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Salarvand A, Khoshvaghti A, Sharififar S, Jame SZB, Markazi-Moghaddam N, Zareiyan A. Hospital Performance Evaluation Checklist in Context of COVID-19 Pandemic: Design and Validation. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2023; 17:e570. [PMID: 38057973 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2023.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Around the world, pandemics have been considered among the main hazards in the last 2 decades. Hospitals are 1 of the most important organizations responding to pandemics. The aim of this study was to design and develop a valid checklist for evaluating the hospitals' performance in response to COVID-19 pandemic, for the first time. METHODS This study is a mixed method research design that began in February, 2020 and was conducted in 3 phases: Designing a conceptual model, designing a primary checklist structure, and checklist psychometric evaluation. Known-groups method has been used to evaluate construct validity. Two groups of hospitals were compared: group A (COVID-19 Hospitals) and group B (the other hospitals). RESULTS The checklist's main structure was designed with 6 main domains, 23 sub-domains, and 152 items. The content validity ratio and index were 0.94 and 0.79 respectively. Eleven items were added, 106 items were removed, and 40 items were edited. Independent t-test showed a significant difference between the scores of the 2 groups of hospitals (P < 0.0001). Pearson correlation coefficient test also showed a high correlation between our checklist and the other. The internal consistency of the checklist was 0.98 according to Cronbach's alpha test. CONCLUSIONS Evaluating the hospitals' performance and identifying their strengths and weaknesses, can help health system policymakers and hospital managers, and leads to improved performance in response to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Salarvand
- Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Khoshvaghti
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Aerospace and Subaquatic Medicine Faculty, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simintaj Sharififar
- Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Zargar Balaye Jame
- Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Markazi-Moghaddam
- Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Zareiyan
- Department of Public Health, School of Nursing, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Okoeguale J, Okobi OE, Ojukwu EC, Nwachukwu OB, Okoroafor CC. Maternal Seroprevalence and Placental Transfer of COVID-19 Antibodies in Pregnancy: A Hospital-Based Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e49730. [PMID: 38164412 PMCID: PMC10758018 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a relatively new disease with high morbidity and mortality. Information about the prevalence of infections in pregnancy could help identify herd immunity, project epidemics, and decide policy guidelines. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the infection susceptibility risk of COVID-19 in pregnancy, to determine the prevalence of COVID-19 antibodies (IgG & IgM), and to evaluate the determinants of COVID-19 antibody positivity in pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was an analytical cross-sectional study involving 258 consenting pregnant women recruited at Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Edo State, Nigeria. Of these, 179 participants were recruited from the antenatal clinic, and 79 from the gynecology emergency unit. A structured questionnaire was administered at baseline. Venous blood was obtained at enrolment to test for total antibodies using ELISA. A nasopharyngeal swab was simultaneously obtained for COVID-19 PCR for all participants. Umbilical cord blood was taken after delivery in those who had positive serology. Socio-demographic variables and clinical presentation of respondents were considered as exposure variables, and this was cross-tabulated with outcome variables in bivariate analysis using chi-square with a level of significance at a P-value less than 0.05. Variables in bivariate analysis of chi-square that have a P-value less than 0.2 were entered into a logistic regression using multivariate logistic models. RESULTS The study detected active COVID-19 infections among 7.4% (19/258) of the study participants. The study demonstrated a seroprevalence of COVID-19 antibodies in 62.4% (161/258) of the participants at recruitment and showed a strong correlation between working in the healthcare setting and living in an urban environment. Our study also reported 5.3% (8/152) of cord blood antibody positivity among study participants. The concentration of maternal immunoglobulin strongly and positively correlated with cord blood seropositivity. CONCLUSION Prevalence estimates are an underestimate of the actual proportion of pregnant women with prior COVID-19 exposure as observed in the study discrepancy of confirmed PCR infection and evidence of previous infection from serology. The study also highlighted a low efficiency of placental transfer of COVID-19 antibodies at birth among those who were seropositive at baseline and showed that maternal antibody levels play an important role in determining the efficiency of placenta transfer of COVID-19 antibodies in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Okoeguale
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, NGA
| | - Okelue E Okobi
- Family Medicine, Larkin Community Hospital Palm Springs Campus, Miami, USA
- Family Medicine, Medficient Health Systems, Laurel, USA
- Family Medicine, Lakeside Medical Center, Belle Glade, USA
| | - Emmanuella C Ojukwu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. George's University School of Medicine, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Onyinyechukwu B Nwachukwu
- Neurosciences and Psychology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Farfield, USA
- Family Medicine, American International School of Medicine, Georgetown, USA
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3
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Luo X, Lessomo FYN, Yu Z, Xie Y. Factors influencing immunogenicity and safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in liver transplantation recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1145081. [PMID: 37731498 PMCID: PMC10508849 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1145081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This review summarizes the factors influencing the efficacy and safety of the COVID-19 vaccine in LTR through meta-analysis, hoping to provide strategies for vaccine use. Methods Electronic databases were screened for studies on mRNA vaccines in LTR. The primary outcome was the pooled seroconversion rate, and the secondary outcome was the incidence of adverse events+breakthrough infections. Subgroup analyses were made based on BMI, associated comorbidities, presence of baseline leukopenia, time since transplant, and drugs used. Result In total, 31 articles got included. The pooled seroconversion rate after at least two doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was 72% (95% CI [0.52-0.91). With significant heterogeneity among studies I2 = 99.9%, the seroconversion rate was about 72% (95%CI [0.66-0.75]), from the studies reporting two doses of vaccine slightly higher around 75%(95%CI [0.29-1.22]) from studies reporting three doses. The pooled seroconversion rate within the lower to normal BMI group was 74% (95% CI [0.22-1.27], Pi=0.005) against 67% (95% CI [0.52-0.81], Pi=0.000) in the high BMI group. The pooled seroconversion rate in the ''positive leukopenia'' group was the lowest, 59%. Leukopenia could influence the vaccine seroconversion rate in LTR. From the time since transplant analysis after setting seven years as cut off point, the pooled seroconversion rate after at least two doses of COVID-19 vaccination was 53% (95% CI [0.18-0.83], P=0.003, I2 = 99.6%) in <7years group and 83% (95% CI [0.76-0.90], P=0.000 I2 = 95.7%) in > 7years group. The only time since transplantation had reached statistical significance to be considered a risk factor predictor of poor serological response (OR=1.27 95%CI [1.03-1.55], P=0.024). The breakthrough infection rate after vaccination was very low2% (95% CI 0.01-0.03, I2 = 63.0%), and the overall incidence of adverse events, which included mainly pain at the injection site and fatigue, was 18% (95%CI [0.11-0.25], I2 = 98.6%, Pi=0.000). Conclusion The seroconversion rate in LTR vaccinated with at least two doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine could be significantly affected by the vaccine type, immunosuppressant used, BMI, leukopenia, associated comorbidities, and time since transplantation. Nevertheless, booster doses are still recommended for LTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Luo
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | | | - Zhimin Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yong Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Ravindran R, O’Connor E, Gupta A, Luciw PA, Khan AI, Dorreh N, Chiang K, Ikram A, Reddy S. Lipid Mediators and Cytokines/Chemokines Display Differential Profiles in Severe versus Mild/Moderate COVID-19 Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13054. [PMID: 37685858 PMCID: PMC10488250 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Host immune responses play a key role in COVID-19 pathogenesis. The underlying phenomena are orchestrated by signaling molecules such as cytokines/chemokines and lipid mediators. These immune molecules, including anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, interact with immune cells and regulate host responses, contributing to inflammation that drives the disease. We investigated 48 plasma cytokines/chemokines, 21 lipid mediators, and anti-S protein (RBD) antibodies in COVID-19 patients (n = 56) and non-COVID-19 respiratory disease controls (n = 49), to identify immune-biomarker profiles. Cytokines/chemokines (IL-6, CXCL-10 (IP-10), HGF, MIG, MCP-1, and G-CSF) and lipid mediators (TxB2, 11-HETE, 9-HODE, 13-HODE, 5-HETE, 12-HETE, 15-HETE, 14S-HDHA, 17S-HDHA, and 5-oxo ETE) were significantly elevated in COVID-19 patients compared to controls. In patients exhibiting severe disease, pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (IL-6, CXCL-10, and HGF) and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were significantly elevated. In contrast, lipid mediators involved in the reduction/resolution of inflammation, in particular, 5-HETE, 11-HETE, and 5-oxoETE, were significantly elevated in mild/moderate disease. Taken together, these immune-biomarker profiles provide insight into immune responses related to COVID-19 pathogenesis. Importantly, our findings suggest that elevation in plasma concentrations of IL-6, CXCL-10, HGF, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies can predict severe disease, whereas elevation in lipid mediators peaks early (compared to cytokines) and includes induction of mechanisms leading to reduction of inflammation, associated complications, and maintenance of homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resmi Ravindran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA;
| | - Ellen O’Connor
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (E.O.); (N.D.); (K.C.)
| | - Ajay Gupta
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine (UCI) School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92868, USA;
| | - Paul A. Luciw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA;
| | - Aleena I. Khan
- Department of Population and Public Health, Keek School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;
| | - Nasrin Dorreh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (E.O.); (N.D.); (K.C.)
| | - Kate Chiang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (E.O.); (N.D.); (K.C.)
| | - Aamer Ikram
- National Institutes of Health, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan;
| | - Srinivasa Reddy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (E.O.); (N.D.); (K.C.)
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Ahmed AM, Rasool S, Prentice C, Ahmad MH. Beliefs about the factors that motivate prosocial sentiments among people in the privileged class of Pakistan during the COVID-19 pandemic. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES 2022; 78:JOSI12506. [PMID: 35942485 PMCID: PMC9348291 DOI: 10.1111/josi.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Drawing upon the theories of empathy-altruism and planned behavior, this study investigated beliefs about the factors that motivate prosocial sentiments among people in the privileged class of Pakistan during the COVID-19 pandemic. In-depth interviews were conducted with 31 participants who were deemed to be members of the privileged class within the class system of Pakistan. The results revealed nine themes including social interaction, peer influence, role models, collectivism, vicarious emotions, religiosity, capability, volition, and education.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahid Rasool
- Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and TechnologyTopi, SwabiPakistan
| | - Catherine Prentice
- Department of Marketing, Griffith Business School, Griffith Institute for TourismGriffith UniversityAustralia
- University of Southern Queensland
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6
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Huang K, Wang C, Vagts C, Raguveer V, Finn PW, Perkins DL. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) NEAT1 and MALAT1 are differentially expressed in severe COVID-19 patients: An integrated single-cell analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261242. [PMID: 35007307 PMCID: PMC8746747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperactive and damaging inflammation is a hallmark of severe rather than mild Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To uncover key inflammatory differentiators between severe and mild COVID-19, we applied an unbiased single-cell transcriptomic analysis. We integrated two single-cell RNA-seq datasets with COVID-19 patient samples, one that sequenced bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells and one that sequenced peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The combined cell population was then analyzed with a focus on genes associated with disease severity. The immunomodulatory long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) NEAT1 and MALAT1 were highly differentially expressed between mild and severe patients in multiple cell types. Within those same cell types, the concurrent detection of other severity-associated genes involved in cellular stress response and apoptosis regulation suggests that the pro-inflammatory functions of these lncRNAs may foster cell stress and damage. Thus, NEAT1 and MALAT1 are potential components of immune dysregulation in COVID-19 that may provide targets for severity related diagnostic measures or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Huang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Catherine Wang
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Christen Vagts
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Vanitha Raguveer
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Patricia W. Finn
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David L. Perkins
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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7
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Mozid NE, Amin MA, Jhumur SS, Monju IH, Ahmed SB, Sharmin S, Sarker W, Hawlader MDH. COVID-19 risk of infection and vaccination during Ramadan fasting: knowledge and attitudes of Bangladeshi general population. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08174. [PMID: 34664033 PMCID: PMC8514325 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is some debate whether COVID-19 infection and vaccination will hamper Ramadan among the Muslim population worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the total proportion of the Bangladeshi population who has adequate knowledge and attitude towards COVID-19 risk of infections and vaccination during Ramadan fasting. A cross-sectional study had conducted among 502 adult participants of Bangladesh. We have used a structured questionnaire which had implemented through a face-to-face interview by trained data collectors. Data were analyzed using statistical package software SPSS version 25.0. Of the 502 participants, 50.2% were male, and most (49.6%) lived in urban areas. About 72.5% and 76.30% reported having adequate knowledge and a positive attitude, respectively, regarding COVID-19 risk of infection and vaccination during Ramadan fasting. Among all variables, no formal education and up to class 8 education had significantly associated with inadequate knowledge (OR = 5.14, 95% CI = 1.63-16.19, and OR = 6.42, 95% CI = 2.55-16.19). Educational status was also associated with attitude (OR = 3.68, 95%CI = 1.17-11.55). Current smokers reported a negative attitude in comparison to non-smokers (OR = 2.48, 95% CI = 1.36-4.50). In conclusion, our study found overall moderate knowledge and attitude among the Bangladeshi population towards COVID-19 infection and vaccination. Government should continue its efforts to increase the knowledge and attitude level to a higher level, and anti-smoking campaigns should strengthen to make people stop smoking to reduce the COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat-E Mozid
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Imran Hossain Monju
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Sanjana Binte Ahmed
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Shakila Sharmin
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Wharesha Sarker
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
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Chong Yap BK, Del Valle Espeleta W, Sinnatamby S, Li F, Liza BA, Ong SY, Png GK, Koh JMK, Koh LH, Goh KS. Challenges of Singapore’s First Acute Geriatric Isolation Facility During the COVID-19 Pandemic. PROCEEDINGS OF SINGAPORE HEALTHCARE 2021. [PMCID: PMC9198668 DOI: 10.1177/20101058211047684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The COVID-19 pandemic has seen hospitals isolating suspect cases. Geriatric populations are at a risk of severe COVID-19 disease and often present with concomitant geriatric syndromes requiring holistic interdisciplinary care. However, isolation of older people poses challenges to care delivery. This study shares the experience of Singapore’s first acute geriatric isolation facility geriatric PARI (Pneumonia-Acute Respiratory Infection) ward and describes the geriatric-related outcomes and pitfalls in care delivery. Methods This is a retrospective cross-sectional study performed in 7 negative pressure isolation rooms in an acute care public hospital in Singapore. 100 patients admitted consecutively to the geriatric PARI ward were included. Patient demographics, presenting symptoms and geriatric-related adverse outcomes associated with hospitalisation were collected and analysed. Results Patients’ mean age was 86.4 years (standard deviation [SD]: 6.8) with significant comorbidities being hypertension (81%), hyperlipidaemia (74%) and renal disease (70%). 51% of patients had dementia and 24% had behaviour and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). 27% of patients presented atypically with delirium and 15% presented with a fall. Delirium was associated with restraint use (OR: 3.88; p-value 0.01). Falls rate was 1.64 per 1000 occupied bed. 1 patient screened positive for COVID-19. Conclusions The geriatric PARI ward is essential for curbing nosocomial transmission of COVID-19. This is important in the older people with comorbidities who are more likely to develop morbidity and mortality. Our study reveals challenges in delivering person-centred care to the older patients in isolation rooms, especially in the management of delirium and falls prevention. Innovative strategies should be developed to minimise isolation-related adverse outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fuyin Li
- Department of Nursing, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Siew Yit Ong
- Department of Nursing, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Gek Kheng Png
- Department of Nursing, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Jansen Meng Kwang Koh
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Lip Hoe Koh
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Kiat Sern Goh
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
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Ali S, Singh A, Sharief N, Yadav M, Siddiqui S, Pandey V, Raikwar A, Singh A. Coronaviruses: An overview with special emphasis on COVID-19 outbreak with musculoskeletal manifestations. World J Orthop 2021; 12:620-628. [PMID: 34631446 PMCID: PMC8472448 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v12.i9.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An acute respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus, namely, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), began spreading across China in late December 2019. The disease gained global attention as it spread worldwide. Since the COVID-19 pandemic began, many studies have focused on the impact of the disease on conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disorders, and renal malfunction. However, few studies have focused on musculoskeletal disorders related to COVID-19 infection. In this review, we update the current knowledge on the coronavirus with special reference to its effects during and after the pandemic on musculoskeletal aliments, which may inform clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabir Ali
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajai Singh
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nayeem Sharief
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manish Yadav
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Salma Siddiqui
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vaishnavi Pandey
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Archana Raikwar
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anamika Singh
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
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10
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Cheng C, Wang HY, Chan L. Multiple forms of mass anxiety in coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic. J Affect Disord 2021; 291:338-343. [PMID: 34087629 PMCID: PMC8460399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heightened public anxiety was observed at the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our study enriches scholarly understanding of this mass response by investigating both generic and pandemic-specific anxiety that explain preventive health behavior. METHODS In our two-phase, mixed-methods study, pandemic-specific anxiety items elicited during the qualitative phase from March 2-8, 2020 were then tested in the quantitative phase from March 16-22, 2020. Eligible participants were U.S. or U.K. residents aged 18-65. RESULTS Of the 1,400 participants, 52% met the criteria for moderate to severe anxiety. In addition to anxiety over possible personal COVID-19 infection, participants were also anxious about others' health, others' reactions (e.g., panic-buying, discrimination), societal problems (e.g., economic slowdown, healthcare system breakdown), and personal finances. The positive association between generic anxiety and hygiene practice frequency was explained by two interpersonal-oriented forms of pandemic-specific anxiety: anxiety over others' health (b = 0•0040, 95% CI: 0•0031-0•0050) and others' reactions (0•0031, 0•0021-0•0042). LIMITATIONS The study was conducted with participants from developed countries at an early stage of the pandemic, and the results were not necessarily generalizable to developing countries or other stages of the pandemic. Also, hygiene practices was the sole behavior of interest, and the findings may differ for other behaviors. CONCLUSIONS The new findings indicate the importance of adopting a nuanced approach that unveils the multifaceted nature of anxiety using a mixed-methods design. Individuals from COVID-19-affected regions experience pandemic-specific anxiety due to concerns related to not only personal but also interpersonal-oriented issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Cheng
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR.
| | - Hsin-yi Wang
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Linus Chan
- Department of Psychology, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT, USA
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11
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Huang K, Wang C, Vagts C, Raguveer V, Finn PW, Perkins DL. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) NEAT1 and MALAT1 are differentially expressed in severe COVID-19 patients: An integrated single cell analysis. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.03.26.21254445. [PMID: 33821282 PMCID: PMC8020982 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.26.21254445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hyperactive and damaging inflammation is a hallmark of severe rather than mild COVID-19 syndrome. To uncover key inflammatory differentiators between severe and mild COVID-19 disease, we applied an unbiased single-cell transcriptomic analysis. We integrated a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) dataset with a peripheral blood mononuclear cell dataset (PBMC) and analyzed the combined cell population, focusing on genes associated with disease severity. Distinct cell populations were detected in both BAL and PBMC where the immunomodulatory long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) NEAT1 and MALAT1 were highly differentially expressed between mild and severe patients. The detection of other severity associated genes involved in cellular stress response and apoptosis regulation suggests that the pro-inflammatory functions of these lncRNAs may foster cell stress and damage. The lncRNAs NEAT1 and MALAT1 are potential components of immune dysregulation in COVID-19 that may provide targets for severity related diagnostic measures or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Huang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL, 60612 United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL, 60612 United States
| | - Catherine Wang
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL, 60612 United States
| | - Christen Vagts
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL, 60612 United States
| | - Vanitha Raguveer
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL, 60612 United States
| | - Patricia W. Finn
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL, 60612 United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL, 60612 United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL, 60612 United States
| | - David L. Perkins
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL, 60612 United States
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL, 60612 United States
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL, 60612 United States
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12
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Ravindran R, McReynolds C, Yang J, Hammock BD, Ikram A, Ali A, Bashir A, Zohra T, Chang WLW, Hartigan-O’Connor DJ, Rashidi HH, Khan IH. Immune response dynamics in COVID-19 patients to SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254367. [PMID: 34242356 PMCID: PMC8270414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 serological test must have high sensitivity as well as specificity to rule out cross-reactivity with common coronaviruses (HCoVs). We have developed a quantitative multiplex test, measuring antibodies against spike (S) proteins of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and common human coronavirus strains (229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1), and nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-CoV viruses. Receptor binding domain of S protein of SARS-CoV-2 (S-RBD), and N protein, demonstrated sensitivity (94% and 92.5%, respectively) in COVID-19 patients (n = 53), with 98% specificity in non-COVID-19 respiratory-disease (n = 98), and healthy-controls (n = 129). Anti S-RBD and N antibodies appeared five to ten days post-onset of symptoms, peaking at approximately four weeks. The appearance of IgG and IgM coincided while IgG subtypes, IgG1 and IgG3 appeared soon after the total IgG; IgG2 and IgG4 remained undetectable. Several inflammatory cytokines/chemokines were found to be elevated in many COVID-19 patients (e.g., Eotaxin, Gro-α, CXCL-10 (IP-10), RANTES (CCL5), IL-2Rα, MCP-1, and SCGF-b); CXCL-10 was elevated in all. In contrast to antibody titers, levels of CXCL-10 decreased with the improvement in patient health suggesting it as a candidate for disease resolution. Importantly, anti-N antibodies appear before S-RBD and differentiate between vaccinated and infected people-current vaccines (and several in the pipeline) are S protein-based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resmi Ravindran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Cindy McReynolds
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Aamer Ikram
- National Institutes of Health, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Amna Ali
- National Institutes of Health, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Bashir
- National Institutes of Health, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - W. L. William Chang
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Hooman H. Rashidi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Imran H. Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
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13
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Safer M, Letaief H, Hechaichi A, Harizi C, Dhaouadi S, Bouabid L, Darouiche S, Gharbi D, Elmili N, Ben Salah H, Hammami M, Talmoudi K, Moussa R, Charaa N, Termiz H, Ltaief F, Tounekti H, Makhlouf M, Belguith Sriha A, Ben Fredj M, Khalfallah S, Jabrane H, Mchirgui S, Amich C, Dabghi R, Anez Z, Abdelkader L, Mhamdi M, Ouerfeli N, Zoghlami S, Bougatef S, Chahed MK, Bouafif Ben Alaya N. Identification of transmission chains and clusters associated with COVID-19 in Tunisia. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:453. [PMID: 34011266 PMCID: PMC8132040 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to characterize the transmission chains and clusters of COVID-19 infection in Tunisia. METHODS All cases were confirmed by Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction of a nasopharyngeal specimen. Contact tracing is undertaken for all confirmed cases in order to identify close contacts that will be systematically screened and quarantined. Transmission chains were identified based on field investigation, contact tracing, results of screening tests and by assessing all probable mode of transmission and interactions. RESULTS As of May 18, 2020, 656 cases out of a total of 1043 confirmed cases of Coronavirus disease 2019 belong to 127 transmission chains identified during the epidemic (mean age 42.36 years, Standard deviation 19.56 and sex ratio 0.86). The virus transmission is the most concentrated in the governorate of Tunis (31.5%), Ariana (10.2%) and Ben Arous (10.2%). Virus transmission occurred 50 times (9.72% of secondary transmission events) between two different governorates. A maximum of seven generations of secondary infection was identified, whereas 62% of these secondary infections belong the first generation. A total of 11 "super spreader" cases were identified in this investigation. Four large clusters have been identified. The evolution of secondary cases highlighted two peaks: one in 2nd April and a second in 16 th April whereas imported cases caused local transmission of virus during the early phase of the epidemic. CONCLUSION Correct contact tracing and early active case finding is useful to identify transmission chains and source of infection in order to contain the widespread transmission in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Safer
- National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, Ministry Of Health, Tunis, Tunisia.
- Cardio Vascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Hejer Letaief
- National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, Ministry Of Health, Tunis, Tunisia
- Cardio Vascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aicha Hechaichi
- National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, Ministry Of Health, Tunis, Tunisia
- Cardio Vascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Chahida Harizi
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Abderrahman Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Dhaouadi
- National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, Ministry Of Health, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Leila Bouabid
- National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, Ministry Of Health, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sondes Darouiche
- National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, Ministry Of Health, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Donia Gharbi
- National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, Ministry Of Health, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nawel Elmili
- National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, Ministry Of Health, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hamida Ben Salah
- National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, Ministry Of Health, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mongi Hammami
- National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, Ministry Of Health, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Khouloud Talmoudi
- National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, Ministry Of Health, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rim Moussa
- Public Health Surveillance Regional Departments, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nejib Charaa
- Public Health Surveillance Regional Departments, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hasna Termiz
- Public Health Surveillance Regional Departments, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fethi Ltaief
- Public Health Surveillance Regional Departments, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Habib Tounekti
- Public Health Surveillance Regional Departments, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Asma Belguith Sriha
- Department of Community and Preventive Medicine Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir Tunisia, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Manel Ben Fredj
- Department of Community and Preventive Medicine Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir Tunisia, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Houcine Jabrane
- Public Health Surveillance Regional Departments, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Selma Mchirgui
- Public Health Surveillance Regional Departments, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Chedli Amich
- Public Health Surveillance Regional Departments, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Radhia Dabghi
- Public Health Surveillance Regional Departments, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Zid Anez
- Public Health Surveillance Regional Departments, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Moncef Mhamdi
- Public Health Surveillance Regional Departments, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nabil Ouerfeli
- Public Health Surveillance Regional Departments, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Salah Zoghlami
- Public Health Surveillance Regional Departments, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Souha Bougatef
- National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, Ministry Of Health, Tunis, Tunisia
- Cardio Vascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Kouni Chahed
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El-Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nissaf Bouafif Ben Alaya
- National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, Ministry Of Health, Tunis, Tunisia
- Cardio Vascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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14
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Telles CR, Roy A, Ajmal MR, Mustafa SK, Ahmad MA, de la Serna JM, Frigo EP, Rosales MH. The Impact of COVID-19 Management Policies Tailored to Airborne SARS-CoV-2 Transmission: Policy Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2021; 7:e20699. [PMID: 33729168 PMCID: PMC8061894 DOI: 10.2196/20699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Daily new COVID-19 cases from January to April 2020 demonstrate varying patterns of SARS-CoV-2 transmission across different geographical regions. Constant infection rates were observed in some countries, whereas China and South Korea had a very low number of daily new cases. In fact, China and South Korea successfully and quickly flattened their COVID-19 curve. To understand why this was the case, this paper investigated possible aerosol-forming patterns in the atmosphere and their relationship to the policy measures adopted by select countries. Objective The main research objective was to compare the outcomes of policies adopted by countries between January and April 2020. Policies included physical distancing measures that in some cases were associated with mask use and city disinfection. We investigated whether the type of social distancing framework adopted by some countries (ie, without mask use and city disinfection) led to the continual dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 (daily new cases) in the community during the study period. Methods We examined the policies used as a preventive framework for virus community transmission in some countries and compared them to the policies adopted by China and South Korea. Countries that used a policy of social distancing by 1-2 m were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of countries that implemented social distancing (1-2 m) only, and the second comprised China and South Korea, which implemented distancing with additional transmission/isolation measures using masks and city disinfection. Global daily case maps from Johns Hopkins University were used to provide time-series data for the analysis. Results The results showed that virus transmission was reduced due to policies affecting SARS-CoV-2 propagation over time. Remarkably, China and South Korea obtained substantially better results than other countries at the beginning of the epidemic due to their adoption of social distancing (1-2 m) with the additional use of masks and sanitization (city disinfection). These measures proved to be effective due to the atmosphere carrier potential of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Conclusions Our findings confirm that social distancing by 1-2 m with mask use and city disinfection yields positive outcomes. These strategies should be incorporated into prevention and control policies and be adopted both globally and by individuals as a method to fight the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Roberto Telles
- Internal Control Center, Secretary of State for Education and Sport of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Archisman Roy
- Mathematics Group, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Mohammad Rehan Ajmal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Khalid Mustafa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Ayaz Ahmad
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Manuel Hernández Rosales
- Programa Universitario de Estudios Sobre la Ciudad, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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15
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Siddique R, Bai Q, Shereen MA, Nabi G, Han G, Rashid F, Ahmed S, Benzhanova A, Xue M, Khan S. Evidence and speculations: vaccines and therapeutic options for COVID-19 pandemic. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:1113-1121. [PMID: 33064630 PMCID: PMC8018497 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1824497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus (2019-nCov) emerged in China, at the end of December 2019 which posed an International Public Health Emergency, and later declared as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) named it SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2), while the disease was named COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease- 2019). Many questions related to the exact mode of transmission, animal origins, and antiviral therapeutics are not clear yet. Nevertheless, it is required to urgently launch a new protocol to evaluate the side effects of unapproved vaccines and antiviral therapeutics to accelerate the clinical application of new drugs. In this review, we highlight the most salient characteristics and recent findings of COVID-19 disease, molecular virology, interspecies mechanisms, and health consequences related to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabeea Siddique
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qian Bai
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Adnan Shereen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guang Han
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Farooq Rashid
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aigerim Benzhanova
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Suliman Khan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
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16
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Bhatta S, Sayed A, Bhatta RK, Acharya Y. Rapid Clinical Deterioration With Sepsis and Persistent Hypertension in a Pediatric Patient During Recent COVID-19 Crisis. Cureus 2021; 13:e14281. [PMID: 33959459 PMCID: PMC8092993 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a child with a clear and classic COVID-19 symptomatic picture that rapidly progressed to sepsis with persistent hypertension. This patient, a five-year-old Hispanic female child was brought to our emergency department on March 21, 2020, with fever, productive cough, shortness of breath with chest tightness, abdominal pain, and diarrhea for a week. Her condition deteriorated rapidly, and she developed sepsis within 24 hours, needing intensive care unit admission and ventilator support. She tested negative for COVID-19 Biofire ® nucleic acid tests (BioFire Diagnostics, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108 USA); however, she was recently exposed to COVID-19 cases at her school. This case highlights the importance of a high index of COVID-19 suspicion in children in the endemic areas despite negative COVID-19 tests for keeping a watchful eye to prevent sudden deterioration and unexpected complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abida Sayed
- Medicine and Research, Avalon University School of Medicine, Willemstad, CUW
| | - Raj Kumar Bhatta
- Neurosurgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, IND
| | - Yogesh Acharya
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Western Vascular Institute, Galway, IRL
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17
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Beig Parikhani A, Bazaz M, Bamehr H, Fereshteh S, Amiri S, Salehi-Vaziri M, Arashkia A, Azadmanesh K. The Inclusive Review on SARS-CoV-2 Biology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Potential Management Options. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:1099-1114. [PMID: 33638671 PMCID: PMC7913045 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02396-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus member was reported in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, at the end of the year 2019. Initially, the infection spread locally, affecting the Wuhan people, and then expanded rapidly throughout the world. On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) proclaimed it a global pandemic. The virus is a new strain most closely related to a bat coronavirus (RaTG13) which was not previously discovered in humans and is now formally known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the disease syndrome that the SARS-CoV-2 virus triggers. It is suggested that SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted through aerosols, direct/indirect contact, and also during medical procedures and specimen handling. The infection is characterized by isolated flu-like symptoms, but there may be specific signs of fever, fatigue, cough, and shortness of breath, as well as the loss of smell and breathing difficulty. Within this report, we tried to review the most current scientific literature published by January 2021 on various aspects of the outbreak, including virus structure, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, epidemiology, diagnostic approaches, potential therapeutics and vaccines, and prospects. We hope this article makes a beneficial impact on public education to better deal with the SARS-CoV-2 crisis and push a step forward in the near term towards its prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Beig Parikhani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoume Bazaz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Bamehr
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shahin Amiri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Arashkia
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
- Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kayhan Azadmanesh
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Rodriguez C, de Prost N, Fourati S, Lamoureux C, Gricourt G, N’debi M, Canoui-Poitrine F, Désveaux I, Picard O, Demontant V, Trawinski E, Lepeule R, Surgers L, Vindrios W, Lelièvre JD, Mongardon N, Langeron O, Cohen JL, Mekontso-Dessap A, Woerther PL, Pawlotsky JM. Viral genomic, metagenomic and human transcriptomic characterization and prediction of the clinical forms of COVID-19. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009416. [PMID: 33780519 PMCID: PMC8032121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is characterized by respiratory symptoms of various severities, ranging from mild upper respiratory signs to acute respiratory failure/acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with a high mortality rate. However, the pathophysiology of the disease is largely unknown. Shotgun metagenomics from nasopharyngeal swabs were used to characterize the genomic, metagenomic and transcriptomic features of patients from the first pandemic wave with various forms of COVID-19, including outpatients, patients hospitalized not requiring intensive care, and patients in the intensive care unit, to identify viral and/or host factors associated with the most severe forms of the disease. Neither the genetic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, nor the detection of bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites were associated with the severity of pulmonary disease. Severe pneumonia was associated with overexpression of cytokine transcripts activating the CXCR2 pathway, whereas patients with benign disease presented with a T helper "Th1-Th17" profile. The latter profile was associated with female gender and a lower mortality rate. Our findings indicate that the most severe cases of COVID-19 are characterized by the presence of overactive immune cells resulting in neutrophil pulmonary infiltration which, in turn, could enhance the inflammatory response and prolong tissue damage. These findings make CXCR2 antagonists, in particular IL-8 antagonists, promising candidates for the treatment of patients with severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
- Team “Viruses, Hepatology, Cancer”, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | - Nicolas de Prost
- Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
- CARMAS Clinical Research Group, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | - Slim Fourati
- Department of Microbiology, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
- Team “Viruses, Hepatology, Cancer”, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | - Claudie Lamoureux
- Department of Microbiology, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
| | - Guillaume Gricourt
- Department of Microbiology, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
- Team “Viruses, Hepatology, Cancer”, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | - Melissa N’debi
- Department of Microbiology, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
- Team “Viruses, Hepatology, Cancer”, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | - Florence Canoui-Poitrine
- Université Paris-Est-Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Créteil, France
- Public Health and Clinical Research Unit, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
| | - Isaac Désveaux
- Department of Microbiology, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
| | - Oriane Picard
- Department of Microbiology, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
| | - Vanessa Demontant
- Department of Microbiology, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
| | - Elisabeth Trawinski
- Department of Microbiology, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
| | - Raphaël Lepeule
- Department of Microbiology, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
| | - Laure Surgers
- Department of Microbiology, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
| | - William Vindrios
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
| | - Jean-Daniel Lelièvre
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
| | - Nicolas Mongardon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
| | - Olivier Langeron
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
| | - José L. Cohen
- Center for Clinical Investigation and Biotherapies, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
- Team “Immunoregulation and biotherapies”, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | - Armand Mekontso-Dessap
- Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
- CARMAS Clinical Research Group, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | - Paul-Louis Woerther
- Department of Microbiology, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
- Team DYNAMIC, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | - Jean-Michel Pawlotsky
- Department of Microbiology, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
- Team “Viruses, Hepatology, Cancer”, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
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19
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Sedating Mechanically Ventilated COVID-19 Patients with Volatile Anesthetics: Insights on the Last-Minute Potential Weapons. Sci Pharm 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm89010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread globally with the number of cases exceeding seventy million. Although trials on potential treatments of COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) are promising, the introduction of an effective therapeutic intervention seems elusive. In this review, we explored the potential therapeutic role of volatile anesthetics during mechanical ventilation in the late stages of the disease. COVID-19 is thought to hit the human body via five major mechanisms: direct viral damage, immune overactivation, capillary thrombosis, loss of alveolar capillary membrane integrity, and decreased tissue oxygenation. The overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines will eventually lead to the accumulation of inflammatory cells in the lungs, which will lead to ARDS requiring mechanical ventilation. Respiratory failure resulting from ARDS is thought to be the most common cause of death in COVID-19. The literature suggests that these effects could be directly countered by using volatile anesthetics for sedation. These agents possess multiple properties that affect viral replication, immunity, and coagulation. They also have proven benefits at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels. Based on the comprehensive understanding of the literature, short-term sedation with volatile anesthetics may be beneficial in severe stages of COVID-19 ARDS and trials to study their effects should be encouraged.
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20
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Genetic Diversity of SARS-CoV2 and Environmental Settings: Possible Association with Neurological Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:1917-1931. [PMID: 33404977 PMCID: PMC7786338 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02239-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The new coronavirus (CoV), called novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), belongs to the Coronaviridae family which was originated from the sea market in Wuhan city in China, at the end of the year 2019. COVID-19 and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) are belonging to the same family (Coronaviridae). The current outbreak of COVID-19 creates public concern and threats all over the world and now it spreads out to more than 250 countries and territories. The researchers and scientists from all over the world are trying to find out the therapeutic strategies to abate the morbidity and mortality rate of the COVID-19 pandemic. The replication, spreading, and severity of SARS-CoV2 depend on environmental settings. Noteworthy, meteorological parameters are considered as crucial factors that affect respiratory infectious disorders, although the controversial effect of the meteorological parameter is exposed against COVID-19. Besides, COVID-19 accelerates the pathogenesis of the neurological disorders. However, the pathogenic mechanisms between COVID-19 and neurological disorders are still unclear. Hence, this review is focused on the genomics and ecology of SARS-CoV2 and elucidated the effects of climatic factors on the progression of COVID-19. This review also critically finds out the vulnerability between COVID-19 and neurological disorders based on the latest research data.
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21
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Clinical Features, Diagnostic Evaluation, and Management of COVID-19 Patients. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1353:1-22. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85113-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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The Current State of Infectious Disasters Preparedness Around the World: A Qualitative Systematic Review (2007-2019). Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2020; 16:753-762. [PMID: 33371908 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2020.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Infectious disasters have specific features which require special approaches and facilities. The main challenge is the rate of spread, and their ability to traverse the Earth in a short time. The preparedness of hospitals to face these events is therefore of the utmost importance. This study was designed to assess the preparedness of countries facing biological events worldwide. A qualitative systematic review was done from PubMed (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD), Scopus (Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands), Web of Science (Thomson Reuters, New York, NY), ProQuest (Ann Arbor, MI), and Google Scholar (Google Inc, Mountain View, CA). Two journals were searched as key journals. The search period was from January 1, 2007 to December 30, 2018. Twenty-one (21) documents were selected including 7 (33%) from Asia, 7 (33%) from Europe, 4 (19%) from USA, 2 (10%) from Africa, and 1 (5%) multi-continental. Forty-six (46) common sub-themes were obtained and categorized into 13 themes (infection prevention control, risk perception, planning, essential support services, surveillance, laboratory, vulnerable groups, education and exercise and evaluation, human resource, clinical management of patients, risk communication, budget, and coordination). Not all articles discussed all the identified categories. There is an extended process required to reach complete preparedness for confronting biological events, including adequate and well-managed budget. Medical centers may have trouble dealing with such events, at least in some respects, but most developed countries seem to be more prepared in this regard.
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23
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Kelly BD. Plagues, pandemics and epidemics in Irish history prior to COVID-19 (coronavirus): what can we learn? Ir J Psychol Med 2020; 37:269-274. [PMID: 32404230 PMCID: PMC7225208 DOI: 10.1017/ipm.2020.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper seeks to provide a brief overview of epidemics and pandemics in Irish history and to identify any lessons that might be useful in relation to psychiatry in the context of COVID-19. METHODS A review of selected key reports, papers and publications related to epidemics and pandemics in Irish history was conducted. RESULTS Viruses, epidemics and pandemics are recurring features of human history. Early Irish sources record a broad array of plagues, pandemics and epidemics including bubonic plague, typhus, cholera, dysentery and smallpox, as well as an alleged epidemic of insanity in the 19th century (that never truly occurred). Like the Spanish flu pandemic (1918-20), COVID-19 (a new coronavirus) presents both the challenge of the illness itself and the problems caused by the anxiety that the virus triggers. Managing this anxiety has always been a challenge, especially with the Spanish flu. People with mental illness had particularly poor outcomes with the Spanish flu, often related to the large, unhygienic mental hospitals in which so many were housed. CONCLUSIONS Even today, a full century after the Spanish flu pandemic, people with mental illness remain at increased risk of poor physical health, so it is imperative that multi-disciplinary care continues during the current outbreak of COVID-19, despite the manifest difficulties involved. The histories of previous epidemics and pandemics clearly demonstrate that good communication and solidarity matter, now more than ever, especially for people with mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. D. Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland
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24
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Yu Y, Liu T, Shao L, Li X, He CK, Jamal M, Luo Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Shang Y, Pan Y, Wang X, Zhou F. Novel biomarkers for the prediction of COVID-19 progression a retrospective, multi-center cohort study. Virulence 2020; 11:1569-1581. [PMID: 33172355 PMCID: PMC7671095 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1840108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A pandemic designated as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is spreading worldwide. Up to date, there is no efficient biomarker for the timely prediction of the disease progression in patients. To analyze the inflammatory profiles of COVID-19 patients and demonstrate their implications for the illness progression of COVID-19. Retrospective analysis of 3,265 confirmed COVID-19 cases hospitalized between 10 January 2020, and 26 March 2020 in three medical centers in Wuhan, China. Patients were diagnosed as COVID-19 and hospitalized in Leishenshan Hospital, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University and The Seventh Hospital of Wuhan, China. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine the possible risk factors for disease progression. Moreover, cutoff values, the sensitivity and specificity of inflammatory parameters for disease progression were determined by MedCalc Version 19.2.0. Age (95%CI, 1.017 to 1.048; P < 0.001), serum amyloid A protein (SAA) (95%CI, 1.216 to 1.396; P < 0.001) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (95%CI, 1.006 to 1.045; P < 0.001) were likely the risk factors for the disease progression. The Area under the curve (AUC) of SAA for the progression of COVID-19 was 0.923, with the best predictive cutoff value of SAA of 12.4 mg/L, with a sensitivity of 83.9% and a specificity of 97.67%. SAA-containing parameters are novel promising ones for predicting disease progression in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Yu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Shao
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Colin K. He
- Orient Health Care, Stego Tech LLC, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Muhammad Jamal
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufeng Shang
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunbao Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinghuan Wang
- Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuling Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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25
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Merone L, Finlay S. Pandemic and promise: progress towards finding an effective treatment for Novel Coronavirus 19. Aust N Z J Public Health 2020; 44:437-439. [PMID: 33044799 PMCID: PMC7675746 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Merone
- Apunipima Cape York Health Council, Queensland,Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Queensland
| | - Summer Finlay
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, New South Wales,Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory,Correspondence to: Summer Finlay, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, New South Wales
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26
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Nokhodian Z, Ranjbar MM, Nasri P, Kassaian N, Shoaei P, Vakili B, Rostami S, Ahangarzadeh S, Alibakhshi A, Yarian F, Javanmard SH, Ataei B. Current status of COVID-19 pandemic; characteristics, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 25:101. [PMID: 33273946 PMCID: PMC7698386 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_476_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Humans have always been encountered to big infectious diseases outbreak throughout the history. In December 2019, novel coronavirus (COVID-19) was first noticed as an agent causing insidious pneumonia in Wuhan, China. COVID-19 was spread rapidly from Wuhan to the rest of the world. Until late June 2020, it infected more than 10,000,000 people and caused more than 500,000 deaths in almost all of countries in the world, creating a global crisis worse than all previous epidemics and pandemics. In the current review, we gathered and summarized the results of various studies on characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of this pandemic crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zary Nokhodian
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Ranjbar
- Department of FMD Vaccine Production, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Parto Nasri
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nazila Kassaian
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parisa Shoaei
- Nosocomial Infection Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Bahareh Vakili
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soodabeh Rostami
- Nosocomial Infection Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Ahangarzadeh
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abbas Alibakhshi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yarian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Haghjooy Javanmard
- Department of Physiology, Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan. Iran
| | - Behrooz Ataei
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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27
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Zawawi A, Alghanmi M, Alsaady I, Gattan H, Zakai H, Couper K. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on malaria elimination. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 11:e00187. [PMID: 33102823 PMCID: PMC7574840 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has spread throughout the world and become the cause of the infectious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As low- and middle-income countries shift increasingly to focus on identifying and treating COVID-19, questions are emerging about the impact this shift in focus will have on ongoing efforts to control other infectious diseases, such as malaria. This review discusses how the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in low- and middle-income countries might impact these efforts, focusing in particular on the effects of co-infection and the use of antimalarial drugs used to treat malaria as therapeutic interventions for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat Zawawi
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maimonah Alghanmi
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Isra Alsaady
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hattan Gattan
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haytham Zakai
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kevin Couper
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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28
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Eysenbach G, Moss CB, Singh LN, Oehmke TB, Post LA. Dynamic Panel Surveillance of COVID-19 Transmission in the United States to Inform Health Policy: Observational Statistical Study. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e21955. [PMID: 32924962 PMCID: PMC7546733 DOI: 10.2196/21955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Great COVID-19 Shutdown aimed to eliminate or slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. The United States has no national policy, leaving states to independently implement public health guidelines that are predicated on a sustained decline in COVID-19 cases. Operationalization of "sustained decline" varies by state and county. Existing models of COVID-19 transmission rely on parameters such as case estimates or R0 and are dependent on intensive data collection efforts. Static statistical models do not capture all of the relevant dynamics required to measure sustained declines. Moreover, existing COVID-19 models use data that are subject to significant measurement error and contamination. OBJECTIVE This study will generate novel metrics of speed, acceleration, jerk, and 7-day lag in the speed of COVID-19 transmission using state government tallies of SARS-CoV-2 infections, including state-level dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infections. This study provides the prototype for a global surveillance system to inform public health practice, including novel standardized metrics of COVID-19 transmission, for use in combination with traditional surveillance tools. METHODS Dynamic panel data models were estimated with the Arellano-Bond estimator using the generalized method of moments. This statistical technique allows for the control of a variety of deficiencies in the existing data. Tests of the validity of the model and statistical techniques were applied. RESULTS The statistical approach was validated based on the regression results, which determined recent changes in the pattern of infection. During the weeks of August 17-23 and August 24-30, 2020, there were substantial regional differences in the evolution of the US pandemic. Census regions 1 and 2 were relatively quiet with a small but significant persistence effect that remained relatively unchanged from the prior 2 weeks. Census region 3 was sensitive to the number of tests administered, with a high constant rate of cases. A weekly special analysis showed that these results were driven by states with a high number of positive test reports from universities. Census region 4 had a high constant number of cases and a significantly increased persistence effect during the week of August 24-30. This change represents an increase in the transmission model R value for that week and is consistent with a re-emergence of the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS Reopening the United States comes with three certainties: (1) the "social" end of the pandemic and reopening are going to occur before the "medical" end even while the pandemic is growing. We need improved standardized surveillance techniques to inform leaders when it is safe to open sections of the country; (2) varying public health policies and guidelines unnecessarily result in varying degrees of transmission and outbreaks; and (3) even those states most successful in containing the pandemic continue to see a small but constant stream of new cases daily.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles B Moss
- Food and Resource Economics Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lauren Nadya Singh
- Buehler Center for Health Policy and Economics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Theresa Bristol Oehmke
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkley, Berkley, CA, United States
| | - Lori Ann Post
- Buehler Center for Health Policy and Economics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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29
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Gaeta L, Brydges CR. Coronavirus-Related Anxiety, Social Isolation, and Loneliness in Older Adults in Northern California during the Stay-at-Home Order. J Aging Soc Policy 2020; 33:320-331. [PMID: 33016253 DOI: 10.1080/08959420.2020.1824541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of and associations between anxiety, social isolation, and loneliness in a sample of older adults in Northern California during the stay-at-home order enacted during the COVID-19 pandemic. 514 older adults completed a 24-item survey. Perceived isolation and loneliness were reported in 56.4% and 36.0% of participants, respectively. Loneliness was found to be associated with both social isolation and COVID-19-related anxiety; however, social isolation and coronavirus-related anxiety were unrelated. Healthcare providers, social service providers, and families are encouraged to maintain or increase contact with older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gaeta
- Assistant Professor, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, College of Health and Human Services, California State University, Sacramento, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Christopher R Brydges
- Principal Statistician, West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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30
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Harmooshi NN, Shirbandi K, Rahim F. Environmental concern regarding the effect of humidity and temperature on 2019-nCoV survival: fact or fiction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:36027-36036. [PMID: 32592048 PMCID: PMC7316637 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09733-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The new coronavirus, called 2019-nCoV, is a new type of virus that was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Environmental conditions necessary for survival and spread of 2019-nCoV are somewhat transparent but unlike animal coronaviruses. We are poorly aware of their survival in environment and precise factors of their transmission. Countries located in east and west of globe did not have a significant impact on prevalence of disease among communities, and on the other hand, north and south have provided a model for relative prediction of disease outbreaks. The 2019-nCoV can survive for up to 9 days at 25 °C, and if this temperature rises to 30 °C, its lifespan will be shorter. The 2019-nCoV is sensitive to humidity, and lifespan of viruses in 50% humidity is longer than that of 30%. Also, temperature and humidity are important factors influencing the COVID-19 mortality rate and may facilitate 2019-nCoV transmission. Thus, considering the available and recent evidence, it seems that low temperatures, as well as dry and unventilated air, may affect stability and transmissibility of 2019-nCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Nazari Harmooshi
- Epidemiology, Deputy of Health, Health Centre, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kiarash Shirbandi
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fakher Rahim
- School of Health, Research Center of Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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31
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Manti S, Licari A, Montagna L, Votto M, Leonardi S, Brambilla I, Castagnoli R, Foiadelli T, Marseglia GL, Cardinale F, Caffarelli C, Tosca MA, Cravidi C, Duse M, Chiappini E. SARS-CoV-2 infection in pediatric population. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2020; 91:e2020003. [PMID: 33004773 PMCID: PMC8023063 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i11-s.10298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
n December 2019, in Wuhan (Hubei, China), the first COVID-19 cases due to SARS-COV-2 had been reported. On July 1st 2020, more than 10.268.839 million people had developed the disease, with at least 506.064 deaths. At present, Italy is the third country considering the number of cases (n=240.760), after Spain, and the second for the cumulative number of deaths (n=249.271), after the United States. As regard pediatric COVID-19 cases, more than 4000 cases (have been reported; however, these figures are likely to be underestimated since they are influenced by the number of diagnostic tests carried out. Three pediatric deaths have been reported in Italy to date. We aimed to review the peculiar aspects of SARS-COV-2 infection in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Manti
- 1UOC Broncopneumologia Pediatrica e Fibrosi Cistica, AOUP "Vittorio-Emanuele", San Marco Hospital, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - Amelia Licari
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Lorenza Montagna
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Martina Votto
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Leonardi
- UOC Broncopneumologia Pediatrica e Fibrosi Cistica, AOUP "Vittorio-Emanuele", San Marco Hospital, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Brambilla
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Castagnoli
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Thomas Foiadelli
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Gian Luigi Marseglia
- Pediatric Clinic Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Fabio Cardinale
- Department of Pediatrics and Emergency, Pediatric Allergy and Pulmunology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Consorziale-Policlinico, Ospedale Pediatrico Giovanni XXIII, Bari, Italy.
| | - Carlo Caffarelli
- Clinica Pediatrica, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Italy.
| | - Maria Angela Tosca
- Allergy Center, Department of Pediatrics, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Claudio Cravidi
- Agenzia Tutela della Salute, ATS (National Healthcare System), Pavia, Italy.
| | - Marzia Duse
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Elena Chiappini
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy..
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32
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Swol J, Lorusso R. Additive treatment considerations in COVID-19-The clinician's perspective on extracorporeal adjunctive purification techniques. Artif Organs 2020; 44:918-925. [PMID: 32516506 PMCID: PMC7300593 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this document was to inform the scientific community of sparse preliminary results regarding advanced supportive therapies and technology-driven systems in addition to highlighting the benefits and possibilities of performing concise research during challenging times. Advanced organ support for lung and heart offers the possibility to buy the time needed for recovery. However, remaining a bridging strategy, extracorporeal life support cannot act as the ultimate treatment for the underlying COVID-19 disease. Appropriate patient selection criteria addressed by experts and scientific organizations, such as Extracorporeal Life Support Organization and World Health Organization, may provide significant help in the difficult decision-making and to reduce mortality in patients with profound respiratory and/or cardiac failure due to COVID-19. Severe, systemic cytokine-mediated inflammation associated with the SARS-CoV-2 has also been described. Effects of crosstalk between coagulation and inflammatory pathways appear to significantly affect disease progression and lead to poor outcomes. Multiple therapeutic strategies, including antibody therapies (such as Tocilizumab, Sarilumab, Siltuximab), therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE), and blood purification techniques for direct removal of cytokines, including filtration, dialysis (diffusion), and adsorption are available. Further, we believe, that research should be facilitated and promoted, particularly under the guidance of recognized scientific societies or expert-based multicenter investigation, with rapid communication of critical and relevant information to enhance better appraisal of patient profiles, complications, and treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Swol
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergology and Sleep MedicineParacelsus Medical University NurembergNurembergGermany
| | - Roberto Lorusso
- Cardio‐Thoracic Surgery Department, Heart & Vascular CentreMaastricht University Medical HospitalMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM)MaastrichtThe Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Eckerle
- Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Benjamin Meyer
- Centre for Vaccinology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Sadeghi Dousari A, Taati Moghadam M, Satarzadeh N. COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019): A New Coronavirus Disease. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:2819-2828. [PMID: 32848431 PMCID: PMC7429403 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s259279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a type of viral pneumonia with an uncommon outbreak in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2). SARS-CoV-2 is extremely contagious and has resulted in a fast pandemic of COVID-19. Currently, COVID-19 is on the rise around the world, and it poses a severe threat to public health around the world. This review provides an overview about the COVID-19 virus to increase public awareness and understanding of the virus and its consequences in terms of history, epidemiology, structure, genome, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Sadeghi Dousari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Majid Taati Moghadam
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naghmeh Satarzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Preliminary Post-Mortem COVID-19 Evidence of Endothelial Injury and Factor VIII Hyperexpression. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10080575. [PMID: 32784826 PMCID: PMC7460315 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10080575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The current outbreak of COVID-19 infection is an ongoing challenge and a major threat to public health that requires surveillance, prompt diagnosis, as well as research efforts to understand the viral pathogenesis. Despite this, to date, very few studies have been performed concerning autoptic specimens. Therefore, this study aimed: (i) to reiterate the importance of the autoptic examination, the only method able to precisely define the cause of death; (ii) to provide a complete post-mortem histological and immunohistochemical investigation pattern capable of diagnosing death from COVID-19 infection. (2) Methods: In this paper, the lung examination of two subjects who died from COVID-19 are discussed, comparing the obtained data with those of the control, a newborn who died from pneumonia in the same pandemic period. (3) Results: The results of the present study suggest that COVID-19 infection can cause different forms of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), due to diffuse alveolar damage and diffuse endothelial damage. Nevertheless, different patterns of cellular and cytokine expression are associated with anti-COVID-19 antibody positivity, compared to the control case. Moreover, in both case studies, it is interesting to note that COVID-19, ACE2 and FVIII positivity was detected in the same fields. (4) Conclusions: COVID-19 infection has been initially classified as exclusively interstitial pneumonia with varying degrees of severity. Subsequently, vascular biomarkers showed that it can also be considered a vascular disease. The data on Factor VIII discussed in this paper, although preliminary and limited in number, seem to suggest that the thrombogenicity of Sars-CoV2 infection might be linked to widespread endothelial damage. In this way, it would be very important to investigate the pro-coagulative substrate both in all subjects who died and in COVID-19 survivors. This is because it may be hypothesized that the different patterns with which the pathology is expressed could depend on different individual susceptibility to infection or a different personal genetic-clinical background. In light of these findings, it would be important to perform more post-mortem investigations in order to clarify all aspects of the vascular hypothesis in the COVID-19 infection.
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Chikhale RV, Gupta VK, Eldesoky GE, Wabaidur SM, Patil SA, Islam MA. Identification of potential anti-TMPRSS2 natural products through homology modelling, virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulation studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:1-16. [PMID: 32741259 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1798813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a pandemic of COVID-19. The absence of a therapeutic drug and vaccine is causing severe loss of life and economy worldwide. SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 employ the host cellular serine protease TMPRSS2 for spike (S) protein priming for viral entry into host cells. A potential way to reduce the initial site of SARS-CoV-2 infection may be to inhibit the activity of TMPRSS2. In the current study, the three-dimensional structure of TMPRSS2 was generated by homology modelling and subsequently validated with a number of parameters. The structure-based virtual screening of Selleckchem database was performed through 'Virtual Work Flow' (VSW) to find out potential lead-like TMPRSS2 inhibitors. Camostat and bromhexine are known TMPRSS2 inhibitor drugs, hence these were used as control molecules throughout the study. Based on better dock score, binding-free energy and binding interactions compared to the control molecules, six molecules (Neohesperidin, Myricitrin, Quercitrin, Naringin, Icariin, and Ambroxol) were found to be promising against the TMPRSS2. Binding interactions analysis revealed a number of significant binding interactions with binding site amino residues of TMPRSS2. The all-atoms molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study indicated that all proposed molecules retain inside the receptor in dynamic states. The binding energy calculated from the MD simulation trajectories also favour the strong affinity of the molecules towards the TMPRSS2. Proposed molecules belong to the bioflavonoid class of phytochemicals and are reported to possess antiviral activity, our study indicates their possible potential for application in COVID-19.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivek K Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
| | - Gaber E Eldesoky
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saikh M Wabaidur
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shripad A Patil
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
| | - Md Ataul Islam
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- School of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Srivastava K. Association between COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2020; 29:100583. [PMID: 32715080 PMCID: PMC7359796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has reached a pandemic level. SARS-CoV-2 infects host cells through ACE2 receptors, leading to COVID-19-related pneumonia. The rapid increase in confirmed cases makes the prevention and control of COVID-19 extremely serious. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays remain the molecular test of choice for the etiologic diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection while radiographic findings (chest computed tomography [CT]) and antibody-based techniques are being introduced as supplemental tools. Novel virus also cause chronic damage to the cardiovascular system, and attention should be given to cardiovascular protection during treatment for COVID-19. Acute cardiac injury determined by elevated high-sensitivity troponin levels is commonly observed in severe cases and is strongly associated with mortality. This review suggests that cardiovascular comorbidities are common in patients with COVID-19 and such patients are at higher risk of morbidity and mortality. The continuation of clinically indicated ACE inhibitor and ARB medications is recommended in COVID-19. We review the basics of coronaviruses, novel molecular targets for the coronaviruses with a focus on COVID-19, along with their effects on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamna Srivastava
- Molecular Cardiology Lab, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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Implementation of Antibody Rapid Diagnostic Testing versus Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Sample Pooling in the Screening of COVID-19: a Case of Different Testing Strategies in Africa. mSphere 2020; 5:5/4/e00524-20. [PMID: 32727861 PMCID: PMC7392544 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00524-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has wreaked havoc across the globe; although the number of cases in Africa remains lower than in other regions, it is on a gradual upward trajectory. To date, COVID-19 cases have been reported in 54 out of 55 African countries. However, due to limited severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) testing capacity and scarcity of testing reagents, it is probable that the total number of cases could far exceed published statistics. In this viewpoint, using Ghana, Malawi, South Africa, and Zimbabwe as examples of countries that have implemented different testing strategies, we argue that the implementation of sample pooling for rRT-PCR over antibody rapid diagnostic testing could have a greater impact in assessing disease burden. Sample pooling offers huge advantages compared to single test rRT-PCR, as it reduces diagnostic costs, personnel time, burnout, and analytical run times. Africa is already strained in terms of testing resources for COVID-19; hence, cheaper alternative ways need to be implemented to conserve resources, maximize mass testing, and reduce transmission in the wider population.
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Tan M, Liu Y, Zhou R, Deng X, Li F, Liang K, Shi Y. Immunopathological characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 cases in Guangzhou, China. Immunology 2020; 160:261-268. [PMID: 32460357 PMCID: PMC7283723 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a respiratory disorder caused by the highly contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The immunopathological characteristics of patients with COVID‐19, either systemic or local, have not been thoroughly studied. In the present study, we analysed both the changes in the number of various immune cell types as well as cytokines important for immune reactions and inflammation. Our data indicate that patients with severe COVID‐19 exhibited an overall decline of lymphocytes including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells and natural killer cells. The number of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells was moderately increased in patients with mild COVID‐19. Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), IL‐10 and C‐reactive protein were remarkably up‐regulated in patients with severe COVID‐19. In conclusion, our study shows that the comprehensive decrease of lymphocytes, and the elevation of IL‐6, IL‐10 and C‐reactive protein are reliable indicators of severe COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkai Tan
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanxia Liu
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiping Zhou
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xilong Deng
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Li
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaiyan Liang
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaling Shi
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Solarino B, Ferorelli D, Dell'Erba A. Post-mortem routine practice in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. J Forensic Leg Med 2020; 74:102010. [PMID: 32658768 PMCID: PMC7836613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2020.102010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Biagio Solarino
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari - Section of Legal Medicine, Bari General Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Ferorelli
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari - Section of Legal Medicine, Bari General Hospital, Bari, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Dell'Erba
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari - Section of Legal Medicine, Bari General Hospital, Bari, Italy
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Karapiperis C, Kouklis P, Papastratos S, Chasapi A, Danchin A, Ouzounis CA. Preliminary evidence for seasonality of Covid-19 due to ultraviolet radiation. F1000Res 2020. [DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.24774.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic has spread across the world during early 2020, with unforeseen consequences. Beyond social measures and biomedical research, it is important to assess the seasonality of the epidemic to inform strategies, with limited available data in the short period of time between the March equinox and the June solstice. While the effect of multiple factors is being investigated, little attention has been paid to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, a key parameter of seasonal forcing. We review the effects of UV radiation, proposing it as a potential element of seasonality, and provide evidence from the current literature and scant, yet revealing, observations. Explicit consideration should be given to UV radiation for the seasonality of Covid-19 at high latitudes and altitudes, based on the SARS and MERS epidemics and coronavirus diseases, and not just the ‘warmer days’ of summer.
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Bhatta S, Sayed A, Ranabhat B, Bhatta RK, Acharya Y. New-Onset Seizure as the Only Presentation in a Child With COVID-19. Cureus 2020; 12:e8820. [PMID: 32742835 PMCID: PMC7384710 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a child with a new-onset isolated afebrile seizure in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This patient, an 11-year-old Hispanic male, was brought to our ED in New York city on May 01, 2020, during the ongoing COVID-19 crisis with seizure. There was no fever and/or respiratory and gastrointestinal complaints. His general and systemic examination did not reveal any abnormality. Similarly, his biochemical profiles were within normal limits, and the radiological study, including a chest X-ray and CT scan, showed normal findings. His polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was positive for SARS-CoV2. The patient was admitted for observation after consultation with pediatric neurology, and his condition progressively improved with anti-seizure medications. This case highlights the need for recognizing an uncommon and atypical presentation in COVID-19 as the new cases are unfolding rapidly across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abida Sayed
- Medicine and Research, Avalon University School of Medicine, Willemstad, CUW
| | - Bandana Ranabhat
- Pediatrics, College of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur, Chitwan, NPL
| | - Raj Kumar Bhatta
- Neurosurgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, IND
| | - Yogesh Acharya
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Western Vascular Institute, Galway, IRL
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Turk PJ, Chou SH, Kowalkowski MA, Palmer PP, Priem JS, Spencer MD, Taylor YJ, McWilliams AD. Modeling COVID-19 Latent Prevalence to Assess a Public Health Intervention at a State and Regional Scale: Retrospective Cohort Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6:e19353. [PMID: 32427104 PMCID: PMC7307325 DOI: 10.2196/19353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergence of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caught the world off guard and unprepared, initiating a global pandemic. In the absence of evidence, individual communities had to take timely action to reduce the rate of disease spread and avoid overburdening their health care systems. Although a few predictive models have been published to guide these decisions, most have not taken into account spatial differences and have included assumptions that do not match the local realities. Access to reliable information that is adapted to local context is critical for policy makers to make informed decisions during a rapidly evolving pandemic. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to develop an adapted susceptible-infected-removed (SIR) model to predict the trajectory of the COVID-19 pandemic in North Carolina and the Charlotte Metropolitan Region, and to incorporate the effect of a public health intervention to reduce disease spread while accounting for unique regional features and imperfect detection. METHODS Three SIR models were fit to infection prevalence data from North Carolina and the greater Charlotte Region and then rigorously compared. One of these models (SIR-int) accounted for a stay-at-home intervention and imperfect detection of COVID-19 cases. We computed longitudinal total estimates of the susceptible, infected, and removed compartments of both populations, along with other pandemic characteristics such as the basic reproduction number. RESULTS Prior to March 26, disease spread was rapid at the pandemic onset with the Charlotte Region doubling time of 2.56 days (95% CI 2.11-3.25) and in North Carolina 2.94 days (95% CI 2.33-4.00). Subsequently, disease spread significantly slowed with doubling times increased in the Charlotte Region to 4.70 days (95% CI 3.77-6.22) and in North Carolina to 4.01 days (95% CI 3.43-4.83). Reflecting spatial differences, this deceleration favored the greater Charlotte Region compared to North Carolina as a whole. A comparison of the efficacy of intervention, defined as 1 - the hazard ratio of infection, gave 0.25 for North Carolina and 0.43 for the Charlotte Region. In addition, early in the pandemic, the initial basic SIR model had good fit to the data; however, as the pandemic and local conditions evolved, the SIR-int model emerged as the model with better fit. CONCLUSIONS Using local data and continuous attention to model adaptation, our findings have enabled policy makers, public health officials, and health systems to proactively plan capacity and evaluate the impact of a public health intervention. Our SIR-int model for estimated latent prevalence was reasonably flexible, highly accurate, and demonstrated efficacy of a stay-at-home order at both the state and regional level. Our results highlight the importance of incorporating local context into pandemic forecast modeling, as well as the need to remain vigilant and informed by the data as we enter into a critical period of the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Turk
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Shih-Hsiung Chou
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Marc A Kowalkowski
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Pooja P Palmer
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Jennifer S Priem
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Melanie D Spencer
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Yhenneko J Taylor
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Andrew D McWilliams
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, United States
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Hossein-Khannazer N, Shokoohian B, Shpichka A, Aghdaei HA, Timashev P, Vosough M. Novel therapeutic approaches for treatment of COVID-19. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:789-803. [PMID: 32494931 PMCID: PMC7268974 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01927-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To date, there is no licensed treatment or approved vaccine to combat the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), and the number of new cases and mortality multiplies every day. Therefore, it is essential to develop an effective treatment strategy to control the virus spread and prevent the disease. Here, we summarized the therapeutic approaches that are used to treat this infection. Although it seems that antiviral drugs are effective in improving clinical manifestation, there is no definite treatment protocol. Lymphocytopenia, excessive inflammation, and cytokine storm followed by acute respiratory distress syndrome are still unsolved issues causing the severity of this disease. Therefore, immune response modulation and inflammation management can be considered as an essential step. There is no doubt that more studies are required to clarify immunopathogenesis and immune response; however, new therapeutic approaches including mesenchymal stromal cell and immune cell therapy showed inspiring results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoo Hossein-Khannazer
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahare Shokoohian
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anastasia Shpichka
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Department of Molecular Biology, Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia. .,Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia. .,Department of Polymers and Composites, NN Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Moscow, Russia. .,Institute of Photon Technologies, Federal Research Center Crystallography and Photonics RAS, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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Shao L, Li X, Zhou Y, Yu Y, Liu Y, Liu M, Zhang R, Zhang H, Wang X, Zhou F. Novel Insights Into Illness Progression and Risk Profiles for Mortality in Non-survivors of COVID-19. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:246. [PMID: 32574334 PMCID: PMC7256183 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. The outbreak of COVID-19 has attracted the attention of the whole world. Our study aimed to describe illness progression and risk profiles for mortality in non-survivors. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed 155 patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan and focused on 18 non-survivors among them. Briefly, we compared the dynamic profile of biochemical and immune parameters and drew an epidemiological and clinical picture of disease progression from disease onset to death in non-survivors. The survival status of the cohort was indicated by a Kaplan–Meier curve. Results. Of the non-survivors, the median age was 73.5 years, and the proportion of males was 72.2%. Five and 13 patients were hospital-acquired and community-acquired infection of SARS-CoV-2, respectively. The interval between disease onset and diagnosis was 8.5 days (IQR, [4–11]). With the deterioration of disease, most patients experienced consecutive changes in biochemical parameters, including lymphopenia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, hypoproteinemia, as well as elevated D-dimer and procalcitonin. Regarding the immune dysregulation, patients exhibited significantly decreased T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, including CD3+T, CD3+CD4+Th, and CD3+CD8+Tc cells. By the end of the disease, most patients suffered from severe complications, including ARDS (17/18; 94.4%), acute cardiac injury (10/18; 55.6%), acute kidney injury (7/18; 38.9%), shock (6/18; 33.3%), gastrointestinal bleeding (1/18; 5.6%), as well as perforation of intestine (1/18; 5.6%). All patients died within 45 days after the initial hospital admission with a median survivor time of 13.5 days (IQR, 8–17). Conclusions. Our data show that patients experienced consecutive changes in biochemical and immune parameters with the deterioration of the disease, indicating the necessity of early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shao
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yalan Yu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Minghui Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruixian Zhang
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Haojian Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinghuan Wang
- Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuling Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
Antiviral drugs have traditionally been developed by directly targeting essential viral components. However, this strategy often fails due to the rapid generation of drug-resistant viruses. Recent genome-wide approaches, such as those employing small interfering RNA (siRNA) or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) or those using small molecule chemical inhibitors targeting the cellular "kinome," have been used successfully to identify cellular factors that can support virus replication. Since some of these cellular factors are critical for virus replication, but are dispensable for the host, they can serve as novel targets for antiviral drug development. In addition, potentiation of immune responses, regulation of cytokine storms, and modulation of epigenetic changes upon virus infections are also feasible approaches to control infections. Because it is less likely that viruses will mutate to replace missing cellular functions, the chance of generating drug-resistant mutants with host-targeted inhibitor approaches is minimized. However, drug resistance against some host-directed agents can, in fact, occur under certain circumstances, such as long-term selection pressure of a host-directed antiviral agent that can allow the virus the opportunity to adapt to use an alternate host factor or to alter its affinity toward the target that confers resistance. This review describes novel approaches for antiviral drug development with a focus on host-directed therapies and the potential mechanisms that may account for the acquisition of antiviral drug resistance against host-directed agents.
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47
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Zumla A, Niederman MS. Editorial: The explosive epidemic outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the persistent threat of respiratory tract infectious diseases to global health security. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2020; 26:193-196. [PMID: 32132379 PMCID: PMC7147276 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000000676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael S. Niederman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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Abstract
Another animal to human transmission of a coronavirus occurred in December 2019 on a live animal market in the Chinese city of Wuhan causing an epidemic in China, reaching now different continents. This minireview summarizes the research literature on the virological, clinical and epidemiological aspects of this epidemic published until end of February 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Brüssow
- Department of BiosystemsGroup of Gene TechnologyKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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Pambuccian SE. The COVID-19 pandemic: implications for the cytology laboratory. J Am Soc Cytopathol 2020; 9:202-211. [PMID: 32284276 PMCID: PMC7104051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasc.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The infection has predominantly respiratory transmission and is transmitted through large droplets or aerosols, and less commonly by contact with infected surfaces or fomites. The alarming spread of the infection and the severe clinical disease that it may cause have led to the widespread institution of social distancing measures. Because of repeated exposure to potentially infectious patients and specimens, health care and laboratory personnel are particularly susceptible to contract COVID-19. This review paper provides an assessment of the current state of knowledge about the disease and its pathology, and the potential presence of the virus in cytology specimens. It also discusses the measures that cytology laboratories can take to function during the pandemic, and minimize the risk to their personnel, trainees, and pathologists. In addition, it explores potential means to continue to educate trainees during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan E Pambuccian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois.
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50
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Viswanath A, Monga P. Working through the COVID-19 outbreak: Rapid review and recommendations for MSK and allied heath personnel. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2020; 11:500-503. [PMID: 32292256 PMCID: PMC7102609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2020.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has caused the world to undergo unprecedented change in a short space of time. This disease has devastated the economy, infringed personal freedom, and has taken a toll on healthcare systems worldwide. This review aims to highlight aspects of this pandemic with a specific emphasis on musculoskeletal work within the secondary care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Viswanath
- Wrightington Hospital, Hall Lane, Appley Bridge, Wigan, WN6 9EP, United Kingdom
| | - Puneet Monga
- Wrightington Hospital, Hall Lane, Appley Bridge, Wigan, WN6 9EP, United Kingdom
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