1
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Ding X, Yan F, Wang W, Qin J, Luo L. Integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics identify biomarkers of aberrant lipid metabolism in ulcerative colitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 131:111865. [PMID: 38489972 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of ulcerative colitis (UC) continues to rise globally, but effective therapeutic targets are still lacking. In recent years, numerous studies have indicated that lipid therapies could offer a novel perspective for UC treatment. Given the absence of prior research utilizing high-throughput data to identify target genes associated with lipid metabolism, we conducted this work. METHODS The training set for this study was derived from four datasets within the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), encompassing a total of 357 UC patients. We employed four machine learning methods (LASSO, SVM, RF, and Boruta) to jointly identify core biomarkers in these patients, whose aberrant expression needed to be validated in independent datasets and in dextrose sulfate sodium salt (DSS)-induced UC mouse models. Regarding metabolomics, we detected abnormal oxidized lipids in the serum of UC mouse using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in conjunction with orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). RESULTS Phospholipase A2 Group IIA (PLA2G2A) was first identified as a possible biomarker for UC, with AUC values of 0.810 and 1.000 in the two validation sets, while in animal models the gene showed similarly significant up-regulation in damaged intestinal mucosa. Further analysis of this gene showed that it was positively correlated with 17 immune cell types and histological severity. Additionally, we pioneered the development of a lipid metabolism score in UC research, which outperformed all individual genes in terms of disease diagnostic efficacy (AUC values of 0.980 and 1.000 for the two validation sets, respectively). Finally, the metabolomics study also identified 31 significantly abnormal oxidized lipids, including 12-HHT and DHA. CONCLUSIONS PLA2G2A is a key therapeutic target for UC, and oxidized lipids such as 12-HHT can serve as potential serologic indicators for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexuan Ding
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Fangfang Yan
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjian Wang
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine. Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China
| | - Jingtong Qin
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Lianxiang Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine. Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China.
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2
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Dong Y, Johnson BA, Ruan L, Zeineldin M, Bi T, Liu AZ, Raychaudhuri S, Chiu I, Zhu J, Smith B, Zhao N, Searson P, Watanabe S, Donowitz M, Larman TC, Li R. Disruption of epithelium integrity by inflammation-associated fibroblasts through prostaglandin signaling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj7666. [PMID: 38569041 PMCID: PMC10990275 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj7666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation-associated fibroblasts (IAFs) are associated with progression and drug resistance of chronic inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but their direct impact on epithelial cells is unknown. Here, we developed an in vitro model whereby human colon fibroblasts are induced by specific cytokines and recapitulate key features of IAFs in vivo. When cocultured with patient-derived colon organoids (colonoids), IAFs induced rapid colonoid expansion and barrier disruption due to swelling and rupture of individual epithelial cells. Colonoids cocultured with IAFs also show increased DNA damage, mitotic errors, and proliferation arrest. These IAF-induced epithelial defects are mediated by a paracrine pathway involving prostaglandin E2 and its receptor EP4, leading to protein kinase A -dependent activation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. EP4-specific chemical inhibitors effectively prevented IAF-induced colonoid swelling and restored normal proliferation and genome stability. These findings reveal a mechanism by which IAFs could promote and perpetuate IBD and suggest a therapeutic avenue to mitigate inflammation-associated epithelial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Dong
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Blake A. Johnson
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Linhao Ruan
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Maged Zeineldin
- Department of Pathology, Division of GI/Liver Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tianhao Bi
- Department of Pathology, Division of GI/Liver Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Albert Z. Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sumana Raychaudhuri
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ian Chiu
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jin Zhu
- Mechanobiology Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Barbara Smith
- Microscope Facility, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nan Zhao
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Peter Searson
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Shigeki Watanabe
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tatianna C. Larman
- Department of Pathology, Division of GI/Liver Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Mechanobiology Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Limketkai BN, Rau S, Fasulo C. Preventative and therapeutic potential of nutrition for inflammatory bowel diseases: A narrative review. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2024; 48:258-266. [PMID: 38357793 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Diet strongly shapes the gut microbiome and metabolome, which in turn influence intestinal inflammation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Separate from inflammation and malnutrition, diet's direct interactions with the gastrointestinal system can also provoke or attenuate a host of nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms. Given these multifaceted effects of diet on inflammation and symptoms, nutrition has been investigated for its potential roles in the prevention and treatment of IBD. This review presents epidemiological, observational cohort, and clinical trial evidence that underlie our current understanding of nutrition for prevention and treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkeley N Limketkai
- Vatche & Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sameeha Rau
- Vatche & Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Christina Fasulo
- Vatche & Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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4
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Dong Y, Johnson BA, Ruan L, Zeineldin M, Liu AZ, Raychaudhuri S, Chiu I, Zhu J, Smith B, Zhao N, Searson P, Watanabe S, Donowitz M, Larman TC, Li R. Disruption of Epithelium Integrity by Inflammation-Associated Fibroblasts through Prostaglandin Signaling: IAFs disrupt colon epithelium via PGE2-EP4. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.28.560060. [PMID: 37808771 PMCID: PMC10557697 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.28.560060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation-associated fibroblasts (IAFs) are associated with the progression and drug resistance of chronic inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but their direct impact on epithelial function and architecture is unknown. In this study, we developed an in vitro model whereby human colon fibroblasts are induced to become IAFs by specific cytokines and recapitulate key features of IAFs in vivo. When co-cultured with patient-derived colon organoids (colonoids), IAFs induced rapid colonoid swelling and barrier disruption due to swelling and rupture of individual epithelial cells. Epithelial cells co-cultured with IAFs also exhibit increased DNA damage, mitotic errors, and proliferation arrest. These IAF-induced epithelial defects are mediated through a paracrine pathway involving prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the PGE2 receptor EP4, leading to PKA-dependent activation of the CFTR chloride channel. Importantly, EP4-specific chemical inhibitors effectively prevented colonoid swelling and restored normal proliferation and genome stability of IAF-exposed epithelial cells. These findings reveal a mechanism by which IAFs could promote and perpetuate IBD and suggest a potential treatment to mitigate inflammation-associated epithelial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Dong
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, U.S.A
| | - Blake A. Johnson
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, U.S.A
| | - Linhao Ruan
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, U.S.A
| | - Maged Zeineldin
- Department of Pathology, Division of GI/Liver Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, U.S.A
| | - Albert Z. Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, U.S.A
| | - Sumana Raychaudhuri
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, U.S.A
| | - Ian Chiu
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, U.S.A
| | - Jin Zhu
- Mechanobiology Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Barbara Smith
- Microscope Facility, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, U.S.A
| | - Nan Zhao
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, Maryland, 21218, U.S.A
| | - Peter Searson
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, Maryland, 21218, U.S.A
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, MD, 21218, U.S.A
| | - Shigeki Watanabe
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, U.S.A
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, U.S.A
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, U.S.A
| | - Tatianna C. Larman
- Department of Pathology, Division of GI/Liver Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, U.S.A
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD, 21205, U.S.A
- Mechanobiology Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore; Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore; Singapore
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5
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Bandara M, MacNaughton WK. Protease-activated receptor-2 activation enhances epithelial wound healing via epidermal growth factor receptor. Tissue Barriers 2021; 10:1968763. [PMID: 34511032 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1968763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier function relies on the presence of a single layer of epithelial cells. Barrier dysfunction is associated with the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Understanding the mechanisms involved in intestinal wound healing in order to sustain the barrier function has a great therapeutic potential. Activation of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) induces COX-2 expression in intestinal epithelial cells via EGFR transactivation. COX-2 is well known for its protective effects in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, we hypothesized that PAR-2 activation induces a wound healing response in intestinal epithelial cells through COX-2-derived lipid mediators and EGFR transactivation. Immunofluorescence and calcium assay were used to characterize CMT-93 mouse colonic epithelial cell line for PAR2 expression and its activity, respectively. Treatment with PAR2 activating peptide 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-NH2 (2fLI), but not by its inactive reverse-sequence peptide (2fO) enhanced wound closure in scratch wounded monolayers. The EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (PD153035), broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (GM6001) and Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor (PP2) inhibited PAR2-induced wound healing. However, PAR2 activation did not induce COX-2 expression in CMT-93 cells and inhibition of COX-2 by COX-2 selective inhibitor (NS-398) did not alter PAR2-induced wound healing. In conclusion, PAR2 activation drives wound healing in CMT-93 cells via EGFR transactivation. Matrix metalloproteinases and Src tyrosine kinase activity may involve in EGFR transactivation and PAR2-induced wound healing is independent of COX-2 activity. These findings provide a mechanism whereby PAR2 can participate in the resolution of intestinal wounds in gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesha Bandara
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Wallace K MacNaughton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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6
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Mukhopadhyay S, Heinz E, Porreca I, Alasoo K, Yeung A, Yang HT, Schwerd T, Forbester JL, Hale C, Agu CA, Choi YH, Rodrigues J, Capitani M, Jostins-Dean L, Thomas DC, Travis S, Gaffney D, Skarnes WC, Thomson N, Uhlig HH, Dougan G, Powrie F. Loss of IL-10 signaling in macrophages limits bacterial killing driven by prostaglandin E2. J Exp Med 2020; 217:132614. [PMID: 31819956 PMCID: PMC7041704 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines and lipid mediators are key regulators of inflammation; but how they are mechanistically linked is poorly understood. Here, Mukhopadhyay et al. show a novel regulation between cytokine IL-10 and lipid mediator PGE2 that functionally connects them to intestinal inflammation. Loss of IL-10 signaling in macrophages (Mφs) leads to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were generated from an infantile-onset IBD patient lacking a functional IL10RB gene. Mφs differentiated from IL-10RB−/− iPSCs lacked IL-10RB mRNA expression, were unable to phosphorylate STAT3, and failed to reduce LPS induced inflammatory cytokines in the presence of exogenous IL-10. IL-10RB−/− Mφs exhibited a striking defect in their ability to kill Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, which was rescuable after experimentally introducing functional copies of the IL10RB gene. Genes involved in synthesis and receptor pathways for eicosanoid prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were more highly induced in IL-10RB−/− Mφs, and these Mφs produced higher amounts of PGE2 after LPS stimulation compared with controls. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of PGE2 synthesis and PGE2 receptor blockade enhanced bacterial killing in Mφs. These results identify a regulatory interaction between IL-10 and PGE2, dysregulation of which may drive aberrant Mφ activation and impaired host defense contributing to IBD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eva Heinz
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Kaur Alasoo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amy Yeung
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Huei-Ting Yang
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Swiss Precision Dignostics Development Company Limited, Bedford, UK
| | - Tobias Schwerd
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jessica L Forbester
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | - Yoon Ha Choi
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Melania Capitani
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Luke Jostins-Dean
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David C Thomas
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Travis
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - William C Skarnes
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT
| | - Nicholas Thomson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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7
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Jain U, Lai CW, Xiong S, Goodwin VM, Lu Q, Muegge BD, Christophi GP, VanDussen KL, Cummings BP, Young E, Hambor J, Stappenbeck TS. Temporal Regulation of the Bacterial Metabolite Deoxycholate during Colonic Repair Is Critical for Crypt Regeneration. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 24:353-363.e5. [PMID: 30122655 PMCID: PMC6555552 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colonic wound repair is an orchestrated process, beginning with barrier re-establishment and followed by wound channel formation and crypt regeneration. Elevated levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) promote barrier re-establishment; however, we found that persistently elevated PGE2 hinders subsequent repair phases. The bacterial metabolite deoxycholate (DCA) promotes transition through repair phases via PGE2 regulation. During barrier re-establishment, DCA levels are locally diminished in the wound, allowing enhanced PGE2 production and barrier re-establishment. However, during transition to the wound channel formation phase, DCA levels increase to inhibit PGE2 production and promote crypt regeneration. Altering DCA levels via antibiotic treatment enhances PGE2 levels but impairs wound repair, which is rescued with DCA treatment. DCA acts via its receptor, farnesoid X receptor, to inhibit the enzyme cPLA2 required for PGE2 synthesis. Thus, colonic wound repair requires temporally regulated signals from microbial metabolites to coordinate host-associated signaling cascades. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umang Jain
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chin-Wen Lai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shanshan Xiong
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Victoria M Goodwin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Qiuhe Lu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian D Muegge
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - George P Christophi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
| | - Kelli L VanDussen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bethany P Cummings
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Erick Young
- Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - John Hambor
- Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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8
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Fujii S, Suzuki K, Kawamoto A, Ishibashi F, Nakata T, Murano T, Ito G, Shimizu H, Mizutani T, Oshima S, Tsuchiya K, Nakamura T, Araki A, Ohtsuka K, Okamoto R, Watanabe M. PGE 2 is a direct and robust mediator of anion/fluid secretion by human intestinal epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36795. [PMID: 27827428 PMCID: PMC5101536 DOI: 10.1038/srep36795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) play an indispensable role in maintaining body fluid balance partly through their ability to regulate anion/fluid secretion. Yet in various inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases, over-secretion of anions results in symptoms such as severe diarrhoea. Endogenous mediators, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), regulate intestinal anion/fluid secretion, but their direct effect on purified human IECs has never been described in detail. Based on a previously described intestinal organoid swelling model, we established a 3D-scanner-assisted quantification method to evaluate the anion/fluid secretory response of cultured human IECs. Among various endogenous secretagogues, we found that PGE2 had the lowest EC50 value with regard to the induction of swelling of the jejunal and colonic organoids. This PGE2-mediated swelling response was dependent on environmental Cl- concentrations as well as on several channels and transporters as shown by a series of chemical inhibitor studies. The concomitant presence of various inflammatory cytokines with PGE2 failed to modulate the PGE2-mediated organoid swelling response. Therefore, the present study features PGE2 as a direct and robust mediator of anion/fluid secretion by IECs in the human intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Fujii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ami Kawamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Ishibashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Nakata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Murano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Go Ito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hiromichi Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tomohiro Mizutani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Oshima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Advanced Therapeutics in GI Diseases, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Araki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ohtsuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Song SM, Ham YM, Ko YJ, Ko EY, Oh DJ, Kim CS, Kim D, Kim KN, Yoon WJ. Anti-inflammatory activities of the products of supercritical fluid extraction from Litsea japonica fruit in RAW 264.7 cells. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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10
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Pochard C, Coquenlorge S, Jaulin J, Cenac N, Vergnolle N, Meurette G, Freyssinet M, Neunlist M, Rolli-Derkinderen M. Defects in 15-HETE Production and Control of Epithelial Permeability by Human Enteric Glial Cells From Patients With Crohn's Disease. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:168-80. [PMID: 26433161 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Enteric glial cells (EGCs) produce soluble mediators that regulate homeostasis and permeability of the intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB). We investigated the profile of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolites produced by EGCs from rats and from patients with Crohn's disease (CD), compared with controls, along with the ability of one of these metabolites, 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE), to regulate the permeability of the IEB. METHODS We isolated EGCs from male Sprague-Dawley rats, intestinal resections of 6 patients with CD, and uninflamed healthy areas of intestinal tissue from 6 patients who underwent surgery for colorectal cancer (controls). EGC-conditioned media was analyzed by high-sensitivity liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to determine PUFA signatures. We used immunostaining to identify 15-HETE-producing enzymes in EGCs and tissues. The effects of human EGCs and 15-HETE on permeability and transepithelial electrical resistance of the IEB were measured using Caco-2 cells; effects on signal transduction proteins were measured with immunoblots. Levels of proteins were reduced in Caco-2 cells using short-hairpin RNAs or proteins were inhibited pharmacologically. Rats were given intraperitoneal injections of 15-HETE or an inhibitor of 15-lipoxygenase (the enzyme that produces 15-HETE); colons were collected and permeability was measured. RESULTS EGCs expressed 15-lipoxygenase-2 and produced high levels of 15-HETE, which increased IEB resistance and reduced IEB permeability. 15-HETE production was reduced in EGCs from patients with CD compared with controls. EGCs from patients with CD were unable to reduce the permeability of the IEB; the addition of 15-HETE restored permeability to levels of control tissues. Inhibiting 15-HETE production in rats increased the permeability of the IEB in colon tissues. We found that 15-HETE regulates IEB permeability by inhibiting an adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and increasing expression of zonula occludens-1. CONCLUSIONS Enteric glial cells from patients with CD have reduced production of 15-HETE, which controls IEB permeability by inhibiting adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and increasing expression of zonula occludens-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Pochard
- INSERM, UMR913, Nantes, France; Nantes University, Nantes, France; Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD, CHU Nantes, Hopital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, France
| | - Sabrina Coquenlorge
- INSERM, UMR913, Nantes, France; Nantes University, Nantes, France; Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD, CHU Nantes, Hopital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, France
| | - Julie Jaulin
- INSERM, UMR913, Nantes, France; Nantes University, Nantes, France; Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD, CHU Nantes, Hopital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Guillaume Meurette
- INSERM, UMR913, Nantes, France; Nantes University, Nantes, France; Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD, CHU Nantes, Hopital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, France
| | - Marie Freyssinet
- INSERM, UMR913, Nantes, France; Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD, CHU Nantes, Hopital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- INSERM, UMR913, Nantes, France; Nantes University, Nantes, France; Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD, CHU Nantes, Hopital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, France.
| | - Malvyne Rolli-Derkinderen
- INSERM, UMR913, Nantes, France; Nantes University, Nantes, France; Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD, CHU Nantes, Hopital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, France.
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Cho YC, Ju A, Kim BR, Cho S. Anti-inflammatory effects of Crataeva nurvala Buch. Ham. are mediated via inactivation of ERK but not NF-κB. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 162:140-147. [PMID: 25571844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Crataeva nurvala Buch. Ham. is an important medicinal plant in India, and its extracts and components were used to treat various inflammatory diseases, such as urinary tract infection, rheumatoid arthritis, and colitis. However, no systemic studies about anti-inflammatory effects of Crataeva nurvala Buch. Ham. and its underlying mechanisms of action have been reported. This study aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extracts of Crataeva nurvala Buch. Ham. (ECN). MATERIALS AND METHODS The non-cytotoxic and maximal effective concentration of ECN was determined by measuring the formation of formazan from water-soluble tetrazolium salt in living cells. The inhibitory effect of ECN on nitric oxide (NO) synthesis was measured using Griess reagent, and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure secreted tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 protein levels. Furthermore, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting analysis were used to assess the mRNA and protein expression of each inflammatory mediator or relating signaling protein, respectively. RESULTS A non-cytotoxic concentration of ECN (≤200 μg/ml) significantly reduced the production of NO and IL-6, but not TNF-α, in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Decreased production of NO by ECN was correlated with reduced expression of iNOS at the mRNA and protein levels. However, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expressions at mRNA and protein level were not regulated by ECN. The mRNA expression of IL-6 and IL-1β, but not TNF-α, was also inhibited by ECN treatment in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Reduced production of inflammatory mediators by ECN was followed by decreased activity of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), especially extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), but not nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that ECN inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses via negative regulation of ERK in murine macrophages, suggesting that ECN is a candidate for alleviating severe inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chang Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Anna Ju
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Ba Reum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sayeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
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Lejeune M, Moreau F, Chadee K. Loss of EP2 receptor subtype in colonic cells compromise epithelial barrier integrity by altering claudin-4. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113270. [PMID: 25396731 PMCID: PMC4232557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a bioactive lipid mediator that exerts its biological function through interaction with four different subtypes of E-Prostanoid receptor namely EP1, EP2, EP3 and EP4. It has been known that EP2 receptor is differentially over-expressed in the epithelia of inflamed human colonic mucosa. However, the significance of the differential expression in altering epithelial barrier function is not known. In this study, we used Caco-2 cells expressing EP2 receptor, either high (EP2S) or low (EP2A), as a model epithelia and determined the barrier function of these cell monolayers by measuring the trans epithelial resistance (TER). Basal TER of EP2A (but not EP2S) monolayer was significantly lower suggesting a loss of colonic epithelial barrier integrity. In comparison, the TER of wild type Caco-2 was decreased in response to an EP2 receptor specific antagonist (AH-6809) indicating an important role for EP2 receptor in the maintenance of epithelial barrier function. The decrease TER in EP2A monolayer corresponded with a significant loss of the tight junction (TJ) protein claudin-4 without affecting other major TJ proteins. Similarly, EP2 receptor antagonism/siRNA based silencing significantly decreased claudin-4 expression in EP2S cells. Surprisingly, alteration in claudin-4 was not transcriptionally regulated in EP2A cells but rather undergoes increased proteosomal degradation. Moreover, among the TER compromising cytokines examined (IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ) only IFN-γ was significantly up regulated in EP2A cells. However, IFN-γ did not significantly decreased claudin-4 expression in Caco-2 cells indicating no role for IFN-γ in degrading claudin-4. We conclude that differential down-regulation of EP2 receptor play a major role in compromising colonic epithelial barrier function by selectively increasing proteosomal degradation of claudin-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manigandan Lejeune
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - France Moreau
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kris Chadee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Antagonizing arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids reduces inflammatory Th17 and Th1 cell-mediated inflammation and colitis severity. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:917149. [PMID: 25136149 PMCID: PMC4127240 DOI: 10.1155/2014/917149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During colitis, activation of two inflammatory T cell subsets, Th17 and Th1 cells, promotes ongoing intestinal inflammatory responses. n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid- (PUFA-) derived eicosanoids, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), promote Th17 cell-mediated inflammation, while n-3 PUFA antagonize both Th17 and Th1 cells and suppress PGE2 levels. We utilized two genetic mouse models, which differentially antagonize PGE2 levels, to examine the effect on Th17 cells and disease outcomes in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid- (TNBS-) induced colitis. Fat-1 mice contain the ω3 desaturase gene from C. elegans and synthesize n-3 PUFA de novo, thereby reducing the biosynthesis of n-6 PUFA-derived eicosanoids. In contrast, Fads1 Null mice contain a disrupted Δ5 desaturase gene and produce lower levels of n-6 PUFA-derived eicosanoids. Compared to Wt littermates, Fat-1 and Fads1 Null mice exhibited a similar colitic phenotype characterized by reduced colonic mucosal inflammatory eicosanoid levels and mRNA expression of Th17 cell markers (IL-17A, RORγτ, and IL-23), decreased percentages of Th17 cells and, improved colon injury scores (P ≤ 0.05). Thus, during colitis, similar outcomes were obtained in two genetically distinct models, both of which antagonize PGE2 levels via different mechanisms. Our data highlight the critical impact of n-6 PUFA-derived eicosanoids in the promotion of Th17 cell-mediated colonic inflammation.
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Altered colonic mucosal availability of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in ulcerative colitis and the relationship to disease activity. J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8:70-9. [PMID: 23619007 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) arachidonic acid (AA, n-6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, n-3) are precursors of eicosanoids and other lipid mediators which have critical roles in inflammation. The mediators formed from the different PUFA have different potencies. We hypothesised that metabolic changes associated with colonic mucosal inflammation would modify the bioavailability of the eicosanoid precursors AA and EPA. METHODS Colonic mucosa biopsies were obtained from patients with ulcerative colitis and from matched controls. Inflammation was graded endoscopically and histologically. Esterified and non-esterified fatty acids were determined within the biopsies using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. RESULTS Biopsy samples were collected from 69 UC patients (54 providing both inflamed and non-inflamed mucosa) and 69 controls. Inflamed mucosa had higher AA (p<0.001) and lower EPA (p<0.010) contents and a higher AA:EPA ratio (p<0.001). Inflamed mucosa also had higher docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and lower linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (α-LNA) contents (all p<0.001), compared to non-inflamed and controls. There were significant correlations between severity of inflammation and contents of AA, DPA and DHA (positive correlations) and of LA, α-LNA and EPA (negative correlations). CONCLUSIONS Higher AA, AA:EPA ratio, DPA and DHA and lower LA, α-LNA and EPA are seen in inflamed mucosa in UC and correlate with severity of inflammation. This suggests an alteration in fatty acid metabolism in the inflamed gut mucosa, which may offer novel targets for intervention and should be considered if nutritional strategies are used.
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Masoodi M, Pearl DS, Eiden M, Shute JK, Brown JF, Calder PC, Trebble TM. Altered colonic mucosal Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) derived lipid mediators in ulcerative colitis: new insight into relationship with disease activity and pathophysiology. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76532. [PMID: 24204637 PMCID: PMC3799829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a relapsing inflammatory disorder of unconfirmed aetiology, variable severity and clinical course, characterised by progressive histological inflammation and with elevation of eicosanoids which have a known pathophysiological role in inflammation. Therapeutic interventions targetting eicosanoids (5-aminosalicylates (ASA)) are effective first line and adjunctive treatments in mild-moderate UC for achieving and sustaining clinical remission. However, the variable clinical response to 5-ASA and frequent deterioration in response to cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors, has prompted an in depth simultaneous evaluation of multiple lipid mediators (including eicosanoids) within the inflammatory milieu in UC. We hypothesised that severity of inflammation is associated with alteration of lipid mediators, in relapsing UC. Design Study was case-control design. Mucosal lipid mediators were determined by LC-MS/MS lipidomics analysis on mucosal biopsies taken from patients attending outpatients with relapsing UC. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were used to investigate the association of mucosal lipid mediators, with the disease state and severity graded histologically. Results Levels of PGE2, PGD2, TXB2, 5-HETE, 11-HETE, 12-HETE and 15-HETE are significantly elevated in inflamed mucosa and correlate with severity of inflammation, determined using validated histological scoring systems. Conclusions Our approach of capturing inflammatory mediator signature at different stages of UC by combining comprehensive lipidomics analysis and computational modelling could be used to classify and predict mild-moderate inflammation; however, predictive index is diminished in severe inflammation. This new technical approach could be developed to tailor drug treatments to patients with active UC, based on the mucosal lipid mediator profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Masoodi
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Medical Research Council, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (MM); (DSP)
| | - Daniel S. Pearl
- Department of Gastroenterology, Portsmouth Hospital NHS Trust, Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taunton and Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, Somerset, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MM); (DSP)
| | - Michael Eiden
- Medical Research Council, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Janis K. Shute
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - James F. Brown
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Philip C. Calder
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre in Nutrition, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy M. Trebble
- Department of Gastroenterology, Portsmouth Hospital NHS Trust, Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom
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Barkas F, Liberopoulos E, Kei A, Elisaf M. Electrolyte and acid-base disorders in inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Gastroenterol 2013; 26:23-28. [PMID: 24714322 PMCID: PMC3959504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY INTESTINAL DISORDER ENCOMPASSING TWO MAJOR ENTITIES: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Intestinal inflammatory processes reduce the absorption of sodium, chloride and calcium, while they increase potassium secretion. In addition, mild to severe metabolic alkalosis may occur in IBD patients, mainly depending on the severity of the disease and the part of the gastrointestinal tract being affected. The aim of this review is the presentation of the electrolyte and acid-base disturbances in IBD and how the activity state of the disease and/or treatment may affect them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotis Barkas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Evangelos Liberopoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece,
Correspondence to: Evangelos Liberopoulos, MD FASA FRSH, Ass. Professor of Internal Medicine, University of Ioannina Medical School, 45 110 Ioannina, Greece, Tel.: +30 26510 07502, Fax: +30 26510 07016, e-mail:
| | - Anastazia Kei
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Moses Elisaf
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
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Abstract
5-Aminosalicylic Acid (5-ASA) has been used for over 50 years in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in the pro-drug form sulphasalazine (SASP). SASP is also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. However whether the therapeutic properties of SASP are due to the intact molecule, the 5-ASA or sulphapyridine components is unknown. Several mechanisms of action have been proposed for 5-ASA and SASP including interference in the metabolism of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins and leukotrienes, scavenging,of reactive oxygen species, effects on leucocyte function and production of cytokines. However, it is unlikely that the anti-inflammatory properties of SASP and 5-ASA are due to several different properties but more likely that a single property of 5-ASA explains the theraapeutic effects of 5-ASA and SASP. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the metabolism of prostaglandins and leukotrienes and can act as second messengers, and so the scavenging of ROS may be the single mechanism of action of 5-ASA that gives rise to its antiinflammatory effects in both inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Ruan YC, Zhou W, Chan HC. Regulation of smooth muscle contraction by the epithelium: role of prostaglandins. Physiology (Bethesda) 2011; 26:156-70. [PMID: 21670162 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00036.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As an analog to the endothelium situated next to the vascular smooth muscle, the epithelium is emerging as an important regulator of smooth muscle contraction in many vital organs/tissues by interacting with other cell types and releasing epithelium-derived factors, among which prostaglandins have been demonstrated to play a versatile role in governing smooth muscle contraction essential to the physiological and pathophysiological processes in a wide range of organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chun Ruan
- School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, China
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Lejeune M, Leung P, Beck PL, Chadee K. Role of EP4 receptor and prostaglandin transporter in prostaglandin E2-induced alteration in colonic epithelial barrier integrity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G1097-105. [PMID: 20813914 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00280.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is a proinflammatory lipid mediator produced in excess in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). PGE(2) couples to and signals via four different E-prostanoid (EP) receptors, namely EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4. In this study, we determined a role for PGE(2) and EP4 receptors in altering colonic epithelial barrier integrity. In healthy colonic mucosa, EP4 receptors were localized on apical plasma membrane of epithelial cells at the tip of mucosal folds, whereas, in patients with IBD and in rats with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, they were diffusely overexpressed throughout the mucosa. Similarly, expression of EP4 receptor was polarized in T84 colonic epithelial monolayer and mimics the normal epithelium. Apical exposure of T84 monolayer with high levels of PGE(2) decreased barrier integrity, which was abrogated by an EP4 receptor antagonist. To reveal the mechanism of vectorial transport of basally produced PGE(2) toward apical EP4 receptors, we identified prostaglandin transporters (PGT) in human colonic epithelia. PGT were least expressed on epithelial cells at the colonic mucosal folds of control subjects but overexpressed in epithelial cells of patients with IBD or animals with DSS-induced colitis. T84 monolayer also expressed PGT, which increased twofold following stimulation with TNF-α. Importantly, in T84 monolayer stimulated with TNF-α, there was a corresponding increase in the uptake and vectorial transport of (3)H-PGE(2) to the apical surface. Knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of PGT significantly decreased vectorial transport of (3)H-PGE(2). These studies unravel a mechanism whereby EP4 receptor and PGT play a role in PGE(2)-induced alteration of epithelial barrier integrity in colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manigandan Lejeune
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Bondesen S, Rasmussen SN, Rask-Madsen J, Nielsen OH, Lauritsen K, Binder V, Hansen SH, Hvidberg EF. 5-Aminosalicylic acid in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. ACTA MEDICA SCANDINAVICA 2009; 221:227-42. [PMID: 3296672 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1987.tb00889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Kruschewski M, Anderson T, Buhr HJ, Loddenkemper C. Selective COX-2 inhibition reduces leukocyte sticking and improves the microcirculation in TNBS colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2006; 51:662-70. [PMID: 16614986 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-3189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in the course of experimental colitis is controversially discussed. The aim of this study was to evaluate leukocyte-endothelium interaction and colitis activity after applying the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor NS-398 in a rat trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) colitis model. The acute phase of TNBS colitis is characterized by a significant reduction of capillary blood flow, capillary density, diuresis, and weight and a significant increase in capillary permeability, leukocyte sticking, and hematocrit. Applying the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor NS-398 leads to a significant improvement of all microcirculatory parameters and clinical findings compared to the (untreated) colitis group. There are no histopathological differences between the individual colitis groups. Acute colitis is characterized by an extensive disturbance of microcirculation together with signs of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. These alterations are significantly improved by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2. The results support the described correlation between cyclooxygenase activation and leukocyte-endothelium interaction. Moreover, they underscore the postulated relation between leukocyte-endothelium interaction and capillary blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kruschewski
- Department of Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany.
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Hatoum OA, Gauthier KM, Binion DG, Miura H, Telford G, Otterson MF, Campbell WB, Gutterman DD. Novel Mechanism of Vasodilation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:2355-61. [PMID: 16141408 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000184757.50141.8d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelium-dependent dilation to acetylcholine (Ach) is reduced in mucosal arterioles from patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The contributions of both nitric oxide (NO) and endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) are decreased. We hypothesized that the remaining dilation results from products of cyclooxygenase. METHODS AND RESULTS High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to isolate eicosanoid vasodilator products and videomicroscopy was used to examine vasomotor responses in human mucosal arterioles from subjects with or without IBD undergoing bowel resection surgeries. In subjects without IBD, Ach constricted (-52%+/-10%) arterioles devoid of endothelium. Indomethacin (INDO) (cyclooxygenase inhibitor) had no effect. In contrast, Ach dose-dependently dilated both intact and endothelial denuded arterioles from patients with IBD. The dilation was converted to constriction by INDO (-54%+/-9%; P<0.05 versus non-IBD) or by BWA868C (PGD2 receptor antagonist). Only in arterioles from subjects with IBD did Ach produce an arachidonic acid metabolite that comigrated on HPLC with PG D2 (PGD2). Exogenous PGD2 dilated (max=66%+/-4%) IBD arterioles. CONCLUSIONS In arterioles from IBD patients, Ach-mediated dilation shifts from endothelial production of NO and EDHF to nonendothelial generation of a PG, likely PGD2. This is a novel dilator mechanism arising from nonendothelial vascular tissue that compensates for loss of endothelium-dependent dilation. PGD2 appears to be important in regulating mucosal blood flow in patients with IBD, implicating potentially detrimental effects from nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ossama A Hatoum
- Department of Medicine, Zablocki VA Medical Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Singh VP, Patil CS, Jain NK, Singh A, Kulkarni SK. Effect of nimesulide on acetic acid- and leukotriene-induced inflammatory bowel disease in rats. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2004; 71:163-75. [PMID: 14518559 DOI: 10.1016/s1098-8823(03)00038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a relapsing inflammation of intestine, which is mediated by release of inflammatory mediators. Both cyclo-oxygenase product prostaglandin (PGE2) and lipo-oxygenase product leukotriene (LTB4), may contribute to the pathogenesis of the inflammatory response. Nimesulide, a preferential COX-2 inhibitor was evaluated for its efficacy against experimental colitis in two different models (acetic acid- and LTB4-induced IBD) in rats. Inflammatory response was induced by intrarectal single administration of acetic acid or LTB4. Nimesulide (9 and 18 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly prevented development of inflammatory changes, decreased myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and also restored the altered contractility response of the isolated colon segment to KCl. The results suggested the involvement of both cyclo-oxygenase (COX) and lipo-oxygenase-mediated proinflammatory agents in colonic inflammatory process associated with IBD. Further, this study suggests that such therapeutic interventions may be of value in the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Pal Singh
- Research and Development Division, Panacea Biotec Ltd., P.O. Lalru 140 501, Punjab, India
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25
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Abstract
The pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is gradually being unravelled and new therapies are being developed to target the disturbed biological processes. This article outlines the clinical features of IBD, its current therapy and pathogenesis. The difficulties for clinical pharmacologists and gastroenterologists associated with designing, executing and interpreting clinical trials in IBD are then discussed. The final section reviews methods that can used to demonstrate the pharmacological actions of new treatments in patients with IBD. It is emphasized that proof of the therapeutic efficacy of a novel agent with a specific mechanism of action yields not only clinical benefit to patients with IBD, but also indicates the importance of the targeted biochemical pathway in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Carty
- Academic Department of Adult and Paediatric Gastroenterology, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Start 1 Building, 2, Newark Street, London E1 2AD, UK
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26
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Wallace JL. Nitric oxide-releasing mesalamine: potential utility for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Liver Dis 2003; 35 Suppl 2:S35-40. [PMID: 12846442 DOI: 10.1016/s1590-8658(03)00050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide can accelerate ulcer healing and exert anti-inflammatory effects. Addition of a nitric oxide-releasing moiety to mesalamine significantly boosts its anti-inflammatory activity. NO-releasing mesalamine suppresses inflammatory cytokine production and reduces leukocyte infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Wallace
- Mucosal Inflammation Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
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27
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Abstract
Similar to in the upper gastrointestinal tract, prostaglandins represent one of the most important components of mucosal defense in the small intestine and colon. The effects of prostaglandins in this context are widespread, ranging from maintenance of blood flow to stimulation of mucus secretion to modulation of the mucosal immune system. There is little doubt that the ability of NSAIDs to cause injury throughout the gastrointestinal tract and to exacerbate IBD is due in large part to the ability of these agents to suppress prostaglandin synthesis. With the advent of selective COX-2 inhibitors, it has become possible to dissect further the roles of prostaglandins in mucosal defense. The weight of evidence collected so far suggests that prostaglandins derived from COX-2 are important in promoting the healing of mucosal injury, in protecting against bacterial invasion, and in down-regulating the mucosal immune system. Suppression of COX-2 in a setting of gastrointestinal inflammation and ulceration has been shown in experimental models to result in impairment of healing and exacerbation of inflammation-mediated injury. In the near future, pharmacologic probes will be available that will permit clinicians to identify better the specific prostaglandin receptors that mediate the effects of this group of mediators on the various aspects of mucosal defense. This identification should permit the development of therapeutic agents that specifically can modulate some aspects of mucosal defense without having undesired effects on other aspects of mucosal function. Such agents may permit clinicians to enhance mucosal repair selectively and to block selectively any contribution of prostaglandins to the pain associated with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Wallace
- Mucosal Inflammation Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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28
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Mañé J, Fernández-Bañares F, Ojanguren I, Castellá E, Bertrán X, Bartolí R, Alvarez M, Gassull MA. Effect of L-arginine on the course of experimental colitis. Clin Nutr 2001; 20:415-22. [PMID: 11534936 DOI: 10.1054/clnu.2001.0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS L-Arg is the substrate for nitric oxide, and also for L-ornithine which, in turn, is the precursor for the synthesis of collagen and polyamines. By these different metabolic pathways, L-Arg is involved in the mechanisms of inflammation, tissue repair and fibrosis. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of both different amounts of L-Arg supplementation and L-Arg-free diets upon colonic inflammatory damage and fibrosis in experimental colitis. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats with trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis received increasing doses of L-Arg (30, 100, 500 mg/day), or D-Arg (500 mg/day). In a second experiment, two L-Arg-free diets (one supplemented with L-Gly) were compared to a L-Arg diet. Nitrite/nitrate release in the lumen of the colon and colonic damage were evaluated. In the first experiment, tissue collagen levels and colonic mucosal proliferation were also assessed. RESULTS In the acute phase of colitis, intracolonic nitrite/nitrate levels were significantly higher in the 100 and 500 mg supplemented L-Arg groups than in D-Arg group. However, only rats treated with 500 mg of L-Arg showed moderately higher inflammatory and fibrosis colonic scores than the D-Arg treated rats. There was no significant influence of L-Arg-free diets on the course of TNBS-induced colitis. However, L-Arg diet accelerated weight gain both pre- and post-TNBS. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that normal amounts of L-Arg in the diet are not harmful, whereas both absence of L-Arg or supplementation with high doses of this amino acid may be deleterious. In the former this might be due to a decrease of nitrogen retention in injured rats, whereas in the latter it may result from both nitric oxide-mediated tissue damage and collagen deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mañé
- Research Unit, Pathology, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
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29
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Onizuka Y, Murase K, Furusu H, Isomoto H, Mizuta Y, Takeshima F, Makiyama K, Kohno S. Effect of intrarectal prostaglandin E2 analogue (enprostil) on trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid-induced colitis in rats. J Int Med Res 2001; 28:28-35. [PMID: 10815645 DOI: 10.1177/147323000002800105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins exert a protective effect on colonic mucosa in experimentally induced colitis. This study investigated the effect of enprostil, a prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) analogue, on trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats. Each rat received a rectal enema containing TNBS (30 mg), followed 24 h later by intrarectal once-daily enprostil (200 microg). Enprostil-treated and control rats were killed on day 3 (enprostil group, n = 5; control, n = 6) or day 10 (enprostil group, n = 5; control, n = 5) after TNBS treatment. The area of damaged mucosa of the colon was measured relative to the total colonic area. We also determined the macroscopic score of mucosal damage, and measured PGE2, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha (6-keto-PGF1alpha) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) concentration in portal vein blood samples. Enprostil significantly reduced both the area of damaged mucosa (including the ulcer area) and the macroscopic score after 3 days' treatment compared with control. Similarly, enprostil significantly reduced plasma concentration of PGE2, 6-keto-PGF1alpha and TXB2 during the acute phase at day 3 of treatment compared with control, but not at day 10. These results suggest that PGE2 enema may have therapeutic potential for treating patients with proctitis or left-sided colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Onizuka
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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30
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Takafuji V, Cosme R, Lublin D, Lynch K, Roche JK. Prostanoid receptors in intestinal epithelium: selective expression, function, and change with inflammation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2000; 63:223-35. [PMID: 11049698 DOI: 10.1054/plef.2000.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The tissue concentration of PGE(2)is heightened during mucosal inflammation. Nevertheless, the cellular targets of this prostanoid and its effects on epithelial cell physiology are incompletely understood. We used a panel of specific immunoglobulin and mRNA probes in order to localize and quantitate the four member EP family of prostanoid receptors for binding PGE(2)on cells of histologically normal and inflamed human colonic mucosa, and then examined the physiological consequences for the epithelial component of intestine, with special attention to its barrier function. Prostanoid receptors were selectively expressed on a limited number of human colonic mucosal cells, and differed markedly between normal and inflamed tissue. In non-inflamed mucosa, EP(2)and EP(3)were expressed on epithelia at the apex of crypts; while EP(4)was expressed on surface and lateral crypt epithelia. Dual immunostaining and in situ hybridization with digoxygenin-labelled RNA probes largely confirmed the epithelial localization of EP(4). On the other hand, during inflammation, lateral crypt (non-surface) epithelial cells newly and significantly expressed prostanoid receptors EP(2)and EP(3)(p<0.05, by computer-assisted densitometry). Functionally, exogenous E series prostanoids applied to epithelial monolayers in nM concentrations brought about a 24% increase in the level of barrier function; an associated rise in intracellular cAMP (EC(50)of 281); and protection of epithelium from the effects of T cell cytokines. A major perturbation in the number and distribution of functional eicosonoid receptors on epithelia occurs in chronic inflammation of human colonic mucosa.
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MESH Headings
- Alprostadil/pharmacology
- Antibodies/immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Coculture Techniques
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Electrophysiology
- Epithelial Cells/cytology
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Intestinal Mucosa/cytology
- Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/classification
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/immunology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tight Junctions/drug effects
- Tight Junctions/metabolism
- Tight Junctions/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- V Takafuji
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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31
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Cosme R, Lublin D, Takafuji V, Lynch K, Roche JK. Prostanoids in human colonic mucosa: effects of inflammation on PGE(2) receptor expression. Hum Immunol 2000; 61:684-96. [PMID: 10880739 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(00)00131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the tissue concentration of PGE(2) is heightened 3-fold or more during mucosal inflammation, the cellular targets of prostanoids in human mucosa and the resulting changes in cell physiology have not been fully explored. We used a panel of immunoglobulin and mRNA probes in order to localize and quantitate the four member EP family of prostanoid receptors for binding PGE(2) to cells of histologically normal and inflamed human colonic mucosa, and then examined prostanoid-induced changes in mucosal lymphocyte function. Prostanoid receptors were selectively expressed on a limited number of human colonic mucosal cells; EP(4) alone was expressed on lamina propria mononuclear cells. Dual immunostaining in situ identified the CD3(+) T lymphocyte as a major EP(4) receptor-bearing cell in normal mucosa. Flow cytometry of isolated cells showed that 19.2% of lamina propria mononuclear cells were EP(4)(+), and almost 30% of these were CD3(+). In situ hybridization with digoxygenin-labeled RNA probes largely confirmed this localization. During inflammation, mucosal T lymphocytes showed a significant enhancement in EP(4) immunoreactive receptor protein. Computer-assisted densitometry of single cells demonstrated an increase in fluorescence intensity from 4.8 +/- 1.8 to 8.6 +/- 1.8 (p < 0.04). The effects of PGE(2) included a 35% reduction in T lymphocyte IL-2 secretion. COX 1(+) lamina propria cells nearly doubled in number during inflammation; expressed a T lymphocyte marker; but retained an unchanged quantity of immunoreactive COX 1 protein per cell. The number of newly appeared COX 2(+) lymphocytes remained <50% that of COX 1(+) cells. A major perturbation in the number and distribution of PGE(2) receptors and enzymes for prostanoid synthesis occurs in chronic inflammation of the colon, with consequences for mucosal T lymphocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cosme
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908, USA
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32
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Abstract
During the past three decades, many studies have been conducted to determine the precise role of eicosanoids in colorectal physiology and pathophysiology. This research has increased our understanding of bioactive lipid signaling, and may contribute to the development of more effective therapeutic modalities for digestive diseases in the future. The purpose of this report is to provide a brief overview of the role of eicosanoids in the colon and rectum. This information has been organized according to both functional and disease-related categories. The role of eicosanoids in colonic secretion, motility, inflammatory bowel disease, and colorectal neoplasia will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Krause
- Department of Medicine, The Vanderbilt Cancer Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2279, USA
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33
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Carty E, De Brabander M, Feakins RM, Rampton DS. Measurement of in vivo rectal mucosal cytokine and eicosanoid production in ulcerative colitis using filter paper. Gut 2000; 46:487-92. [PMID: 10716677 PMCID: PMC1727893 DOI: 10.1136/gut.46.4.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive mucosal generation of cytokines and eicosanoids has been reported in vitro in ulcerative colitis (UC) using traumatising biopsy techniques, and in vivo using time consuming rectal dialysis. AIMS To validate a simple filter paper technique to profile rectal mucosal production of cytokines and eicosanoids in vivo in patients with UC compared with controls. PATIENTS Forty one patients with UC (21 with active disease) and 16 controls were studied. METHODS In vitro, recovery of known concentrations of cytokine or mediator applied to filter papers was measured by ELISA following incubation in buffer. In vivo, patients and controls had filter papers apposed to the rectal mucosa briefly through a rigid sigmoidoscope. Filter papers were then incubated prior to assay by ELISA. RESULTS In vitro validation studies showed that the filter paper technique could be used to measure mucosal release of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)), and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), but not interferon gamma (IFN-gamma). Mucosal release of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, TXB(2) and PGE(2) were significantly increased in active UC (p=0.001) and correlated directly with disease activity (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS The filter paper technique confirmed increased rectal mucosal release of cytokines and eicosanoids in UC, in proportion to disease activity. The simplicity, safety and speed of the technique make it a practicable option for use in the outpatient clinic to study the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, and potentially its response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Carty
- Digestive Diseases Research Centre, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
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34
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Bartolí R, Fernández-Bañares F, Navarro E, Castellà E, Mañé J, Alvarez M, Pastor C, Cabré E, Gassull MA. Effect of olive oil on early and late events of colon carcinogenesis in rats: modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism and local prostaglandin E(2) synthesis. Gut 2000; 46:191-9. [PMID: 10644312 PMCID: PMC1727832 DOI: 10.1136/gut.46.2.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal model studies have shown that the colon tumour promoting effect of dietary fat depends not only on the amount but on its fatty acid composition. With respect to this, the effect of n9 fatty acids, present in olive oil, on colon carcinogenesis has been scarcely investigated. AIMS To assess the effect of an n9 fat diet on precancer events, carcinoma development, and changes in mucosal fatty acid composition and prostaglandin (PG)E(2) formation in male Sprague-Dawley rats with azoxymethane induced colon cancer. METHODS Rats were divided into three groups to receive isocaloric diets (5% of the energy as fat) rich in n9, n3, or n6 fat, and were administered azoxymethane subcutaneously once a week for 11 weeks at a dose rate of 7.4 mg/kg body weight. Vehicle treated groups received an equal volume of normal saline. Groups of animals were colectomised at weeks 12 and 19 after the first dose of azoxymethane or saline. Mucosal fatty acids were assessed at 12 and 19 weeks. Aberrant crypt foci and the in vivo intracolonic release of PGE(2) were assessed at week 12, and tumour formation at week 19. RESULTS Rats on the n6 diet were found to have colonic aberrant crypt foci and adenocarcinomas more often than those consuming either the n9 or n3 diet. There were no differences between the rats on the n9 and n3 diets. On the other hand, administration of both n9 and n3 diets was associated with a decrease in mucosal arachidonate concentrations as compared with the n6 diet. Carcinogen treatment induced an appreciable increase in PGE(2) formation in rats fed the n6 diet, but not in those fed the n3 and n9 diets. CONCLUSIONS Dietary olive oil prevented the development of aberrant crypt foci and colon carcinomas in rats, suggesting that olive oil may have chemopreventive activity against colon carcinogenesis. These effects may be partly due to modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism and local PGE(2) synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bartolí
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera del Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain
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35
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Homaidan FR, Zhao L, Palaia T, Donovan V, Burakoff R. Morphological and functional changes in the colonic epithelial cells in a rabbit model of colitis. Inflammation 1999; 23:191-205. [PMID: 10213274 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020249330540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A rabbit model of TNBS-colitis was used to study the effect of intestinal inflammation on epithelial cell function. Epithelial cells were isolated using a non-enzymatic isolation method without any apparent contamination with infiltrating immune cells. The isolated cells were found to be viable using dye exclusion studies, unidirectional Na+ -fluxes, proliferation assays and morphological studies. The cells, however, showed morphological changes that suggested the presence of increased number of secretory vesicles. This increase correlated well with the increase observed in ion and water secretion as measured by the short-circuit current. Finally, in the colitic tissue the number of PGE2 receptors was greatly reduced with no changes observed in the affinity of PGE2 to its receptor. The reduced number of PGE2 receptors might be due to sensitization of the receptor. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that morphologically and functionally normal epithelial cells can be isolated from the rabbit inflamed distal colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Homaidan
- Department of Physiology, American University of Beirut, New York, New York 10022, USA.
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36
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37
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Abstract
Determining the role of eicosanoids in gastrointestinal physiology and pathophysiology has been an active area of investigation over the past 20 years. The landmark discovery of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase and other enzymes involved in the production of arachidonic acid products (lipoxygenases and epoxygenases) ushered in a new era of research. The goal of this review is to distill a large body of work pertaining to studies of eicosanoids in the gastrointestinal tract. This review has been organized according both to functional (secretion and motility) and disease-related (inflammation, mucosal injury, and neoplasia) effects. The aim of this article is to present a clear summary of this area of gastroenterology so that future research can be directed in a logical and productive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Eberhart
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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38
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MacDermott RP. Alterations in the mucosal immune system in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Med Clin North Am 1994; 78:1207-31. [PMID: 7967905 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7125(16)30096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Emphasis is now being placed upon obtaining a better understanding of the regulatory cytokines that normally downregulate acute intestinal inflammation. These inhibitory cytokines appear to be missing or not functioning properly in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), thereby leading to perpetuation of inflammation. As we obtain an increased understanding of immune and inflammatory regulatory processes in the intestine, we will be able to devise better future therapeutic strategies for use in our IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P MacDermott
- Section of Gastroenterology, Lahey Clinic, Burlington, Massachusetts
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39
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Cole AT, Filipowicz B, Hyman-Taylor P, Hawkey CJ. Low dose aspirin: selective inhibition of rectal dialysis thromboxane B2 in healthy volunteers. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1994; 8:521-6. [PMID: 7865644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.1994.tb00325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the degree and selectivity of rectal thromboxane inhibition by low dose aspirin and there by investigate the contribution of platelet thromboxane to rectal thromboxane. METHODS The study was a randomized double-blind placebo controlled crossover study. Twelve healthy volunteers were studied, each over four separate study periods with two weeks wash-out between each period. Changes in levels of thromboxane (TX) B2, prostaglandin (PG) E2 and leukotriene (LT) B4 in rectal dialysates were measured in response to 5 days oral low dose aspirin therapy in one of three once-daily formulations (plain 75 mg, plain 300 mg or enteric coated 300 mg), and compared to placebo. For each study period, rectal dialysates (4 h duration) were obtained at baseline and twice more after 5 days of aspirin or placebo therapy. Dialysate levels of thromboxane B2, leukotriene B4, prostaglandin E2, and serum thromboxane B2 were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS Dialysate thromboxane B2 levels were consistently inhibited by low dose aspirin (overall results of all formulations, 75 to 300 mg daily) from 1.06 ng/ml (geometric mean, 95% CI: 0.79-1.43 ng/ml) on placebo, by 29% (95% CI: 11-40%) to 0.75 ng/ml (0.56-1.01 ng/ml) (P = 0.046) on aspirin. In the absence of aspirin the level of prostaglandin E2 was 1.47 ng/ml (0.97-2.23 ng/ml) and in the presence of aspirin was not significantly changed. The dialysate level of leukotriene B4 was 0.45 ng/ml (0.34-0.61 ng/ml) in the absence of aspirin and there was no significant change on low dose aspirin. Serum thromboxane was inhibited by 80% to 20% of placebo values by plain aspirin 75 mg, by 95% by plain aspirin 300 mg, and by 82% by enteric coated aspirin 300 mg, respectively (P < 0.01). These results show that 29% of the rectal thromboxane, but none of the rectal prostaglandin E2 or leukotriene B4 is inhibited by low dose aspirin. We infer that 34% of the rectal thromboxane B2 is platelet-derived in our volunteers. CONCLUSION Low dose aspirin will selectively inhibit a proportion of rectal thromboxane and may have prophylactic therapeutic potential in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Cole
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Nottingham, UK
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40
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Actions of sulphasalazine and analogues on mucosal eicosanoid formation and metabolism in patients with ulcerative colitis. Inflammopharmacology 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02660615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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41
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Abstract
In vivo changes in the rectal values of eicosanoid inflammatory mediators induced by pelvic radiotherapy were measured to study the pathophysiology of the early radiation bowel reaction. Ten patients having pelvic radiotherapy, aged 57 to 78, had rectal dialysis. Values of the eicosanoids leukotriene B4 (LTB4), thromboxane B2 (TXB2), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured before radiotherapy, at the end of radiotherapy, and at least four weeks after radiotherapy. Values of LTB4 rose with radiotherapy from 0.21 ng.ml-1 (median) to 1.14 ng.ml-1 (p = 0.012); PGE2 rose from 0.60 ng.ml-1 to 1.58 ng.ml-1 (p = 0.038), and TXB2 rose from 0.365 ng.ml-1 to 1.6 ng.ml-1 (p = 0.005). The rise in eicosanoid inflammatory mediators may have an important role in the pathophysiology of the early radiation bowel reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Cole
- Department of Therapeutics, University Hospital, Nottingham
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42
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Greenfield SM, Punchard NA, Teare JP, Thompson RP. Review article: the mode of action of the aminosalicylates in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1993; 7:369-83. [PMID: 8105984 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.1993.tb00110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Sulphasalazine and other 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA)-containing drugs are used in the treatment of acute inflammatory bowel disease and in the maintenance of clinical remission. Despite their use for over 50 years, the mechanism of action of this class of drugs remains uncertain, although a number of possibilities are discussed in this review. It seems likely that the aminosalicylates are important free radical scavengers, can reduce leukotriene production and can inhibit the cellular release of interleukin-1, all of which are likely to be important in reducing the acute inflammatory response in inflammatory bowel disease. The effects of these drugs on prostaglandin production are more contentious, but it appears that 10(-5) to 10(-4) M concentrations stimulate production of prostaglandins which may be cytoprotective, while higher doses of these drugs inhibit prostaglandin production. The aminosalicylates may maintain remission in inflammatory bowel disease by preventing leucocyte recruitment into the bowel wall. The drugs inhibit the chemotactic response to leukotriene B4, reduce the synthesis of platelet activating factor and also inhibit leucocyte adhesion molecule upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Greenfield
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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43
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Greenfield SM, Green AT, Teare JP, Jenkins AP, Punchard NA, Ainley CC, Thompson RP. A randomized controlled study of evening primrose oil and fish oil in ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1993; 7:159-66. [PMID: 8485269 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.1993.tb00085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In a placebo-controlled study, 43 patients with stable ulcerative colitis were randomized to receive either MaxEPA (n = 16), super evening primrose oil (n = 19), or olive oil as placebo (n = 8) for 6 months, in addition to their usual treatment. Treatment with MaxEPA increased red-cell membrane concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) at 3 months by three-fold and at 6 months by four-fold (both P < 0.01), and doubled docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels at 6 months (P < 0.05). Treatment with super evening primrose oil increased red-cell membrane concentrations of dihomogamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) by 40% at 6 months (P < 0.05), whilst treatment with placebo reduced levels of DGLA and DHA at 6 months (both P < 0.05). Clinical outcome was assessed by patient diary cards, sigmoidoscopy and histology of rectal biopsy specimens. Super evening primrose oil significantly improved stool consistency compared to MaxEPA and placebo at 6 months, and this difference was maintained 3 months after treatment was discontinued (P < 0.05). There was however, no difference in stool frequency, rectal bleeding, disease relapse, sigmoidoscopic appearance or rectal histology in the three treatment groups. Despite manipulation of cell-membrane fatty acids, fish oils do not exert a therapeutic effect in ulcerative colitis, while evening primrose oil may be of some benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Greenfield
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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44
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Yamashita S. Studies on changes of colonic mucosal PGE2 levels and tissue localization in experimental colitis. GASTROENTEROLOGIA JAPONICA 1993; 28:224-35. [PMID: 8486212 DOI: 10.1007/bf02779224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Experimental ulcerative colitis was produced in rats and the changes of PGE2 levels in the colonic mucosa and the tissue localization of PGE2 were studied immunohistochemically during the process of onset and healing of the experimental lesions. Compared with that in controls, PGE2 levels in colonic mucosa were not significantly higher in the early stage of inflammation, but rose gradually with exacerbation of inflammation, and after reaching peak values at the peak stage of development of colitis, decreased as signs of inflammation receded. Immunohistochemical study of the normal rat colon showed that PGE2 was uniformly positive in the muscularis mucosa and in the tunica propria muscularis adjacent to the submucosal layer. Furthermore, as the inflammation progressed infiltrating inflammatory cells also became positive, especially macrophages. These changes decreased along with regeneration of the epithelium and resolution of the inflammation. Glandular epithelial cells did not show positivity. These results made it clear that the PGE2 level in colonic mucosa is an useful index of the activity of colitis and that changes in PGE2 levels are associated with infiltration by inflammatory cells, principally macrophages, of the interstitium. The results also suggested the possibility that the muscularis mucosa plays a role in the colonic mucosal protective system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yamashita
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Ehime University School of Medicine, Japan
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Percy WH, Burton MB, Rose K, Donovan V, Burakoff R. In vitro changes in the properties of rabbit colonic muscularis mucosae in colitis. Gastroenterology 1993; 104:369-76. [PMID: 8425678 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(93)90403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The muscularis mucosae is the muscle layer closet to the site of elevated inflammatory mediator production in inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, it is the first muscle layer subject to their influence. METHODS Using a rabbit trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid model of colitis, changes in the properties of the muscularis mucosae resulting from the inflammatory process were studied in vitro. RESULTS Animals developed a mild colitis-like inflammation that was confined to the epithelium, lamina propria, and submucosa. Colitic muscularis mucosae contractile responses to leukotriene D4 and prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha were significantly attenuated relative to the maximum tissue response to acetylcholine, whereas responses to histamine, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were unchanged. In addition, the stress-generating capacity of the colitic muscularis mucosae was compromised in a stimulus-independent manner and passive tension increased relative to active tension. CONCLUSIONS The muscularis mucosae undergoes two significant alterations in colitis: (a) a selective desensitization to the effects of arachidonic acid metabolites and (b) an impairment of its excitation-contraction coupling mechanism. A loss of the ability of the muscularis mucosae to cause mucosal movement and alter luminal surface area may be an important early stage in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Percy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York
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46
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Kitsukawa Y, Saito H, Suzuki Y, Kasanuki J, Tamura Y, Yoshida S. Effect of ingestion of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester on carrageenan-induced colitis in guinea pigs. Gastroenterology 1992; 102:1859-66. [PMID: 1316857 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(92)90306-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (EPA-E) on colitis was investigated using a guinea pig model. The technique for preparing a degraded carrageenan with a molecular weight of about 30,000 from commercial iota-carrageenan was first refined. When this degraded carrageenan was fed to guinea pigs, localized ulcerations occurred in the cecum with infiltration of numerous mononuclear phagocytes. Oral administration of 300 mg.kg-1.day-1 of EPA-E for 3 weeks significantly prevented the development of colitis. The amounts of prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, and leukotriene B4 released from the cecal mucosa were also measured. The release of prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane B2 was significantly decreased in the animals fed EPA-E compared with those given olive oil or a vehicle alone. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the amounts of these eicosanoids and the degree of ulcer formation. However, there was no difference in the amount of leukotriene B4 among various experimental groups of animals. Furthermore, EPA-E feeding induced a significant decrease in the level of arachidonic acid and a significant increase in that of EPA in peritoneal macrophages. These results suggest that EPA has a prophylactic effect on the development of carrageenan-induced colitis, which may be ascribed in part to reduced eicosanoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kitsukawa
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
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47
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Gaginella
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research, Searle Research and Development, Skokie, Illinois 60077
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49
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Torsher KJ, Empey LR, Fedorak RN. Misoprostol therapy following trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis accelerates healing. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1992; 45:275-81. [PMID: 1603818 DOI: 10.1016/0952-3278(92)90083-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins have been demonstrated to have a mucosal protective effect when administered prior to the experimental induction of colitis in animals. We here determined whether prostaglandins would have a beneficial therapeutic effect when administered after colitis had been established. Diffuse, chronic, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis was established in rats, and misoprostol was administered daily for up to 10 days following the induction of colitis. The effects of misoprostol therapy were compared to those obtained by treatment with 5-aminosalicylic acid and betamethasone. Misoprostol therapy following trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis accelerated colonic healing, as measured in terms of macroscopic ulceration area and fluid absorption, whereas 5-aminosalicylic acid and betamethasone therapy did not. Ileal fluid absorption impairment was repaired by betamethasone but not by misoprostol or 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Torsher
- University of Alberta, Division of Gastroenterology, Edmonton, Canada
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50
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Pons L, Droy-Lefaix MT, Bueno L. Leukotriene D4 participates in colonic transit disturbances induced by intracolonic administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid in rats. Gastroenterology 1992; 102:149-56. [PMID: 1727747 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(92)91794-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of colonic inflammation induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid and influence of previous treatment with specific antagonists of inflammatory mediators (platelet-activating factor, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes) on colonic transit were examined in conscious rats which were permanently fitted with an intracolonic catheter inserted into the proximal colon. Colonic inflammation was induced by intracolonic administration of trinitrobenzene acid (80 mg/kg) in 50% ethanol. Colonic transit time was evaluated by intracolonic administration of a radiolabeled marker [( 51Cr]sodium chromate) and collection of the feces per hour on a conveyor belt. Excretion of the marker was then plotted vs. time, permitting calculations of the times elapsed to recover 25%, 50%, and 75% of the marker injected (T25, T50, and T75, respectively). In control (saline) animals, excretion of the marker described a regular sigmoid curve with 50% of the marker recovered at 6.92 +/- 0.40 hours after intracolonic administration (T25 = 6.4 +/- 0.43 hours; T75 = 7.49 +/- 0.39 hours). Ethanol (vehicle), 50%, did not modify the profile of marker recovery. On the contrary, single intracolonic administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid/ethanol induced a biphasic response consisting of an early pool of radiolabeled feces (T25 = 4.03 +/- 0.55 hours) with a delayed total one (T50 = 11.74 +/- 0.83 hours; T75 = 13.70 +/- 0.49 hours). Antagonists of the leukotriene pathway, i.e., MK = 886, a lipoxygenase inhibitor, and SKF 104,353 and SR 2640, two different leukotriene D4 receptor antagonists, blocked the effects of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid on colonic transit time and restored a control profile of radiolabeled marker excretion. In contrast, indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and SC 19220, a specific prostaglandin E2 receptor antagonist, were inefficient in blocking the effects of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid on colonic transit time. Specific thromboxane A2 receptor antagonists, KT1-32 and GR 32191B, did not show any improvement in colonic transit after trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid administration. Previous injection of the specific platelet-activating factor receptor antagonists, BN 52021 or BN 50730, was also unable to restore a normal marker excretion profile after administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. It is concluded that the alterations of colonic transit immediately observed after intracolonic trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid administration are mediated through the release of leukotriene D4. In contrast, platelet-activating factor, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes are not involved in the mediation of these transit disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pons
- Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Toulouse, France
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