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Yoon D, Choi B, Kim JE, Kim EY, Chung SH, Min HJ, Sung Y, Chang EJ, Song JK. Autotaxin inhibition attenuates the aortic valve calcification by suppressing inflammation-driven fibro-calcific remodeling of valvular interstitial cells. BMC Med 2024; 22:122. [PMID: 38486246 PMCID: PMC10941471 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with fibro-calcific aortic valve disease (FCAVD) have lipid depositions in their aortic valve that engender a proinflammatory impetus toward fibrosis and calcification and ultimately valve leaflet stenosis. Although the lipoprotein(a)-autotaxin (ATX)-lysophosphatidic acid axis has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target to prevent the development of FCAVD, supportive evidence using ATX inhibitors is lacking. We here evaluated the therapeutic potency of an ATX inhibitor to attenuate valvular calcification in the FCAVD animal models. METHODS ATX level and activity in healthy participants and patients with FCAVD were analyzed using a bioinformatics approach using the Gene Expression Omnibus datasets, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemistry, and western blotting. To evaluate the efficacy of ATX inhibitor, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist-deficient (Il1rn-/-) mice and cholesterol-enriched diet-induced rabbits were used as the FCAVD models, and primary human valvular interstitial cells (VICs) from patients with calcification were employed. RESULTS The global gene expression profiles of the aortic valve tissue of patients with severe FCAVD demonstrated that ATX gene expression was significantly upregulated and correlated with lipid retention (r = 0.96) or fibro-calcific remodeling-related genes (r = 0.77) in comparison to age-matched non-FCAVD controls. Orally available ATX inhibitor, BBT-877, markedly ameliorated the osteogenic differentiation and further mineralization of primary human VICs in vitro. Additionally, ATX inhibition significantly attenuated fibrosis-related factors' production, with a detectable reduction of osteogenesis-related factors, in human VICs. Mechanistically, ATX inhibitor prohibited fibrotic changes in human VICs via both canonical and non-canonical TGF-β signaling, and subsequent induction of CTGF, a key factor in tissue fibrosis. In the in vivo FCAVD model system, ATX inhibitor exposure markedly reduced calcific lesion formation in interleukin-1 receptor antagonist-deficient mice (Il1rn-/-, P = 0.0210). This inhibition ameliorated the rate of change in the aortic valve area (P = 0.0287) and mean pressure gradient (P = 0.0249) in the FCAVD rabbit model. Moreover, transaortic maximal velocity (Vmax) was diminished with ATX inhibitor administration (mean Vmax = 1.082) compared to vehicle control (mean Vmax = 1.508, P = 0.0221). Importantly, ATX inhibitor administration suppressed the effects of a high-cholesterol diet and vitamin D2-driven fibrosis, in association with a reduction in macrophage infiltration and calcific deposition, in the aortic valves of this rabbit model. CONCLUSIONS ATX inhibition attenuates the development of FCAVD while protecting against fibrosis and calcification in VICs, suggesting the potential of using ATX inhibitors to treat FCAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dohee Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Project, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongkun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Project, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Project, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Project, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Chung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Project, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Min
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Project, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoolim Sung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Project, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Project, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Kwan Song
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
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Taneja A, Jentsch G, Delage S, Randall MJ, van den Blink B, Bauer Y, Namour F. ISABELA Studies: Plasma Exposure and Target Engagement Do Not Explain the Lack of Efficacy of Ziritaxestat in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 115:606-615. [PMID: 38071462 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) contributes to the production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which is associated with fibrosis development in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The ATX inhibitor ziritaxestat failed to reduce decline in forced vital capacity (FVC) in patients with IPF in ISABELA 1 and 2 (NCT03711162 and NCT03733444), two identically designed phase III studies. In the current analysis, we evaluated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data from the pooled ISABELA studies to determine whether the lack of efficacy could be attributed to insufficient exposure and/or target engagement. Nonlinear mixed effect modeling was performed to predict ziritaxestat exposure in individual patients and describe its effect on LPA C18:2 levels. We assessed whether there was a correlation between ziritaxestat and ATX concentration and evaluated the relationship between LPA C18:2 reduction and change from baseline in FVC. Ziritaxestat exposure in patients with IPF was numerically lower in those who received ziritaxestat on top of pirfenidone than in those who received ziritaxestat on top of nintedanib or ziritaxestat alone. In most patients, LPA C18:2 reduction was comparable to that reported in healthy volunteers. ATX concentrations increased over time and correlated weakly with ziritaxestat exposure and LPA C18:2 reduction. No correlation between reduction in LPA C18:2 and change from baseline in FVC was apparent. Based on these evaluations, exposure and target engagement are not thought to have contributed to the lack of efficacy observed. We hypothesize that the lack of efficacy of ziritaxestat in the ISABELA program, despite adequate LPA reduction, could be due to the involvement of an alternative pro-fibrotic pathway.
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Simonetti J, Ficili M, Sgalla G, Richeldi L. Experimental autotaxin inhibitors for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2024; 33:133-143. [PMID: 38299617 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2024.2305126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, irreversible, and fatal lung disease with unmet medical needs. Autotaxin (ATX) is an extracellular enzyme involved in the generation of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Preclinical and clinical data have suggested the ATX-LPAR signaling axis plays an important role in the pathogenesis and the progression of IPF. AREAS COVERED The aim of this review is to provide an update on the available evidence on autotaxin inhibitors in IPF and further details on the ongoing clinical studies involving these molecules. EXPERT OPINION The development of autotaxin inhibitors as a potential therapy for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has gained attention due to evidence of their involvement in the disease. Preclinical and early-phase clinical studies have explored these inhibitors' efficacy and safety, offering a novel approach in treating this disease. Combining autotaxin inhibitors with existing anti-fibrotic agents is considered for enhanced therapeutic effects. Large phase III trials assessed Ziritaxestat but yielded disappointing results, highlighting the importance of long-term observation and clinical outcomes in clinical research. Patient stratification and personalized medicine are crucial, as pulmonary fibrosis is a heterogeneous disease. Ongoing research and collaboration are essential for this advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Simonetti
- Unita Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Unita Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Ficili
- Unita Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Sgalla
- Unita Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Unita Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Richeldi
- Unita Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Unita Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Benesch MG, Tang X, Brindley DN, Takabe K. Autotaxin and Lysophosphatidate Signaling: Prime Targets for Mitigating Therapy Resistance in Breast Cancer. World J Oncol 2024; 15:1-13. [PMID: 38274724 PMCID: PMC10807915 DOI: 10.14740/wjon1762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Overcoming and preventing cancer therapy resistance is the most pressing challenge in modern breast cancer management. Consequently, most modern breast cancer research is aimed at understanding and blocking these therapy resistance mechanisms. One increasingly promising therapeutic target is the autotaxin (ATX)-lysophosphatidate (LPA)-lipid phosphate phosphatase (LPP) axis. Extracellular LPA, produced from albumin-bound lysophosphatidylcholine by ATX and degraded by the ecto-activity of the LPPs, is a potent cell-signaling mediator of tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and resistance to cancer treatment modalities. LPA signaling in the post-natal organism has central roles in physiological wound healing, but these mechanisms are subverted to fuel pathogenesis in diseases that arise from chronic inflammatory processes, including cancer. Over the last 10 years, our understanding of the role of LPA signaling in the breast tumor microenvironment has begun to mature. Tumor-promoting inflammation in breast cancer leads to increased ATX production within the tumor microenvironment. This results in increased local concentrations of LPA that are maintained in part by decreased overall cancer cell LPP expression that would otherwise more rapidly break it down. LPA signaling through six G-protein-coupled LPA receptors expressed by cancer cells can then activate virtually every known tumorigenic pathway. Consequently, to target therapy resistance and tumor growth mediated by LPA signaling, multiple inhibitors against the LPA signaling axis are entering clinical trials. In this review, we summarize recent developments in LPA breast cancer biology, and illustrate how these novel therapeutics against the LPA signaling pathway may be excellent adjuncts to extend the efficacy of evolving breast cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G.K. Benesch
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - David N. Brindley
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Petersen-Cherubini CL, Murphy SP, Xin M, Liu Y, Deffenbaugh JL, Jahan I, Rau CN, Yang Y, Lovett-Racke AE. Autotaxin in encephalitogenic CD4 T cells as a therapeutic target for multiple sclerosis. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350561. [PMID: 37850588 PMCID: PMC10843518 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the CNS. A defining characteristic of MS is the ability of autoreactive T lymphocytes to cross the blood-brain barrier and mediate inflammation within the CNS. Previous work from our lab found the gene Enpp2 to be highly upregulated in murine encephalitogenic T cells. Enpp2 encodes for the protein autotaxin, a secreted glycoprotein that catalyzes the production of lysophosphatidic acid and promotes transendothelial migration of T cells from the bloodstream into the lymphatic system. The present study sought to characterize autotaxin expression in T cells during CNS autoimmune disease and determine its potential therapeutic value. Myelin-activated CD4 T cells upregulated expression of autotaxin in vitro, and ex vivo analysis of CNS-infiltrating CD4 T cells showed significantly higher autotaxin expression compared with cells from healthy mice. In addition, inhibiting autotaxin in myelin-specific T cells reduced their encephalitogenicity in adoptive transfer studies and decreased in vitro cell motility. Importantly, using two mouse models of MS, treatment with an autotaxin inhibitor ameliorated EAE severity, decreased the number of CNS infiltrating T and B cells, and suppressed relapses, suggesting autotaxin may be a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora L. Petersen-Cherubini
- The Ohio State University – Neuroscience Graduate Program
- The Ohio State University – Wexner Medical Center – Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity
| | - Shawn P. Murphy
- The Ohio State University – Wexner Medical Center – Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity
| | - Matthew Xin
- The Ohio State University – Wexner Medical Center – Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity
| | - Yue Liu
- The Ohio State University – Wexner Medical Center – Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity
| | - Joshua L. Deffenbaugh
- The Ohio State University – Wexner Medical Center – Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity
| | - Ishrat Jahan
- The Ohio State University – Wexner Medical Center – Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity
| | - Christina N. Rau
- The Ohio State University – Wexner Medical Center – Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity
| | - Yuhong Yang
- The Ohio State University – Wexner Medical Center – Department of Neurology
| | - Amy E. Lovett-Racke
- The Ohio State University – Wexner Medical Center – Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity
- The Ohio State University – Wexner Medical Center – Department of Neuroscience
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Ford P, Kreuter M, Brown KK, Wuyts WA, Wijsenbeek M, Israël-Biet D, Hubbard R, Nathan SD, Nunes H, Penninckx B, Prasad N, Seghers I, Spagnolo P, Verbruggen N, Hirani N, Behr J, Kaner RJ, Maher TM. An adjudication algorithm for respiratory-related hospitalisation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. ERJ Open Res 2024; 10:00636-2023. [PMID: 38288082 PMCID: PMC10823372 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00636-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background There is no standard definition of respiratory-related hospitalisation, a common end-point in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) clinical trials. As diverse aetiologies and complicating comorbidities can present similarly, external adjudication is sometimes employed to achieve standardisation of these events. Methods An algorithm for respiratory-related hospitalisation was developed through a literature review of IPF clinical trials with respiratory-related hospitalisation as an end-point. Experts reviewed the algorithm until a consensus was reached. The algorithm was validated using data from the phase 3 ISABELA trials (clinicaltrials.gov identifiers NCT03711162 and NCT03733444), by assessing concordance between nonadjudicated, investigator-defined, respiratory-related hospitalisations and those defined by the adjudication committee using the algorithm. Results The algorithm classifies respiratory-related hospitalisation according to cause: extraparenchymal (worsening respiratory symptoms due to left heart failure, volume overload, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax or trauma); other (respiratory tract infection, right heart failure or exacerbation of COPD); "definite" acute exacerbation of IPF (AEIPF) (worsening respiratory symptoms within 1 month, with radiological or histological evidence of diffuse alveolar damage); or "suspected" AEIPF (as for "definite" AEIPF, but with no radiological or histological evidence of diffuse alveolar damage). Exacerbations ("definite" or "suspected") with identified triggers (infective, post-procedural or traumatic, drug toxicity- or aspiration-related) are classed as "known AEIPF"; "idiopathic AEIPF" refers to exacerbations with no identified trigger. In the ISABELA programme, there was 94% concordance between investigator- and adjudication committee-determined causes of respiratory-related hospitalisation. Conclusion The algorithm could help to ensure consistency in the reporting of respiratory-related hospitalisation in IPF trials, optimising its utility as an end-point.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Kreuter
- Center for Pulmonary Medicine, Departments of Pneumology, Mainz University Medical Center and of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Marienhaus Clinic Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kevin K. Brown
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Wim A. Wuyts
- Unit for Interstitial Lung Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marlies Wijsenbeek
- Centre for Interstitial Lung Disease and Sarcoidosis, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Richard Hubbard
- Academic Unit of Population and Lifespan Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Steven D. Nathan
- Inova Advanced Lung Disease and Transplant Program, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Hilario Nunes
- Department of Pneumology, Centre de Référence des Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Avicenne, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, France
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Spagnolo
- Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Nik Hirani
- Edinburgh Lung Fibrosis Clinic, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh and Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Juergen Behr
- Department of Medicine V, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (member of the German Center for Lung Research), Munich, Germany
| | - Robert J. Kaner
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Toby M. Maher
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Keck Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Cheng X, Jiang S, Pan B, Xie W, Meng J. Ectopic and visceral fat deposition in aging, obesity, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: an interconnected role. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:201. [PMID: 38001499 PMCID: PMC10668383 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01964-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is considered an age-related disease. Age-related changes, along with other factors such as obesity, hormonal imbalances, and various metabolic disorders, lead to ectopic fat deposition (EFD). This accumulation of fat outside of its normal storage sites is associated with detrimental effects such as lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance. This narrative review provides an overview of the connection between ectopic and visceral fat deposition in aging, obesity, and IPF. It also elucidates the mechanism by which ectopic fat deposition in the airways and lungs, pericardium, skeletal muscles, and pancreas contributes to lung injury and fibrosis in patients with IPF, directly or indirectly. Moreover, the review discusses the impact of EFD on the severity of the disease, quality of life, presence of comorbidities, and overall prognosis in IPF patients. The review provides detailed information on recent research regarding representative lipid-lowering drugs, hypoglycemic drugs, and lipid-targeting drugs in animal experiments and clinical studies. This may offer new therapeutic directions for patients with IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Cheng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Tongzipo Road 138, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410000, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Tongzipo Road 138, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Shuhan Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Tongzipo Road 138, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410000, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Tongzipo Road 138, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Boyu Pan
- Departments of Orthopedics, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Laodong West Road 176, Tianxin District, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Furong Middle Road 36, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Jie Meng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Tongzipo Road 138, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410000, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Tongzipo Road 138, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410000, China.
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Luo W, Gu Y, Fu S, Wang J, Zhang J, Wang Y. Emerging opportunities to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Design, discovery, and optimizations of small-molecule drugs targeting fibrogenic pathways. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115762. [PMID: 37683364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common fibrotic form of idiopathic diffuse lung disease. Due to limited treatment options, IPF patients suffer from poor survival. About ten years ago, Pirfenidone (Shionogi, 2008; InterMune, 2011) and Nintedanib (Boehringer Ingelheim, 2014) were approved, greatly changing the direction of IPF drug design. However, limited efficacy and side effects indicate that neither can reverse the process of IPF. With insights into the occurrence of IPF, novel targets and agents have been proposed, which have fundamentally changed the treatment of IPF. With the next-generation agents, targeting pro-fibrotic pathways in the epithelial-injury model offers a promising approach. Besides, several next-generation IPF drugs have entered phase II/III clinical trials with encouraging results. Due to the rising IPF treatment requirements, there is an urgent need to completely summarize the mechanisms, targets, problems, and drug design strategies over the past ten years. In this review, we summarize known mechanisms, target types, drug design, and novel technologies of IPF drug discovery, aiming to provide insights into the future development and clinical application of next-generation IPF drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Luo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yilin Gu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Siyu Fu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, 38163, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610212, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610212, Sichuan, China.
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Hadi DD, Marsool MDM, Marsool ADM, Vora N, Al‐Badri SG, Al‐Fatlawi NHK, Abbas Al Wssawi AF, Al‐Ibraheem AMT, Hamza KA, Prajjwal P, Mateen MA, Amir O. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Addressing the current and future therapeutic advances along with the role of Sotatercept in the management of pulmonary hypertension. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1079. [PMID: 38018591 PMCID: PMC10632947 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and debilitating lung disease characterized by irreversible scarring of the lungs. The cause of IPF is unknown, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is no cure for IPF, and treatment is focused on slowing disease progression and relieving symptoms. AIMS We aimed in this review to investigate and provide the latest insights into IPF management modalities, including the potential of Saracatinibas a substitute for current IPF drugs. We also investigated the therapeutic potential of Sotatercept in addressing pulmonary hypertension associated with IPF. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature review of relevant studies on IPF management. We searched electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of science. RESULTS The two Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs for IPF, Pirfenidone, and Nintedanib, have been pivotal in slowing disease progression, yet experimental evidence suggests that Saracatinib surpasses their efficacy. Preclinical trials investigating the potential of Saracatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, have shown to be more effective than current IPF drugs in slowing disease progression in preclinical studies. Also, Sotatercept,a fusion protein, has been shown to reduce pulmonary vascular resistance and improve exercise tolerance in patients with PH associated with IPF in clinical trials. CONCLUSIONS The advancements discussed in this review hold the promise of improving the quality of life for IPF patients and enhancing our understanding of this condition. There remains a need for further research to confirm the efficacy and safety of new IPF treatments and to develop more effective strategies for managing exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia D. Hadi
- Department of Internal MedicineAl‐Kindy College of Medicine, University of BaghdadBaghdadIraq
| | | | | | - Neel Vora
- Department Internal MedicineB.J. Medical CollegeAhmedabadIndia
| | - Sajjad G. Al‐Badri
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Baghdad, College of MedicineBaghdadIraq
| | | | | | | | - Khadija A. Hamza
- Department of Internal MedicineAl‐Kindy College of Medicine, University of BaghdadBaghdadIraq
| | - Priyadarshi Prajjwal
- Department of Internal MedicineBharati Vidyapeeth University Medical CollegePuneIndia
| | - Mohammed A. Mateen
- Department of Internal MedicineShadan Institute of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital and Research CenterHyderabadIndia
| | - Omniat Amir
- Department of Internal MedicineAl Manhal AcademyKhartoumSudan
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10
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Kawano-Dourado L, Funke-Chambour M, Wells AU. Ziritaxestat and Lung Function in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. JAMA 2023; 330:973. [PMID: 37698568 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Athol U Wells
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, England
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11
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Benesch MGK, Wu R, Tang X, Brindley DN, Ishikawa T, Takabe K. Autotaxin production in the human breast cancer tumor microenvironment mitigates tumor progression in early breast cancers. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:2790-2813. [PMID: 37559999 PMCID: PMC10408472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme that produces extracellular lysophosphatidate in physiological wound healing. ATX is overexpressed in many cancers to promote growth, metastasis, and treatment resistance. However, ATX expression is very low in breast cancer cells, and is instead secreted by the tumor microenvironment (TME). Paracrine ATX expression, and its effects on tumor progression, has not been robustly studied in human breast tumors. In this study, ATX expression was analyzed in over 5000 non-metastatic breast cancers from databases TCGA, METABRIC and GSE96058, dichotomized by the median. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and the xCell algorithm investigated biological functions of ATX and correlation to TME cell populations. TME ATX production was verified by single cell RNA sequencing. The highest ATX expression occurred in endothelial cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (P<0.0001). High tumor ATX expression correlated to increased adipocyte, fibroblast, and endothelial cell fractions (P<0.01), and GSEA demonstrated enriched immune system, tumor suppressor, pro-survival, stemness, and pro-inflammatory signaling in multiple gene sets. Tumor mutational burden was decreased, Ki67 scores were decreased, tumor infiltrating immune cell populations increased, and immune cytolytic activity scores increased (all P<0.01) for ATX-high tumors. Overall survival trends favored ATX-high tumors (hazard ratios 0.75-0.80). In summary, in human breast cancers, ATX is produced by the TME, and in non-metastatic tumors, high levels correlate with an anti-tumor phenotype. Because pre-clinical models use aggressive pro-metastatic cell lines where ATX-mediated signaling promotes tumorigenesis, further research is required to verify an anti-to-pro-tumor phenotype switch with breast cancer progression and/or treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew GK Benesch
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | - Rongrong Wu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical UniversityTokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, University of AlbertaEdmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - David N Brindley
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, University of AlbertaEdmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Takashi Ishikawa
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical UniversityTokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical UniversityTokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigata 951-8520, Japan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of MedicineFukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New YorkBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
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12
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Maher TM, Ford P, Brown KK, Costabel U, Cottin V, Danoff SK, Groenveld I, Helmer E, Jenkins RG, Milner J, Molenberghs G, Penninckx B, Randall MJ, Van Den Blink B, Fieuw A, Vandenrijn C, Rocak S, Seghers I, Shao L, Taneja A, Jentsch G, Watkins TR, Wuyts WA, Kreuter M, Verbruggen N, Prasad N, Wijsenbeek MS. Ziritaxestat, a Novel Autotaxin Inhibitor, and Lung Function in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: The ISABELA 1 and 2 Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA 2023; 329:1567-1578. [PMID: 37159034 PMCID: PMC10170340 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.5355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Importance There is a major need for effective, well-tolerated treatments for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of the autotaxin inhibitor ziritaxestat in patients with IPF. Design, Setting, and Participants The 2 identically designed, phase 3, randomized clinical trials, ISABELA 1 and ISABELA 2, were conducted in Africa, Asia-Pacific region, Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, and North America (26 countries). A total of 1306 patients with IPF were randomized (525 patients at 106 sites in ISABELA 1 and 781 patients at 121 sites in ISABELA 2). Enrollment began in November 2018 in both trials and follow-up was completed early due to study termination on April 12, 2021, for ISABELA 1 and on March 30, 2021, for ISABELA 2. Interventions Patients were randomized 1:1:1 to receive 600 mg of oral ziritaxestat, 200 mg of ziritaxestat, or placebo once daily in addition to local standard of care (pirfenidone, nintedanib, or neither) for at least 52 weeks. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the annual rate of decline for forced vital capacity (FVC) at week 52. The key secondary outcomes were disease progression, time to first respiratory-related hospitalization, and change from baseline in St George's Respiratory Questionnaire total score (range, 0 to 100; higher scores indicate poorer health-related quality of life). Results At the time of study termination, 525 patients were randomized in ISABELA 1 and 781 patients in ISABELA 2 (mean age: 70.0 [SD, 7.2] years in ISABELA 1 and 69.8 [SD, 7.1] years in ISABELA 2; male: 82.4% and 81.2%, respectively). The trials were terminated early after an independent data and safety monitoring committee concluded that the benefit to risk profile of ziritaxestat no longer supported their continuation. Ziritaxestat did not improve the annual rate of FVC decline vs placebo in either study. In ISABELA 1, the least-squares mean annual rate of FVC decline was -124.6 mL (95% CI, -178.0 to -71.2 mL) with 600 mg of ziritaxestat vs -147.3 mL (95% CI, -199.8 to -94.7 mL) with placebo (between-group difference, 22.7 mL [95% CI, -52.3 to 97.6 mL]), and -173.9 mL (95% CI, -225.7 to -122.2 mL) with 200 mg of ziritaxestat (between-group difference vs placebo, -26.7 mL [95% CI, -100.5 to 47.1 mL]). In ISABELA 2, the least-squares mean annual rate of FVC decline was -173.8 mL (95% CI, -209.2 to -138.4 mL) with 600 mg of ziritaxestat vs -176.6 mL (95% CI, -211.4 to -141.8 mL) with placebo (between-group difference, 2.8 mL [95% CI, -46.9 to 52.4 mL]) and -174.9 mL (95% CI, -209.5 to -140.2 mL) with 200 mg of ziritaxestat (between-group difference vs placebo, 1.7 mL [95% CI, -47.4 to 50.8 mL]). There was no benefit with ziritaxestat vs placebo for the key secondary outcomes. In ISABELA 1, all-cause mortality was 8.0% with 600 mg of ziritaxestat, 4.6% with 200 mg of ziritaxestat, and 6.3% with placebo; in ISABELA 2, it was 9.3% with 600 mg of ziritaxestat, 8.5% with 200 mg of ziritaxestat, and 4.7% with placebo. Conclusions and Relevance Ziritaxestat did not improve clinical outcomes compared with placebo in patients with IPF receiving standard of care treatment with pirfenidone or nintedanib or in those not receiving standard of care treatment. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT03711162 and NCT03733444.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby M. Maher
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, England
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | | | | | - Ulrich Costabel
- Center for Interstitial and Rare Lung Diseases, Ruhrlandklinik University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vincent Cottin
- Reference Center for Rare Pulmonary Diseases, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Hospices Civils de Lyon, and IVPC, INRAE, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Sonye K. Danoff
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Irene Groenveld
- Galapagos NV, Leiden, the Netherlands
- CellPoint BV, Oegstgeest, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Helmer
- Galapagos Biotech Ltd, Cambridge, England
- Exscientia, Oxford, England
| | - R. Gisli Jenkins
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, England
| | - Julie Milner
- Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, California
- Alnylam, Maidenhead, England
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ineke Seghers
- Galapagos NV, Mechelen, Belgium
- Argenx, Gent, Belgium
| | - Lixin Shao
- Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, California
| | | | | | | | - Wim A. Wuyts
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Unit for Interstitial Lung Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael Kreuter
- Center for Interstitial and Rare Lung Diseases, Department of Pneumology, Thoraxklinik, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pneumology, Mainz University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Marienhaus Clinic Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Niyati Prasad
- Galapagos NV, Mechelen, Belgium
- Enterprise Therapeutics, Brighton, England
| | - Marlies S. Wijsenbeek
- Centre for Interstitial Lung Diseases and Sarcoidosis, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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13
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Stylianaki EA, Magkrioti C, Ladopoulou EM, Papavasileiou KD, Lagarias P, Melagraki G, Samiotaki M, Panayotou G, Dedos SG, Afantitis A, Aidinis V, Matralis AN. "Hit" to lead optimization and chemoinformatic studies for a new series of Autotaxin inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 249:115130. [PMID: 36702053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Robust experimental evidence has highlighted the role of Autotaxin (ATX)/Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) axis not only in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory conditions and especially in fibroproliferative diseases but also in several types of cancer. As a result, different series of substrate-, lipid-based and small-molecule ATX inhibitors have been identified thus far by both academia and pharma. The "crowning achievement" of these drug discovery campaigns was the development and entry of the first-in-class ATX inhibitor (ziritaxestat, GLPG-1690) in advanced clinical trials against idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Herein, the potency optimization efforts of a new series of Autotaxin inhibitors, namely 2-substituted-2,6-dihydro-4H-thieno[3,4-c]pyrazol-1-substituted amide, is described using a previously identified novel chemical scaffold as a "hit". The mode of inhibition of the most promising ATX inhibitors was investigated, while their cellular activity, aqueous solubility and cytotoxicity were evaluated. Our pharmacological results were corroborated by chemoinformatic tools (molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations) deployed, to provide insight into the binding mechanism of the synthesized inhibitors to ATX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli-Anna Stylianaki
- Bioinnovation Institute, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Christiana Magkrioti
- Bioinnovation Institute, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni M Ladopoulou
- Bioinnovation Institute, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece; Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Georgia Melagraki
- Division of Physical Sciences and Applications, Hellenic Military Academy, Vari, Greece
| | - Martina Samiotaki
- Bioinnovation Institute, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - George Panayotou
- Bioinnovation Institute, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Skarlatos G Dedos
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Antreas Afantitis
- NovaMechanics Ltd, Larnaca, Cyprus; NovaMechanics MIKE, Piraeus, Greece.
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Bioinnovation Institute, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece.
| | - Alexios N Matralis
- Bioinnovation Institute, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece.
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14
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Badaro-Garcia S, Hohmann MS, Coelho AL, Verri WA, Hogaboam CM. Standard of care drugs do not modulate activity of senescent primary human lung fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3654. [PMID: 36871123 PMCID: PMC9985617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30844-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is crucial in the progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), but it is not evident whether the standard-of-care (SOC) drugs, nintedanib and pirfenidone, have senolytic properties. To address this question, we performed colorimetric and fluorimetric assays, qRT-PCR, and western blotting to evaluate the effect of SOC drugs and D + Q on senescent normal and IPF lung fibroblasts. In this study, we found that SOC drugs did not provoke apoptosis in the absence of death ligand in normal or IPF senescent lung fibroblasts. Nintedanib increased caspase-3 activity in the presence of Fas Ligand in normal but not in IPF senescent fibroblasts. Conversely, nintedanib enhanced B cell lymphoma 2 expression in senescent IPF lung fibroblasts. Moreover, in senescent IPF cells, pirfenidone induced mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase phosphorylation, provoking necroptosis. Furthermore, pirfenidone increased transcript levels of FN1 and COL1A1 in senescent IPF fibroblasts. Lastly, D + Q augmented growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) transcript and protein levels in both normal and IPF senescent fibroblasts. Taken together, these results establish that SOC drugs failed to trigger apoptosis in senescent primary human lung fibroblasts, possibly due to enhanced Bcl-2 levels by nintedanib and the activation of the necroptosis pathway by pirfenidone. Together, these data revealed the inefficacy of SOC drugs to target senescent cells in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Badaro-Garcia
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA.,Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Miriam S Hohmann
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ana Lucia Coelho
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Cory M Hogaboam
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA.
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15
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Cellular and Molecular Control of Lipid Metabolism in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Clinical Application of the Lysophosphatidic Acid Pathway. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040548. [PMID: 36831215 PMCID: PMC9954511 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a representative disease that causes fibrosis of the lungs. Its pathogenesis is thought to be characterized by sustained injury to alveolar epithelial cells and the resultant abnormal tissue repair, but it has not been fully elucidated. IPF is currently difficult to cure and is known to follow a chronic progressive course, with the patient's survival period estimated at about three years. The disease occasionally exacerbates acutely, leading to a fatal outcome. In recent years, it has become evident that lipid metabolism is involved in the fibrosis of lungs, and various reports have been made at the cellular level as well as at the organic level. The balance among eicosanoids, sphingolipids, and lipid composition has been reported to be involved in fibrosis, with particularly close attention being paid to a bioactive lipid "lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)" and its pathway. LPA signals are found in a wide variety of cells, including alveolar epithelial cells, vascular endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, and have been reported to intensify pulmonary fibrosis via LPA receptors. For instance, in alveolar epithelial cells, LPA signals reportedly induce mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to epithelial damage, or induce the transcription of profibrotic cytokines. Based on these mechanisms, LPA receptor inhibitors and the metabolic enzymes involved in LPA formation are now considered targets for developing novel means of IPF treatment. Advances in basic research on the relationships between fibrosis and lipid metabolism are opening the path to new therapies targeting lipid metabolism in the treatment of IPF.
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16
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Tsuchida Y, Shoda H, Sawada T, Fujio K. Role of autotaxin in systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1166343. [PMID: 37122329 PMCID: PMC10130763 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1166343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by the production of various autoantibodies and deposition of immune complexes. SLE is a heterogenous disease, and the pattern of organ involvement and response to treatment differs significantly among patients. Novel biological markers are necessary to assess the extent of organ involvement and predict treatment response in SLE. Lysophosphatidic acid is a lysophospholipid involved in various biological processes, and autotaxin (ATX), which catalyzes the production of lysophosphatidic acid in the extracellular space, has gained attention in various diseases as a potential biomarker. The concentration of ATX is increased in the serum and urine of patients with SLE and lupus nephritis. Recent evidence suggests that ATX produced by plasmacytoid dendritic cells may play an important role in the immune system and pathogenesis of SLE. Furthermore, the production of ATX is associated with type I interferons, a key cytokine in SLE pathogenesis, and ATX may be a potential biomarker and key molecule in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Tsuchida
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yumi Tsuchida,
| | - Hirofumi Shoda
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Sawada
- Department of Rheumatology, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keishi Fujio
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Discovery of novel tetrahydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine analogs as potent autotaxin regulators with impressive tumor suppression effects. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Drosouni A, Panagopoulou M, Aidinis V, Chatzaki E. Autotaxin in Breast Cancer: Role, Epigenetic Regulation and Clinical Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5437. [PMID: 36358855 PMCID: PMC9658281 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX), the protein product of Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase Phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP2), is a secreted lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) responsible for the extracellular production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). ATX-LPA pathway signaling participates in several normal biological functions, but it has also been connected to cancer progression, metastasis and inflammatory processes. Significant research has established a role in breast cancer and it has been suggested as a therapeutic target and/or a clinically relevant biomarker. Recently, ENPP2 methylation was described, revealing a potential for clinical exploitation in liquid biopsy. The current review aims to gather the latest findings about aberrant signaling through ATX-LPA in breast cancer and discusses the role of ENPP2 expression and epigenetic modification, giving insights with translational value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrianna Drosouni
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Maria Panagopoulou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Institute of Agri-Food and Life Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University Research Centre, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Institute of BioInnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672 Athens, Greece
| | - Ekaterini Chatzaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Institute of Agri-Food and Life Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University Research Centre, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
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19
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Seeliger B, Carleo A, Wendel-Garcia PD, Fuge J, Montes-Warboys A, Schuchardt S, Molina-Molina M, Prasse A. Changes in serum metabolomics in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and effect of approved antifibrotic medication. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:837680. [PMID: 36059968 PMCID: PMC9428132 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.837680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease with significant mortality and morbidity. Approval of antifibrotic therapy has ameliorated disease progression, but therapy response is heterogeneous and to date, adequate biomarkers predicting therapy response are lacking. In recent years metabolomic technology has improved and is broadly applied in cancer research thus enabling its use in other fields. Recently both aberrant metabolic and lipidomic pathways have been described to influence profibrotic responses. We thus aimed to characterize the metabolomic and lipidomic changes between IPF and healthy volunteers (HV) and analyze metabolomic changes following treatment with nintedanib and pirfenidone. We collected serial serum samples from two IPF cohorts from Germany (n = 122) and Spain (n = 21) and additionally age-matched healthy volunteers (n = 16). Metabolomic analysis of 630 metabolites covering 14 small molecule and 12 different lipid classes was carried out using flow injection analysis tandem mass spectrometry for lipids and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for small molecules. Levels were correlated with survival and disease severity. We identified 109 deregulated analytes in IPF compared to HV in cohort 1 and 112 deregulated analytes in cohort 2. Metabolites which were up-regulated in both cohorts were mainly triglycerides while the main class of down-regulated metabolites were phosphatidylcholines. Only a minority of de-regulated analytes were small molecules. Triglyceride subclasses were inversely correlated with baseline disease severity (GAP-score) and a clinical compound endpoint of lung function decline or death. No changes in the metabolic profiles were observed following treatment with pirfenidone. Nintedanib treatment induced up-regulation of triglycerides and phosphatidylcholines. Patients in whom an increase in these metabolites was observed showed a trend towards better survival using the 2-years composite endpoint (HR 2.46, p = 0.06). In conclusion, we report major changes in metabolites in two independent cohorts testing a large number of patients. Specific lipidic metabolite signatures may serve as biomarkers for disease progression or favorable treatment response to nintedanib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Seeliger
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School and Biomedical Research in End-stage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Alfonso Carleo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School and Biomedical Research in End-stage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Jan Fuge
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School and Biomedical Research in End-stage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Ana Montes-Warboys
- ILD Multidisciplinary Unit, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sven Schuchardt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Molina-Molina
- ILD Multidisciplinary Unit, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antje Prasse
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School and Biomedical Research in End-stage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Antje Prasse,
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Li T, Lei H, Yang J, Cao Z, Yang Y, Liu Z, Sun R, Yang X, Zhai X. Hybrid imidazo[1,2‐
a
]pyridine analogs as potent ATX inhibitors with concrete in vivo antifibrosis effect. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200171. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang People's Republic of China
| | - Hongrui Lei
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang People's Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang People's Republic of China
| | - Zimeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang People's Republic of China
| | - Ruonan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang People's Republic of China
| | - Xinlian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang People's Republic of China
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21
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Gengga Sangmao, Li Y, Wang W, Jin L, Yang Z, Yin S, Chen C, Yang H. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a Novel Series of Pirfenidone Derivatives. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Wijsenbeek M, Lee JS, Udwadia Z, Kreuter M. Editorial: Interstitial Lung Disease Around the World. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:865334. [PMID: 35372425 PMCID: PMC8971624 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.865334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Wijsenbeek
- Centre of Excellence for Interstitial Lung Diseases and Sarcoidosis, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre (MC), University Hospital Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Marlies Wijsenbeek
| | - Joyce S. Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | | | - Michael Kreuter
- Center for Interstitial and Rare Lung Diseases & Interdisciplinary Sarcoidosis Expert Center, Pneumology, Thoraxklinik, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (TLRC), Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Lei H, Wang X, Zhao G, Li T, Cui Y, Wu H, Yang J, Jiang N, Zhai X. Design, synthesis and promising anti-tumor efficacy of novel imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives as potent autotaxin allosteric inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 236:114307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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24
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Araki T, Okumura T, Hiraiwa H, Mizutani T, Kimura Y, Kazama S, Shibata N, Oishi H, Kuwayama T, Kondo T, Morimoto R, Takefuji M, Murohara T. Serum autotaxin as a novel prognostic marker in patients with non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy. ESC Heart Fail 2022; 9:1304-1313. [PMID: 35112500 PMCID: PMC8934986 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Autotaxin (ATX) promotes myocardial inflammation, fibrosis, and the subsequent cardiac remodelling through lysophosphatidic acid production. However, the prognostic impact of serum ATX in non‐ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM) has not been clarified. We investigated the prognostic impact of serum ATX in patients with NIDCM. Methods and results We enrolled 104 patients with NIDCM (49.8 ± 13.4 years, 76 men). We divided the patients into two groups using different cutoffs of median serum ATX levels for men and women: high‐ATX group and low‐ATX group. Cardiac events were defined as a composite of cardiac death and heart failure resulting in hospitalization. Median ATX level was 203.5 ng/mL for men and 257.0 ng/mL for women. Brain natriuretic peptide levels [224.0 (59.6–689.5) pg/mL vs. 96.5 (40.8–191.5) pg/mL, P = 0.010] were higher in the high‐ATX group than low‐ATX group, whereas high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein and collagen volume fraction levels in endomyocardial biopsy samples were not significantly different between the two groups. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis revealed that the event‐free survival rate was significantly lower in the high‐ATX group than low‐ATX group (log‐rank; P = 0.007). Cox proportional hazard analysis revealed that high‐ATX was an independent determinant of composite cardiac events. In both sexes, serum ATX levels did not correlate with high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein levels and collagen volume fraction but had a weak correlation with brain natriuretic peptide levels (men; spearman's rank: 0.274, P = 0.017, women; spearman's rank: 0.378, P = 0.048). Conclusion High serum ATX levels can be associated with increasing adverse clinical outcomes in patients with NIDCM. These results indicate serum ATX may be a novel biomarker or therapeutic target in NIDCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Araki
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takahiro Okumura
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hiraiwa
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Mizutani
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yuki Kimura
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shingo Kazama
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Naoki Shibata
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hideo Oishi
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tasuku Kuwayama
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Toru Kondo
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Ryota Morimoto
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mikito Takefuji
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
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25
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Helmer E, Willson A, Brearley C, Westerhof M, Delage S, Shaw I, Cooke R, Sidhu S. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Ziritaxestat (GLPG1690) in Healthy Male Volunteers Following Intravenous and Oral Administration. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2022; 11:246-256. [PMID: 34633152 PMCID: PMC9292235 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ziritaxestat is a novel inhibitor of autotaxin, an enzyme responsible for the production of lysophosphatidic acid, the downstream signaling of which mediates responses to tissue injury and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrotic conditions such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and systemic sclerosis. This study (Clinical Trial Registration: NCT03787186) was designed to assess the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of orally administered 600-mg ziritaxestat labeled with a carbon-14 tracer (14 C-ziritaxestat). To understand the absolute bioavailability of ziritaxestat, an intravenous 100-μg microdose, labeled with a microtracer amount of 14 C radiation, was administered in a separate part of the study, following an unlabeled 600-mg therapeutic oral dose of ziritaxestat. Six healthy male subjects completed each study part. The majority of the labeled oral dose was recovered in feces (77%), with a total mass balance of 84%. The absolute bioavailability of ziritaxestat was 54%. Ziritaxestat was the main (76%) circulating drug-related product. There were 7 treatment-emergent adverse events, all of which were considered mild and not considered to be related to the study drug.
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26
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Glass DS, Grossfeld D, Renna HA, Agarwala P, Spiegler P, DeLeon J, Reiss AB. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Current and future treatment. THE CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2022; 16:84-96. [PMID: 35001525 PMCID: PMC9060042 DOI: 10.1111/crj.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic fibrotic lung disease characterized by dry cough, fatigue, and progressive exertional dyspnea. Lung parenchyma and architecture is destroyed, compliance is lost, and gas exchange is compromised in this debilitating condition that leads inexorably to respiratory failure and death within 3–5 years of diagnosis. This review discusses treatment approaches to IPF in current use and those that appear promising for future development. Data Source The data were obtained from the Randomized Controlled Trials and scientific studies published in English literature. We used search terms related to IPF, antifibrotic treatment, lung transplant, and management. Results Etiopathogenesis of IPF is not fully understood, and treatment options are limited. Pathological features of IPF include extracellular matrix remodeling, fibroblast activation and proliferation, immune dysregulation, cell senescence, and presence of aberrant basaloid cells. The mainstay therapies are the oral antifibrotic drugs pirfenidone and nintedanib, which can improve quality of life, attenuate symptoms, and slow disease progression. Unilateral or bilateral lung transplantation is the only treatment for IPF shown to increase life expectancy. Conclusion Clearly, there is an unmet need for accelerated research into IPF mechanisms so that progress can be made in therapeutics toward the goals of increasing life expectancy, alleviating symptoms, and improving well‐being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Glass
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - David Grossfeld
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - Heather A Renna
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - Priya Agarwala
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - Peter Spiegler
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - Joshua DeLeon
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - Allison B Reiss
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA
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27
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Lei H, Li Z, Li T, Wu H, Yang J, Yang X, Yang Y, Jiang N, Zhai X. Novel imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives as potent ATX allosteric inhibitors: Design, synthesis and promising in vivo anti-fibrotic efficacy in mice lung model. Bioorg Chem 2021; 120:105590. [PMID: 34998121 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aiming to develop novel allosteric autotaxin (ATX) inhibitors, hybrid strategy was utilized by assembling the benzyl carbamate fragment in PF-8380 onto the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine skeleton of GLPG-1690. The piperazine moiety in GLPG-1690 was replaced with phenyl ring to enhance the π-π interactions with adjacent residues. In the light of FS-3 based ATX enzymatic assay, further structure-guided optimizations were implemented by exploring the substituents within the carbamate aromatic moiety and examining the effect of the 2-ethyl. Eventually, 13c bearing 1,3-benzodioxole and 2-hydroxyethyl piperazine group was identified as a powerful ATX inhibitor with an IC50 value of 2.7 nM. Subsequently, 13c was forwarded into an in vivo bleomycin-induced mice lung fibrosis model. In histopathological and immunohistochemical assays, 13c could typically alleviate the severity of fibrosis tissues and effectively reduce the deposition of fibrotic biomarker α-SMA. At a dose of 60 mg/kg, 13c was observed equivalent or even better potency than GLPG-1690 with a significant inhibition of the in vivo ATX activity. Except for the fundamental H-bond and π-π interactions, an extra H-bond between the 1,3-benzodioxole (O atom) and Phe306 offered great rationale in constraining the binding conformation of 13c. Finally, binding free energy calculation was conducted to assist in the efficient identification of allosteric ATX inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Lei
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Huinan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xinlian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xin Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Comes A, Sgalla G, Perrotta A, Richeldi L. Advances with pharmacotherapy for the treatment of interstitial lung disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 23:483-495. [PMID: 34907821 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.2016697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent decades, the primary focus of pharmaceutical research in interstitial lung diseases (ILD) has been on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Recently, pharmaceutical development has also focused on other forms of ILDs, including connective tissue diseases associated ILD, fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and sarcoidosis. AREAS COVERED The authors summarize the advances in pharmacotherapy for the treatment of ILD. Specifically, the authors review the most recent studies and discuss the most recent research findings and future prospects. EXPERT OPINION Data collected over the past years have confirmed the efficacy of antifibrotic drugs on slowing disease progression in IPF. The usual strategy for CTD-ILD management is represented by the combined use of corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents. There is an urgent need for new target therapies. The concept of progressive fibrosing ILD has emerged in the ILD community in recent years, which has led to grouping several diseases with a common disease behavior to find an effective treatment . At present, selecting the best therapy in ILDs should be reasonably performed on a case-by-case basis through a multidisciplinary team discussion in tertiary ILD centers, taking into consideration patients' symptoms, lung functional trends, and radiological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Comes
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Mediche E Chirurgiche, Unità Operativa Complessa Di Pneumologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Irccs, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Sgalla
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Mediche E Chirurgiche, Unità Operativa Complessa Di Pneumologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Irccs, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Perrotta
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Mediche E Chirurgiche, Unità Operativa Complessa Di Pneumologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Irccs, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Richeldi
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Mediche E Chirurgiche, Unità Operativa Complessa Di Pneumologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Irccs, Rome, Italy
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29
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Structural and PK-guided identification of indole-based non-acidic autotaxin (ATX) inhibitors exhibiting high in vivo anti-fibrosis efficacy in rodent model. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 227:113951. [PMID: 34742015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, pharmacological targeting of the autotaxin (ATX)/lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) axis accounted for excellent disease management benefits. Herein, to extend the scope of structure-activity relationships (SARs), fifteen indole-based carbamate derivatives (1-15) were prepared to evaluate the ATX inhibitory potency. Among them, compound 4 bearing morpholine moiety was identified as the optimal ATX inhibitor (0.41 nM), superior to the positive control GLPG1690 (2.90 nM). To resolve the intractable issue of poor pharmacokinetic (PK) property, urea moiety was introduced as a surrogate of carbamate which furnished compounds 16-30. The dedicated modification identified the diethanolamine entity 30 with satisfactory water solubility and PK profiles with a minimum sacrifice of ATX inhibition (2.17 nM). The most promising candidate 30 was evaluated for anti-fibrosis effect in a bleomycin challenged mice lung fibrosis model. Upon treatment with 30, the in vivo ATX activity in both lung homogenate and broncheoalveolar fluid (BALF) sample was significantly down-regulated. Furthermore, the gene expression of pro-fibrotic cytokines transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), interleukin- 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in lung tissue was reduced to normal level. Collectively, the promising biological effects may advocate potential application of 30 in fibrosis relevant diseases.
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30
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Ntatsoulis K, Karampitsakos T, Tsitoura E, Stylianaki EA, Matralis AN, Tzouvelekis A, Antoniou K, Aidinis V. Commonalities Between ARDS, Pulmonary Fibrosis and COVID-19: The Potential of Autotaxin as a Therapeutic Target. Front Immunol 2021; 12:687397. [PMID: 34671341 PMCID: PMC8522582 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.687397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe COVID-19 is characterized by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-like hyperinflammation and endothelial dysfunction, that can lead to respiratory and multi organ failure and death. Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) and pulmonary fibrosis confer an increased risk for severe disease, while a subset of COVID-19-related ARDS surviving patients will develop a fibroproliferative response that can persist post hospitalization. Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted lysophospholipase D, largely responsible for the extracellular production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a pleiotropic signaling lysophospholipid with multiple effects in pulmonary and immune cells. In this review, we discuss the similarities of COVID-19, ARDS and ILDs, and suggest ATX as a possible pathologic link and a potential common therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Ntatsoulis
- Institute of Bio-Innovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros Karampitsakos
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Eliza Tsitoura
- Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Pneumonology, Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Elli-Anna Stylianaki
- Institute of Bio-Innovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios N. Matralis
- Institute of Bio-Innovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Argyrios Tzouvelekis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Katerina Antoniou
- Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Pneumonology, Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Institute of Bio-Innovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
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31
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Increased Autotaxin Levels in Severe COVID-19, Correlating with IL-6 Levels, Endothelial Dysfunction Biomarkers, and Impaired Functions of Dendritic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810006. [PMID: 34576169 PMCID: PMC8469279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX; ENPP2) is a secreted lysophospholipase D catalyzing the extracellular production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a pleiotropic signaling phospholipid. Genetic and pharmacologic studies have previously established a pathologic role for ATX and LPA signaling in pulmonary injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Here, increased ENPP2 mRNA levels were detected in immune cells from nasopharyngeal swab samples of COVID-19 patients, and increased ATX serum levels were found in severe COVID-19 patients. ATX serum levels correlated with the corresponding increased serum levels of IL-6 and endothelial damage biomarkers, suggesting an interplay of the ATX/LPA axis with hyperinflammation and the associated vascular dysfunction in COVID-19. Accordingly, dexamethasone (Dex) treatment of mechanically ventilated patients reduced ATX levels, as shown in two independent cohorts, indicating that the therapeutic benefits of Dex include the suppression of ATX. Moreover, large scale analysis of multiple single cell RNA sequencing datasets revealed the expression landscape of ENPP2 in COVID-19 and further suggested a role for ATX in the homeostasis of dendritic cells, which exhibit both numerical and functional deficits in COVID-19. Therefore, ATX has likely a multifunctional role in COVID-19 pathogenesis, suggesting that its pharmacological targeting might represent an additional therapeutic option, both during and after hospitalization.
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32
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Ptasinski V, Stegmayr J, Belvisi MG, Wagner DE, Murray LA. Targeting Alveolar Repair in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:347-365. [PMID: 34129811 PMCID: PMC8525210 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0476tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a fatal interstitial lung disease with limited therapeutic options. Current evidence suggests that IPF may be initiated by repeated epithelial injury in the distal lung followed by abnormal wound healing responses which occur due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Mechanisms contributing to chronic damage of the alveolar epithelium in IPF include dysregulated cellular processes such as apoptosis, senescence, abnormal activation of developmental pathways, aging, as well as genetic mutations. Therefore, targeting the regenerative capacity of the lung epithelium is an attractive approach in the development of novel therapies for IPF. Endogenous lung regeneration is a complex process involving coordinated cross-talk between multiple cell types and re-establishment of a normal extracellular matrix environment. This review will describe the current knowledge of reparative epithelial progenitor cells in the alveolar region of the lung and discuss potential novel therapeutic approaches for IPF focusing on endogenous alveolar repair. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Ptasinski
- Lund University Faculty of Medicine, 59568, Lund, Sweden.,AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, 128698, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - John Stegmayr
- Lunds University Faculty of Medicine, 59568, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria G Belvisi
- Imperial College London, 4615, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Darcy E Wagner
- Lunds Universitet, 5193, Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lynne A Murray
- AstraZeneca PLC, 4625, Cambridge, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
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33
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Aiello S, Casiraghi F. Lysophosphatidic Acid: Promoter of Cancer Progression and of Tumor Microenvironment Development. A Promising Target for Anticancer Therapies? Cells 2021; 10:cells10061390. [PMID: 34200030 PMCID: PMC8229068 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of the enzyme autotaxin (ATX) and the consequently increased levels of its product, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), have been reported in several primary tumors. The role of LPA as a direct modulator of tumor cell functions—motility, invasion and migration capabilities as well as resistance to apoptotic death—has been recognized by numerous studies over the last two decades. Notably, evidence has recently been accumulating that shows that LPA also contributes to the development of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Indeed, LPA plays a crucial role in inducing angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, triggering cellular glycolytic shift and stimulating intratumoral fibrosis. In addition, LPA helps tumoral cells to escape immune surveillance. Treatments that counter the TME components, in order to deprive cancer cells of their crucial support, have been emerging among the promising new anticancer therapies. This review aims to summarize the latest knowledge on how LPA influences both tumor cell functions and the TME by regulating the activity of its different elements, highlighting why and how LPA is worth considering as a molecular target for new anticancer therapies.
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O'Regan A, O'Brien CJ, Eivers SB. The lysophosphatidic acid axis in fibrosis: Implications for glaucoma. Wound Repair Regen 2021; 29:613-626. [PMID: 34009724 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common progressive optic neuropathy that results in visual field defects and can lead to irreversible blindness. The pathophysiology of glaucoma involves dysregulated extracellular matrix remodelling in both the trabecular meshwork in the anterior chamber and in the lamina cribrosa of the optic nerve head. Fibrosis in these regions leads to raised intraocular pressure and retinal ganglion cell degeneration, respectively. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid mediator which acts via six G-protein coupled receptors on the cell surface to activate intracellular pathways that promote cell proliferation, transcription and survival. LPA signalling has been implicated in both normal wound healing and pathological fibrosis. LPA enhances fibroblast proliferation, migration and contraction, and induces expression of pro-fibrotic mediators such as connective tissue growth factor. The LPA axis plays a major role in diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, where it has been identified as an important pharmacological target. In glaucoma, LPA is present in high levels in the aqueous humour, and its signalling has been found to increase resistance to aqueous humour outflow through altered trabecular meshwork cellular contraction and extracellular matrix deposition. LPA signalling may, therefore, also represent an attractive target for treatment of glaucoma. In this review we wish to describe the role of LPA and its related proteins in tissue fibrosis and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy O'Regan
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm J O'Brien
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah B Eivers
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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van Geffen C, Deißler A, Quante M, Renz H, Hartl D, Kolahian S. Regulatory Immune Cells in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Friends or Foes? Front Immunol 2021; 12:663203. [PMID: 33995390 PMCID: PMC8120991 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.663203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is receiving increasing attention for interstitial lung diseases, as knowledge on its role in fibrosis development and response to therapies is expanding. Uncontrolled immune responses and unbalanced injury-inflammation-repair processes drive the initiation and progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The regulatory immune system plays important roles in controlling pathogenic immune responses, regulating inflammation and modulating the transition of inflammation to fibrosis. This review aims to summarize and critically discuss the current knowledge on the potential role of regulatory immune cells, including mesenchymal stromal/stem cells, regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Furthermore, we review the emerging role of regulatory immune cells in anti-fibrotic therapy and lung transplantation. A comprehensive understanding of immune regulation could pave the way towards new therapeutic or preventive approaches in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiel van Geffen
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Astrid Deißler
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Quante
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald Renz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Hartl
- Department of Pediatrics I, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Dominik Hartl, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Saeed Kolahian
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
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Knuplez E, Sturm EM, Marsche G. Emerging Role of Phospholipase-Derived Cleavage Products in Regulating Eosinophil Activity: Focus on Lysophospholipids, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4356. [PMID: 33919453 PMCID: PMC8122506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are important effector cells involved in allergic inflammation. When stimulated, eosinophils release a variety of mediators initiating, propagating, and maintaining local inflammation. Both, the activity and concentration of secreted and cytosolic phospholipases (PLAs) are increased in allergic inflammation, promoting the cleavage of phospholipids and thus the production of reactive lipid mediators. Eosinophils express high levels of secreted phospholipase A2 compared to other leukocytes, indicating their direct involvement in the production of lipid mediators during allergic inflammation. On the other side, eosinophils have also been recognized as crucial mediators with regulatory and homeostatic roles in local immunity and repair. Thus, targeting the complex network of lipid mediators offer a unique opportunity to target the over-activation and 'pro-inflammatory' phenotype of eosinophils without compromising the survival and functions of tissue-resident and homeostatic eosinophils. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the critical role of phospholipase-derived lipid mediators in modulating eosinophil activity in health and disease. We focus on lysophospholipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and eicosanoids with exciting new perspectives for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gunther Marsche
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (E.K.); (E.M.S.)
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Zhang X, Li M, Yin N, Zhang J. The Expression Regulation and Biological Function of Autotaxin. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040939. [PMID: 33921676 PMCID: PMC8073485 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted glycoprotein and functions as a key enzyme to produce extracellular lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). LPA interacts with at least six G protein-coupled receptors, LPAR1-6, on the cell membrane to activate various signal transduction pathways through distinct G proteins, such as Gi/0, G12/13, Gq/11, and Gs. The ATX-LPA axis plays an important role in physiological and pathological processes, including embryogenesis, obesity, and inflammation. ATX is one of the top 40 most unregulated genes in metastatic cancer, and the ATX-LPA axis is involved in the development of different types of cancers, such as colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and glioblastoma. ATX expression is under multifaceted controls at the transcription, post-transcription, and secretion levels. ATX and LPA in the tumor microenvironment not only promote cell proliferation, migration, and survival, but also increase the expression of inflammation-related circuits, which results in poor outcomes for patients with cancer. Currently, ATX is regarded as a potential cancer therapeutic target, and an increasing number of ATX inhibitors have been developed. In this review, we focus on the mechanism of ATX expression regulation and the functions of ATX in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Junjie Zhang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-58802137; Fax: +86-10-58807720
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Choi WI. Pharmacological treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and fibrosing interstitial lung diseases: current trends and future directions. PRECISION AND FUTURE MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.23838/pfm.2020.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Nikitopoulou I, Ninou I, Manitsopoulos N, Dimopoulou I, Orfanos SE, Aidinis V, Kotanidou A. A role for bronchial epithelial autotaxin in ventilator-induced lung injury. Intensive Care Med Exp 2021; 9:12. [PMID: 33778909 PMCID: PMC8005331 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-021-00379-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may eventually result in heterogeneous lung collapse and edema-flooded airways, predisposing the lung to progressive tissue damage known as ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). Autotaxin (ATX; ENPP2), the enzyme largely responsible for extracellular lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) production, has been suggested to play a pathogenic role in, among others, pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Methods C57BL/6 mice were subjected to low and high tidal volume mechanical ventilation using a small animal ventilator: respiratory mechanics were evaluated, and plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were obtained. Total protein concentration was determined, and lung histopathology was further performed Results Injurious ventilation resulted in increased BALF levels of ATX. Genetic deletion of ATX from bronchial epithelial cells attenuated VILI-induced pulmonary edema. Conclusion ATX participates in VILI pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Nikitopoulou
- 1st Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, GP Livanos and M Simou Laboratories, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Evangelismos Hospital, 45, Ipsilantou Street, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Ninou
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Manitsopoulos
- 1st Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, GP Livanos and M Simou Laboratories, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Evangelismos Hospital, 45, Ipsilantou Street, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Dimopoulou
- 1st Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Evangelismos Hospital, 45, Ipsilantou Street, Athens, Greece
| | - Stylianos E Orfanos
- 1st Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, GP Livanos and M Simou Laboratories, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Evangelismos Hospital, 45, Ipsilantou Street, Athens, Greece.,2nd Department of Critical Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Attikon" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Kotanidou
- 1st Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, GP Livanos and M Simou Laboratories, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Evangelismos Hospital, 45, Ipsilantou Street, Athens, Greece. .,1st Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Evangelismos Hospital, 45, Ipsilantou Street, Athens, Greece.
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Liu G, Philp AM, Corte T, Travis MA, Schilter H, Hansbro NG, Burns CJ, Eapen MS, Sohal SS, Burgess JK, Hansbro PM. Therapeutic targets in lung tissue remodelling and fibrosis. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107839. [PMID: 33774068 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Structural changes involving tissue remodelling and fibrosis are major features of many pulmonary diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins is a key factor in the development of tissue remodelling that results in symptoms and impaired lung function in these diseases. Tissue remodelling in the lungs is complex and differs between compartments. Some pathways are common but tissue remodelling around the airways and in the parenchyma have different morphologies. Hence it is critical to evaluate both common fibrotic pathways and those that are specific to different compartments; thereby expanding the understanding of the pathogenesis of fibrosis and remodelling in the airways and parenchyma in asthma, COPD and IPF with a view to developing therapeutic strategies for each. Here we review the current understanding of remodelling features and underlying mechanisms in these major respiratory diseases. The differences and similarities of remodelling are used to highlight potential common therapeutic targets and strategies. One central pathway in remodelling processes involves transforming growth factor (TGF)-β induced fibroblast activation and myofibroblast differentiation that increases ECM production. The current treatments and clinical trials targeting remodelling are described, as well as potential future directions. These endeavours are indicative of the renewed effort and optimism for drug discovery targeting tissue remodelling and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ashleigh M Philp
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Medical School, UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tamera Corte
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark A Travis
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre and Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi Schilter
- Pharmaxis Ltd, 20 Rodborough Road, Frenchs Forest, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicole G Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chris J Burns
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Mathew S Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder S Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Janette K Burgess
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands; Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Kang EH, Song YW. Pharmacological Interventions for Pulmonary Involvement in Rheumatic Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:251. [PMID: 33802193 PMCID: PMC7999892 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the diverse forms of lung involvement, interstitial lung disease (ILD) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are two important conditions in patients with rheumatic diseases that are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The management of ILD and PAH is challenging because the current treatment often provides only limited patient survival benefits. Such challenges derive from their common pathogenic mechanisms, where not only the inflammatory processes of immune cells but also the fibrotic and proliferative processes of nonimmune cells play critical roles in disease progression, making immunosuppressive therapy less effective. Recently, updated treatment strategies adopting targeted agents have been introduced with promising results in clinical trials for ILD ad PAH. This review discusses the epidemiologic features of ILD and PAH among patients with rheumatic diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, myositis, and systemic sclerosis) and the state-of-the-art treatment options, focusing on targeted agents including biologics, antifibrotic agents, and vasodilatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ha Kang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea;
| | - Yeong Wook Song
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
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42
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Annett S, Moore G, Robson T. Obesity and Cancer Metastasis: Molecular and Translational Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3798. [PMID: 33339340 PMCID: PMC7766668 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a modern health problem that has reached pandemic proportions. It is an established risk factor for carcinogenesis, however, evidence for the contribution of adipose tissue to the metastatic behavior of tumors is also mounting. Over 90% of cancer mortality is attributed to metastasis and metastatic tumor cells must communicate with their microenvironment for survival. Many of the characteristics observed in obese adipose tissue strongly mirror the tumor microenvironment. Thus in the case of prostate, pancreatic and breast cancer and esophageal adenocarcinoma, which are all located in close anatomical proximity to an adipose tissue depot, the adjacent fat provides an ideal microenvironment to enhance tumor growth, progression and metastasis. Adipocytes provide adipokines, fatty acids and other soluble factors to tumor cells whilst immune cells infiltrate the tumor microenvironment. In addition, there are emerging studies on the role of the extracellular vesicles secreted from adipose tissue, and the extracellular matrix itself, as drivers of obesity-induced metastasis. In the present review, we discuss the major mechanisms responsible for the obesity-metastatic link. Furthermore, understanding these complex mechanisms will provide novel therapies to halt the tumor-adipose tissue crosstalk with the ultimate aim of inhibiting tumor progression and metastatic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tracy Robson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Science, 123 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; (S.A.); (G.M.)
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Checa J, Aran JM. Airway Redox Homeostasis and Inflammation Gone Awry: From Molecular Pathogenesis to Emerging Therapeutics in Respiratory Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9317. [PMID: 33297418 PMCID: PMC7731288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As aerobic organisms, we are continuously and throughout our lifetime subjected to an oxidizing atmosphere and, most often, to environmental threats. The lung is the internal organ most highly exposed to this milieu. Therefore, it has evolved to confront both oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a variety of pollutants, pathogens, and allergens that promote inflammation and can harm the airways to different degrees. Indeed, an excess of ROS, generated intrinsically or from external sources, can imprint direct damage to key structural cell components (nucleic acids, sugars, lipids, and proteins) and indirectly perturb ROS-mediated signaling in lung epithelia, impairing its homeostasis. These early events complemented with efficient recognition of pathogen- or damage-associated recognition patterns by the airway resident cells alert the immune system, which mounts an inflammatory response to remove the hazards, including collateral dead cells and cellular debris, in an attempt to return to homeostatic conditions. Thus, any major or chronic dysregulation of the redox balance, the air-liquid interface, or defects in epithelial proteins impairing mucociliary clearance or other defense systems may lead to airway damage. Here, we review our understanding of the key role of oxidative stress and inflammation in respiratory pathology, and extensively report current and future trends in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory treatments focusing on the following major acute and chronic lung diseases: acute lung injury/respiratory distress syndrome, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, and cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josep M. Aran
- Immune-Inflammatory Processes and Gene Therapeutics Group, IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain;
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Lancaster L, Fieuw A, Meulemans J, Ford P, Nathan SD. Standardization of the 6-min walk test in clinical trials of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Contemp Clin Trials 2020; 100:106227. [PMID: 33246099 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2020.106227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is an important measure of functional capacity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and has been an endpoint of several IPF clinical trials. However, current guidance for the 6MWT offers insufficient advice on standardization, particularly oxygen supplementation, for clinical trials. Three physicians experienced with the 6MWT and IPF developed a standardized protocol for the 6MWT based on existing clinical guidelines and published literature. The protocol comprises guidance on test conditions, pre-defined parameters to measure at specified timepoints, and step-by-step instructions on conducting the test. The standardized test will be evaluated in the large-scale phase 3 ISABELA trials (NCT03711162; NCT03733444). The test is conducted indoors, using standardized equipment, along a flat, straight, 30-m unobstructed corridor; tests for each individual are performed by the same administrators at the same time of day; warm-up prior to testing is prohibited; supplemental oxygen tanks are permitted and moved by the patient in the same manner for each test; precise wording is used to instruct and encourage patients. Contraindications and stopping criteria are specified. Key assessments include: 6-min walk distance, distance walked at 1 and 3 min, the Borg CR10 scale, heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen desaturation levels. A standardized 6MWT for IPF will enable more reliable comparisons between clinical trials and limit variability, optimizing use as an endpoint. Application of the standardized 6MWT in the ISABELA program will allow its correlation with other clinically important endpoints and may lead to novel composite endpoints for use in future trials. Submission category: Study Design, Statistical Design, Study Protocols. Submission classifications: Clinical study methodology; Clinical trial design; Clinical trials; Pulmonary disease; Pulmonary disease clinical trial; Respiratory medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Lancaster
- Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Ann Fieuw
- Clinical Research, Galapagos NV, Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | - Paul Ford
- Clinical Development, Galapagos NV, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Steven D Nathan
- Advanced Lung Disease and Transplant Program, Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA, USA
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The autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid pathway mediates mesenchymal cell recruitment and fibrotic contraction in lung transplant fibrosis. J Heart Lung Transplant 2020; 40:12-23. [PMID: 33339555 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) is the leading cause of mortality in lung transplant recipients. CLAD is characterized by respiratory failure owing to the accumulation of fibrotic cells in small airways and alveoli, inducing tissue contraction and architectural destruction. However, the source of the fibroblastic cells and the mechanism(s) underlying the accumulation and activation remain unexplained. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitors that are normally located in the lung tissue but can be isolated from the alveolar space in lung transplant recipients, where they have a profibrotic phenotype. Our objective was to identify the mediator(s) inducing migration and contractile differentiation of lung tissue MSCs. METHODS Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) (7 healthy controls and 21 lung transplant recipients), CCL2, HGF, TGFB, EGF, and PDGF-BB and autotaxin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. BAL (7 healthy controls and 31 lung transplant recipients) lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) (16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 22:4) was measured by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The effect of inhibition of candidate mediators on BAL-mediated chemoattraction of MSCs and contraction of MSC-spiked collagen gel assays was assessed. BAL cells from a lung transplant recipient with CLAD were analyzed by single-cell RNA sequencing. RESULTS We first demonstrate that BAL fluid from lung transplant recipients and particularly those with CLAD is potently chemoattractive to human lung tissue‒derived MSCs and induces a contractile phenotype. After excluding several candidate mediators, we show that LPA blockade completely abrogated transplant recipient BAL‒mediated chemoattraction of MSCs and contraction of MSC-spiked collagen gels. Furthermore, LPA levels were enriched in transplant recipient BAL, and LPA replicated the observed in vitro profibrotic effects of transplant recipient BAL. Finally, we identify BAL monocyte‒derived macrophages with autotaxin (ENPP2) and fibrotic transcriptional signature. CONCLUSIONS Autotaxin-expressing alveolar macrophages are present in CLAD BAL. These cells potentially provide a local source of autotaxin/LPA that drives MSC recruitment and tissue contraction in CLAD. These cells are analogous to an aberrant macrophage population recently identified in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, suggesting an overlap in pathogenesis between CLAD and other forms of lung fibrosis.
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Banerjee S, Norman DD, Deng S, Fakayode SO, Lee SC, Parrill AL, Li W, Miller DD, Tigyi GJ. Molecular modelling guided design, synthesis and QSAR analysis of new small molecule non-lipid autotaxin inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104188. [PMID: 32890995 PMCID: PMC8163515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lysophospholipase D autotaxin (ATX) generates lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) that activates six cognate G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) in cancerous cells, promoting their motility and invasion. Four novel compounds were generated aided by molecular docking guided design and synthesis techniques to obtain new dual inhibitors of ATX and the lysophosphatidic acid receptor subtype 1 (LPAR1). Biological evaluation of these compounds revealed two compounds, 10 and 11, as new ATX enzyme inhibitors with potencies in the range of 218-220 nM and water solubility (>100 µg/mL), but with no LPAR1 inhibitory activity. A QSAR model was generated that included four newly designed compounds and twenty-one additional compounds that we have reported previously. The QSAR model provided excellent predictability of the pharmacological activity and potency among structurally related drug candidates. This model will be highly useful in guiding the synthesis of new ATX inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Banerjee
- Department of Physical Sciences, University of Arkansas Fort Smith, Fort Smith, AR 72913, USA; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Derek D Norman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Shanshan Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Sayo O Fakayode
- Department of Physical Sciences, University of Arkansas Fort Smith, Fort Smith, AR 72913, USA
| | - Sue Chin Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Abby L Parrill
- Department of Chemistry, Computational Research on Material Institute, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Duane D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Gabor J Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Pro-fibrotic Factors as Potential Biomarkers of Anti-fibrotic Drug Therapy in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Arch Bronconeumol 2020; 57:231-233. [PMID: 32981796 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Structure-Based Discovery of Novel Chemical Classes of Autotaxin Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197002. [PMID: 32977539 PMCID: PMC7582705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted glycoprotein, widely present in biological fluids, largely responsible for extracellular lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) production. LPA is a bioactive growth-factor-like lysophospholipid that exerts pleiotropic effects in almost all cell types, exerted through at least six G-protein-coupled receptors (LPAR1-6). Increased ATX expression has been detected in different chronic inflammatory diseases, while genetic or pharmacological studies have established ATX as a promising therapeutic target, exemplified by the ongoing phase III clinical trial for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In this report, we employed an in silico drug discovery workflow, aiming at the identification of structurally novel series of ATX inhibitors that would be amenable to further optimization. Towards this end, a virtual screening protocol was applied involving the search into molecular databases for new small molecules potentially binding to ATX. The crystal structure of ATX in complex with a known inhibitor (HA-155) was used as a molecular model docking reference, yielding a priority list of 30 small molecule ATX inhibitors, validated by a well-established enzymatic assay of ATX activity. The two most potent, novel and structurally different compounds were further structurally optimized by deploying further in silico tools, resulting to the overall identification of six new ATX inhibitors that belong to distinct chemical classes than existing inhibitors, expanding the arsenal of chemical scaffolds and allowing further rational design.
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Glass DS, Grossfeld D, Renna HA, Agarwala P, Spiegler P, Kasselman LJ, Glass AD, DeLeon J, Reiss AB. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Molecular mechanisms and potential treatment approaches. Respir Investig 2020; 58:320-335. [PMID: 32487481 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive disease with high mortality that commonly occurs in middle-aged and older adults. IPF, characterized by a decline in lung function, often manifests as exertional dyspnea and cough. Symptoms result from a fibrotic process driven by alveolar epithelial cells that leads to increased migration, proliferation, and differentiation of lung fibroblasts. Ultimately, the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, which synthesize excessive amounts of extracellular matrix proteins, destroys the lung architecture. However, the factors that induce the fibrotic process are unclear. Diagnosis can be a difficult process; the gold standard for diagnosis is the multidisciplinary conference. Practical biomarkers are needed to improve diagnostic and prognostic accuracy. High-resolution computed tomography typically shows interstitial pneumonia with basal and peripheral honeycombing. Gas exchange and diffusion capacity are impaired. Treatments are limited, although the anti-fibrotic drugs pirfenidone and nintedanib can slow the progression of the disease. Lung transplantation is often contraindicated because of age and comorbidities, but it improves survival when successful. The incidence and prevalence of IPF has been increasing and there is an urgent need for improved therapies. This review covers the detailed cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying IPF progression as well as current treatments and cutting-edge research into new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Glass
- Department of Medicine and Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine and NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA.
| | - David Grossfeld
- Department of Medicine and Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine and NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA.
| | - Heather A Renna
- Department of Medicine and Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine and NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA.
| | - Priya Agarwala
- Department of Medicine and Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine and NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA.
| | - Peter Spiegler
- Department of Medicine and Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine and NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA.
| | - Lora J Kasselman
- Department of Medicine and Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine and NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA.
| | - Amy D Glass
- Department of Medicine and Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine and NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA.
| | - Joshua DeLeon
- Department of Medicine and Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine and NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA.
| | - Allison B Reiss
- Department of Medicine and Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine and NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA.
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50
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Structure guided design of potent indole-based ATX inhibitors bearing hydrazone moiety with tumor suppression effects. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 201:112456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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