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Scarselli A, Corfiati M, DI Marzio D, Marinaccio A. Occupational carcinogens in Italy: an overview on exposure to cadmium and its compounds. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2024; 62:170-181. [PMID: 38148027 PMCID: PMC11170083 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2023-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Given the recognized carcinogenicity of cadmium, several regulatory interventions have been carried out over the years to protect exposed workers. The aim of the study is to investigate the prevalence and extent of exposure to cadmium among Italian workers. Data was collected from a nation-wide occupational exposure registry (SIREP, 1996-2022). Gender-specific statistical analysis was carried out for some exposure-related variables (cadmium compound, activity sector, occupational group, firm size). Potentially exposed workers were estimated for some industrial sectors. Concurrent exposures were investigated using cluster analysis. Overall 4,264 measurements were analyzed. Four industrial sectors were found to be most involved by cadmium exposure: base metal manufacturing, fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment, and other transport equipment (55% of measurements). Jewellery/precious-metal workers, and glass/ceramic plant operators were found to be most at exposure risk. A total of 26,470 workers potentially exposed was estimated (69% men). Concurrent exposures to other occupational carcinogens were detected quite frequently (52% of workers). Several situations of exposure and co-exposure to cadmium deserve attention and awareness in order to minimize the risks associated with workers' health. Recognition of potentially hazardous exposure conditions is an important step in prevention strategies to better protect workers against cancer-causing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Scarselli
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work (INAIL), Italy
| | - Marisa Corfiati
- Department of Prevention, Occupational Health and Safety Unit (SPeSAL), Local Health Authority of Bari, Italy
| | - Davide DI Marzio
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work (INAIL), Italy
| | - Alessandro Marinaccio
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work (INAIL), Italy
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2
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Park RM. Risk assessment for conventional diesel exhaust (before 1990) and lung cancer in a cohort of miners. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2024; 44:1413-1429. [PMID: 37876044 DOI: 10.1111/risa.14231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust in the latter half of the 20th century has been found to be a lung carcinogen. Conventional diesel emissions continue in the transportation, mining, construction, and farming industries. From the Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study, a public-use dataset was used to calculate the excess lifetime risk of lung cancer associated with diesel exposure (1947-1997). Excess rates of lung cancer mortality associated with respirable elemental carbon (REC) and possible other mining exposures (e.g., oil mists, explosives emissions) were investigated using Poisson regression methods. Lung cancer mortality declined with increasing employment duration while increasing with cumulative REC and non-diesel exposures, suggesting a strong worker survivor effect. Attenuation of the REC effect was observed with increasing cumulative exposure. After adjustment for employment duration, the excess rate ratio for lung cancer mortality was 0.67 (95% CI = 0.35-0.99) for a 10-year lagged exposure to 200 μg/m3 REC, a typical below-ground exposure in the study mines. At exposures of 200, 10, and 1 μg/m3 REC, the estimated excess lifetime risks, respectively, were 119, 43, and 8.7 per thousand. Analysis of an inception cohort hired after dieselization commenced produced smaller and less certain estimates of lifetime risk. From exposures to conventional diesel engine exhaust common in occupational groups in the past, the excess lifetime risk of lung cancer was more than 5%. Ambient REC exposures in the general population were estimated to confer lifetime risks of 0.14 to 14 per thousand, depending on assumptions made.
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Lombaert N, Gilles M, Verougstraete V. Cadmium Monitoring at the Workplace: Effectiveness of a Combination of Air- and Biomonitoring. TOXICS 2023; 11:354. [PMID: 37112581 PMCID: PMC10147057 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation exposure to cadmium at the workplace has been associated with an increased risk of lung cancer and non-cancer respiratory effects. To ensure levels of cadmium remain below effect levels, air quality is monitored and regulations specifying an air limit value are implemented. The EU Carcinogens and Mutagens Directive of 2019 recommended values for the inhalable fraction and the respirable fraction but the latter only for a transitional period. Cadmium exposure has also been associated with systemic effects, following its storage in the kidneys and due to its long half-life. The accumulation of cadmium occurs via different exposure routes and from different sources, including workplace dust and fumes, food, and smoking. Biomonitoring (in blood, urine) has been identified as the most appropriate method to follow up cumulative exposure and total cadmium body burden, as it conveniently reflects intakes by all routes. However, it is not systematically implemented. This paper has a double objective: first, proposing a possible limit value for the respirable fraction, using an approach integrating epidemiological data. Secondly, demonstrating that the implementation of both air and biological limit values is key to protecting workers' health in occupational settings. The paper summarizes the current knowledge on cadmium health effects and how biomarkers reflect those. It presents an approach to derive a respirable value, using recent human data, and describes how the combination of air monitoring and biomonitoring is applied by the EU industry to protect the workforce. While a respirable fraction value helps protect workers against local respiratory adverse health effects, air monitoring alone is not sufficient to protect workers against systemic effects of cadmium. Therefore, complementary biomonitoring and the implementation of a biological limit value is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noömi Lombaert
- International Cadmium Association, 1150 Brussels, Belgium
- International Zinc Association, Reach Cadmium Consortium, 1150 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mik Gilles
- International Cadmium Association, 1150 Brussels, Belgium
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4
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Dietary intake and health risk assessment of lead and cadmium in green tea from Morocco. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-023-01422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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5
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Smith MR, Hu X, Jarrell ZR, He X, Orr M, Fernandes J, Chandler JD, Walker DI, Esper A, Marts L, Neujahr DC, Jones DP, Go YM. Study on the Relationship between Selenium and Cadmium in Diseased Human Lungs. ADVANCES IN REDOX RESEARCH 2023; 7. [PMID: 37034445 PMCID: PMC10078579 DOI: 10.1016/j.arres.2023.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic environmental metal that interacts with selenium (Se) and contributes to many lung diseases. Humans have widespread exposures to Cd through diet and cigarette smoking, and studies in rodent models show that Se can protect against Cd toxicities. We sought to identify whether an antagonistic relationship existed between Se and Cd burdens and determine whether this relationship may associate with metabolic variation within human lungs. We performed metabolomics of 31 human lungs, including 25 with end-stage lung disease due to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD)/emphysema and other causes, and 6 non-diseased lungs. Results showed pathway associations with Cd including amino acid, lipid and energy-related pathways. Metabolic pathways varying with Se had considerable overlap with these pathways. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of individuals according to metabolites associated with Cd showed partial separation of disease types, with COPD/emphysema in the cluster with highest Cd, and non-diseased lungs in the cluster with the lowest Cd. When compared to HCA of metabolites associated with Se, the results showed that the cluster containing COPD/emphysema had the lowest Se, and the non-diseased lungs had the highest Se. A greater number of pathway associations occurred for Cd to Se ratio than either Cd or Se alone, indicating that metabolic patterns were more dependent on Cd to Se ratio than on either alone. Network analysis of interactions of Cd and Se showed network centrality was associated with pathways linked to polyunsaturated fatty acids involved in inflammatory signaling. Overall, the data show that metabolic pathway responses in human lung vary with Cd and Se in a pattern suggesting that Se is antagonistic to Cd toxicity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ryan Smith
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Xin Hu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zachery R Jarrell
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaojia He
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Orr
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jolyn Fernandes
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Joshua D. Chandler
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Douglas I. Walker
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Annette Esper
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lucian Marts
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David C. Neujahr
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Corresponding authors at: Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael St, Room 225, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. (D.P. Jones), (Y.-M. Go)
| | - Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Corresponding authors at: Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael St, Room 225, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. (D.P. Jones), (Y.-M. Go)
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Lee NW, Wang HY, Du CL, Yuan TH, Chen CY, Yu CJ, Chan CC. Air-polluted environmental heavy metal exposure increase lung cancer incidence and mortality: A population-based longitudinal cohort study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 810:152186. [PMID: 34883183 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increased risk of lung cancer has been observed due to exposure to certain environmental heavy metals. This study elucidated the role of air-polluted heavy metals in the development of lung cancer. METHODS A longitudinal cohort study involving the general population was conducted to compare heavy metal content among lung cancer patients. The urine concentrations of heavy metals were measured. Questionnaire surveys were designed to collect exposure-related demographic and lifestyle data of the study subjects. RESULTS Participants residing near the petrochemical industrial area with higher air Cd concentration had relatively higher urinary concentration of Cd. After adjusting for sociodemographic and behavioral factors, tobacco smoking and air pollution remained as potential sources of Cd exposure. An increased prevalence of lung cancer was observed in the highly polluted zone. The risk of lung cancer incidence increased 1.25-fold for each 1 μg/g-creatinine increase in urine Cd level. Patients with lung cancer had significantly higher urinary Cd concentrations. Lung cancer patients with higher urinary Cd level had significantly poor survival (urine Cd level ≥ 1.58 vs <1.58 μg/g-creatinine; survival, medium, 192.0 vs 342.5 days, p < 0.001). At the longitudinal follow-up, participants with higher urinary Cd level had a higher risk of lung cancer incidence (urine Cd level ≥ 1.58 vs <1.58 μg/g-creatinine: 3.91% v.s. 0.87%, hazard ratio: 4.65, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Accumulation of Cd could be a risk of lung cancer occurrence. High exposure to Cd may result in poor prognosis in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian-Wei Lee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Li Du
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hsuen Yuan
- Department of Health and Welfare, College of City Management, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yu Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chong-Jen Yu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Chuan Chan
- College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Njatcha C, Farooqui M, Almotlak AA, Siegfried JM. Prevention of Tobacco Carcinogen-Induced Lung Tumor Development by a Novel STAT3 Decoy Inhibitor. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 13:735-746. [PMID: 32655003 PMCID: PMC7485626 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-20-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The STAT3 pathway is frequently overactive in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), an often fatal disease with known risk factors including tobacco and chemical exposures. Whether STAT3 can be downmodulated to delay or prevent development of lung cancer resulting from an environmental exposure has not been previously tested. A circular oligonucleotide STAT3 decoy (CS3D) was used to treat mice previously exposed to the tobacco carcinogen nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. CS3D contains a double-stranded STAT3 DNA response element sequence and interrupts STAT3 signaling by binding to STAT3 dimers, rendering them unable to initiate transcription at native STAT3 DNA binding sites. An intermittent course of CS3D decreased the development of airway preneoplasias by 42% at 1 week posttreatment, reduced the progression of preneoplasia to adenomas by 54% at 8 weeks posttreatment, and reduced the size and number of resulting lung tumors by 49.7% and 29.5%, respectively, at 20 weeks posttreatment. No toxicity was detected. A mutant cyclic oligonucleotide with no STAT3 binding ability was used as a control. Chemopreventive effects were independent of the KRAS mutational status of the tumors. In lungs harvested during and after the treatment course with CS3D, airway preneoplasias had reduced STAT3 signaling. Chemopreventive effects were accompanied by decreased VEGFA expression, ablated IL6, COX-2, and p-NF-κB, and decreased pulmonary M2 macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Thus, downmodulation of STAT3 activity using a decoy molecule both reduced oncogenic signaling in the airway epithelium and favored a lung microenvironment with reduced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Njatcha
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mariya Farooqui
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Abdulaziz A Almotlak
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jill M Siegfried
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Sahu RK, Saha N, Das L, Sahu PK, Sariki SK, Tomar RS. SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complex contributes to clearance of cytoplasmic protein aggregates and regulates unfolded protein response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS J 2020; 287:3024-3041. [PMID: 31846549 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin remodelling complexes are multi-subunit assemblies, each containing a catalytic ATPase and translocase that is capable of mobilizing nucleosomes to alter the chromatin structure. SWI/SNF remodelling complexes with higher DNA translocation efficiency evict histones or slide the nucleosomes away from each other making DNA accessible for transcription and repair machinery. Chromatin remodelling at the promoter of stress-responsive genes by SWI/SNF becomes necessary during the heat and proteotoxic stress. While the involvement of SWI/SNF in transcription of stress-responsive genes has been studied extensively, the regulation of proteostasis by SWI/SNF is not well understood. This study demonstrates critical functions of SWI/SNF in response to cadmium-induced proteotoxic stress. Deletion of either ATPase-translocase subunit of SWI/SNF complex (Swi2/Snf2) or a regulatory subunit Swi3 abrogates the clearance of cadmium-induced protein aggregates. Our results suggest that Snf2 and Swi3 regulate the protein folding in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that reduces the chances of forming unfolded protein aggregates under the proteotoxic stress of cadmium. The Ire1-mediated unfolded protein response (UPR) maintains ER homeostasis by upregulating the expression of chaperones and ER-associated degradation (ERAD) components. We found that Snf2 maintains normal oxidative environment essential for Ire1 activity. Deletion of SNF2 reduced the Ire1 activity and UPR, indicating involvement of Snf2 in Ire1-mediated ER proteostasis. Together, these findings suggest that SWI/SNF complex regulates ER homeostasis and protein folding crucial for tolerating proteotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Sahu
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Nitu Saha
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Laxmidhar Das
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Pushpendra Kumar Sahu
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Santhosh Kumar Sariki
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Raghuvir Singh Tomar
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
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Trends in Cigarette Smoking Prevalence Among Refinery and Petrochemical Plant Workers, 1950 to 1999. J Occup Environ Med 2019; 61:989-995. [PMID: 31567882 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Smoking is a potential confounder in studies of workplace exposures and smoking-related disease, but little data exist to quantitatively adjust for smoking in statistical models. METHODS We estimated smoking prevalence trends between 1950 and 1999 for 12,299 female and 43,307 male hourly and salaried petrochemical workers using company physical examination data. RESULTS Nearly half of hourly male and female employees smoked during the study period, compared with 38% of salaried males and 29% of females. Smoking prevalence in the 1950s reached 80% and 66% among female and male hourly workers, respectively, significantly higher than the US general population. CONCLUSIONS As hourly workers typically comprise higher exposure groups and expected case counts are typically generated from the US general population, biased risk estimates may result from standardized mortality ratio analyses if smoking rate differences are not accounted for.
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Loverdos K, Fotiadis A, Kontogianni C, Iliopoulou M, Gaga M. Lung nodules: A comprehensive review on current approach and management. Ann Thorac Med 2019; 14:226-238. [PMID: 31620206 PMCID: PMC6784443 DOI: 10.4103/atm.atm_110_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In daily clinical practice, radiologists and pulmonologists are faced with incidental radiographic findings of pulmonary nodules. Deciding how to manage these findings is very important as many of them may be benign and require no further action, but others may represent early disease and importantly early-stage lung cancer and require prompt diagnosis and definitive treatment. As the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules includes invasive procedures which can be relatively minimal, such as bronchoscopy or transthoracic aspiration or biopsy, but also more invasive procedures such as thoracic surgical biopsies, and as these procedures are linked to anxiety and to cost, it is important to have clearly defined algorithms for the description, management, and follow-up of these nodules. Clear algorithms for the imaging protocols and the management of positive findings should also exist in lung cancer screening programs, which are already established in the USA and which will hopefully be established worldwide. This article reviews current knowledge on nodule definition, diagnostic evaluation, and management based on literature data and mainly recent guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Fotiadis
- 7th Respiratory Medicine Department, Athens Chest Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Mina Gaga
- 7th Respiratory Medicine Department, Athens Chest Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Lin CK, Hsu YT, Christiani DC, Hung HY, Lin RT. Risks and burden of lung cancer incidence for residential petrochemical industrial complexes: A meta-analysis and application. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:404-414. [PMID: 30261461 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. Higher incidence of lung cancer may be associated with residential proximity to a petrochemical industrial complex (PIC) due to exposure to various carcinogens, although results from previous epidemiologic studies remain inconclusive. Because disease burden due to residential inequality is a public health and societal concern, this study analyzed published data to estimate lung cancer incidence in association with residential proximity to PICs. METHODS We performed a meta-analysis on selected epidemiologic studies that met the following criteria: lung cancer incidence was coded by the International Classification of Diseases; exposure groups were clearly defined as residents living near PICs; and confidence intervals were available or calculable from original articles. We further applied a population attributable factor (PAF) method to estimate disease burden attributable to living near PICs in 22 European Union (EU) countries. RESULTS Meta-analysis included six studies with a total of 466,066 residents living near PICs in six countries. Residents living near PICs had a 19% higher risk of lung cancer compared to those who lived farther away (95% CI = 1.06-1.32). By sex, risks were higher and more significant for females (RR = 1.29; 95% CI = 1.09-1.54; P = 0.004) than males (RR = 1.12; 95% CI = 0.95-1.33; P = 0.173). By location, only groups in Europe had a significantly greater risk of lung cancer with exposure to PICs (95% CI = 1.03-1.33; P = 0.019), although groups in other locations showed similar trends. By bona fide observation, observation of residents for at least seven years provided sufficient latency to estimate risk (RR = 1.25; 95% CI = 1.17-1.34; P < 0.001). Regarding burden of lung cancer in 22 EU countries, 494 males and 478 females were attributed to living in the vicinity of a PIC annually. CONCLUSIONS Lung cancer incidence is significantly higher in individuals living near PICs. This result provides strong epidemiologic evidence for further policy to regulate potential pollutants near PICs. HIGHLIGHTS Higher incident rates of lung cancer for residents living close to petrochemical industry complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kuan Lin
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Building 1 Room 1401, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Yu-Tien Hsu
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Kresge Building, 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - David C Christiani
- Departments of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Building 1 Room 1401, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Huei-Yang Hung
- Department of Clinical Education and Training, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100, Tzyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ro-Ting Lin
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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12
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Lee HH, Owens VN, Park S, Kim J, Hong CO. Adsorption and precipitation of cadmium affected by chemical form and addition rate of phosphate in soils having different levels of cadmium. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 206:369-375. [PMID: 29754061 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Although a number of studies have examined cadmium (Cd) immobilization by phosphate (P) in soils, determining the exact mechanism of Cd immobilization in various conditions, including P chemical form, P rate, and inherent Cd concentrations in soil has not been examined. The objective of this study was to determine changes in Cd immobilization through adsorption and precipitation in different conditions. Arable soils were spiked with inorganic Cd to give a total Cd concentration of 10, 100, and 1000 mg Cd kg-1. K2HPO4 (DPP) and KH2PO4 (MPP) were selected and mixed with the pretreated arable soil at the rates of 0, 800, 1600 and 3200 mg P kg-1. In soils with 10 and 100 mg Cd kg-1, both P materials similarly increased negative charge of soil and decreased extractable Cd concentration. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD), a diffraction peak revealing the presence of Cd(H2PO4)2 was observed in soil with 1000 mg Cd kg-1 and 3200 mg P kg-1 soil. In addition, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis and modeling for saturation index for Cd minerals proved that formation of CdCO3 and Cd3(PO4)2 occurred in soil having 1000 mg Cd kg-1 and addition of both DPP and MPP. Immobilization of Cd might be attributed to Cd adsorption in soil with relatively low Cd levels (<100 mg kg-1). Precipitation of Cd(H2PO4)2, CdCO3, and Cd-phosphate might be a dominant mechanism to immobilize Cd, besides Cd adsorption, in soil with relatively high Cd levels (1000 mg kg-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ho Lee
- Department of Life Science & Environmental Biochemistry, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, South Korea
| | - Vance N Owens
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Science and North Central Regional Sun Grant Center, South Dakota State University, 1015 Campanile Ave., Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Sungkyun Park
- Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Jiwoong Kim
- Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Chang Oh Hong
- Department of Life Science & Environmental Biochemistry, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, South Korea; Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, South Korea.
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Zhang N, Fan Y, Huang G, Buac D, Bi C, Ma Y, Wang X, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Dou QP. l-Tryptophan Schiff base cadmium(II) complexes as a new class of proteasome inhibitors and apoptosis inducers in human breast cancer cells. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Odewumi CO, Latinwo LM, Ruden ML, Badisa VLD, Fils-Aime S, Badisa RB. Modulation of cytokines and chemokines expression by NAC in cadmium chloride treated human lung cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:1612-1619. [PMID: 26138014 PMCID: PMC4698366 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), is one of the most hazardous metals found in the environment. Cd exposure through inhalation has been linked to various diseases in lungs. It was shown that Cd induces proinflammatory cytokines through oxidative stress mechanism. In this report, we studied the immunomodulatory effect of a well known antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on cadmium chloride (CdCl2 ) treated human lung A549 cells through human cytokine array 6. The lung cells were treated with 0 or 75 µM CdCl2 alone, 2.5 mM NAC alone, or co-treated with 2.5 mM NAC and 75 µM CdCl2 for 24 h. The viability of cells was measured by crystal violet dye. The array results were validated by human IL-1alpha enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The viability of the 75 µM CdCl2 alone treated cells was decreased to 44.5%, while the viability of the co-treated cells with 2.5 mM NAC was increased to 84.1% in comparison with untreated cells. In the cell lysate of CdCl2 alone treated cells, 19 and 8 cytokines were up and down-regulated, while in the medium 15 and 3 cytokines were up and downregulated in comparison with the untreated cells. In the co-treated cells, all these cytokines expression was modulated by the NAC treatment. The IL-1α ELISA result showed the same pattern of cytokine expression as the cytokine array. This study clearly showed the modulatory effect of NAC on cytokines and chemokines expression in CdCl2- treated cells and suggests the use of NAC as protective agent against cadmium toxicity. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1612-1619, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline O Odewumi
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.
| | - Lekan M Latinwo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Michael L Ruden
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Veera L D Badisa
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Sheila Fils-Aime
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Ramesh B Badisa
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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Chen C, Xun P, Nishijo M, He K. Cadmium exposure and risk of lung cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies among general and occupational populations. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2016; 26:437-444. [PMID: 26956937 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The association between cadmium exposure and risk of lung cancer is still unclear. We quantitatively reviewed the observational studies that investigated the association between cadmium exposure and lung cancer risk in both general and occupational populations published through April 2015. The final data set is comprised of three cohort studies in the general population totaling 22,551 participants (354 events) with a mean follow-up of 15 years, five occupational cohort studies including 4205 individuals (180 events) with an average follow-up of 31 years, and three occupational case-control studies including 4740 cases and 6268 controls. Comparing the highest to the lowest category of cadmium exposure, the weighted relative risk and 95% confidence interval of lung cancer in the general population was 1.42 (95% CI (0.91, 2.23)); the weighted risk estimates (95% CIs) of lung cancer in three occupational cohort studies and three case-control studies were 0.68 (95% CI (0.33, 1.41)) and 1.61 (95% CI (0.94, 2.75)), respectively. No linear association was found. When comparing participants exposed to cadmium with non-exposed based on available data, the association became statistically significant. According to findings from this meta-analysis, the possibility that cadmium exposure may increase risk of lung cancer cannot be completely ruled out in either general or occupational population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health - Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Pengcheng Xun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health - Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Muneko Nishijo
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Ka He
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health - Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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16
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Facteurs de risque professionnels du cancer bronchopulmonaire. Rev Mal Respir 2016; 33:444-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Development of an inhalation unit risk factor for cadmium. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 77:175-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Huff MO, Todd SL, Smith AL, Elpers JT, Smith AP, Murphy RD, Bleser-Shartzer AS, Hoerter JE, Radde BN, Klinge CM. Arsenite and Cadmium Activate MAPK/ERK via Membrane Estrogen Receptors and G-Protein Coupled Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells. Toxicol Sci 2016; 152:62-71. [PMID: 27071941 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence indicates that cadmium and arsenic exposure increase lung cancer risk. Cadmium and arsenic are environmental contaminants that act as endocrine disruptors (EDs) by activating estrogen receptors (ERs) in breast and other cancer cell lines but their activity as EDs in lung cancer is untested. Here, we examined the effect of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) on the proliferation of human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. Results demonstrated that both CdCl2 and NaAsO2 stimulated cell proliferation at environmentally relevant nM concentrations in a similar manner to 17β-estradiol (E2) in H1793, H2073, and H1944 cells but not in H1792 or H1299 cells. Further studies in H1793 cells showed that 100 nM CdCl2 and NaAsO2 rapidly stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinases) phosphorylation with a peak detected at 15 min. Inhibitor studies suggest that rapid MAPK phosphorylation by NaAsO2, CdCl2, and E2 involves ER, Src, epidermal growth factor receptor, and G-protein coupled ER (GPER) in a pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway. CdCl2 and E2 activation of MAPK may also involve ERβ. This study supports the involvement of membrane ER and GPER signaling in mediating cellular responses to environmentally relevant nM concentrations of CdCl2 and NaAsO2 in lung adenocarcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary O Huff
- *Department of Biology, Bellarmine University, Louisville, Kentucky 40205;
| | - Sarah L Todd
- *Department of Biology, Bellarmine University, Louisville, Kentucky 40205
| | - Aaron L Smith
- *Department of Biology, Bellarmine University, Louisville, Kentucky 40205
| | - Julie T Elpers
- *Department of Biology, Bellarmine University, Louisville, Kentucky 40205
| | - Alexander P Smith
- *Department of Biology, Bellarmine University, Louisville, Kentucky 40205
| | - Robert D Murphy
- *Department of Biology, Bellarmine University, Louisville, Kentucky 40205
| | | | - Jacob E Hoerter
- *Department of Biology, Bellarmine University, Louisville, Kentucky 40205
| | - Brandie N Radde
- †Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292
| | - Carolyn M Klinge
- †Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292
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Ju-Kun S, Yuan DB, Rao HF, Chen TF, Luan BS, Xu XM, Jiang FN, Zhong WD, Zhu JG. Association Between Cd Exposure and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A PRISMA-Compliant Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2708. [PMID: 26871808 PMCID: PMC4753904 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Several observational studies on the association between Cd exposure and risk of prostate cancer have yielded inconsistent results. To address this issue, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the correlation between Cd exposure and risk of prostate cancer.Relevant studies in PubMed and Embase databases were retrieved until October 2015. We compared the highest and lowest meta-analyses to quantitatively evaluate the relationship between Cd exposure and risk of prostate cancer. Summary estimates were obtained using a random-effects model.In the general population, high Cd exposure was not associated with increased prostate cancer (OR 1.21; 95% CI 0.91-1.64), whereas the combined standardized mortality ratio of the association between Cd exposure and risk of prostate cancer was 1.66 (95% CI 1.10-2.50) in populations exposed to occupational Cd. In addition, high D-Cd intake (OR 1.07; 95% CI 0.96-1.20) and U-Cd concentration (OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.48-1.55) among the general population was not related to the increased risk of prostate cancer. In the dose analysis, the summary relative risk was 1.07 (95% CI 0.73-1.57) for each 0.5 μg/g creatinine increase in U-Cd and 1.02 (95% CI 0.99-1.06) for each 10 μg/day increase of dietary Cd intake. However, compared with nonoccupational exposure, high occupational Cd exposure may be associated with the increased risk of prostate cancer.This meta-analysis suggests high Cd exposure as a risk factor for prostate cancer in occupational rather than nonoccupational populations. However, these results should be carefully interpreted because of the significant heterogeneity among studies. Additional large-scale and high-quality prospective studies are needed to confirm the association between Cd exposure and risk of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Ju-Kun
- From the Department of Oral and maxillofacial surgery (SJ-K), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou; Department of Urology (D-BY, H-FR, T-FC, B-SL, J-GZ), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou, Guiyang; Department of Urology (X-MX), Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo; Department of Urology (F-NJ, W-DZ, J-GZ), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guangzhou; and Urology Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province (F-NJ, W-DZ, J-GZ), The First Affiliated, Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Song JK, Luo H, Yin XH, Huang GL, Luo SY, Lin DR, Yuan DB, Zhang W, Zhu JG. Association between cadmium exposure and renal cancer risk: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17976. [PMID: 26656678 PMCID: PMC4675972 DOI: 10.1038/srep17976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental pollutant and has been a recognized carcinogen for several decades. Many observational studies reported Cd exposure might be one cause of renal cancer. However, these findings are inconsistent. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between cadmium exposure and renal cancer risk. A comprehensive PubMed and Embase search was conducted to retrieve observational studies meeting our meta-analysis criteria. A combined odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were applied to assess the association between Cd exposure and renal cancer risk. The meta-analysis showed that a high Cd exposure significantly increased renal cancer 1.47 times (OR = 1.47; 95% CI = 1.27 to 1.71, for highest versus lowest category of cadmium categories). The significant association remained consistent when stratified by geographic region and gender, however mixed results were produced when stratified by sample size, study design, NOS score, adjustment for covariates, effects measure, and exposure type. Our results indicated that a high Cd exposure was associated with increased renal cancer risk and the association was higher for occupational exposure compared with non-occupational exposure. This meta-analysis suggests that a high Cd exposure may be a risk factor for renal cancer in occupational population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju kun Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillary Surgery, Gui Zhou provincial people's hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Hong Luo
- Department of Oral and Maxillary Surgery, Gui Zhou provincial people's hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Xin hai Yin
- Department of Oral and Maxillary Surgery, Gui Zhou provincial people's hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Guang lei Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillary Surgery, Gui Zhou provincial people's hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Si yang Luo
- Department of Oral and Maxillary Surgery, Gui Zhou provincial people's hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Du ren Lin
- Department of Oral and Maxillary Surgery, Gui Zhou provincial people's hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Dong Bo Yuan
- Department of Urology, Gui Zhou provincial people's hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Gui Zhou provincial people's hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Jian guo Zhu
- Department of Urology, Gui Zhou provincial people's hospital, Guiyang, China
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21
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Chen C, Xun P, Nishijo M, Sekikawa A, He K. Cadmium exposure and risk of pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and case-control studies among individuals without occupational exposure history. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:17465-74. [PMID: 26423282 PMCID: PMC4654666 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5464-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most deadly types of cancer for both genders. Classified as a human carcinogen, cadmium has been related to diverse cancers. However, the association between cadmium exposure and the risk of pancreatic cancer is still unclear. We quantitatively reviewed the observational studies on the association of cadmium exposure with pancreatic cancer risk among individuals without occupational exposure history published through July 2014 in PubMed by using a fixed-effect model. Four prospective cohort studies (112,934 participants with 335 events) and two case-control studies (177 cases and 539 controls) were identified. The summarized relative risk (RR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was 2.05 (95% CI = 1.58-2.66), comparing the highest to the lowest category of cadmium exposure. This positive association persisted in men (RR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.04-3.05) but not in women (RR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.63-1.65). Further research is needed to provide more solid evidence on the association of cadmium exposure with pancreatic cancer risk and to elucidate the underlying biological mechanism of the potential gender difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Pengcheng Xun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Muneko Nishijo
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Akira Sekikawa
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Ka He
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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Starska K, Bryś M, Forma E, Olszewski J, Pietkiewicz P, Lewy-Trenda I, Danilewicz M, Krześlak A. The effect of metallothionein 2A core promoter region single-nucleotide polymorphism on accumulation of toxic metals in sinonasal inverted papilloma tissues. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 285:187-97. [PMID: 25900616 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are intracellular thiol-rich heavy metal-binding proteins which join trace metal ions protecting cells against heavy metal toxicity and regulate metal distribution and donation to various enzymes and transcription factors. The goal of this study was to identify the -5 A/G (rs28366003) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the core promoter region of the MT2A gene, and to investigate its effect on allele-specific gene expression and Cd, Zn, Cu and Ni content in sinonasal inverted papilloma tissue (IP), with non-cancerous sinonasal mucosa (NCM) as a control. The MT2A promoter region -5 A/G SNP was identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism using 117 IP and 132 NCM. MT2A gene analysis was performed by quantitative real-time PCR. Metal levels were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The frequency of A allele carriage was 99.2% and 100% in IP and NCM, respectively. The G allele carriage was detected in 23.9% of IP and in 12.1% of the NCM samples. As a result, a significant association of -5 A/G SNP in MT2A gene with mRNA expression in both groups was determined. A significant association was identified between the -5 A/G SNP in the MT2A gene with mRNA expression in both groups. A highly significant association was detected between the rs28366003 genotype and Cd and Zn content in IP. Furthermore, significant differences were identified between A/A and A/G genotype with regard to the type of metal contaminant. The Spearman rank correlation results showed the MT2A gene expression and both Cd and Cu levels were negatively correlated. The results obtained in this study suggest that the -5 A/G SNP in the MT2A gene may have an effect on allele-specific gene expression and toxic metal accumulation in sinonasal inverted papilloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Starska
- I Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Medical University of Łódź, Kopcinskiego 22, 90-153 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Bryś
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, University of Łódź, Pomorska 142/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Ewa Forma
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, University of Łódź, Pomorska 142/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Jurek Olszewski
- II Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Medical University of Łódź, Żeromskiego 113, 90-549 Łódź, Poland
| | - Piotr Pietkiewicz
- II Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Medical University of Łódź, Żeromskiego 113, 90-549 Łódź, Poland
| | - Iwona Lewy-Trenda
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Łódź, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Łódź, Poland
| | - Marian Danilewicz
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Łódź, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Łódź, Poland
| | - Anna Krześlak
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, University of Łódź, Pomorska 142/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
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The −5 A/G single-nucleotide polymorphism in the core promoter region of MT2A and its effect on allele-specific gene expression and Cd, Zn and Cu levels in laryngeal cancer. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 280:256-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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García-Esquinas E, Pollan M, Tellez-Plaza M, Francesconi KA, Goessler W, Guallar E, Umans JG, Yeh J, Best LG, Navas-Acien A. Cadmium exposure and cancer mortality in a prospective cohort: the strong heart study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:363-70. [PMID: 24531129 PMCID: PMC3984227 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1306587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal classified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the association of long-term Cd exposure, as measured in urine, with cancer mortality in American Indians from Arizona, Oklahoma, and North and South Dakota who participated in the Strong Heart Study during 1989-1991. METHODS The Strong Heart Study was a prospective cohort study of 3,792 men and women 45-74 years of age who were followed for up to 20 years. Baseline urinary Cd (U-Cd) was measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We assessed cancer events by annual mortality surveillance. RESULTS The median (interquintile range) U-Cd concentration was 0.93 (0.55, 1.63) μg/g creatinine. After adjusting for sex, age, smoking status, cigarette pack-years, and body mass index, the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) comparing the 80th versus the 20th percentiles of U-Cd were 1.30 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.55) for total cancer, 2.27 (95% CI: 1.58, 3.27) for lung cancer, and 2.40 (95% CI: 1.39, 4.17) for pancreatic cancer mortality. For all smoking-related cancers combined, the corresponding HR was 1.56 (95% CI: 1.24, 1.96). Cd was not significantly associated with liver, esophagus and stomach, colon and rectum, breast, prostate, kidney, or lymphatic and hematopoietic cancer mortality. On the basis of mediation analysis, we estimated that the percentage of lung cancer deaths due to tobacco smoking that could be attributed to Cd exposure was 9.0% (95% CI: 2.8, 21.8). CONCLUSIONS Low-to-moderate Cd exposure was prospectively associated with total cancer mortality and with mortality from cancers of the lung and pancreas. The implementation of population-based preventive measures to decrease Cd exposure could contribute to reducing the burden of cancer.
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25
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Demir N, Enon S, Turksoy VA, Kayaalti Z, Kaya S, Cangir AK, Soylemezoglu T, Savas I. Association of Cadmium but not Arsenic Levels in Lung Cancer Tumor Tissue with Smoking, Histopathological Type and Stage. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:2965-70. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.7.2965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Bernhoft RA. Cadmium toxicity and treatment. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:394652. [PMID: 23844395 PMCID: PMC3686085 DOI: 10.1155/2013/394652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium is a heavy metal of considerable toxicity with destructive impact on most organ systems. It is widely distributed in humans, the chief sources of contamination being cigarette smoke, welding, and contaminated food and beverages. Toxic impacts are discussed and appear to be proportional to body burden of cadmium. Detoxification of cadmium with EDTA and other chelators is possible and has been shown to be therapeutically beneficial in humans and animals when done using established protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Bernhoft
- Bernhoft Centers for Advanced Medicine, 11677 San Vicente Blvd, Suite 208/211, Los Angeles, CA 93023, USA.
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Ruder AM, Hein MJ, Hopf NB, Waters MA. Mortality among 24,865 workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in three electrical capacitor manufacturing plants: a ten-year update. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 217:176-87. [PMID: 23707056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this analysis was to evaluate mortality among a cohort of 24,865 capacitor-manufacturing workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at plants in Indiana, Massachusetts, and New York and followed for mortality through 2008. Cumulative PCB exposure was estimated using plant-specific job-exposure matrices. External comparisons to US and state-specific populations used standardized mortality ratios, adjusted for gender, race, age and calendar year. Among long-term workers employed 3 months or longer, within-cohort comparisons used standardized rate ratios and multivariable Poisson regression modeling. Through 2008, more than one million person-years at risk and 8749 deaths were accrued. Among long-term employees, all-cause and all-cancer mortality were not elevated; of the a priori outcomes assessed only melanoma mortality was elevated. Mortality was elevated for some outcomes of a priori interest among subgroups of long-term workers: all cancer, intestinal cancer and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (women); melanoma (men); melanoma and brain and nervous system cancer (Indiana plant); and melanoma and multiple myeloma (New York plant). Standardized rates of stomach and uterine cancer and multiple myeloma mortality increased with estimated cumulative PCB exposure. Poisson regression modeling showed significant associations with estimated cumulative PCB exposure for prostate and stomach cancer mortality. For other outcomes of a priori interest--rectal, liver, ovarian, breast, and thyroid cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Alzheimer disease, and Parkinson disease--neither elevated mortality nor positive associations with PCB exposure were observed. Associations between estimated cumulative PCB exposure and stomach, uterine, and prostate cancer and myeloma mortality confirmed our previous positive findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avima M Ruder
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Misty J Hein
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nancy B Hopf
- Institute for Work and Health (IST), Rue du Bugnon 21, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martha A Waters
- Division of Applied Research Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Cadmium modulates H-ras expression and caspase-3 apoptotic cell death in breast cancer epithelial MCF-7 cells. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 121:100-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Zhang Z, Bi C, Buac D, Fan Y, Zhang X, Zuo J, Zhang P, Zhang N, Dong L, Dou QP. Organic cadmium complexes as proteasome inhibitors and apoptosis inducers in human breast cancer cells. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 123:1-10. [PMID: 23499788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although cadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental contaminant and human carcinogen, our studies indicate an organic Cd complex to be a potent inhibitor of proteasomal chymotrypsin-like (CT-like) activity, further capable of inducing apoptosis in a cancer cell-specific manner. It has been reported that the ligands indole-3-butyric acid (L1) and indole-3-propionic acid (L2) have cancer-fighting effects when tested in a rat carcinoma model. In addition, 3, 5-diaminobenzoic acid o-vanillin Schiff bases (L3) have high antimicrobial activity and a large number of Schiff base complexes have been reported to have proteasome-inhibitory activity. We therefore hypothesized that synthetic forms of Cd in combination with L1, L2 and L3 may have proteasome-inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing activities, which would be cancer cell-specific. To test this hypothesis, we have synthesized three novel Cd-containing complexes: [Cd2(C12H12O2N)4(H2O)2]·2H2O (Cd1), [Cd2(C11H10O2N)4(H2O)2]·2H2O (Cd2) and [Cd(C7H4N2O2)(C8H6O2)2]·2H2O (Cd3), by using these three ligands. We sought out to characterize and assess the proteasome-inhibitory and anti-proliferative properties of these three Cd complexes in human breast cancer cells. Cd1, Cd2 and Cd3 were found to effectively inhibit the chymotrypsin-like activity of purified 20S proteasome with IC50 values of 2.6, 3.0 and 3.3 μΜ, respectively. Moreover, inhibition of cancer cell proliferation also correlated with this effect. As a result of proteasomal shutdown, the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and the proteasome target IκB-α protein as well as induction of apoptosis were observed. To account for the cancer specificity of this effect, immortalized, non-tumorigenic breast MCF10A cells were used under the same experimental conditions. Our results indicate that MCF10A cells are much less sensitive to the Cd1, Cd2 and Cd3 complexes when compared to MDA MB 231 breast cancer cells. Therefore, our study suggests that these Cd organic complexes are capable of inhibiting tumor cellular proteasome activity and consequently induce cancer cell-specific apoptotic death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, PR China
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Holásková I, Elliott M, Hanson ML, Schafer R, Barnett JB. Prenatal cadmium exposure produces persistent changes to thymus and spleen cell phenotypic repertoire as well as the acquired immune response. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 265:181-9. [PMID: 23088857 PMCID: PMC3508345 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a common environmental contaminant. Adult exposure to Cd alters the immune system, however, there are limited studies on the effects of prenatal exposure to Cd. Pregnant C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to an environmentally relevant dose of CdCl(2) (10 ppm) and the effects on the immune system of the offspring were assessed at 20 weeks of age. Prenatal Cd exposure caused an increase in the percent of CD4(-)CD8(-)CD44(+)CD25(-) (DN1) thymocytes in both sexes and a decrease in the percent of CD4(-)CD8(-)CD44(-)CD25(+) (DN3) thymocytes in females. Females had an increase in the percent of splenic CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, and CD45R/B220(+) B cells and a decrease in the percent of NK cells and granulocytes (Gr-1(+)). Males had an increase in the percent of splenic CD4(+) T cells and CD45R/B220(+) B cells and a decrease in the percent of CD8(+) T cells, NK cells, and granulocytes. The percentage of neutrophils and myeloid-derived suppressor cells were reduced in both sexes. The percent of splenic nTreg cells was decreased in all Cd-exposed offspring. Cd-exposed offspring were immunized with a streptococcal vaccine and the antibody response was determined. PC-specific serum antibody titers were decreased in Cd exposed female offspring but increased in the males. PspA-specific serum IgG titers were increased in both females and males compared to control animals. Females had a decrease in PspA-specific serum IgM antibody titers. Females and males had a decrease in the number of splenic anti-PspA antibody-secreting cells when standardized to the number of B cells. These findings demonstrate that very low levels of Cd exposure during gestation can result in long term sex-specific alterations on the immune system of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Holásková
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Meenal Elliott
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Miranda L. Hanson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Rosana Schafer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - John B. Barnett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center; West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
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Abstract
Because tobacco smoking is a potent carcinogen, secondary causes of lung cancer are often diminished in perceived importance. The goal of this review is to describe the occurrence and recent findings of the 27 agents currently listed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as lung carcinogens. The IARC's updated assessments of lung carcinogens provide a long-overdue resource for consensus opinions on the carcinogenic potential of various agents. Supplementary new information, with a focus on analytic epidemiologic studies that has become available since IARC's most recent evaluation, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R William Field
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 105 River Street, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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