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Evenden P, Vandoolaeghe Q, Lecluse Y, Gac AC, Delépée R, Weiswald LB, Boutet-Robinet E, Boulanger M, Bonassi S, Lebailly P, Meryet-Figuière M. Agricultural exposures and DNA damage in PBMC of female farmers measured using the alkaline comet assay. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2024; 97:353-363. [PMID: 38430240 PMCID: PMC10999382 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-024-02049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several studies investigated the link between agricultural occupational exposures and DNA damage, in an attempt to bring elements of biological plausibility to the increased cancer risk associated with them. However, only a few of these studies focused on females. METHODS The comet assay was performed on PBMC (Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells) samples from 245 females working in open field farming and cattle raising, located in the Normandy area of France. Individual questionnaires on tasks performed were administered at the time of sampling to directly assess exposures. Environmental exposures were issued from a questionnaire assessing the farm productions. Linear regression analyses were done using the DNA damage scores. RESULTS Regarding direct exposures, several tasks associated with exposure to potentially harmful chemicals were not associated with DNA damage, but a longer duration of use of herbicide on meadows (p = 0.05) or of cleaning and upkeep of agricultural equipment (p = 0.06) revealed higher DNA damage levels, although the number of exposed women was low. Several indirect and/or environmental exposures were associated with DNA damage in multivariate analyses: a larger surface of meadows (p = 0.006) or the presence of poultry (p = 0.03) was associated with less DNA damage, while the presence of swine (p = 0.01) was associated with higher DNA damage. Smokers and former smokers had less DNA damage than non-smokers (p = 0.0008 and p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS We report modified levels of DNA damage for those environmentally exposed to meadows, poultry and pig farming, underlining the need for a better knowledge of the potential health risks experienced by females in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Evenden
- Inserm U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancer Prevention and Treatment), Normandie Univ, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - Q Vandoolaeghe
- Inserm U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancer Prevention and Treatment), Normandie Univ, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - Y Lecluse
- Inserm U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancer Prevention and Treatment), Normandie Univ, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - A C Gac
- Inserm U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancer Prevention and Treatment), Normandie Univ, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - R Delépée
- Inserm U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancer Prevention and Treatment), Normandie Univ, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - L B Weiswald
- Inserm U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancer Prevention and Treatment), Normandie Univ, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - E Boutet-Robinet
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - M Boulanger
- Inserm U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancer Prevention and Treatment), Normandie Univ, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - S Bonassi
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - P Lebailly
- Inserm U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancer Prevention and Treatment), Normandie Univ, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - M Meryet-Figuière
- Inserm U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancer Prevention and Treatment), Normandie Univ, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France.
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Chuanjiang T, Chenghan M, Liying Z, Shuang L, Yizhou Y, Dongmei S, Xuehua A, Qiang F, Entang P, Lingmei T, Ran L, Hongjun Z, Xiuzhu H. Assessment of pesticide exposure to applicators during spraying in orchards with a stretcher-mounted sprayer. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28756. [PMID: 38601665 PMCID: PMC11004749 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Various health risk assessment models have been developed to evaluate occupational pesticide exposure in China. However, there has been limited investigation into the relationship between health risks and pesticide spraying in orchards. In this study, we analyzed pesticide exposure of applicators while spraying with a stretcher-mounted sprayer in orchards located in four different climatic regions. All garments' unit exposure (UE) demonstrated a right-skewed distribution, with gloves and shins accounting for the highest proportion of dermal pesticide exposure. We observed little difference in dermal and inhalation UE levels between apple and citrus orchards, except for pesticide exposure levels on wipes and faces. While 57% of the inhalation UE distribution variance was attributed to clustering and location effects, no significant differences were observed in dermal exposure levels. We evaluated the impact of different levels of protective clothing on pesticide exposure levels, according to applicators' working habits in China. Our findings revealed that improved levels of protection significantly reduced dermal exposure to pesticides, particularly when wearing gloves during spraying with a stretcher-mounted sprayer. Based on our empirical data, we utilized a simple random sampling model and an intercept-only lognormal mixed model to estimate dermal and inhalation exposure levels. The estimated dermal UE was accurate to within 3-fold with 95% confidence, and half of the estimated inhalation UE was acceptable according to the fold relative accuracy (fRA). Our established and verified statistics for dermal and inhalation UE can be utilized to evaluate the potential pesticide exposure to applicators during spraying in orchards with a stretcher-mounted sprayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chuanjiang
- Institute Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100125, PR China
| | - Mei Chenghan
- Guizhou Academy of Testing and Analysis, Guizhou Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550000, PR China
| | - Zhang Liying
- Institute Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100125, PR China
| | - Li Shuang
- Beijing Chemeva Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100094, PR China
| | - Yan Yizhou
- Beijing Chemeva Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100094, PR China
| | - She Dongmei
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - An Xuehua
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China
| | - Fu Qiang
- Hunan Winp Analytical Technology Research Co., Ltd, Changsha, 410137, PR China
| | - Pu Entang
- Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resource, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming, 650205, PR China
| | - Tao Lingmei
- Institute Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100125, PR China
| | - Liu Ran
- Institute Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100125, PR China
| | - Zhang Hongjun
- Institute Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100125, PR China
| | - Huang Xiuzhu
- Institute Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100125, PR China
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3
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de Graaf L, Bresson M, Boulanger M, Bureau M, Lecluse Y, Lebailly P, Baldi I. Pesticide exposure in greenspaces: Comparing field measurement of dermal contamination with values predicted by registration models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170816. [PMID: 38346656 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Since 2014, the Agricultural Operator Exposure Model (AOEM) has been the harmonised European model used for estimating non-dietary operator exposure to pesticide. It is based on studies conducted by the pesticide companies and it features 13 different crops including non-agricultural areas such as amenity grasslands. The objective of this study was to compare the dermal exposure measured during a field study conducted in a non-agricultural area with the corresponding values estimated by the model AOEM. The non-controlled field study was conducted in France in 2011 and included 24 private and public gardeners who apply glyphosate with knapsack sprayers. Dermal exposure was measured using the whole-body method and cotton gloves. Each measured value had an estimated value given by AOEM and we tested their correlation using linear regression. The model overestimated body exposure for all observations and there was no correlation between values. However, it underestimated hand exposure by 42 times and it systematically underestimated the exposure when the operators were wearing gloves, especially during the application. The model failed at being conservative regarding hand exposure and highly overestimated the protection afforded by the gloves. At a time of glyphosate renewed approval in Europe, non-controlled field studies conducted by academics are needed to improve AOEM model, especially in the non-agricultural sector. Indeed, among the 34 studies included in the model, none were conducted on a non-agricultural area and only four assessed the exposure when using a knapsack sprayer. Moreover, knapsack sprayers being the main equipment used worldwide in both agricultural and non-agricultural settings, it is also crucial to integrate new data specific to this equipment in the model. Operator exposure should be estimated with accuracy in the registration process of pesticides to ensure proper safety as well as in epidemiological studies to improve exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L de Graaf
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - M Bresson
- INSERM, UMR1086-Cancers et Préventions, Centre François Baclesse, Caen, France; University Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - M Boulanger
- INSERM, UMR1086-Cancers et Préventions, Centre François Baclesse, Caen, France; University Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - M Bureau
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Y Lecluse
- INSERM, UMR1086-Cancers et Préventions, Centre François Baclesse, Caen, France
| | - P Lebailly
- INSERM, UMR1086-Cancers et Préventions, Centre François Baclesse, Caen, France; University Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - I Baldi
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; Service Santé Travail Environnement, CHU de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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4
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Hurwitz LM, Beane Freeman LE, Andreotti G, Hofmann JN, Parks CG, Sandler DP, Lubin JH, Liu J, Jones K, Berndt SI, Koutros S. Joint associations between established genetic susceptibility loci, pesticide exposures, and risk of prostate cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:117063. [PMID: 37659638 PMCID: PMC10591852 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
More than 200 genetic variants have been independently associated with prostate cancer risk. Studies among farmers have also observed increased prostate cancer risk associated with exposure to specific organophosphate (fonofos, terbufos, malathion, dimethoate) and organochlorine (aldrin, chlordane) insecticides. We examined the joint associations between these pesticides, established prostate cancer loci, and prostate cancer risk among 1,162 cases (588 aggressive) and 2,206 frequency-matched controls nested in the Agricultural Health Study cohort. History of lifetime pesticide use was combined with a polygenic risk score (PRS) generated using 256 established prostate cancer risk variants. Logistic regression models estimated the joint associations of the pesticides, the PRS, and the 256 individual genetic variants with risk of total and aggressive prostate cancer. Likelihood ratio tests assessed multiplicative interaction. We observed interaction between ever use of fonofos and the PRS in relation to total and aggressive prostate cancer risk. Compared to the reference group (never use, PRS < median), men with ever use of fonofos and PRS > median had elevated risks of total (OR 1.35 [1.06-1.73], p-interaction = 0.03) and aggressive (OR 1.49 [1.09-2.04], p-interaction = 0.19) prostate cancer. There was also suggestion of interaction between pesticides and individual genetic variants occurring in regions associated with DNA damage response (CDH3, EMSY genes) and with variants related to altered androgen receptor-driven transcriptional programs critical for prostate cancer. Our study provides evidence that men with greater genetic susceptibility to prostate cancer may be at higher risk if they are also exposed to pesticides and suggests potential mechanisms by which pesticides may increase prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Hurwitz
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Laura E Beane Freeman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Gabriella Andreotti
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan N Hofmann
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Christine G Parks
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Dale P Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jay H Lubin
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jia Liu
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA; Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kristine Jones
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA; Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Stella Koutros
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA
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5
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Rhee J, Barry KH, Huang WY, Sampson JN, Hofmann JN, Silverman DT, Calafat AM, Botelho JC, Kato K, Purdue MP, Berndt SI. A prospective nested case-control study of serum concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and aggressive prostate cancer risk. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 228:115718. [PMID: 36958379 PMCID: PMC10239560 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are environmentally persistent organic pollutants detectable in the serum of most U.S. adults. Some studies of highly-exposed individuals have suggested an association between PFAS and prostate cancer, but evidence from population-based studies is limited. We investigated the association between pre-diagnostic serum PFAS concentrations and aggressive prostate cancer risk in a large prospective study. We measured pre-diagnostic serum concentrations of eight PFAS, including perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), for 750 aggressive prostate cancer cases and 750 individually matched controls within the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. We assessed the reproducibility of PFAS concentrations in serial samples collected up to six years apart among 60 controls using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association with prostate cancer, adjusting for other PFAS and potential confounders. Concentrations of most PFAS were consistent (ICC>0.7) across the serial samples over time. We observed an inverse association between PFOA and aggressive prostate cancer (ORcontinuous = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.63, 0.99), but the association was limited to cases diagnosed ≤3 years after blood collection and became statistically non-significant for cases diagnosed with later follow-up (>3 years, ORcontinuous = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.79, 1.03). Other PFAS were not associated with aggressive prostate cancer risk. Although we cannot rule out an increased risk at higher levels, our findings from a population with PFAS serum concentrations comparable to the general population do not support an association with increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongeun Rhee
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute (NCI), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kathryn H Barry
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan N Hofmann
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute (NCI), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Debra T Silverman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute (NCI), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Organic Analytical Toxicology Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Julianne Cook Botelho
- Organic Analytical Toxicology Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kayoko Kato
- Organic Analytical Toxicology Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mark P Purdue
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute (NCI), Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute (NCI), Rockville, MD, USA.
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Cani M, Turco F, Butticè S, Vogl UM, Buttigliero C, Novello S, Capelletto E. How Does Environmental and Occupational Exposure Contribute to Carcinogenesis in Genitourinary and Lung Cancers? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2836. [PMID: 37345174 PMCID: PMC10216822 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental and occupational exposures have been associated with an increased risk of different types of cancers, although the exact mechanisms of higher carcinogenesis risk are not always well understood. Lung cancer is the leading cause of global cancer mortality, and, also, genitourinary neoplasms are among the main causes of cancer-related deaths in Western countries. The purpose of this review is to describe the main environmental and occupational factors that increase the risk of developing lung and genitourinary cancers and to investigate carcinogenesis mechanisms that link these agents to cancer onset. Further objectives are to identify methods for the prevention or the early detection of carcinogenic agents and, therefore, to reduce the risk of developing these cancers or to detect them at earlier stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Cani
- Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (M.C.); (F.T.); (C.B.); (E.C.)
| | - Fabio Turco
- Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (M.C.); (F.T.); (C.B.); (E.C.)
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Simona Butticè
- Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (M.C.); (F.T.); (C.B.); (E.C.)
| | - Ursula Maria Vogl
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Consuelo Buttigliero
- Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (M.C.); (F.T.); (C.B.); (E.C.)
| | - Silvia Novello
- Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (M.C.); (F.T.); (C.B.); (E.C.)
| | - Enrica Capelletto
- Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (M.C.); (F.T.); (C.B.); (E.C.)
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7
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Cavalier H, Trasande L, Porta M. Exposures to pesticides and risk of cancer: Evaluation of recent epidemiological evidence in humans and paths forward. Int J Cancer 2023; 152:879-912. [PMID: 36134639 PMCID: PMC9880902 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the role in cancer etiology of environmental exposures as pesticides is a prerequisite for primary prevention. We review 63 epidemiological studies on exposure to pesticides and cancer risk in humans published from 2017 to 2021, with emphasis on new findings, methodological approaches, and gaps in the existing literature. While much of the recent evidence suggests causal relationships between pesticide exposure and cancer, the strongest evidence exists for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and colorectal cancer (CRC), diseases in which the observed associations were consistent across several studies, including high-quality prospective studies and those using biomarkers for exposure assessment, with some observing dose-response relationships. Though high-quality studies have been published since the IARC monograph on organophosphate insecticides in 2017, there are still gaps in the literature on carcinogenic evidence in humans for a large number of pesticides. To further knowledge, we suggest leveraging new techniques and methods to increase sensitivity and precision of exposure assessment, incorporate multi-omics data, and investigate more thoroughly exposure to chemical mixtures. There is also a strong need for better and larger population-based cohort studies that include younger and nonoccupationally exposed individuals, particularly during developmental periods of susceptibility. Though the existing evidence has limitations, as always in science, there is sufficient evidence to implement policies and regulatory action that limit pesticide exposure in humans and, hence, further prevent a significant burden of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleigh Cavalier
- Department of PediatricsNew York University (NYU) School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Environmental MedicineNew York University (NYU) School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Population HealthNew York University (NYU) School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of PediatricsNew York University (NYU) School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Environmental MedicineNew York University (NYU) School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Population HealthNew York University (NYU) School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- NYU School of Global Public HealthNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Miquel Porta
- Department of PediatricsNew York University (NYU) School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- School of MedicineUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM PSMar PRBB)BarcelonaCataloniaSpain
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public HealthUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
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8
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Teysseire R, Barron E, Baldi I, Bedos C, Chazeaubeny A, Le Menach K, Roudil A, Budzinski H, Delva F. Pesticide Exposure of Residents Living in Wine Regions: Protocol and First Results of the Pestiprev Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3882. [PMID: 36900896 PMCID: PMC10001537 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The PESTIPREV study has been designed to investigate residential exposure to pesticides applied to vines and ultimately propose mitigation measures. A feasibility study was carried out to validate a protocol for measuring six pesticides in three houses located near vineyards in July 2020. Samples included indoor and outdoor surfaces sampled with wipes (n = 214), patches on the resident's skin (n = 7), hand or foot washing (n = 5), and pets sampled using wipes (n = 2). Limits of quantification for wipes ranged between 0.02 ng for trifloxystrobin and 1.50 ng for pyraclostrobin. Tebuconazole and trifloxystrobin were quantified in nearly 100% of the surface samples, whereas the other fungicides were less frequently found (from 39.7% for pyraclostrobin to 55.1% for boscalid). The median surface loadings ranged from 3.13 ng/m2 for benalaxyl to 82.48 ng/m2 for cymoxanil. The pesticides most frequently quantified in hand washing, patch samples, and pet wipes were the same as those quantified on surfaces. Finally, the analyses proved to be successful. The tools developed to collect information on determinants were well completed. The protocol was well received by the participants and appeared to be feasible and relevant to the objective of the PESTIPREV study, although some improvements have been identified. It was applied on a larger scale in 2021 to study the determinants of pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Teysseire
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Inserm UMR1219-EPICENE, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bordeaux Hospital, 33000 Bordeaux, France
- Regional Health Agency of Nouvelle-Aquitaine, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Isabelle Baldi
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Inserm UMR1219-EPICENE, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bordeaux Hospital, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Carole Bedos
- ECOSYS, INRAE-AgroParisTech-Paris-Saclay University, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | | | - Karyn Le Menach
- UMR 5805 EPOC, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Audrey Roudil
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bordeaux Hospital, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- UMR 5805 EPOC, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Fleur Delva
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Inserm UMR1219-EPICENE, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bordeaux Hospital, 33000 Bordeaux, France
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9
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Antignac JP, Figiel S, Pinault M, Blanchet P, Bruyère F, Mathieu R, Lebdai S, Fournier G, Rigaud J, Mahéo K, Marchand P, Guiffard I, Bichon E, le Bizec B, Multigner L, Fromont G. Persistent organochlorine pesticides in periprostatic adipose tissue from men with prostate cancer: Ethno-geographic variations, association with disease aggressiveness. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114809. [PMID: 36403647 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although several studies have examined the relationship between organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and prostate cancer (PCa) risk, no data are available concerning the association between OCPs concentrations in periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT), which reflects cumulative exposure, and PCa aggressiveness. Moreover, no previous study has compared OCPs exposure in two distinct ethno-geographical populations. The objectives were to analyze OCPs in PPAT of PCa patients from either Mainland France or French West Indies in correlation with features of tumor aggressiveness, after adjusting for potential confounders such age, BMI, and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of PPAT. PPAT was analyzed in 160 patients (110 Caucasians and 50 African-Caribbeans), 80 with an indolent tumor (ISUP group 1 + pT2), and 80 with an aggressive tumor (ISUP group more than 3 + pT3). The concentrations of 29 OCPs were measured in PPAT concomitantly with the characterization of PUFA content. Exposure patterns of OCPs differed according to the ethno-geographical origin. Most OCPs were found at higher concentration in Caucasian patients, whereas pp'-DDE content was twice as high in African-Caribbeans. Chlordecone was only detected in PPAT from African-Caribbean patients. Most OCP concentrations were positively correlated with age, and some with BMI. After adjusting for age, BMI, and PUFA composition of PPAT, no significant association was found between OCPs content and risk of aggressive disease, except of mirex which appeared inversely associated with aggressive features of PCa in Caucasian patients. These results highlight a significant ethno-geographic variation in internal exposure to OCPs, which likely reflects differences in consumption patterns. The inverse relationship observed between mirex concentration and markers of PCa aggressiveness need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandy Figiel
- Inserm UMR1069 "Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer" Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, 10 bd Tonnellé, 37032, Tours, France
| | - Michèle Pinault
- Inserm UMR1069 "Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer" Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, 10 bd Tonnellé, 37032, Tours, France
| | - Pascal Blanchet
- CHU Pointe à Pitre, Department of Urology, France; Inserm UMR1085 - IRSET Rennes, France
| | - Franck Bruyère
- CHRU Bretonneau, Departments of Pathology and Urology, Tours, France
| | - Romain Mathieu
- Inserm UMR1085 - IRSET Rennes, France; CHU Rennes, Departments of Pathology and Urology, France
| | | | | | - Jerome Rigaud
- CHU Nantes, Departments of Pathology and Urology, France
| | - Karine Mahéo
- Inserm UMR1069 "Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer" Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, 10 bd Tonnellé, 37032, Tours, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gaëlle Fromont
- Inserm UMR1069 "Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer" Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, 10 bd Tonnellé, 37032, Tours, France; CHRU Bretonneau, Departments of Pathology and Urology, Tours, France.
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10
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Pesticides and pancreatic adenocarcinoma: A transversal epidemiological, environmental and mechanistic narrative review. Dig Liver Dis 2022; 54:1605-1613. [PMID: 36089524 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2022.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA) incidence is rising worldwide, especially in France. The evolution of known risk factors such as tobacco smoking, obesity, type 2 diabetes, chronic pancreatitis, or constitutional mutations is not sufficient to explain this trend. Pesticides are known risk factors in other malignancies. Previous studies have outlined pesticides' influence in PA, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane as plausible risk factors. The general population is directly or indirectly exposed to pesticides through air, food or water. Some of these chemicals may accumulate in the body all along lifetime and may harm carriers. The toxic mixing effects of these chemicals are not well documented. Several hypotheses have been put forward to explain how pesticides can induce indirect (fatty pancreas, induced diabetes) or direct (oxidative stress, cell damage) carcinogenesis in pancreatic cells through inflammation. A strong corpus exists acknowledging pesticides as a PA risk factor. However, published studies do not provide a sufficient level of evidence to prove causality and current prospective case-control studies are still ongoing.
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11
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Kumar V, Yadav CS, Banerjee BD. Xeno-Estrogenic Pesticides and the Risk of Related Human Cancers. J Xenobiot 2022; 12:344-355. [PMID: 36412768 PMCID: PMC9680220 DOI: 10.3390/jox12040024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, "environmental xenobiotic-mediated endocrine disruption", especially by xeno-estrogens, has gained a lot of interest from toxicologists and environmental researchers. These estrogen-mimicking chemicals are known to cause various human disorders. Pesticides are the most heavily used harmful xenobiotic chemicals around the world. The estrogen-mimicking potential of the most widely used organochlorine pesticides is well established. However, their effect is not as clearly understood among the plethora of effects these persistent xenobiotics are known to pose on our physiological system. Estrogens are one of the principal risk modifiers of various disorders, including cancer, not only in women but in men as well. Despite the ban on these xenobiotics in some parts of the world, humans are still at apparent risk of exposure to these harmful chemicals as they are still widely persistent and likely to stay in our environment for a long time owing to their high chemical stability. The present work intends to understand how these harmful chemicals may affect the risk of the development of estrogen-mediated human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, IMS Engineering College, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Chandra Shekhar Yadav
- School of Forensic Science, National Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar 382010, India
| | - Basu Dev Banerjee
- Environmental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital, University of Delhi, Delhi 110095, India
- Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, India
- Correspondence:
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12
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Modifiable risk factors for prostate cancer in low- and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2022; 25:453-462. [PMID: 35790786 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-022-00570-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most of the epidemiological data on prostate cancer risk factors come from high-income countries (HIC). Reducing exposure to prostate cancer modifiable risk factors may significantly lower PCa morbidity and mortality in LIC and MIC. The objective of this study was to summarize the evidence on modifiable risk factors (RFs) for PCa in LIC and lower-middle-income countries (LMIC). METHODS We conducted a systematic search on MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Global Health databases. We selected case-control and cohort studies from 2010 onwards that studied modifiable RFs for PCa in LIC and LMIC with a population of 30 million or more, as defined by the World Bank in January 2021. Risk of bias was assessed by the Ottawa-Newcastle tool. Individual study estimates were pooled when estimates were available for at least two studies. RESULTS 5740 studies were initially identified; 16 studies met inclusion criteria. All were case-control studies except one retrospective cohort study. Higher fat intake was associated with a higher risk of PCa incidence with an odds ratio (OR) of 3.13 (95% CI 1.33-7.33). Higher vegetable intake (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.24-0.97) and tea consumption (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.32-0.83) were associated with a lower risk for PCa. There was no association between fruits, fish, and chicken consumption and risk of PCa. Alcohol consumption, smoking, red meat intake, and a BMI ≥ 25-30 kg/m2 showed a trend towards an increased risk, although these were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS In LIC and LMIC, high fat intake was associated with higher risk of PCa while a diet rich in vegetables and tea intake was associated with a lower risk. Future prospective studies will be important to elucidate whether other modifiable risk factors for PCa specific to LIC and LMIC can be identified to inform impactful and cost-effective preventive strategies in these countries.
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13
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Chronic Pesticide Exposure in Farm Workers Is Associated with the Epigenetic Modulation of hsa-miR-199a-5p. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127018. [PMID: 35742265 PMCID: PMC9222590 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of pesticides in intensive agriculture has had a negative impact on human health. It was widely demonstrated how pesticides can induce different genetic and epigenetic alterations associated with the development of different diseases, including tumors and neurological disorders. Therefore, the identification of effective indicators for the prediction of harmful pesticide exposure is mandatory. In this context, the aim of the study was to evaluate the modification of hsa-miR-199a-5p expression levels in liquid biopsy samples obtained from healthy donors and farm workers with chronic exposure to pesticides. For this purpose, the high-sensitive droplet digital PCR assay (ddPCR) was used to detect variation in the expression levels of the selected microRNA (miRNA). The ddPCR analyses revealed a significant down-regulation of hsa-miR-199a-5p observed in individuals exposed to pesticides compared to control samples highlighting the good predictive value of this miRNA as demonstrated by statistical analyses. Overall, the obtained results encourage the analysis of miRNAs as predictive biomarkers of chronic pesticide exposure thus improving the current strategies for the monitoring of harmful pesticide exposure.
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14
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Bresson M, Bureau M, Le Goff J, Lecluse Y, Robelot E, Delamare J, Baldi I, Lebailly P. Pesticide Exposure in Fruit-Growers: Comparing Levels and Determinants Assessed under Usual Conditions of Work (CANEPA Study) with Those Predicted by Registration Process (Agricultural Operator Exposure Model). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084611. [PMID: 35457476 PMCID: PMC9028555 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of pesticide exposure levels in farmers is necessary for epidemiological studies and regulatory purposes. In the European pesticide registration process, operators’ exposure is predicted using the Agricultural Operator Exposure Model (AOEM), created in 2014 by the European Food Safety Authority based on studies conducted by the pesticide industry. We compared operators’ exposures during treatment days in the apple-growing industry under non-controlled working conditions and AOEM-predicted values. The dermal exposure of thirty French apple-growers from the CANEPA study when applying two fungicides was measured using body patches and cotton gloves. For each observation, the corresponding exposure was calculated by means of the AOEM, using data recorded about the operator, spraying equipment and personal protective equipment (PPE) used. A significant linear correlation was observed between calculated and measured daily exposures. The model overestimated the daily exposure approximately 4-fold and the exposure during application 10-fold. However, exposure was underestimated during mixing/loading for 70% of the observations when the operator wore PPE. The AOEM did not overestimate exposures in all circumstances, especially during mixing/loading, when operators handle concentrated products. The protection provided by PPE appeared to be overestimated. This could be due to the optimal working conditions under which the “industrial” studies are conducted, which may not be representative of real working conditions of operators in fruit-growing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Bresson
- ANTICIPE, INSERM U1086, Centre François Baclesse, University of Caen Normandie, 14000 Caen, France; (J.L.G.); (Y.L.); (J.D.); (P.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mathilde Bureau
- EPICENE, INSERM U1219, Bordeaux Population Health Center, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (M.B.); (E.R.); (I.B.)
| | - Jérémie Le Goff
- ANTICIPE, INSERM U1086, Centre François Baclesse, University of Caen Normandie, 14000 Caen, France; (J.L.G.); (Y.L.); (J.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Yannick Lecluse
- ANTICIPE, INSERM U1086, Centre François Baclesse, University of Caen Normandie, 14000 Caen, France; (J.L.G.); (Y.L.); (J.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Elsa Robelot
- EPICENE, INSERM U1219, Bordeaux Population Health Center, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (M.B.); (E.R.); (I.B.)
| | - Justine Delamare
- ANTICIPE, INSERM U1086, Centre François Baclesse, University of Caen Normandie, 14000 Caen, France; (J.L.G.); (Y.L.); (J.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Isabelle Baldi
- EPICENE, INSERM U1219, Bordeaux Population Health Center, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (M.B.); (E.R.); (I.B.)
| | - Pierre Lebailly
- ANTICIPE, INSERM U1086, Centre François Baclesse, University of Caen Normandie, 14000 Caen, France; (J.L.G.); (Y.L.); (J.D.); (P.L.)
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15
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Ohlander J, Fuhrimann S, Basinas I, Cherrie JW, Galea KS, Povey AC, van Tongeren M, Harding AH, Jones K, Vermeulen R, Huss A, Kromhout H. Impact of occupational pesticide exposure assessment method on risk estimates for prostate cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Parkinson's disease: results of three meta-analyses. Occup Environ Med 2022; 79:566-574. [PMID: 35393289 PMCID: PMC9304108 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2021-108046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of occupational pesticide exposure in epidemiological studies of chronic diseases is challenging. Biomonitoring of current pesticide levels might not correlate with past exposure relevant to disease aetiology, and indirect methods often rely on workers’ imperfect recall of exposures, or job titles. We investigated how the applied exposure assessment method influenced risk estimates for some chronic diseases. In three meta-analyses the influence of exposure assessment method type on the summary risk ratio (sRR) of prostate cancer (PC) (25 articles), non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) (29 articles) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) (32 articles) was investigated. Exposure assessment method types analysed were: group-level assessments (eg, job titles), self-reported exposures, expert-level assessments (eg, job-exposure matrices) and biomonitoring (eg, blood, urine). Additionally, sRRs were estimated by study design, publication year period and geographic location where the study was conducted. Exposure assessment method types were not associated with statistically significant different sRRs across any of the health outcomes. Heterogeneity in results varied from high in cancer studies to moderate and low in PD studies. Overall, case–control designs showed significantly higher sRR estimates than prospective cohort designs. Later NHL publications showed significantly higher sRR estimates than earlier. For PC, studies from North America showed significantly higher sRR estimates than studies from Europe. We conclude that exposure assessment method applied in studies of occupational exposure to pesticides appears not to have a significant effect on risk estimates for PC, NHL and PD. In systematic reviews of chronic health effects of occupational exposure to pesticides, epidemiological study design, publication year and geographic location, should primarily be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Ohlander
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Samuel Fuhrimann
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ioannis Basinas
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John W Cherrie
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen S Galea
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew C Povey
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Martie van Tongeren
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Kate Jones
- Health and Safety Executive, Harpur Hill, Buxton, UK
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anke Huss
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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16
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Sweeney CL, Smith NK, Sweeney E, Cohen AM, Kim JS. Analysis of human serum and urine for tentative identification of potentially carcinogenic pesticide-associated N-nitroso compounds using high-resolution mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112493. [PMID: 34896088 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human serum and urine samples were analyzed for a suite of nitrosatable pesticides and potentially carcinogenic pesticide-associated N-nitroso (PANN) compounds. Formation of PANN compounds may occur in vivo after consumption of food or water containing trace amounts of nitrosatable pesticide residues and nitrate. Using a modified version of the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) method, nine nitrosatable pesticides and byproducts were extracted from serum and urine from 64 individuals from two different sample populations in Atlantic Canada: (i) Prince Edward Island, a region where nitrate and trace amounts of nitrosatable pesticides have been detected in groundwater; and (ii) Halifax, Nova Scotia, a non-agricultural urban area. Samples were then analyzed using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with high-resolution accurate mass (HRAM) single-stage orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS), which allows for semi-targeted analysis and tentative identification of a virtually limitless number of exposure biomarkers. Two nitrosatable target analytes, ethylenethiourea (ETU) and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy) were found in serum, while atrazine (ATR) and ETU were detected in urine. Five and six PANN compounds were tentatively identified in serum and urine, respectively. The two PANN compounds that were most frequently tentatively identified in serum were N-nitroso dimethoate (N-DIM) and N-nitroso omethoate (N-OME) with detection frequencies of 78% and 95%, respectively. This is the first biomonitoring study of its kind to investigate PANN compounds in human serum and urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L Sweeney
- Interdisciplinary PhD Program, Faculty of Graduate Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Health and Environments Research Centre (HERC) Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Nathan K Smith
- Health and Environments Research Centre (HERC) Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Ellen Sweeney
- Atlantic PATH, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Alejandro M Cohen
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jong Sung Kim
- Health and Environments Research Centre (HERC) Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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17
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Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni and Associated Risk Factors in Human and Biomphalaria Snails in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:31-48. [PMID: 34259986 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00449-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Schistosomiasis is one of the leading chronic parasitic diseases in Ethiopia. We aimed to summarize the prevalence of S. mansoni in human and Biomphalaria snails as well as risk factors in Ethiopia. METHODS Literature search was carried out from Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct and PubMed which reported Schistosoma mansoni infection in human and Biomphalaria snails in Ethiopia. The overall prevalence was estimated by a random-effect model and heterogeneities among studies were assessed by I2 test. RESULTS A total of 178,251 participants and 1,097 snails were tested for the presence of S. mansoni in the eligible studies. The pooled prevalence of S. mansoni was 32.5% (95% CI 28.0-37.0) and 15.9% (95% CI - 5.6-37.5) in human and Biomphalaria snails in Ethiopia, respectively. The highest pooled prevalence was 43.2% (95% CI 27.3-59.1) in South Nations and National Peoples region while the lowest pooled prevalence was 25% (95% CI 19.3-30.7) observed in the Afar region. Interestingly, the pooled prevalence of S. mansoni declined from 40.7% (95% CI 33-48.4) to 22.4% (95% CI 18.5-26.3) after the launching of mass drug administration (MDA). The analysis of risk factors showed that swimming habit (OR, 2.78; 95% CI 2.35-3.21) and participation in irrigation (OR, 2.69; 95% CI 1.45-3.73) were independent predictors for S. mansoni infection. CONCLUSION This study revealed that about one-third of human and nearly 16% of Biomphalaria snails were infected with S. mansoni in Ethiopia. This review indicated that the prevalence of S. mansoni declined after the implementation of MDA. This study highlights the importance of further integrated approaches for better control of schistosomiasis in Ethiopia.
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18
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Raghu A, Magendhra Rao AKD, Rajkumar T, Mani S. Prognostic Implications of microRNA-155, -133a, -21 and -205 in Breast Cancer Patients' Plasma. Microrna 2021; 10:206-218. [PMID: 34238179 DOI: 10.2174/2211536610666210707114843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer, being a heterogenous disease at the intra-tumoral and intertumoral levels, presents challenges in following the progress of the disease. Tumour-secreted aberrantly expressed miRNAs obtained from peripheral blood represent a non-invasive alternative resource for detecting and monitoring the development of the disease. This study evaluates the expression of miR-155, miR-133a, miR-21 and miR-205 as non-invasive, prognostic and follow-up markers for breast cancer. METHODS Plasma expression levels of miR-155, miR-133a, miR-21 and miR-205 were measured using real-time PCR in breast cancer patients (n=63) at presentation, healthy controls (n=25), and in post-treatment samples of 31 patients. A meta-analysis was performed using 43 studies identified from PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus databases. Hedge's g values were used to calculate the overall effect size. RESULTS Plasma miR-21 levels were higher in breast cancer patients at presentation compared to controls, while no difference was observed for miR-155, miR-133a and miR-205. These results were further supported by the meta-analysis. The altered levels of miR-155 during tamoxifen treatment indicated a potential role for miR-155 in monitoring treatment response. Further, high expressions of at least three miRNAs correlated with poor overall survival in the breast cancer patients. CONCLUSION Plasma levels of miR-155, miR-133a, miR-21 and miR-205 may be useful as prognostic and follow-up markers for breast cancer with further validation in a large cohort of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarthy Raghu
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai 600036,India
| | | | | | - Samson Mani
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai 600036,India
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19
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Flynn TG, Dunaway CM, LaRochelle E, Lyons K, Kennedy LS, Romano ME, Li Z, Spaller MR, Cervinski MA, Bejarano S, Tsongalis GJ, Huyck KL. Reducing dermal exposure to agrochemical carcinogens using a fluorescent dye-based intervention among subsistence farmers in rural Honduras. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 234:113734. [PMID: 33799075 PMCID: PMC10805516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational exposure to agrochemicals, some of which are known or suspected carcinogens, is a major health hazard for subsistence agricultural workers and their families. These impacts are more prevalent in low-and-middle income countries (LMIC) due to weak regulations, lack of awareness of the risks of contamination, predominant use of handheld backpack style spraying equipment, general lack of personal protective equipment (PPE), and low literacy about proper agrochemical application techniques. Reducing exposure to agrochemicals was identified as a paramount concern by rural Hondurans working with a community-engaged research initiative. Fluorescent tracer dyes have been described as a means of visualizing and quantifying dermal exposure to agricultural chemicals, and exposure models adapted for LMIC have been developed previously. Tracer dyes have also been used in educational simulations to promote pesticide safety. However, studies evaluating the effectiveness of these educational dye interventions in reducing future exposure have been lacking. AIM To evaluate whether observing one's own chemical contamination after applying agrochemicals changed the amount of occupational dermal exposure during a subsequent chemical application. METHODS We employed a multi-modal community intervention in a rural village in Honduras that incorporated chemical safety education and use of a fluorescent tracer dye during pesticide application on two consecutive occasions, and compared dermal exposure between the intervention group (previous dye experience and safety education, n = 6) and the control group (safety education only, n = 7). RESULTS Mean total visual score (TVS) of the tracer dye, which accounts for both extent and intensity of whole-body contamination, was lower among those who had previously experienced the dye intervention (mean TVS = 41.3) than among participants who were dye-naïve (mean TVS = 78.4), with a difference between means of -37.10 (95% CI [-66.26, -7.95], p = 0.02). Stratifying by body part, contamination was significantly lower for the anterior left lower extremity and bilateral feet for the dye-experienced group vs. dye-naïve, with most other segments showing a trend toward decreased contamination as well. CONCLUSION Participants who had previously experienced the dye intervention were significantly less contaminated than the dye-naïve control group during a subsequent spraying event. The findings of this small pilot study suggest that a multi-modal, community-based approach that utilizes fluorescence-augmented contamination for individualized learning (FACIL) may be effective in reducing dermal exposure to carcinogenic agrochemicals among subsistence farmers in Honduras and other LMIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Flynn
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - Charlene M Dunaway
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - Ethan LaRochelle
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - Kathleen Lyons
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.
| | - Linda S Kennedy
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.
| | - Megan E Romano
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - Zhongze Li
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - Mark R Spaller
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA; Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - Mark A Cervinski
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.
| | - Suyapa Bejarano
- La Liga Contra el Cáncer, Barrio Suyapa, 8 Calle, 10-11 Avenida, San Pedro Sula, Cortés, C.A, Honduras.
| | - Gregory J Tsongalis
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.
| | - Karen L Huyck
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA; Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA.
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Burns CJ, Juberg DR. Cancer and occupational exposure to pesticides: an umbrella review. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2021; 94:945-957. [PMID: 33495906 PMCID: PMC8238729 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-020-01638-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The aim was to identify the scope of the epidemiology literature reviewed regarding the risk of cancer as related to occupational exposure to pesticides and to compare regulatory toxicity results where feasible. Methods Review studies of breast, lung, prostate, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and colorectal cancer were identified from the published literature from 2010 to 2020 using a priori inclusion and exclusion criteria. Epidemiology observations were first assessed and then compared against carcinogenicity profiles derived from regulatory toxicology studies. Results Several active ingredients were associated with specific cancer but overall, there was neither strong nor consistent epidemiologic data supportive of a positive association between pesticide exposure in occupational settings and cancer. Authors noted common themes related to the heterogeneity of exposure, study design, control for confounders, and the challenge to collect these data reliably and validly with an adequate sample size. Toxicology studies in laboratory animals that assessed carcinogenic potential did not reveal cancer outcomes that were concordant with reported epidemiologic findings. Conclusions Farming and pesticides represent diverse exposures that are difficult to quantify in epidemiologic studies. Going forward, investigators will need creative and novel approaches for exposure assessment. Integration of epidemiologic and toxicological studies with attention to biological plausibility, mode of toxicological action and relevance to humans will increase the ability to better assess associations between pesticides and cancer. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00420-020-01638-y.
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Pan C, Zhang L, Meng X, Qin H, Xiang Z, Gong W, Luo W, Li D, Han X. Chronic exposure to microcystin-LR increases the risk of prostate cancer and induces malignant transformation of human prostate epithelial cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128295. [PMID: 33297237 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins-LR (MC-LR) acts as a possible carcinogen for humans and causes a serious risk to public environmental health. The current study aimed to evaluate the interaction between MC-LR exposure and prostate cancer development and elucidate the underlying mechanism. In this study, mice were exposed to MC-LR at various doses for 180 days. MC-LR was able to induce the progression of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and microinvasion. Furthermore, MC-LR notably increased angiogenesis and susceptibility to prostate cancer in vivo. In vitro, over 25 weeks of MC-LR exposure, normal human prostate epithelial (RWPE-1) cells increased secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and colony formation, features typical for cancer cells. These MC-LR-transformed prostate epithelial cells displayed increased expression of forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2); abrogation of FOXM1 or COX-2 activity by specific inhibitors could abolish the invasion and migration of MC-LR-treated cells. In conclusion, we have provided compelling evidence demonstrating the induction of a malignant phenotype in human prostate epithelial cells and the in vivo development of prostate cancer by exposure to MC-LR, which might be a potential tumor promoter in the progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Pan
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiannan Meng
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Haixiang Qin
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zou Xiang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenyue Gong
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Wenxin Luo
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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Hailegebriel T, Nibret E, Munshea A. Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in Snail Intermediate Hosts in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Trop Med 2020; 2020:8850840. [PMID: 32963554 PMCID: PMC7492904 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8850840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is caused by Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in Africa. These schistosome parasites use freshwater snail intermediate hosts to complete their lifecycle. Varied prevalence rates of these parasites in the snail intermediate hosts were reported from several African countries, but there were no summarized data for policymakers. Therefore, this study was aimed to systematically summarize the prevalence and geographical distribution of S. mansoni and S. haematobium among freshwater snails in Africa. METHODS Literature search was carried out from PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus which reported the prevalence of S. mansoni and S. haematobium among freshwater snails in Africa. The pooled prevalence was determined using a random-effect model, while heterogeneities between studies were evaluated by I 2 test. The meta-analyses were conducted using Stata software, metan command. RESULTS A total of 273,643 snails were examined for the presence of S. mansoni and S. haematobium cercaria in the eligible studies. The pooled prevalence of schistosome cercaria among freshwater snails was 5.5% (95% CI: 4.9-6.1%). The pooled prevalence of S. mansoni and S. haematobium cercaria was 5.6% (95% CI: 4.9-6.3%) and 5.2% (95% CI: 4.6-5.7%), respectively. The highest pooled prevalence was observed from Nigeria (19.0%; 95% CI: 12.7-25.3%), while the lowest prevalence was reported from Chad (0.05%; 95% CI: 0.03-0.13). Higher prevalence of schistosome cercaria was observed from Bulinus globosus (12.3%; 95% CI: 6.2-18.3%) followed by Biomphalaria sudanica (6.7%; 95% CI: 4.5-9.0%) and Biomphalaria pfeifferi (5.1%; 95% CI: 4.1-6.2%). The pooled prevalence of schistosome cercaria obtained using PCR was 26.7% in contrast to 4.5% obtained by shedding cercariae. CONCLUSION This study revealed that nearly 6% of freshwater snails in Africa were infected by either S. haematobium or S. mansoni. The high prevalence of schistosomes among freshwater snails highlights the importance of appropriate snail control strategies in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamirat Hailegebriel
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Endalkachew Nibret
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Abaineh Munshea
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Roshandel G, Ferlay J, Semnani S, Fazel A, Naeimi-Tabiei M, Ashaari M, Amiriani T, Honarvar M, Sedaghat S, Hasanpour-Heidari S, Salamat F, Mansoury M, Ghasemi-Kebria F, Mirkarimi H, Jafari-Delouei N, Shokoohifar N, Vignat J, Weiderpass E, Malekzadeh R, Bray F. Recent cancer incidence trends and short-term predictions in Golestan, Iran 2004-2025. Cancer Epidemiol 2020; 67:101728. [PMID: 32554298 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2020.101728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examine recent trends in the major cancers occurring in the Golestan province, a high-risk region for upper gastrointestinal cancers in Northern Iran, and provide short-term cancer predictions of the future cancer burden. METHODS New cancer cases diagnosed in Golestan 2004-2016 were obtained from the Golestan population-based cancer registry (GPCR) database, and age-standardized rates by cancer site, year and sex calculated per 100,000 person-years. Using IARC's DepPred package we fitted time-linear age-period models to the available GPCR data to predict the cancer incidence burden in the year 2025. We calculated the contribution of demographic changes versus changes in risk to the overall changes in incidence from 2016 to 2025. RESULTS The number of new cancer cases (excluding non-melanoma skin cancers) in 2025 is predicted to increase by 61.3% from 2678 cases in 2016 to 4319 cases. While a 17.6% reduction in the number of esophageal cancer cases is predicted by 2025, the number of new cases for each of the remaining major cancers is predicted to increase over the next decade, including cancers of the stomach (a 36.1% increase from 2016 to 2025), colorectum (56.2%), lung (67.8%), female breast (93.2%), prostate (101.8%) and leukemia (96.1%). The changes in the population structure and risk contributed 37.8% and 23.5% respectively, to the overall increase in incidence. CONCLUSION Other than for the major upper gastrointestinal cancer types, the incidence rates of common cancers observed in the province are on the rise, reinforcing the need for continuous surveillance, as well as the design and implementation of effective cancer control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Roshandel
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Jacques Ferlay
- Section for Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research in Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Shahryar Semnani
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Fazel
- Cancer Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Ashaari
- Department of Pathology, Sayyad Shirazi Hospital, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Taghi Amiriani
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Honarvar
- Deputy of Research and Technology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - SeyedMehdi Sedaghat
- Deputy of Public Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Susan Hasanpour-Heidari
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Faezeh Salamat
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mansoury
- Statistics and Information Technology Office, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghasemi-Kebria
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Honeyehsadat Mirkarimi
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Nastaran Jafari-Delouei
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Nesa Shokoohifar
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Jérôme Vignat
- Section for Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research in Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- International Agency for Research in Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Freddie Bray
- Section for Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research in Cancer, Lyon, France.
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The association between neighborhood greenness and incidence of lethal prostate cancer: A prospective cohort study. Environ Epidemiol 2020; 4:e091. [PMID: 32656487 PMCID: PMC7319229 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Growing evidence suggests that neighborhood contextual environment could influence risk factors and, therefore, incidence of lethal prostate cancer. We studied the association between neighborhood greenness and lethal prostate cancer incidence and assessed mediation by vigorous physical activity.
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25
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Ohlander J, Fuhrimann S, Basinas I, Cherrie JW, Galea KS, Povey AC, van Tongeren M, Harding AH, Jones K, Vermeulen R, Kromhout H. Systematic review of methods used to assess exposure to pesticides in occupational epidemiology studies, 1993-2017. Occup Environ Med 2020; 77:357-367. [PMID: 32098789 PMCID: PMC7279185 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2019-105880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective Numerous exposure assessment methods (EAM) exist for investigating health effects of occupational exposure to pesticides. Direct (eg, biomonitoring) and indirect methods (eg, self-reported exposures) are however associated with degrees of exposure misclassification. We systematically reviewed EAM in studies of occupational pesticide exposure. Methods We searched for articles reporting observational epidemiological studies in MEDLINE and Embase published 1993 to 2017. The relative frequency of EAM was analysed according to EAM type (direct and indirect methods), health outcome, study design, study location (country) and specificity of assessment. Temporal trends in EAM were analysed. Results In 1298 included articles 1521 EAM occurrences were documented. Indirect EAM (78.3%), primarily self-reported exposures (39.3%) and job titles assessments (9.5%), were mainly applied in case-control studies (95.0%), in high-income countries (85.0%) and in studies of doctor-diagnosed health outcomes (>85%). Direct EAM (20.8%), primarily biomonitoring of blood (15.6%) or urine (4.7%), were predominantly applied in cross-sectional studies (29.8%), in lower middle-income countries (40.9%) and in studies of neurological (50.0%) outcomes. Between 1993 to 2017 no distinct time trends regarding the ratio indirect to direct methods was seen. Within the category of indirect methods use of self-reported exposures and job exposure matrices increased while assessments by job titles and registers decreased. The use of algorithms showed no trend. The specificity of pesticide assessment increased since studies assessing exposure by using job title as a proxy declined. Assessments of type of pesticide increased. Conclusion Over the last 25 years, the ratio (5:1) of indirect to direct EAM applied in articles on occupational pesticide epidemiology stayed relatively constant; changes were mainly attributable to increasing use of self-reported exposures and job exposure matrices. This review, combined with studies assessing EAM validity, will inform on magnitudes of exposure misclassification and help improve the quality of studies on occupational pesticides exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Ohlander
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel Fuhrimann
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ioannis Basinas
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John W Cherrie
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen S Galea
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C Povey
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Martie van Tongeren
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Kate Jones
- Health and Safety Executive, Harpur Hill, Buxton, UK
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Sritharan J, MacLeod JS, McLeod CB, Peter A, Demers PA. Prostate cancer risk by occupation in the Occupational Disease Surveillance System (ODSS) in Ontario, Canada. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can 2019; 39:178-186. [PMID: 31091061 PMCID: PMC6580924 DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.39.5.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous Canadian epidemiologic studies have identified associations between occupations and prostate cancer risk, though evidence is limited. However, there are no well-established preventable risk factors for prostate cancer, which warrants the need for further investigation into occupational factors to strengthen existing evidence. This study uses occupation and prostate cancer information from a large surveillance cohort in Ontario that linked workers' compensation claim data to administrative health databases. METHODS Occupations were examined using the Occupational Disease Surveillance System (ODSS). ODSS included 1 231 177 male workers for the 1983 to 2015 period, whose records were linked to the Ontario Cancer Registry (OCR) in order to identify and follow up on prostate cancer diagnoses. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate age-adjusted hazard ratios and 95% CI to estimate the risk of prostate cancer by occupation group. RESULTS A total of 34 997 prostate cancer cases were diagnosed among workers in ODSS. Overall, elevated prostate cancer risk was observed for men employed in management/ administration (HR 2.17, 95% CI = 1.98-2.38), teaching (HR 1.99, 95% CI = 1.79-2.21), transportation (HR 1.20, 95% CI = 1.16-1.24), construction (HR 1.09, 95% CI = 1.06-1.12), firefighting (HR 1.62, 95% CI = 1.47-1.78), and police work (HR 1.20, 95% CI = 1.10-1.32). Inconsistent findings were observed for clerical and farming occupations. CONCLUSION Associations observed in white collar, construction, transportation, and protective services occupations were consistent with previous Canadian studies. Findings emphasize the need to assess job-specific exposures, sedentary behaviour, psychological stress, and shift work. Understanding specific occupational risk factors can lead to better understanding of prostate cancer etiology and improve prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeavana Sritharan
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jill S MacLeod
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher B McLeod
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute for Work & Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alice Peter
- Population Health and Prevention, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul A Demers
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Trueblood AB, Ross JA, Shipp EM, McDonald TJ. Feasibility of Portable Fingerstick Cholinesterase Testing in Adolescents in South Texas. J Prim Care Community Health 2019; 10:2150132719838716. [PMID: 30929548 PMCID: PMC6444767 DOI: 10.1177/2150132719838716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of pesticide exposures,
which can be assessed using surveys, environmental measurements, and
biomonitoring. Biomonitoring of blood cholinesterase can be used to determine if
an individual has been exposed to pesticides. A limitation of blood
cholinesterase testing can be the use of a laboratory as well as time to receive
results. In addition to laboratory tests, there are fingerstick cholinesterase
(ChE) tests, which can eliminate the need for laboratory testing. Some
populations, such as farmworkers, would benefit through fingerstick ChE tests.
The objective of this pilot study is to determine the feasibility (eg, can the
testing be used to assess ChE levels) of using fingerstick ChE testing in
adolescent populations living along the Texas-Mexico border where adolescents
who often engage in farm work live. A sub-objective was to explore differences
in ChE levels by sex. The Model 400 Test-Mate ChE kit by EQM Research Inc
(Cincinnati, OH) was used to assess for ChE inhibition in the participants,
specifically acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is 1 of the 2 ChE enzymes.
During the postassessment, males had a mean AChE value of 3.75 U/mL (95% CI
3.51-3.98); whereas females had a mean AChE value of 2.86 U/mL (95% CI
2.64-3.08), which was statistically significant. Overall, the study supports the
use of field ChE testing in adolescent populations with a small percentage
(6.90%) refusing to complete ChE testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eva M Shipp
- 1 Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Thomas J McDonald
- 3 Texas A&M University School of Public Health, College Station, TX, USA
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28
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Rodriguez-Sanchez L, Fernández-Navarro P, López-Abente G, Nuñez O, Fernández de Larrea-Baz N, Jimenez-Moleón JJ, Páez Borda Á, Pollán M, Perez-Gomez B. Different spatial pattern of municipal prostate cancer mortality in younger men in Spain. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210980. [PMID: 30682085 PMCID: PMC6347247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PC) primarily affects elderly men. However, the specific features of cases diagnosed at younger ages (<65 years) suggest that they may represent a different clinical subtype. Our aim was to assess this suggestion by contrasting the geographical PC mortality and hospital admissions patterns in Spain for all ages to those in younger men. Methods The Spanish National Institute of Statistics supplied data on PC mortality, hospital admission, and population data. We estimated the expected town-specific number of deaths and calculated the standardized mortality ratios. Spatial autoregressive models of Besag-York-Mollié provided smoother municipal estimators of PC mortality risk (all ages; <65 years). We computed the provincial age-standardized rate ratios of PC hospital admissions (all men; <60 years) using Spanish rates as the reference. Results A total of 29,566 PC deaths (6% among those <65 years) were registered between 2010–2014, with three high-mortality risk zones: Northwest Spain; Southwest Andalusia & Granada; and a broad band extending from the Pyrenees Mountains to the north of Valencia. In younger men, the spatial patterns shared the high risk of mortality in the Northwest but not the central band. The PC hospital discharge rates confirmed a North-South gradient but also low mortality/high admission rates in Madrid and Barcelona and the opposite in Southwest Andalusia. Conclusion The consistent high PC mortality/morbidity risk in the Northwest of Spain indicates an area with a real excess of risk. The different spatial pattern in younger men suggests that some factors associated with geographical risk might have differential effects by age. Finally, the regional divergences in mortality and morbidity hint at clinical variability as a source of inequity within Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Urology Department, Fuenlabrada General Hospital, Fuenlabrada, Spain
- Rey Juan Carlos University, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Pablo Fernández-Navarro
- Cancer & Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública—CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo López-Abente
- Cancer & Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública—CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Olivier Nuñez
- Cancer & Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública—CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Fernández de Larrea-Baz
- Cancer & Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública—CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Juan Jimenez-Moleón
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública—CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Complejo Hospitales Universitarios, Granada, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Álvaro Páez Borda
- Urology Department, Fuenlabrada General Hospital, Fuenlabrada, Spain
- Rey Juan Carlos University, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Marina Pollán
- Cancer & Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública—CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Perez-Gomez
- Cancer & Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública—CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Oyekale AS. Cocoa Farmers' Compliance with Safety Precautions in Spraying Agrochemicals and Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in Cameroon. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15020327. [PMID: 29438333 PMCID: PMC5858396 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The inability of farmers to comply with essential precautions in the course of spraying agrochemicals remains a policy dilemma, especially in developing countries. The objectives of this paper were to assess compliance of cocoa farmers with agrochemical safety measures, analyse the factors explaining involvement of cocoa farmers in the practice of reusing agrochemical containers and wearing of personal protective equipment (PPE). Data were collected with structured questionnaires from 667 cocoa farmers from the Centre and South West regions in Cameroon. Data analyses were carried out with Probit regression and Negative Binomial regression models. The results showed that average cocoa farm sizes were 3.55 ha and 2.82 ha in South West and Centre regions, respectively, and 89.80% and 42.64% complied with manufacturers' instructions in the use of insecticides. Eating or drinking while spraying insecticides and fungicides was reported by 4.20% and 5.10% of all farmers in the two regions, respectively. However, 37.78% and 57.57% of all farmers wore hand gloves and safety boots while spraying insecticides in the South West and Centre regions of Cameroon, respectively. In addition, 7.80% of all the farmers would wash agrochemical containers and use them at home, while 42.43% would wash and use them on their farms. Probit regression results showed that probability of reusing agrochemical containers was significantly influenced (p < 0.05) by region of residence of cocoa farmers, gender, possession of formal education and farming as primary occupation. The Negative Binomial regression results showed that the log of number PPE worn was significantly influenced (p < 0.10) by region, marital status, attainment of formal education, good health, awareness of manufacturers' instructions, land area and contact index. It was among others concluded that efforts to train farmers on the need to be familiar with manufacturers' instructions and use PPE would enhance their safety in the course of spraying agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abayomi Samuel Oyekale
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
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Is there a relationship between impaired median nerve excursion and carpal tunnel syndrome? A systematic review. J Hand Ther 2017; 30:3-12. [PMID: 27692791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. INTRODUCTION It is accepted that the etiology of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is multifactorial. One of the most commonly accepted etiologic factors for CTS is compromise of the kinematic behavior and excursion of the median nerve. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The objective of this systematic review was to establish if there is a relationship between impaired median nerve excursion and CTS. METHODS A systematic review, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines, was conducted. Studies were sought where in vivo median nerve excursion was compared between people with CTS to an appropriate control group. Quality appraisal for each study was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale by 2 independent evaluators. RESULTS Ten case-control studies using ultrasound imaging to quantify median nerve excursion were included. All studies were rated as of "moderate" methodologic quality having scored 6 or 7 (of 9 stars) for the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Seven of the 10 studies concluded that median nerve excursion was reduced in a CTS population when compared with controls. CONCLUSION The literature suggests that median nerve excursion is reduced in people with CTS when compared with healthy controls. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3a.
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Gangemi S, Miozzi E, Teodoro M, Briguglio G, De Luca A, Alibrando C, Polito I, Libra M. Occupational exposure to pesticides as a possible risk factor for the development of chronic diseases in humans (Review). Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:4475-4488. [PMID: 27748877 PMCID: PMC5101964 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that pesticides are widely used compounds. In fact, their use in agriculture, forestry, fishery and the food industry has granted a huge improvement in terms of productive efficiency. However, a great number of epidemiological surveys have demonstrated that these toxic compounds can interact and exert negative effects not only with their targets (pests, herbs and fungi), but also with the rest of the environment, including humans. This is particularly relevant in the case of workers involved in the production, transportation, preparation and application of these toxicants. Accordingly, a growing body of evidence has demonstrated the correlation between occupational exposure to pesticides and the development of a wide spectrum of pathologies, ranging from eczema to neurological diseases and cancer. Pesticide exposure is often quite difficult to establish, as many currently used modules do not take into account all of the many variables that can occur in a diverse environment, such as the agricultural sector, and the assessment of the real risk for every single worker is problematic. Indeed, the use of personal protection equipment is necessary while handling these toxic compounds, but education of workers can be even more important: personal contamination with pesticides may occur even in apparently harmless situations. This review summarises the most recent findings describing the association between pesticide occupational exposure and the development of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gangemi
- Department of Biomedical, Odontoiatric, Morphological and Functional Images, Occupational Medicine Section, 'Policlinico G. Martino' Hospital, University of Messina, I‑98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Edoardo Miozzi
- Department of Biomedical, Odontoiatric, Morphological and Functional Images, Occupational Medicine Section, 'Policlinico G. Martino' Hospital, University of Messina, I‑98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Michele Teodoro
- Department of Biomedical, Odontoiatric, Morphological and Functional Images, Occupational Medicine Section, 'Policlinico G. Martino' Hospital, University of Messina, I‑98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giusi Briguglio
- Department of Biomedical, Odontoiatric, Morphological and Functional Images, Occupational Medicine Section, 'Policlinico G. Martino' Hospital, University of Messina, I‑98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Annamaria De Luca
- Department of Biomedical, Odontoiatric, Morphological and Functional Images, Occupational Medicine Section, 'Policlinico G. Martino' Hospital, University of Messina, I‑98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Carmela Alibrando
- Department of Biomedical, Odontoiatric, Morphological and Functional Images, Occupational Medicine Section, 'Policlinico G. Martino' Hospital, University of Messina, I‑98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Polito
- Department of Biomedical, Odontoiatric, Morphological and Functional Images, Occupational Medicine Section, 'Policlinico G. Martino' Hospital, University of Messina, I‑98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Functional Genomics, Section of General and Clinical Pathology and Oncology, University of Catania, I‑95124 Catania, Italy
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