1
|
Horne BD. The weight-loss-independent benefits of fasting. Nat Metab 2024; 6:613-614. [PMID: 38429389 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Horne
- Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mohamed YA, Abouelmagd M, Elbialy A, Elwassefy M, Kyrillos F. Effect of intermittent fasting on lipid biokinetics in obese and overweight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: prospective observational study. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2024; 16:4. [PMID: 38172970 PMCID: PMC10763162 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01234-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermittent fasting (IF) is a commonly used dietary practice that alternates between periods of unrestricted dietary consumption and abstinence from caloric intake. IF reduces caloric intake along with metabolic switch from utilization of glucose to fatty acids and ketones and resulting in reduction in adiposity and subsequently insulin resistance. Thus, it has been hypothesized that IF regimens can improve body composition in obese and overweight individuals. AIM To assess the effect of IF on lipid biokinetics in obese and overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty overweight or obese T2D patients were recruited from the diabetes outpatient clinics at the Specialized Medical Hospital, Mansoura University. Patients were subjected to time restricted fasting for 16 h (from dawn to sunset) during Ramadan. Anthropometric data were measured for participants before and 3 weeks after Ramadan fasting. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HbA1c, lipid profile, leptin, beta hydroxybutyrate (βHB) and high sensitive CRP levels were measured 1 week before and 3 weeks after Ramadan fasting. RESULTS 30 diabetic patients were recruited with a mean age of 54.3 ± 7.2 years. 24 (80%) were females. Obesity was diagnosed in 27 cases (90%). The median diabetes duration was 10 years. The study showed a statistically significant decrease in post-fasting body weight (BW), Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) & hip circumference (HC). There was a statistically significant decrease of post-fasting low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), Total cholesterol (TC), and leptin. The study also showed a statistically significant increase of post-fasting high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and βHB. No significant change was found in post-fasting levels of HbA1c, FPG, triglycerides (TG) or high sensitive CRP. Post-fasting leptin was positively correlated with post-fasting BW, BMI, WC, and HC. Post-fasting βHB was positively correlated with post-fasting TG, HbA1c, and LDL-C. Leptin levels change (pre vs post fasting) was positively correlated with the change in LDL-C levels. CONCLUSION IF reduced leptin and increased β-hydroxybutyrate levels. IF is an effective tool for losing weight and visceral fat and improving lipid profile in obese and overweight patients with T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Atwa Mohamed
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Megahed Abouelmagd
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Aya Elbialy
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mona Elwassefy
- Clinical pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Fady Kyrillos
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Horne BD, Anderson JL, May HT, Le VT, Bair TL, Bennett ST, Knowlton KU, Muhlestein JB. Intermittent fasting and changes in clinical risk scores: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY. CARDIOVASCULAR RISK AND PREVENTION 2023; 19:200209. [PMID: 37727698 PMCID: PMC10505676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcrp.2023.200209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Intermittent fasting may increase longevity and lower cardiometabolic risk. This study evaluated whether fasting modifies clinical risk scores for mortality [i.e., Intermountain Mortality Risk Score (IMRS)] or chronic diseases [e.g., Pooled Cohort Risk Equations (PCRE), Intermountain Chronic Disease score (ICHRON)]. Methods and results Subjects (N = 71) completing the WONDERFUL trial were aged 21-70 years, had ≥1 metabolic syndrome criteria, elevated cholesterol, and no anti-diabetes medications, statins, or chronic diseases. The intermittent fasting arm underwent 24-h water-only fasting twice-per-week for 4 weeks and once-per-week for 22 weeks (26 weeks total). Analyses examined the IMRS change score at 26 weeks vs. baseline between intermittent fasting (n = 38) and ad libitum controls (n = 33), and change scores for PCRE, ICHRON, HOMA-IR, and a metabolic syndrome score (MSS). Age averaged 49 years; 65% were female. Intermittent fasting increased IMRS (0.78 ± 2.14 vs. controls: -0.61 ± 2.56; p = 0.010) but interacted with baseline IMRS (p-interaction = 0.010) to reduce HOMA-IR (but not MSS) more in subjects with higher baseline IMRS (median HOMA-IR change: fasters, -0.95; controls, +0.05) vs. lower baseline IMRS (-0.29 vs. -0.32, respectively). Intermittent fasting reduced ICHRON (-0.92 ± 2.96 vs. 0.58 ± 3.07; p = 0.035) and tended to reduce PCRE (-0.20 ± 0.22 vs. -0.14 ± 0.21; p = 0.054). Conclusions Intermittent fasting increased 1-year IMRS mortality risk, but decreased 10-year chronic disease risk (PCRE and ICHRON). It also reduced HOMA-IR more in subjects with higher baseline IMRS. Increased IMRS suggests fasting may elevate short-term mortality risk as a central trigger for myriad physiological responses that elicit long-term health improvements. Increased IMRS may also reveal short-term fasting-induced safety concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Horne
- Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Anderson
- Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Heidi T. May
- Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Viet T. Le
- Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Tami L. Bair
- Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sterling T. Bennett
- Intermountain Central Laboratory, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kirk U. Knowlton
- Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joseph B. Muhlestein
- Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nutritional strategies for intervention of diabetes and improvement of β-cell function. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:232518. [PMID: 36714968 PMCID: PMC9939408 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20222151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, especially Type 2 diabetes (T2D), is caused by multiple factors including genetics, diets, and lifestyles. Diabetes is a chronic condition and is among the top 10 causes of death globally. Nutritional intervention is one of the most important and effective strategies for T2D management. It is well known that most of intervention strategies can lower blood glucose level and improve insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues. However, the regulation of pancreatic β cells by dietary intervention is not well characterized. In this review, we summarized some of the commonly used nutritional methods for diabetes intervention. We then discussed the effects and the underlying mechanisms of nutritional intervention in improving the cell mass and function of pancreatic islet β cells. With emerging intervention strategies and in-depth investigation, we are expecting to have a better understanding about the effectiveness of dietary interventions in ameliorating T2D in the future.
Collapse
|
5
|
Ganekal P, Vastrad B, Kavatagimath S, Vastrad C, Kotrashetti S. Bioinformatics and Next-Generation Data Analysis for Identification of Genes and Molecular Pathways Involved in Subjects with Diabetes and Obesity. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59020309. [PMID: 36837510 PMCID: PMC9967176 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: A subject with diabetes and obesity is a class of the metabolic disorder. The current investigation aimed to elucidate the potential biomarker and prognostic targets in subjects with diabetes and obesity. Materials and Methods: The next-generation sequencing (NGS) data of GSE132831 was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Functional enrichment analysis of DEGs was conducted with ToppGene. The protein-protein interactions network, module analysis, target gene-miRNA regulatory network and target gene-TF regulatory network were constructed and analyzed. Furthermore, hub genes were validated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. A total of 872 DEGs, including 439 up-regulated genes and 433 down-regulated genes were observed. Results: Second, functional enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs are mainly involved in the axon guidance, neutrophil degranulation, plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization and cell activation. The top ten hub genes (MYH9, FLNA, DCTN1, CLTC, ERBB2, TCF4, VIM, LRRK2, IFI16 and CAV1) could be utilized as potential diagnostic indicators for subjects with diabetes and obesity. The hub genes were validated in subjects with diabetes and obesity. Conclusion: This investigation found effective and reliable molecular biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis by integrated bioinformatics analysis, suggesting new and key therapeutic targets for subjects with diabetes and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Ganekal
- Department of General Medicine, Basaveshwara Medical College, Chitradurga 577501, Karnataka, India
| | - Basavaraj Vastrad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K.L.E. College of Pharmacy, Gadag 582101, Karnataka, India
| | - Satish Kavatagimath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, K.L.E. College of Pharmacy, Belagavi 590010, Karnataka, India
| | - Chanabasayya Vastrad
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Chanabasava Nilaya, Bharthinagar, Dharwad 580001, Karnataka, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-9480073398
| | - Shivakumar Kotrashetti
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Chanabasava Nilaya, Bharthinagar, Dharwad 580001, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Horne BD, Bunker T. Pathogenic Mechanisms of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and Potential Direct and Indirect Counteractions by Intermittent Fasting. Nutrients 2022; 15:20. [PMID: 36615679 PMCID: PMC9823718 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic created an unprecedented burden on human health and on the function and interaction of societies across the globe. Public health preventive measures, vaccines, and antivirals were key components of the world-wide response to the health emergency. Due to the uncoordinated and variably successful response to COVID-19 and the ability of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to rapidly mutate, SARS-CoV-2 continues to create considerable difficulty for humanity today. Additional preventive or therapeutic modalities are needed to help people to achieve the best possible health outcomes in the context of the evolving COVID-19 threat. Intermittent fasting is a potential complementary therapy that not only impacts chronic disease risk but also has good evidence of an impact on infectious diseases. While the data regarding fasting and COVID-19 outcomes are very limited, the conceptual connection of fasting to better outcomes includes a variety of mechanisms in human biology. This paper reviews the known mechanisms of disease impacted by SARS-CoV-2 infection and the potential or likely direct or indirect counteractions that fasting may provide that may reduce the severity of COVID-19 and help to realize the best possible health outcomes. Furthermore, fasting adds no financial cost to a care plan and, when practiced safely, is available to most adults without limitation. Further research is needed on the impact of intermittent fasting on human health in the fight against infectious diseases including COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Horne
- Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84107, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vasdeki D, Koufakis T, Tsamos G, Busetto L, Zebekakis P, Kotsa K. Remission as an Emerging Therapeutic Target in Type 2 Diabetes in the Era of New Glucose-Lowering Agents: Benefits, Challenges, and Treatment Approaches. Nutrients 2022; 14:4801. [PMID: 36432488 PMCID: PMC9695991 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive disease with a growing prevalence, associated with an increased risk of complications. The introduction of new classes of antidiabetic drugs into clinical practice has dramatically changed the landscape of diabetes therapy. However, despite the progress made in the pharmacotherapy of T2DM, mitigating the burden of the disease on individuals, societies and health care systems remains a challenge. Remission has recently emerged as a therapeutic target in T2DM, achievable through a wide range of interventions. Recent studies have shown that extensive lifestyle changes, such as weight reduction, bariatric surgery, and intensive glucose lowering therapy, can prompt the remission of diabetes, but some unanswered questions remain regarding its long-term effects on diabetic complications. Metabolic surgery and novel classes of glucose-lowering medications are currently the most effective interventions to induce weight loss and by extension remission in patients with diabetes; however, the ideal strategy to achieve the long-term maintenance of remission remains doubtful. In this narrative review, we discuss the available therapeutic approaches to target the remission of diabetes through personalized multimodal care, based on the latest evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Vasdeki
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Diabetes Center, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theocharis Koufakis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Diabetes Center, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Tsamos
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Diabetes Center, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Luca Busetto
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Pantelis Zebekakis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Diabetes Center, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Kotsa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Diabetes Center, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Novelli M, Masini M, Vecoli C, Moscato S, Funel N, Pippa A, Mattii L, Ippolito C, Campani D, Neglia D, Masiello P. Dysregulated insulin secretion is associated with pancreatic β-cell hyperplasia and direct acinar-β-cell trans-differentiation in partially eNOS-deficient mice. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15425. [PMID: 35986504 PMCID: PMC9391603 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
eNOS-deficient mice were previously shown to develop hypertension and metabolic alterations associated with insulin resistance either in standard dietary conditions (eNOS-/- homozygotes) or upon high-fat diet (HFD) (eNOS+/- heterozygotes). In the latter heterozygote model, the present study investigated the pancreatic morphological changes underlying the abnormal glycometabolic phenotype. C57BL6 wild type (WT) and eNOS+/- mice were fed with either chow or HFD for 16 weeks. After being longitudinally monitored for their metabolic state after 8 and 16 weeks of diet, mice were euthanized and fragments of pancreas were processed for histological, immuno-histochemical and ultrastructural analyses. HFD-fed WT and eNOS+/- mice developed progressive glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Differently from WT animals, eNOS+/- mice showed a blunted insulin response to a glucose load, regardless of the diet regimen. Such dysregulation of insulin secretion was associated with pancreatic β-cell hyperplasia, as shown by larger islet fractional area and β-cell mass, and higher number of extra-islet β-cell clusters than in chow-fed WT animals. In addition, only in the pancreas of HFD-fed eNOS+/- mice, there was ultrastructural evidence of a number of hybrid acinar-β-cells, simultaneously containing zymogen and insulin granules, suggesting the occurrence of a direct exocrine-endocrine transdifferentiation process, plausibly triggered by metabolic stress associated to deficient endothelial NO production. As suggested by confocal immunofluorescence analysis of pancreatic histological sections, inhibition of Notch-1 signaling, likely due to a reduced NO availability, is proposed as a novel mechanism that could favor both β-cell hyperplasia and acinar-β-cell transdifferentiation in eNOS-deficient mice with impaired insulin response to a glucose load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Novelli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Matilde Masini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Cecilia Vecoli
- Institute of Clinical PhysiologyNational Research Council (CNR)PisaItaly
| | - Stefania Moscato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
- Interdepartmental Research Centre "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health"University of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Niccola Funel
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Anna Pippa
- Institute of Clinical PhysiologyNational Research Council (CNR)PisaItaly
| | - Letizia Mattii
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
- Interdepartmental Research Centre "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health"University of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Chiara Ippolito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Daniela Campani
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Danilo Neglia
- Cardiovascular DepartmentFondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio per la Ricerca Medica e di Sanità PubblicaPisaItaly
| | - Pellegrino Masiello
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Marzoog BA, Vlasova TI. Beta-cell autophagy under the scope of hypoglycemic drugs; possible mechanism as a novel therapeutic target. OBESITY AND METABOLISM 2022. [DOI: 10.14341/omet12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically, autophagy is a major protective mechanism of β-cells from apoptosis, through can reserve normal β- cell mass and inhibit the progression of β-cells destruction. Beta-cell mass can be affected by differentiation from progenitors and de-differentiation as well as self-renewal and apoptosis. Shred evidence indicated that hypoglycemic drugs can induce β-cell proliferation capacity and neogenesis via autophagy stimulation. However, prolonged use of selective hypoglycemic drugs has induced pancreatitis besides several other factors that contribute to β-cell destruction and apoptosis initiation. Interestingly, some nonhypoglycemic medications possess the same effects on β-cells but depending on the combination of these drugs and the duration of exposure to β-cells. The paper comprehensively illustrates the role of the hypoglycemic drugs on the insulin-producing cells and the pathogeneses of β-cell destruction in type 2 diabetes mellitus, in addition to the regulation mechanisms of β-cells division in norm and pathology. The grasping of the hypoglycemic drug’s role in beta-cell is clinically crucial to evaluate novel therapeutic targets such as new signaling pathways. The present paper addresses a new strategy for diabetes mellitus management via targeting specific autophagy inducer factors (transcription factors, genes, lipid molecules, etc.).
Collapse
|
10
|
Zada S, Hwang JS, Lai TH, Pham TM, Ahmed M, Elashkar O, Kim W, Kim DR. Autophagy-mediated degradation of NOTCH1 intracellular domain controls the epithelial to mesenchymal transition and cancer metastasis. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:17. [PMID: 35164848 PMCID: PMC8842742 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00752-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgound Autophagy controls levels of cellular components during normal and stress conditions; thus, it is a pivotal process for the maintenance of cell homeostasis. In cancer, autophagy protects cells from cancerous transformations that can result from genomic instability induced by reactive oxygen species or other damaged components, but it can also promote cancer survival by providing essential nutrients during the metabolic stress condition of cancer progression. However, the molecular mechanism underlying autophagy-dependent regulation of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis is still elusive. Methods The intracellular level of NOTCH1 intracellular domain (NICD) in several cancer cells was studied under starvation, treatment with chloroquine or ATG7-knockdown. The autophagy activity in these cells was assessed by immunocytochemistry and molecular analyses. Cancer cell migration and invasion under modulation of autophagy were determined by in vitro scratch and Matrigel assays. Results In the study, autophagy activation stimulated degradation of NICD, a key transcriptional regulator of the EMT and cancer metastasis. We also found that NICD binds directly to LC3 and that the NICD/LC3 complex associates with SNAI1 and sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1)/p62 proteins. Furthermore, the ATG7 knockdown significantly inhibited degradation of NICD under starvation independent of SQSTM1-associated proteasomal degradation. In addition, NICD degradation by autophagy associated with the cellular level of SNAI1. Indeed, autophagy inhibited nuclear translocation of NICD protein and consequently decreased the transcriptional activity of its target genes. Autophagy activation substantially suppressed in vitro cancer cell migration and invasion. We also observed that NICD and SNAI1 levels in tissues from human cervical and lung cancer patients correlated inversely with expression of autophagy-related proteins. Conclusions These findings suggest that the cellular level of NICD is regulated by autophagy during cancer progression and that targeting autophagy-dependent NICD/SNAI1 degradation could be a strategy for the development of cancer therapeutics. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-022-00752-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahib Zada
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Biology and Immunology Laboratory, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jin Seok Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Trang Huyen Lai
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Trang Minh Pham
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahmoud Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Omar Elashkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanil Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Ryong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Stratton MT, Albracht-Schulte K, Harty PS, Siedler MR, Rodriguez C, Tinsley GM. Physiological responses to acute fasting: implications for intermittent fasting programs. Nutr Rev 2022; 80:439-452. [PMID: 35142356 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) is a dietary strategy that involves alternating periods of abstention from calorie consumption with periods of ad libitum food intake. There is significant interest in the body of literature describing longitudinal adaptations to IF. Less attention has been given to the acute physiological responses that occur during the fasting durations that are commonly employed by IF practitioners. Thus, the purpose of this review was to examine the physiological responses - including alterations in substrate metabolism, systemic hormones, and autophagy - that occur throughout an acute fast. Literature searches were performed to locate relevant research describing physiological responses to acute fasting and short-term starvation. A single fast demonstrated the ability to alter glucose and lipid metabolism within the initial 24 hours, but variations in protein metabolism appeared to be minimal within this time frame. The ability of an acute fast to elicit significant increases in autophagy is still unknown. The information summarized in this review can be used to help contextualize existing research and better inform development of future IF interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Stratton
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Kembra Albracht-Schulte
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Patrick S Harty
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Madelin R Siedler
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Christian Rodriguez
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Joaquim L, Faria A, Loureiro H, Matafome P. Benefits, mechanisms, and risks of intermittent fasting in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. J Physiol Biochem 2022; 78:295-305. [PMID: 34985730 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-021-00839-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the emergent nutritional strategies for improving multiple features of cardiometabolic diseases is the practice of intermittent fasting (IF), which consists of alternating periods of eating and fasting. IF can reduce circulating glucose and insulin levels, fat mass, and the risk of developing age-related pathologies. IF appears to upregulate evolution-conserved adaptive cellular responses, such as stress-response pathways, autophagy, and mitochondrial function. IF was also observed to modulate the circadian rhythms of hormones like insulin or leptin, among others, which levels change in conditions of food abundance and deficit. However, some contradictory results regarding the duration of the interventions and the anterior metabolic status of the participants suggest that more and longer studies are needed in order to draw conclusions. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the role of IF in the modulation of mechanisms involved in type 2 diabetes, as well as the risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisandra Joaquim
- Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Coimbra Health School (ESTeSC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Faria
- Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Coimbra Health School (ESTeSC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Helena Loureiro
- Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Coimbra Health School (ESTeSC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Matafome
- Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Coimbra Health School (ESTeSC), Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Subunit 1, 1st floor, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-354, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Clinical Academic Center, Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Elsayed HRH, El-Nablaway M, Khattab BA, Sherif RN, Elkashef WF, Abdalla AM, El Nashar EM, Abd-Elmonem MM, El-Gamal R. Independent of Calorie Intake, Short-term Alternate-day Fasting Alleviates NASH, With Modulation of Markers of Lipogenesis, Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Inflammation in Rats. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:575-596. [PMID: 34448436 PMCID: PMC8427931 DOI: 10.1369/00221554211041607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a worldwide health problem. Alternate-day fasting (ADF), although thought to be aggressive, has proven safety and efficacy. We aimed to evaluate the effect of short-term ADF against already established high-fat-fructose (HFF)-induced NASH, independent of the amount of calorie intake, and to study the effect of ADF on lipogenesis, apoptosis, and hepatic inflammation. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into two groups: (1) negative control and (2) NASH group fed on HFF for 9 weeks, and then randomized into two subgroups of either HFF alone or with ADF protocol for 3 weeks. The ADF could improve HFF-related elevation in serum lactate dehydrogenase and could decrease the mRNA expression of lipogenesis genes; acetyl CoA carboxylase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α; apoptotic genes caspase-3, p53, and inflammatory cyclo-oxygenase 2; and immunohistochemical staining for their proteins in liver with upregulation of LC3 and downregulation of P62 immunoexpression. Moreover, ADF ameliorated HFF-induced steatosis, inflammation, ballooning, and fibrosis through hematoxylin and eosin, Oil Red O, and Sirius Red staining, confirmed by morphometric analysis, without significant weight loss. Significant correlation of morphometric parameters with levels of gene expression was found. These findings suggest ADF to be a safe effective therapeutic agent in the management of NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rania N. Sherif
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology
- Department of Anatomy, Horus University, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Wagdi Fawzy Elkashef
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Asim Mohammed Abdalla
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Mohammad El Nashar
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | | | - Randa El-Gamal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry
- Department of Pathology and Medical Experimental Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kelly J, Karlsen M, Steinke G. Type 2 Diabetes Remission and Lifestyle Medicine: A Position Statement From the American College of Lifestyle Medicine. Am J Lifestyle Med 2020; 14:406-419. [PMID: 33281521 DOI: 10.1177/1559827620930962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. The present review represents the position of the American College of Lifestyle Medicine on type 2 diabetes (T2D) and remission treatment. Background. Research now reveals that sufficiently intensive lifestyle interventions can produce remission of T2D with similar success to bariatric surgery, but with substantially fewer untoward side effects. Methods. A literature review was conducted to examine lifestyle modifications targeting T2D remission, with most studies using a combination of blood glucose markers and treatment history. Results. There were notable differences in the dosing intensity of lifestyle interventions between therapeutic interventions and subtherapeutic interventions. Studies with therapeutic dosing typically used very low energy diets (600-1100 kcal/day) with a weighted mean remission rate of 49.4%, while studies with subtherapeutic dosing typically used more moderate caloric restrictions (reducing energy intake by 500-600 kcal/day) and the weighted mean remission rate was 6.9%. Conclusions. Remission should be the clinical goal in T2D treatment, using properly dosed intensive lifestyle interventions as a primary component of medical care for T2D patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Kelly
- Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, California (JK).,American College of Lifestyle Medicine, Chesterfield, Missouri (JK, MK).,University of New England, Portland, Maine (MK).,Erlanger Health System, Chattanooga, Tennessee (GS)
| | - Micaela Karlsen
- Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, California (JK).,American College of Lifestyle Medicine, Chesterfield, Missouri (JK, MK).,University of New England, Portland, Maine (MK).,Erlanger Health System, Chattanooga, Tennessee (GS)
| | - Gregory Steinke
- Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, California (JK).,American College of Lifestyle Medicine, Chesterfield, Missouri (JK, MK).,University of New England, Portland, Maine (MK).,Erlanger Health System, Chattanooga, Tennessee (GS)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Muñoz-Hernández L, Márquez-López Z, Mehta R, Aguilar-Salinas CA. Intermittent Fasting as Part of the Management for T2DM: from Animal Models to Human Clinical Studies. Curr Diab Rep 2020; 20:13. [PMID: 32166554 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-020-1295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diet is a pillar of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) management. Intermittent fasting (IF) is postulated as a novel approach, able to improve glucose control and potentially capable of reversing some of the pathophysiological alterations of this condition. In this review, the molecular and clinical evidence of diets based on intermittent energy restriction (IER) in laboratory animal models and subjects with type 2 diabetes is discussed. The mechanisms through which IF are thought to improve glucose homeostasis and reverse β cell failure are also reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS Studies derived from murine models suggest that IER is associated with improvements in β cell function and insulin resistance. Two main mechanisms have been demonstrated, one derived from the autophagy-lysosome pathway and, the other from an increase in neurogenin3 (Ngn3) levels (a marker for endocrine progenitor cells like β cells during development). Notably, IER also promotes reconstruction of gut microbiota. In mice, all effects were independent of weight loss. By contrast, in human studies, outcomes are widely attributable to weight loss. The more consistent results are reductions in body weight, visceral fat, and glucose and insulin levels. Increases in HDL cholesterol levels are also frequently reported. The decrease in insulin levels observed in humans is in opposition with the increase reported in mice, suggesting that the main mechanism in humans is an improvement in peripheral insulin action. Recommending diets based on intermittent fasting in humans is based on the promising results found in animal models where an improvement in β cell function has been recorded. β cell function after IF has not been assessed in human subjects with T2DM. This review provides information regarding different protocols for the implementation of IF in diabetic persons and also provides important safety advice in order to avoid adverse effects. Clinical studies do not show an increased risk of hypoglycemia, and a recent case series reported reversal of T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Muñoz-Hernández
- Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion, Mexico City, Mexico
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ziomara Márquez-López
- Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roopa Mehta
- Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alberto Aguilar-Salinas
- Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion, Mexico City, Mexico.
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico.
- Division of Nutrition, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion, Vasco de Quiroga #15, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vemuganti R, Arumugam TV. Molecular Mechanisms of Intermittent Fasting-induced Ischemic Tolerance. CONDITIONING MEDICINE 2020; 3:9-17. [PMID: 34278242 PMCID: PMC8281895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diet is a significant factor in determining human well-being. Excessive eating and/or diets with higher than needed amounts of carbohydrates, salt, and fat are known to cause metabolic disorders and functional changes in the body. To compensate the ill effects, many designer diets including the Mediterranean diet, the Okinawa diet, vegetarian/vegan diets, keto diet, anti-inflammatory diet, and the anti-oxidant diet have been introduced in the past 2 decades. While these diets are either enriched or devoid of one or more specific components, a better way to control diet is to limit the amount of food consumed. Caloric restriction (CR), which involves limiting the amount of food consumed rather than eliminating any specific type of food, as well as intermittent fasting (IF), which entails limiting the time during which food can be consumed on a given day, have gained popularity because of their positive effects on human health. While the molecular mechanisms of these 2 dietary regimens have not been fully deciphered, they are known to prolong the life span, control blood pressure, and blood glucose levels. Furthermore, CR and IF were both shown to decrease the incidence of heart attack and stroke, as well as their ill effects. In particular, IF is thought to promote metabolic switching by altering gene expression profiles leading to reduced inflammation and oxidative stress, while increasing plasticity and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton VA Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sankrityayan H, Oza MJ, Kulkarni YA, Mulay SR, Gaikwad AB. ER stress response mediates diabetic microvascular complications. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:2247-2257. [PMID: 31430543 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis orchestrates the folding, modification, and trafficking of secretory and membrane proteins to the Golgi compartment, thus governing cellular functions. Alterations in ER homeostasis result in the activation of signaling pathways, such as the unfolded protein response (UPR), to regain ER homeostasis. Nevertheless, failure of UPR leads to activation of autophagy-mediated cell death. Several recent studies emphasized the association of the ER stress (ERS) response with the initiation and progression of diabetes. In this review, we highlight the contribution of the ERS response, such as UPR and autophagy, in the initiation and progression of diabetes and associated microvascular complications, including diabetic nephropathy (DN), retinopathy, and neuropathy, in various experimental models, as well as in humans. We highlight the ERS as a putative therapeutic target for the treatment of diabetic microvascular complications and, thus, the urgent need for the development of improved synthetic and natural inhibitors of ERS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Sankrityayan
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Manisha J Oza
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India; SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Shrikant R Mulay
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India.
| |
Collapse
|