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Santos-Silva C, Ferreira-Cardoso H, Silva S, Vieira-Marques P, Valente JC, Almeida R, A Fonseca J, Santos C, Azevedo I, Jácome C. Feasibility and Acceptability of Pediatric Smartphone Lung Auscultation by Parents: Cross-Sectional Study. JMIR Pediatr Parent 2024; 7:e52540. [PMID: 38602309 PMCID: PMC11024396 DOI: 10.2196/52540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The use of a smartphone built-in microphone for auscultation is a feasible alternative to the use of a stethoscope, when applied by physicians. Objective This cross-sectional study aims to assess the feasibility of this technology when used by parents-the real intended end users. Methods Physicians recruited 46 children (male: n=33, 72%; age: mean 11.3, SD 3.1 y; children with asthma: n=24, 52%) during medical visits in a pediatric department of a tertiary hospital. Smartphone auscultation using an app was performed at 4 locations (trachea, right anterior chest, and right and left lung bases), first by a physician (recordings: n=297) and later by a parent (recordings: n=344). All recordings (N=641) were classified by 3 annotators for quality and the presence of adventitious sounds. Parents completed a questionnaire to provide feedback on the app, using a Likert scale ranging from 1 ("totally disagree") to 5 ("totally agree"). Results Most recordings had quality (physicians' recordings: 253/297, 85.2%; parents' recordings: 266/346, 76.9%). The proportions of physicians' recordings (34/253, 13.4%) and parents' recordings (31/266, 11.7%) with adventitious sounds were similar. Parents found the app easy to use (questionnaire: median 5, IQR 5-5) and were willing to use it (questionnaire: median 5, IQR 5-5). Conclusions Our results show that smartphone auscultation is feasible when performed by parents in the clinical context, but further investigation is needed to test its feasibility in real life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sónia Silva
- Department of Pediatrics, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Vieira-Marques
- CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Carlos Valente
- MEDIDA – Serviços em Medicina, Educação, Investigação, Desenvolvimento e Avaliação, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rute Almeida
- CINTESIS@RISE, Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João A Fonseca
- MEDIDA – Serviços em Medicina, Educação, Investigação, Desenvolvimento e Avaliação, Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Santos
- CINTESIS@RISE, Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Azevedo
- Department of Pediatrics, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- EpiUnit, Institute of Public Health, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Jácome
- CINTESIS@RISE, Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Kala A, McCollum ED, Elhilali M. Reference free auscultation quality metric and its trends. Biomed Signal Process Control 2023; 85:104852. [PMID: 38274002 PMCID: PMC10809975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2023.104852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Stethoscopes are used ubiquitously in clinical settings to 'listen' to lung sounds. The use of these systems in a variety of healthcare environments (hospitals, urgent care rooms, private offices, community sites, mobile clinics, etc.) presents a range of challenges in terms of ambient noise and distortions that mask lung signals from being heard clearly or processed accurately using auscultation devices. With advances in technology, computerized techniques have been developed to automate analysis or access a digital rendering of lung sounds. However, most approaches are developed and tested in controlled environments and do not reflect real-world conditions where auscultation signals are typically acquired. Without a priori access to a recording of the ambient noise (for signal-to-noise estimation) or a reference signal that reflects the true undistorted lung sound, it is difficult to evaluate the quality of the lung signal and its potential clinical interpretability. The current study proposes an objective reference-free Auscultation Quality Metric (AQM) which incorporates low-level signal attributes with high-level representational embeddings mapped to a nonlinear quality space to provide an independent evaluation of the auscultation quality. This metric is carefully designed to solely judge the signal based on its integrity relative to external distortions and masking effects and not confuse an adventitious breathing pattern as low-quality auscultation. The current study explores the robustness of the proposed AQM method across multiple clinical categorizations and different distortion types. It also evaluates the temporal sensitivity of this approach and its translational impact for deployment in digital auscultation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annapurna Kala
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Eric D. McCollum
- Global Program of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Mounya Elhilali
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
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3
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Park JS, Kim K, Kim JH, Choi YJ, Kim K, Suh DI. A machine learning approach to the development and prospective evaluation of a pediatric lung sound classification model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1289. [PMID: 36690658 PMCID: PMC9871007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Auscultation, a cost-effective and non-invasive part of physical examination, is essential to diagnose pediatric respiratory disorders. Electronic stethoscopes allow transmission, storage, and analysis of lung sounds. We aimed to develop a machine learning model to classify pediatric respiratory sounds. Lung sounds were digitally recorded during routine physical examinations at a pediatric pulmonology outpatient clinic from July to November 2019 and labeled as normal, crackles, or wheezing. Ensemble support vector machine models were trained and evaluated for four classification tasks (normal vs. abnormal, crackles vs. wheezing, normal vs. crackles, and normal vs. wheezing) using K-fold cross-validation (K = 10). Model performance on a prospective validation set (June to July 2021) was compared with those of pediatricians and non-pediatricians. Total 680 clips were used for training and internal validation. The model accuracies during internal validation for normal vs. abnormal, crackles vs. wheezing, normal vs. crackles, and normal vs. wheezing were 83.68%, 83.67%, 80.94%, and 90.42%, respectively. The prospective validation (n = 90) accuracies were 82.22%, 67.74%, 67.80%, and 81.36%, respectively, which were comparable to pediatrician and non-pediatrician performance. An automated classification model of pediatric lung sounds is feasible and maybe utilized as a screening tool for respiratory disorders in this pandemic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Soo Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyungdo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun Jung Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwangsoo Kim
- Transdisciplinary Department of Medicine & Advanced Technology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
| | - Dong In Suh
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
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4
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Kala A, McCollum ED, Elhilali M. Implications of clinical variability on computer-aided lung auscultation classification. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2022; 2022:4421-4425. [PMID: 36086501 DOI: 10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to recent advances in digital stethoscopes and rapid adoption of deep learning techniques, there has been tremendous progress in the field of Computerized Auscultation Analysis (CAA). Despite these promising leaps, the deploy-ment of these technologies in real-world applications remains limited due to inherent challenges with properly interpreting clinical data, particularly auscultations. One of the limiting factors is the inherent ambiguity that comes with variability in clinical opinion, even from highly trained experts. The lack of unanimity in expert opinions is often ignored in developing machine learning techniques to automatically screen normal from abnormal lung signals, with most algorithms being developed and tested on highly curated datasets. To better understand the potential pitfalls this selective analysis could cause in deployment, the current work explores the impact of clinical opinion variability on algorithms to detect adventitious patterns in lung sounds when trained on gold-standard data. The study shows that uncertainty in clinical opinion introduces far more variability and performance drop than dissidence in expert judgments. The study also explores the feasibility of automatically flagging auscultation signals based on their estimated uncertainty, thereby recommending further reassessment as well as improving computer-aided analysis.
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5
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Park DE, Watson NL, Focht C, Feikin D, Hammitt LL, Brooks WA, Howie SRC, Kotloff KL, Levine OS, Madhi SA, Murdoch DR, O'Brien KL, Scott JAG, Thea DM, Amorninthapichet T, Awori J, Bunthi C, Ebruke B, Elhilali M, Higdon M, Hossain L, Jahan Y, Moore DP, Mulindwa J, Mwananyanda L, Naorat S, Prosperi C, Thamthitiwat S, Verwey C, Jablonski KA, Power MC, Young HA, Deloria Knoll M, McCollum ED. Digitally recorded and remotely classified lung auscultation compared with conventional stethoscope classifications among children aged 1-59 months enrolled in the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) case-control study. BMJ Open Respir Res 2022; 9:9/1/e001144. [PMID: 35577452 PMCID: PMC9115042 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2021-001144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of pneumonia remains challenging. Digitally recorded and remote human classified lung sounds may offer benefits beyond conventional auscultation, but it is unclear whether classifications differ between the two approaches. We evaluated concordance between digital and conventional auscultation. METHODS We collected digitally recorded lung sounds, conventional auscultation classifications and clinical measures and samples from children with pneumonia (cases) in low-income and middle-income countries. Physicians remotely classified recordings as crackles, wheeze or uninterpretable. Conventional and digital auscultation concordance was evaluated among 383 pneumonia cases with concurrently (within 2 hours) collected conventional and digital auscultation classifications using prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted kappa (PABAK). Using an expanded set of 737 cases that also incorporated the non-concurrently collected assessments, we evaluated whether associations between auscultation classifications and clinical or aetiological findings differed between conventional or digital auscultation using χ2 tests and logistic regression adjusted for age, sex and site. RESULTS Conventional and digital auscultation concordance was moderate for classifying crackles and/or wheeze versus neither crackles nor wheeze (PABAK=0.50), and fair for crackles-only versus not crackles-only (PABAK=0.30) and any wheeze versus no wheeze (PABAK=0.27). Crackles were more common on conventional auscultation, whereas wheeze was more frequent on digital auscultation. Compared with neither crackles nor wheeze, crackles-only on both conventional and digital auscultation was associated with abnormal chest radiographs (adjusted OR (aOR)=1.53, 95% CI 0.99 to 2.36; aOR=2.09, 95% CI 1.19 to 3.68, respectively); any wheeze was inversely associated with C-reactive protein >40 mg/L using conventional auscultation (aOR=0.50, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.92) and with very severe pneumonia using digital auscultation (aOR=0.67, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.97). Crackles-only on digital auscultation was associated with mortality compared with any wheeze (aOR=2.70, 95% CI 1.12 to 6.25). CONCLUSIONS Conventional auscultation and remotely-classified digital auscultation displayed moderate concordance for presence/absence of wheeze and crackles among cases. Conventional and digital auscultation may provide different classification patterns, but wheeze was associated with decreased clinical severity on both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Park
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel Feikin
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University International Vaccine Access Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura L Hammitt
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University International Vaccine Access Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - W Abdullah Brooks
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka and Matlab, Bangladesh,Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen R C Howie
- Medical Research Council Unit, Basse, Gambia,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karen L Kotloff
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland Center for Vaccine Development, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Orin S Levine
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University International Vaccine Access Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa,Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - David R Murdoch
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand,Microbiology Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Katherine L O'Brien
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University International Vaccine Access Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - J Anthony G Scott
- Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Donald M Thea
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Juliet Awori
- Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Charatdao Bunthi
- Division of Global Health Protection, Thailand Ministry of Public Health – US CDC Collaboration, Royal Thai Government Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bernard Ebruke
- Medical Research Council Unit, Basse, Gambia,International Foundation Against Infectious Disease in Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Mounya Elhilali
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Melissa Higdon
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University International Vaccine Access Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lokman Hossain
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka and Matlab, Bangladesh
| | - Yasmin Jahan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka and Matlab, Bangladesh
| | - David P Moore
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Justin Mulindwa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Lawrence Mwananyanda
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Right to Care - Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Christine Prosperi
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University International Vaccine Access Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Somsak Thamthitiwat
- Division of Global Health Protection, Thailand Ministry of Public Health – US CDC Collaboration, Royal Thai Government Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Charl Verwey
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Melinda C Power
- Department of Epidemiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Heather A Young
- Department of Epidemiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Maria Deloria Knoll
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University International Vaccine Access Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric D McCollum
- Global Program in Respiratory Sciences, Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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6
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Rees CA, Colbourn T, Hooli S, King C, Lufesi N, McCollum ED, Mwansambo C, Cutland C, Madhi SA, Nunes M, Matthew JL, Addo-Yobo E, Chisaka N, Hassan M, Hibberd PL, Jeena PM, Lozano JM, MacLeod WB, Patel A, Thea DM, Nguyen NTV, Kartasasmita CB, Lucero M, Awasthi S, Bavdekar A, Chou M, Nymadawa P, Pape JW, Paranhos-Baccala G, Picot VS, Rakoto-Andrianarivelo M, Rouzier V, Russomando G, Sylla M, Vanhems P, Wang J, Asghar R, Banajeh S, Iqbal I, Maulen-Radovan I, Mino-Leon G, Saha SK, Santosham M, Singhi S, Basnet S, Strand TA, Bhatnagar S, Wadhwa N, Lodha R, Aneja S, Clara AW, Campbell H, Nair H, Falconer J, Qazi SA, Nisar YB, Neuman MI. Derivation and validation of a novel risk assessment tool to identify children aged 2–59 months at risk of hospitalised pneumonia-related mortality in 20 countries. BMJ Glob Health 2022; 7:bmjgh-2021-008143. [PMID: 35428680 PMCID: PMC9014031 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-008143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Existing risk assessment tools to identify children at risk of hospitalised pneumonia-related mortality have shown suboptimal discriminatory value during external validation. Our objective was to derive and validate a novel risk assessment tool to identify children aged 2–59 months at risk of hospitalised pneumonia-related mortality across various settings. Methods We used primary, baseline, patient-level data from 11 studies, including children evaluated for pneumonia in 20 low-income and middle-income countries. Patients with complete data were included in a logistic regression model to assess the association of candidate variables with the outcome hospitalised pneumonia-related mortality. Adjusted log coefficients were calculated for each candidate variable and assigned weighted points to derive the Pneumonia Research Partnership to Assess WHO Recommendations (PREPARE) risk assessment tool. We used bootstrapped selection with 200 repetitions to internally validate the PREPARE risk assessment tool. Results A total of 27 388 children were included in the analysis (mean age 14.0 months, pneumonia-related case fatality ratio 3.1%). The PREPARE risk assessment tool included patient age, sex, weight-for-age z-score, body temperature, respiratory rate, unconsciousness or decreased level of consciousness, convulsions, cyanosis and hypoxaemia at baseline. The PREPARE risk assessment tool had good discriminatory value when internally validated (area under the curve 0.83, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.84). Conclusions The PREPARE risk assessment tool had good discriminatory ability for identifying children at risk of hospitalised pneumonia-related mortality in a large, geographically diverse dataset. After external validation, this tool may be implemented in various settings to identify children at risk of hospitalised pneumonia-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris A Rees
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tim Colbourn
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Shubhada Hooli
- Section of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Carina King
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Norman Lufesi
- Acute Respiratory Illness Unit, Government of Malawi Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Eric D McCollum
- Global Program in Respiratory Sciences, Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles Mwansambo
- Acute Respiratory Illness Unit, Government of Malawi Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Clare Cutland
- South African Medical Research Council: Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg-Braamfontein, South Africa
| | - Shabir Ahmed Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council: Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg-Braamfontein, South Africa
| | - Marta Nunes
- South African Medical Research Council: Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg-Braamfontein, South Africa
| | - Joseph L Matthew
- Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Noel Chisaka
- World Bank, World Bank, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Mumtaz Hassan
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Patricia L Hibberd
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Prakash M Jeena
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa
| | - Juan M Lozano
- Division of Medical and Population Health Science Education and Research, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - William B MacLeod
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Archana Patel
- Lata Medical Research Foundation, Nagpur and Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India
| | - Donald M Thea
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Cissy B Kartasasmita
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Marilla Lucero
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Shally Awasthi
- Department of Pediatrics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Monidarin Chou
- Rodolph Mérieux Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Pagbajabyn Nymadawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Graciela Russomando
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Asuncion, Paraguay
| | - Mariam Sylla
- Department of Pediatrics, Gabriel Touré University Hospital Center, Bamako, Mali
| | - Philippe Vanhems
- Unité d'Hygiène, Epidémiologie, Infectiovigilance et Prévention, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jianwei Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Dr Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union, Beijing, China
| | - Rai Asghar
- Department of Paediatrics, Rawalpindi Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Salem Banajeh
- Department of Pediatrics, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Imran Iqbal
- Department of Pediatrics, Nishtar Medical College, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Irene Maulen-Radovan
- Division de Investigacion Insurgentes, Instituto Nactional de Pediatria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Greta Mino-Leon
- Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Dr Francisco de Ycaza Bustamante, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Samir K Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka Shishu Hosp, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mathuram Santosham
- International Vaccine Access Center (IVAC), Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sunit Singhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Medanta, The Medicity, Gurgaon, India
| | - Sudha Basnet
- Department of Pediatrics, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Tor A Strand
- Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Shinjini Bhatnagar
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Nitya Wadhwa
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Rakesh Lodha
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Satinder Aneja
- Department of Pediatrics, Sharda University School of Medical Sciences and Research, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alexey W Clara
- Central American Region, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Harry Campbell
- Population Health Sciences and Informati, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harish Nair
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Jennifer Falconer
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Shamim A Qazi
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health (Retired), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yasir B Nisar
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mark I Neuman
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Ahmed S, Mitra DK, Nair H, Cunningham S, Khan AM, Islam AA, McLane IM, Chowdhury NH, Begum N, Shahidullah M, Islam MS, Norrie J, Campbell H, Sheikh A, Baqui AH, McCollum ED. Digital auscultation as a novel childhood pneumonia diagnostic tool for community clinics in Sylhet, Bangladesh: protocol for a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e059630. [PMID: 35140164 PMCID: PMC8830242 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The WHO's Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) algorithm for diagnosis of child pneumonia relies on counting respiratory rate and observing respiratory distress to diagnose childhood pneumonia. IMCI case defination for pneumonia performs with high sensitivity but low specificity, leading to overdiagnosis of child pneumonia and unnecessary antibiotic use. Including lung auscultation in IMCI could improve specificity of pneumonia diagnosis. Our objectives are: (1) assess lung sound recording quality by primary healthcare workers (HCWs) from under-5 children with the Feelix Smart Stethoscope and (2) determine the reliability and performance of recorded lung sound interpretations by an automated algorithm compared with reference paediatrician interpretations. METHODS AND ANALYSIS In a cross-sectional design, community HCWs will record lung sounds of ~1000 under-5-year-old children with suspected pneumonia at first-level facilities in Zakiganj subdistrict, Sylhet, Bangladesh. Enrolled children will be evaluated for pneumonia, including oxygen saturation, and have their lung sounds recorded by the Feelix Smart stethoscope at four sequential chest locations: two back and two front positions. A novel sound-filtering algorithm will be applied to recordings to address ambient noise and optimise recording quality. Recorded sounds will be assessed against a predefined quality threshold. A trained paediatric listening panel will classify recordings into one of the following categories: normal, crackles, wheeze, crackles and wheeze or uninterpretable. All sound files will be classified into the same categories by the automated algorithm and compared with panel classifications. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values, of the automated algorithm will be assessed considering the panel's final interpretation as gold standard. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study protocol was approved by the National Research Ethics Committee of Bangladesh Medical Research Council, Bangladesh (registration number: 09630012018) and Academic and Clinical Central Office for Research and Development Medical Research Ethics Committee, Edinburgh, UK (REC Reference: 18-HV-051). Dissemination will be through conference presentations, peer-reviewed journals and stakeholder engagement meetings in Bangladesh. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03959956.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salahuddin Ahmed
- Projahnmo Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dipak Kumar Mitra
- Projahnmo Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Harish Nair
- Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Steven Cunningham
- Department of Child Life and Health, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ahad Mahmud Khan
- Projahnmo Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | - Nazma Begum
- Projahnmo Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammod Shahidullah
- Department of Neonatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Shariful Islam
- Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - John Norrie
- Usher Institute, Edinburgh Clinical Trials Unit, University of Edinburgh No. 9, Bioquarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harry Campbell
- Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Abdullah H Baqui
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric D McCollum
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Global Program in Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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8
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Porter P, Brisbane J, Tan J, Bear N, Choveaux J, Della P, Abeyratne U. Diagnostic Errors Are Common in Acute Pediatric Respiratory Disease: A Prospective, Single-Blinded Multicenter Diagnostic Accuracy Study in Australian Emergency Departments. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:736018. [PMID: 34869099 PMCID: PMC8637207 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.736018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diagnostic errors are a global health priority and a common cause of preventable harm. There is limited data available for the prevalence of misdiagnosis in pediatric acute-care settings. Respiratory illnesses, which are particularly challenging to diagnose, are the most frequent reason for presentation to pediatric emergency departments. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of emergency department clinicians in diagnosing acute childhood respiratory diseases, as compared with expert panel consensus (reference standard). Methods: Prospective, multicenter, single-blinded, diagnostic accuracy study in two well-resourced pediatric emergency departments in a large Australian city. Between September 2016 and August 2018, a convenience sample of children aged 29 days to 12 years who presented with respiratory symptoms was enrolled. The emergency department discharge diagnoses were reported by clinicians based upon standard clinical diagnostic definitions. These diagnoses were compared against consensus diagnoses given by an expert panel of pediatric specialists using standardized disease definitions after they reviewed all medical records. Results: For 620 participants, the sensitivity and specificity (%, [95% CI]) of the emergency department compared with the expert panel diagnoses were generally poor: isolated upper respiratory tract disease (64.9 [54.6, 74.4], 91.0 [88.2, 93.3]), croup (76.8 [66.2, 85.4], 97.9 [96.2, 98.9]), lower respiratory tract disease (86.6 [83.1, 89.6], 92.9 [87.6, 96.4]), bronchiolitis (66.9 [58.6, 74.5], 94.3 [80.8, 99.3]), asthma/reactive airway disease (91.0 [85.8, 94.8], 93.0 [90.1, 95.3]), clinical pneumonia (63·9 [50.6, 75·8], 95·0 [92·8, 96·7]), focal (consolidative) pneumonia (54·8 [38·7, 70·2], 86.2 [79.3, 91.5]). Only 59% of chest x-rays with consolidation were correctly identified. Between 6.9 and 14.5% of children were inappropriately prescribed based on their eventual diagnosis. Conclusion: In well-resourced emergency departments, we have identified a previously unrecognized high diagnostic error rate for acute childhood respiratory disorders, particularly in pneumonia and bronchiolitis. These errors lead to the potential of avoidable harm and the administration of inappropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Porter
- Department of Paediatrics, Joondalup Health Campus, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- PHI Research Group, Joondalup Health Campus, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Joanna Brisbane
- Department of Paediatrics, Joondalup Health Campus, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- PHI Research Group, Joondalup Health Campus, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Jamie Tan
- Department of Paediatrics, Joondalup Health Campus, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Natasha Bear
- Institute of Health Research, University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Jennifer Choveaux
- Department of Paediatrics, Joondalup Health Campus, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- PHI Research Group, Joondalup Health Campus, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Phillip Della
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Udantha Abeyratne
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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9
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McLane I, Lauwers E, Stas T, Busch-Vishniac I, Ides K, Verhulst S, Steckel J. Comprehensive Analysis System for Automated Respiratory Cycle Segmentation and Crackle Peak Detection. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2021; 26:1847-1860. [PMID: 34705660 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2021.3123353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Digital auscultation is a well-known method for assessing lung sounds, but remains a subjective process in typical practice, relying on the human interpretation. Several methods have been presented for detecting or analyzing crackles but are limited in their real-world application because few have been integrated into comprehensive systems or validated on non-ideal data. This work details a complete signal analysis methodology for analyzing crackles in challenging recordings. The procedure comprises five sequential processing blocks: (1) motion artifact detection, (2) deep learning denoising network, (3) respiratory cycle segmentation, (4) separation of discontinuous adventitious sounds from vesicular sounds, and (5) crackle peak detection. This system uses a collection of new methods and robustness-focused improvements on previous methods to analyze respiratory cycles and crackles therein. To validate the accuracy, the system is tested on a database of 1000 simulated lung sounds with varying levels of motion artifacts, ambient noise, cycle lengths and crackle intensities, in which ground truths are exactly known. The system performs with average F-score of 91.07% for detecting motion artifacts and 94.43% for respiratory cycle extraction, and an overall F-score of 94.08% for detecting the locations of individual crackles. The process also successfully detects healthy recordings. Preliminary validation is also presented on a small set of 20 patient recordings, for which the system performs comparably. These methods provide quantifiable analysis of respiratory sounds to enable clinicians to distinguish between types of crackles, their timing within the respiratory cycle, and the level of occurrence. Crackles are one of the most common abnormal lung sounds, presenting in multiple cardiorespiratory diseases. These features will contribute to a better understanding of disease severity and progression in an objective, simple and non-invasive way.
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10
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Zhang J, Wang HS, Zhou HY, Dong B, Zhang L, Zhang F, Liu SJ, Wu YF, Yuan SH, Tang MY, Dong WF, Lin J, Chen M, Tong X, Zhao LB, Yin Y. Real-World Verification of Artificial Intelligence Algorithm-Assisted Auscultation of Breath Sounds in Children. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:627337. [PMID: 33834010 PMCID: PMC8023046 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.627337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Lung auscultation plays an important role in the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases in children. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm for the detection of breath sounds in a real clinical environment among children with pulmonary diseases. Method: The auscultations of breath sounds were collected in the respiratory department of Shanghai Children's Medical Center (SCMC) by using an electronic stethoscope. The discrimination results for all chest locations with respect to a gold standard (GS) established by 2 experienced pediatric pulmonologists from SCMC and 6 general pediatricians were recorded. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, and F1-score of the AI algorithm and general pediatricians with respect to the GS were evaluated. Meanwhile, the performance of the AI algorithm for different patient ages and recording locations was evaluated. Result: A total of 112 hospitalized children with pulmonary diseases were recruited for the study from May to December 2019. A total of 672 breath sounds were collected, and 627 (93.3%) breath sounds, including 159 crackles (23.1%), 264 wheeze (38.4%), and 264 normal breath sounds (38.4%), were fully analyzed by the AI algorithm. The accuracy of the detection of adventitious breath sounds by the AI algorithm and general pediatricians with respect to the GS were 77.7% and 59.9% (p < 0.001), respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and F1-score in the detection of crackles and wheeze from the AI algorithm were higher than those from the general pediatricians (crackles 81.1 vs. 47.8%, 94.1 vs. 77.1%, and 80.9 vs. 42.74%, respectively; wheeze 86.4 vs. 82.2%, 83.0 vs. 72.1%, and 80.9 vs. 72.5%, respectively; p < 0.001). Performance varied according to the age of the patient, with patients younger than 12 months yielding the highest accuracy (81.3%, p < 0.001) among the age groups. Conclusion: In a real clinical environment, children's breath sounds were collected and transmitted remotely by an electronic stethoscope; these breath sounds could be recognized by both pediatricians and an AI algorithm. The ability of the AI algorithm to analyze adventitious breath sounds was better than that of the general pediatricians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Han-Song Wang
- Paediatric AI Clinical Application and Research Center, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China.,Child Health Advocacy Institute, China Hospital Development Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Bin Dong
- Paediatric AI Clinical Application and Research Center, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fen Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Jian Liu
- Paediatric AI Clinical Application and Research Center, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Fen Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Hua Yuan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Yu Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Fang Dong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Tong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lie-Bin Zhao
- Paediatric AI Clinical Application and Research Center, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China.,Child Health Advocacy Institute, China Hospital Development Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Yin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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11
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Carina K, Kevin B, Rebecca N, Bassat Q, Shamim Ahmad Q, Eric D. M. Back to Basics in Paediatric Pneumonia-Defining a Breath and Setting Reference Standards to Innovate Respiratory Rate Counting. J Trop Pediatr 2020; 67:6024861. [PMID: 33280051 PMCID: PMC7948383 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmaa112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- King Carina
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden,Institute for Global Health, University College London, UK,Correspondence: Carina King, Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18B, 171 65 Solna, Sweden. E-mail <>
| | - Baker Kevin
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden,Malaria Consortium, UK
| | - Nantanda Rebecca
- Makerere University Lung Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Uganda
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic – Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain,Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain,Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Qazi Shamim Ahmad
- Consultant (Retired World Health Organisation Staff), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - McCollum Eric D.
- Global Program in Respiratory Sciences, Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, USA,Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA
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12
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McCollum ED, Park DE, Watson NL, Fancourt NSS, Focht C, Baggett HC, Brooks WA, Howie SRC, Kotloff KL, Levine OS, Madhi SA, Murdoch DR, Scott JAG, Thea DM, Awori JO, Chipeta J, Chuananon S, DeLuca AN, Driscoll AJ, Ebruke BE, Elhilali M, Emmanouilidou D, Githua LP, Higdon MM, Hossain L, Jahan Y, Karron RA, Kyalo J, Moore DP, Mulindwa JM, Naorat S, Prosperi C, Verwey C, West JE, Knoll MD, O'Brien KL, Feikin DR, Hammitt LL. Digital auscultation in PERCH: Associations with chest radiography and pneumonia mortality in children. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020; 55:3197-3208. [PMID: 32852888 PMCID: PMC7692889 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether digitally recorded lung sounds are associated with radiographic pneumonia or clinical outcomes among children in low-income and middle-income countries is unknown. We sought to address these knowledge gaps. METHODS We enrolled 1 to 59monthold children hospitalized with pneumonia at eight African and Asian Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health sites in six countries, recorded digital stethoscope lung sounds, obtained chest radiographs, and collected clinical outcomes. Recordings were processed and classified into binary categories positive or negative for adventitial lung sounds. Listening and reading panels classified recordings and radiographs. Recording classification associations with chest radiographs with World Health Organization (WHO)-defined primary endpoint pneumonia (radiographic pneumonia) or mortality were evaluated. We also examined case fatality among risk strata. RESULTS Among children without WHO danger signs, wheezing (without crackles) had a lower adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for radiographic pneumonia (0.35, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.15, 0.82), compared to children with normal recordings. Neither crackle only (no wheeze) (aOR: 2.13, 95% CI: 0.91, 4.96) or any wheeze (with or without crackle) (aOR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.34, 1.15) were associated with radiographic pneumonia. Among children with WHO danger signs no lung recording classification was independently associated with radiographic pneumonia, although trends toward greater odds of radiographic pneumonia were observed among children classified with crackle only (no wheeze) or any wheeze (with or without crackle). Among children without WHO danger signs, those with recorded wheezing had a lower case fatality than those without wheezing (3.8% vs. 9.1%, p = .03). CONCLUSIONS Among lower risk children without WHO danger signs digitally recorded wheezing is associated with a lower odds for radiographic pneumonia and with lower mortality. Although further research is needed, these data indicate that with further development digital auscultation may eventually contribute to child pneumonia care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D McCollum
- Global Program in Respiratory Sciences, Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel E Park
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | - Nicholas S S Fancourt
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Henry C Baggett
- Global Disease Detection Center, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Thailand Ministry of Public Health, Mueang Nonthaburi, Nonthaburi, Thailand.,Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - W Abdullah Brooks
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka and Matlab, Bangladesh
| | - Stephen R C Howie
- Medical Research Council Unit, Basse, The Gambia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Karen L Kotloff
- Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Orin S Levine
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unite, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - David R Murdoch
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Microbiology Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J Anthony G Scott
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Donald M Thea
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Juliet O Awori
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - James Chipeta
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Somchai Chuananon
- Global Disease Detection Center, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Thailand Ministry of Public Health, Mueang Nonthaburi, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Andrea N DeLuca
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda J Driscoll
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bernard E Ebruke
- Medical Research Council Unit, Basse, The Gambia.,International Foundation Against Infectious Disease in Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Mounya Elhilali
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dimitra Emmanouilidou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Melissa M Higdon
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lokman Hossain
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka and Matlab, Bangladesh
| | - Yasmin Jahan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka and Matlab, Bangladesh
| | - Ruth A Karron
- Department of International Health, Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua Kyalo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - David P Moore
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Justin M Mulindwa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Sathapana Naorat
- Global Disease Detection Center, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Thailand Ministry of Public Health, Mueang Nonthaburi, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Christine Prosperi
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Charl Verwey
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - James E West
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Deloria Knoll
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine L O'Brien
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel R Feikin
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura L Hammitt
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
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13
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Zar HJ, Moore DP, Andronikou S, Argent AC, Avenant T, Cohen C, Green RJ, Itzikowitz G, Jeena P, Masekela R, Nicol MP, Pillay A, Reubenson G, Madhi SA. Diagnosis and management of community-acquired pneumonia in children: South African Thoracic Society guidelines. Afr J Thorac Crit Care Med 2020; 26:10.7196/AJTCCM.2020.v26i3.104. [PMID: 34471872 PMCID: PMC7433705 DOI: 10.7196/ajtccm.2020.v26i3.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumonia remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality amongst South African children. More comprehensive immunisation regimens, strengthening of HIV programmes, improvement in socioeconomic conditions and new preventive strategies have impacted on the epidemiology of pneumonia. Furthermore, sensitive diagnostic tests and better sampling methods in young children improve aetiological diagnosis. OBJECTIVES To produce revised guidelines for pneumonia in South African children under 5 years of age. METHODS The Paediatric Assembly of the South African Thoracic Society and the National Institute for Communicable Diseases established seven expert subgroups to revise existing South African guidelines focusing on: (i) epidemiology; (ii) aetiology; (iii) diagnosis; (iv) antibiotic management and supportive therapy; (v) management in intensive care; (vi) prevention; and (vii) considerations in HIV-infected or HIVexposed, uninfected (HEU) children. Each subgroup reviewed the published evidence in their area; in the absence of evidence, expert opinion was accepted. Evidence was graded using the British Thoracic Society (BTS) grading system. Sections were synthesized into an overall guideline which underwent peer review and revision. RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendations include a diagnostic approach, investigations, management and preventive strategies. Specific recommendations for HIV infected and HEU children are provided. VALIDATION The guideline is based on available published evidence supplemented by the consensus opinion of SA paediatric experts. Recommendations are consistent with those in published international guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Zar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - D P Moore
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - S Andronikou
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Philadephia, USA
| | - A C Argent
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - T Avenant
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - C Cohen
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - R J Green
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - G Itzikowitz
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - P Jeena
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - R Masekela
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - M P Nicol
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa; and Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - A Pillay
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - G Reubenson
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - S A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Analytics Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: South African Research Chair in Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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14
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Kala A, Husain A, McCollum ED, Elhilali M. An objective measure of signal quality for pediatric lung auscultations. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:772-775. [PMID: 33018100 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A stethoscope is a ubiquitous tool used to 'listen' to sounds from the chest in order to assess lung and heart conditions. With advances in health technologies including digital devices and new wearable sensors, access to these sounds is becoming easier and abundant; yet proper measures of signal quality do not exist. In this work, we develop an objective quality metric of lung sounds based on low-level and high-level features in order to independently assess the integrity of the signal in presence of interference from ambient sounds and other distortions. The proposed metric outlines a mapping of auscultation signals onto rich low-level features extracted directly from the signal which capture spectral and temporal characteristics of the signal. Complementing these signal-derived attributes, we propose high-level learnt embedding features extracted from a generative auto-encoder trained to map auscultation signals onto a representative space that best captures the inherent statistics of lung sounds. Integrating both low-level (signal-derived) and high-level (embedding) features yields a robust correlation of 0.85 to infer the signal-to-noise ratio of recordings with varying quality levels. The method is validated on a large dataset of lung auscultation recorded in various clinical settings with controlled varying degrees of noise interference. The proposed metric is also validated against opinions of expert physicians in a blind listening test to further corroborate the efficacy of this method for quality assessment.
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15
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Li J, Li S, Jiang H, Jiang L, Qiu L. Factors affecting airway compliance and resistance in children receiving general anesthesia during adenotonsillectomy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e22101. [PMID: 32899092 PMCID: PMC7478555 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000022101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway compliance is an important index in the surgery of pediatric patients. This study aimed to explore factors affecting dynamic airway compliance (Cdyn) and airway resistance (Raw) after general anesthesia endotracheal intubation for adenotonsillectomy of pediatric patients.A prospective study was undertaken of 107 children who underwent adenotonsillectomy in Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine between January and June 2018. The values of Cdyn and Raw were recorded at 5, 10, and 15 minute during general anesthesia endotracheal intubation. Univariate analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were performed for factors that affected Cdyn and Raw.Of the 107 patients aged 56.67 ± 18.28 months, 69 (64%) patients were male, and 26 (24%) and 12 (11%) had an upper respiratory infection in the past week and 1 to 2 weeks, respectively. During anesthesia, Cdyn showed a decreasing trend (P < .001) while Raw showed an increasing trend (P < .001). Multivariate analysis revealed that height (β=0.177-0.193) had the strongest correlation with Cdyn; rales during pulmonary auscultation (β= -2.727 to -1.363) and sputum suction (β= -1.670 to -0.949) were also associated with Cdyn (all P < .05). Height was the factor with the strongest negative correlation with Raw (β= -0.382 to -0.305). Rales during pulmonary auscultation (β=10.063-11.326) and sputum suction (β=3.863-9.003) were also associated with Raw (All P < .05).Height, rales during preoperative auscultation and sputum suction were all associated with intraoperative Cydn and Raw for pediatric patients undergoing adenotonsillectomy and should be considered before the surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital
| | - Siyuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital
| | - Lai Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Qiu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital
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16
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Goodman D, Crocker ME, Pervaiz F, McCollum ED, Steenland K, Simkovich SM, Miele CH, Hammitt LL, Herrera P, Zar HJ, Campbell H, Lanata CF, McCracken JP, Thompson LM, Rosa G, Kirby MA, Garg S, Thangavel G, Thanasekaraan V, Balakrishnan K, King C, Clasen T, Checkley W. Challenges in the diagnosis of paediatric pneumonia in intervention field trials: recommendations from a pneumonia field trial working group. THE LANCET. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2019; 7:1068-1083. [PMID: 31591066 PMCID: PMC7164819 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(19)30249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pneumonia is a leading killer of children younger than 5 years despite high vaccination coverage, improved nutrition, and widespread implementation of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses algorithm. Assessing the effect of interventions on childhood pneumonia is challenging because the choice of case definition and surveillance approach can affect the identification of pneumonia substantially. In anticipation of an intervention trial aimed to reduce childhood pneumonia by lowering household air pollution, we created a working group to provide recommendations regarding study design and implementation. We suggest to, first, select a standard case definition that combines acute (≤14 days) respiratory symptoms and signs and general danger signs with ancillary tests (such as chest imaging and pulse oximetry) to improve pneumonia identification; second, to prioritise active hospital-based pneumonia surveillance over passive case finding or home-based surveillance to reduce the risk of non-differential misclassification of pneumonia and, as a result, a reduced effect size in a randomised trial; and, lastly, to consider longitudinal follow-up of children younger than 1 year, as this age group has the highest incidence of severe pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Goodman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary E Crocker
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Farhan Pervaiz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric D McCollum
- Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; School of Medicine, and Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kyle Steenland
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Suzanne M Simkovich
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Catherine H Miele
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura L Hammitt
- School of Medicine, and Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Phabiola Herrera
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heather J Zar
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, SA-MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Claudio F Lanata
- Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John P McCracken
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Lisa M Thompson
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ghislaine Rosa
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Miles A Kirby
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sarada Garg
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute (Deemed University), Chennai, India
| | - Gurusamy Thangavel
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute (Deemed University), Chennai, India
| | - Vijayalakshmi Thanasekaraan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute (Deemed University), Chennai, India
| | - Kalpana Balakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute (Deemed University), Chennai, India
| | - Carina King
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Clasen
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William Checkley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; School of Medicine, and Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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17
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Ramanathan A, Zhou L, Marzbanrad F, Roseby R, Tan K, Kevat A, Malhotra A. Digital stethoscopes in paediatric medicine. Acta Paediatr 2019; 108:814-822. [PMID: 30536440 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To explore, synthesise and discuss currently available digital stethoscopes (DS) and the evidence for their use in paediatric medicine. METHODS Systematic review and narrative synthesis of digital stethoscope use in paediatrics following searches of OVID Medline, Embase, Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar databases. RESULTS Six digital stethoscope makes were identified to have been used in paediatric focused studies so far. A total of 25 studies of DS use in paediatrics were included. We discuss the use of digital stethoscope technology in current paediatric medicine, comment on the technical properties of the available devices, the effectiveness and limitations of this technology, and potential uses in the fields of paediatrics and neonatology, from telemedicine to computer-aided diagnostics. CONCLUSION Further validation and testing of available DS devices is required. Comparison studies between different types of DS would be useful in identifying strengths and flaws of each DS as well as identifying clinical situations for which each may be most appropriately suited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsay Zhou
- Monash Newborn Monash Children's Hospital Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Faezeh Marzbanrad
- Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Robert Roseby
- Department of Paediatrics Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine Monash Children's Hospital Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Kenneth Tan
- Department of Paediatrics Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia
- Monash Newborn Monash Children's Hospital Melbourne VIC Australia
- The Ritchie Centre Hudson Institute of Medical Research Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Ajay Kevat
- Department of Paediatrics Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Atul Malhotra
- Department of Paediatrics Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia
- Monash Newborn Monash Children's Hospital Melbourne VIC Australia
- The Ritchie Centre Hudson Institute of Medical Research Melbourne VIC Australia
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18
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Aviles-Solis JC, Vanbelle S, Halvorsen PA, Francis N, Cals JWL, Andreeva EA, Marques A, Piirilä P, Pasterkamp H, Melbye H. International perception of lung sounds: a comparison of classification across some European borders. BMJ Open Respir Res 2017; 4:e000250. [PMID: 29435344 PMCID: PMC5759712 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2017-000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lung auscultation is helpful in the diagnosis of lung and heart diseases; however, the diagnostic value of lung sounds may be questioned due to interobserver variation. This situation may also impair clinical research in this area to generate evidence-based knowledge about the role that chest auscultation has in a modern clinical setting. The recording and visual display of lung sounds is a method that is both repeatable and feasible to use in large samples, and the aim of this study was to evaluate interobserver agreement using this method. Methods With a microphone in a stethoscope tube, we collected digital recordings of lung sounds from six sites on the chest surface in 20 subjects aged 40 years or older with and without lung and heart diseases. A total of 120 recordings and their spectrograms were independently classified by 28 observers from seven different countries. We employed absolute agreement and kappa coefficients to explore interobserver agreement in classifying crackles and wheezes within and between subgroups of four observers. Results When evaluating agreement on crackles (inspiratory or expiratory) in each subgroup, observers agreed on between 65% and 87% of the cases. Conger's kappa ranged from 0.20 to 0.58 and four out of seven groups reached a kappa of ≥0.49. In the classification of wheezes, we observed a probability of agreement between 69% and 99.6% and kappa values from 0.09 to 0.97. Four out of seven groups reached a kappa ≥0.62. Conclusions The kappa values we observed in our study ranged widely but, when addressing its limitations, we find the method of recording and presenting lung sounds with spectrograms sufficient for both clinic and research. Standardisation of terminology across countries would improve international communication on lung auscultation findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Aviles-Solis
- General Practice Research Unit, Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sophie Vanbelle
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peder A Halvorsen
- General Practice Research Unit, Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nick Francis
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jochen W L Cals
- Department of Family Medicine, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elena A Andreeva
- Department of Family Medicine, Northern State Medical University (NSMU), Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Alda Marques
- Lab 3R-Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation Laboratory, School of Health Sciences (ESSUA) and Institute for Research in Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Päivi Piirilä
- Unit of Clinical Physiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hans Pasterkamp
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hasse Melbye
- General Practice Research Unit, Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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