCHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow, UK
| | - Duncan Graham
- Centre of Molecular Nanometrology
- WestCHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow, UK
| | - Royston Goodacre
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- University of Manchester
- Manchester, UK
| | - Karen Faulds
- Centre of Molecular Nanometrology
- WestCHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow, UK
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Healthcare workers and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) status: how worried should we be about further outbreaks? Epidemiol Infect 2013; 142:1688-94. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813002859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYRecently, a number of outbreaks of measles and mumps have occurred within the UK and Europe. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at risk of contracting and transmitting disease to patients and staff. To examine this risk at the point of entry to healthcare, we assessed the serological results of new HCWs presenting for pre-placement clearance without evidence of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) immunity between 1 April 2010 and 31 March 2012. Overall rates of serological positivity to MMR across all age groups were 88·2%, 68·8% and 93·9%, respectively. With regard to measles and mumps, there were statistically significant decreases in the percentage of HCWs born after 1980 that had positive serology (P < 0·05). No such differences were seen between healthcare groups. Most seronegative HCWs accepted MMR vaccination. Despite our entry-level findings, the ongoing risk of a MMR outbreak within this cohort of HCWs appears low.
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Newman H, Gooding C. Viral ocular manifestations: a broad overview. Rev Med Virol 2013; 23:281-94. [PMID: 23797960 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The viruses able to affect the eye are taxonomically diverse, ranging from double-stranded DNA viruses, to single stranded RNA viruses, to retroviruses. Any part of the eye may be affected, frequently producing blepharitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis, uveitis, cataract and retinitis. The more common ocular viral infections include the Herpesviruses such as HSV-1, VZV and CMV. The HIV pandemic is placing a serious burden on ophthalmology clinics, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa as the number of viral ocular diseases is increasing. In particular, CMV retinitis is becoming more prevalent where antiretroviral therapy is not available and is replaced by immune-recovery uveitis where antiretrovirals are given. This review aims to improve knowledge of the common viral ocular diseases, their diagnosis and management, as well as the fairly uncommon viral ocular diseases that may also cause considerable morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Newman
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Virology, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, NHLS and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.
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Sheather J. Should childhood MMR vaccination be compulsory? Rights, duties and the public interest. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:1389-91. [PMID: 23732893 DOI: 10.4161/hv.24691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When children and young people lack the capacity to make decisions about their care and treatment, decisions have to be made on their behalf based on an assessment of their welfare or interests. In law, parents, or others with the relevant parental responsibility, are ordinarily regarded as the appropriate decision-makers. One way of framing this is to say that parents have certain decision-making rights with respect to their children. Such rights, however, are not generally regarded as absolute, rather they can be seen as secondary to and limited by the duties that parents have with regard to their children, duties to promote their welfare. It is against these parental duties that children could, at least in theory if not in practice, claim a right to certain kinds of protection. The legal rights of parents here, as opposed to the rights of the children, can be thought of as rights that secure for parents the freedom from interference necessary to fulfill the underlying duty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Sheather
- British Medical Association; Medical Ethics Department; British Medical Association; London, UK
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Rivera-Benitez JF, Martínez-Bautista R, Pérez-Torres A, García-Contreras ADC, Reyes-Leyva J, Hernández J, Ramírez-Mendoza H. Persistence of porcine rubulavirus in experimentally infected boars. Vet Microbiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Mumps is an infectious disease caused by the mumps virus. Chinese physicians generally believe that Chinese medicinal herbs are effective in alleviating symptoms and reducing the duration of mumps. Herbalists tend to develop a treatment plan according to the individual's symptoms. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Chinese medicinal herbs for mumps. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL Issue 4, 2012, MEDLINE (1948 to April week 3, 2012), EMBASE (1974 to April 2012), CINAHL (1981 to April 2012), AMED (1985 to April 2012), the Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM) (1980 to May 2012), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) (1979 to May 2012), VIP Information (1989 to May 2012), and relevant databases of ongoing trials. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of Chinese medicinal herbs for mumps (with or without complications). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors (MS, ZL) independently evaluated trial quality and conducted data extraction. We contacted the trial authors for missing data regarding participant allocation. Some trials allocated participants according to the participants' admitting sequence, making it a pseudo-random allocation. None of the trials concealed participants allocation or used blinding. MAIN RESULTS We did not identify any eligible trials for inclusion. We identified 102 studies which claimed to use random allocation. Ninety-nine studies were excluded because the allocation methods the authors had used were not actually randomised. We were unable to contact the trial authors of the remaining three studies. These trials require further evaluation and have been allocated to the 'Studies awaiting classification' section. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We did not find any RCTs for or against Chinese herbal medicine used in the treatment of mumps. We hope more high-quality RCTs will be conducted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, West China Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
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