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Conrad NJ, Heckler EP, Lee BJ, Hill GW, Flood TR, Wheeler LEV, Costello R, Walker EF, Gillum TL, Willems MET, Kuennen MR. New Zealand blackcurrant extract modulates the heat shock response in men during exercise in hot ambient conditions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:2315-2328. [PMID: 38448730 PMCID: PMC11322260 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05439-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if 7d of New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) extract alters the heat shock, inflammatory and apoptotic response during prolonged exertional-heat stress. METHODS Ten men (Age: 29 ± 2 years, Stature: 1.82 ± 0.02 m, Mass: 80.3 ± 2.7 kg, V̇O2max: 56 ± 2 mL·kg-1·min-1) ingested two capsules of CurraNZ™ (NZBC extract: 210 mg anthocyanins·day-1) or PLACEBO for 7d prior to 1 h treadmill run (65% V̇O2max) in hot ambient conditions (34 °C/40% RH). Blood samples were collected before (Pre), immediately after (Post), 1 h after (1-Post), and 4 h after (4-Post) exercise. Heat shock proteins (HSP90, HSP70, HSP32) were measured in plasma. HSP and protein markers of inflammatory capacity (TLR4, NF-κB) and apoptosis (BAX/BCL-2, Caspase 9) were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). RESULTS eHSP32 was elevated at baseline in NZBC(+ 31%; p < 0.001). In PLACEBO HSP32 content in PBMC was elevated at 4-Post(+ 98%; p = 0.002), whereas in NZBC it fell at Post(- 45%; p = 0.030) and 1-Post(- 48%; p = 0.026). eHSP70 was increased at Post in PLACEBO(+ 55.6%, p = 0.001) and NZBC (+ 50.7%, p = 0.010). eHSP90 was increased at Post(+ 77.9%, p < 0.001) and 1-Post(+ 73.2%, p < 0.001) in PLACEBO, with similar increases being shown in NZBC (+ 49.0%, p = 0.006 and + 66.2%, p = 0.001; respectively). TLR4 and NF-κB were both elevated in NZBC at PRE(+ 54%, p = 0.003 and + 57%, p = 0.004; respectively). Main effects of study condition were also shown for BAX/BCL-2(p = 0.025) and Caspase 9 (p = 0.043); both were higher in NZBC. CONCLUSION 7d of NZBC extract supplementation increased eHSP32 and PBMC HSP32 content. It also increased inflammatory and apoptotic markers in PBMC, suggesting that NZBC supports the putative inflammatory response that accompanies exertional-heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Conrad
- Department of Health & Human Performance, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Emerson P Heckler
- Department of Health & Human Performance, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Ben J Lee
- Occupational and Environmental Physiology Group, Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Science, Coventry University, Coventry, England
- Institute of Applied Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Garrett W Hill
- Department of Health & Human Performance, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Tessa R Flood
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Institute of Applied Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Lucy E V Wheeler
- Institute of Applied Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Rianne Costello
- Global Food Security Programme, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, Swindon, UK
| | - Ella F Walker
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Trevor L Gillum
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Mark E T Willems
- Institute of Applied Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Matthew R Kuennen
- Department of Health & Human Performance, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA.
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Yalçıntaş YM, Baydemir B, Duman H, Eker F, Bayraktar Biçen A, Ertürk M, Karav S. Exploring the impact of colostrum supplementation on athletes: a comprehensive analysis of clinical trials and diverse properties. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1395437. [PMID: 38799427 PMCID: PMC11116638 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1395437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Colostrum, an invaluable food produced by mammals during the postnatal period, contains important bioactive components. It is a valuable therapeutic substance that can be used to treat a variety of disorders, in addition to its primary function of providing passive immunity to newborns. Undoubtedly, a strong dedication to intense effort and demanding training schedules is necessary to succeed in today's sports environment. Peak physical fitness, strategic skill development, and mental toughness are highly valued in the environments in which athletes compete. However, the inherent difficulties brought about by athletes' intense schedules are matched with the demanding character of modern sports. The intensity of athletic activity frequently provides little time for sufficient relaxation, nutritional preparation, and overall recovery, which can contribute to mental and physical tiredness. Athletes need to develop all-encompassing strategies to overcome these obstacles. These strategies should prioritize self-care and recovery in addition to maximizing training efficiency. The bioactive components of colostrum bring forth various therapeutic effects against the challenges experienced by athletes; including diarrhea, upper respiratory tract infections, muscle injuries, intestinal disorders, etc. This review examined the different therapeutic effects of the bioactive components of colostrum on athletes, the effect of the use of colostrum as a whole on the performance of athletes, and the clinical research conducted in this field. While the majority of studies report positive effects of colostrum, further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalçın Mert Yalçıntaş
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Türkiye
| | - Barış Baydemir
- Department of Coaching Education, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Türkiye
| | - Hatice Duman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Türkiye
| | - Furkan Eker
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Türkiye
| | | | | | - Sercan Karav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Türkiye
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Lee BJ, Flood TR, Galan-Lopez N, McCormick JJ, King KE, Fujii N, Kenny GP. Changes in surrogate markers of intestinal epithelial injury and microbial translocation in young and older men during prolonged occupational heat stress in temperate and hot conditions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1049-1062. [PMID: 37815618 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05329-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exertional heat stress can cause damage to the intestinal epithelium and disrupt gastrointestinal barrier integrity, leading to microbial translocation (MT) linked to the development of heat stroke. This study aimed to assess age-related differences in markers of intestinal epithelial injury and MT following non-heat stress and high-heat stress exercise in healthy young and older men. METHODS Markers of intestinal epithelial injury (intestinal fatty acid-binding protein-'IFABP') and MT (soluble cluster of differentiation 14-'sCD14'; and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein-'LBP') were assessed in healthy young (18-30 y, n = 13) and older (50-70 y) men (n = 12). Blood samples were collected before, after 180 min of moderate-intensity (metabolic rate: 200 W/m2) walking and following 60 min recovery in either a non-heat stress [temperate: 21.9 °C, 35% relative humidity (RH)] or high-heat stress (hot: 41.4 °C, 35% RH) environment. RESULTS There were no differences in IFABP and sCD14 between the young and older groups in the temperate condition, while LBP was greater in the older group (+ 0.66 ug/mL; + 0.08 to + 1.24 ug/mL). In the hot condition, the older group experienced greater increases in IFABP compared to the young group (+ 712 pg/mL/hr; + 269 to + 1154 pg/mL/hr). However, there were no clear between-group differences for sCD14 (+ 0.24 ug/mL/hr, - 0.22 to + 0.70 ug/mL/hr) or LBP (+ 0.86 ug/mL/hr, - 0.73 to + 2.46 ug/mL/hr). CONCLUSION While older men may experience greater intestinal epithelial injury following exercise in the heat; this did not lead to a greater magnitude of microbial translocation relative to their younger counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Lee
- Occupational and Environmental Physiology Group, Centre for Sport, Exercise, and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Tessa R Flood
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Natalia Galan-Lopez
- Occupational and Environmental Physiology Group, Centre for Sport, Exercise, and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - James J McCormick
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University Ave., Room 367, Montpetit Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Kelli E King
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University Ave., Room 367, Montpetit Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Naoto Fujii
- Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Glen P Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University Ave., Room 367, Montpetit Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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Hajihashemi P, Haghighatdoost F, Kassaian N, Hoveida L, Tamizifar B, Nili H, Rahim Khorasani M, Adibi P. Bovine Colostrum in Increased Intestinal Permeability in Healthy Athletes and Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69:1345-1360. [PMID: 38361147 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-023-08219-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing intestinal permeability causes chronic inflammation, which is one of the etiological factors of many diseases that presently constitute global challenges. AIMS Considering the importance of developing therapies to eliminate the increased intestinal permeability, in this systematic review and meta-analysis, we analyze the impact of bovine colostrum (BC) on the gut barrier and its permeability. METHODS Online databases, including PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus, were searched to find pertinent articles up to March 2022. Weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were considered as effect sizes. The random-effects model was used to pool the study results. RESULTS A total of ten articles were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled effect revealed a significant reduction in the 5-h urinary lactulose/rhamnose ratio after BC consumption [mean difference (MD): -0.24; 95% CI -0.43 to -0.04; I2 = 99%] and urinary lactulose/mannitol ratio (MD: -0.01; 95% CI -0.02 to -0.001; I2 = 29.8%). No differences were observed in the plasma intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) between BC and control groups (MD: 2.30; 95% CI -293.9 to 298.5; I2 = 92%). CONCLUSIONS BC supplementation significantly reduced intestinal permeability; however, to confirm the results, more randomized clinical trials considering different quality, dose, and duration are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Hajihashemi
- Isfahan Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Haghighatdoost
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nazila Kassaian
- Nosocomial Infection Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Laleh Hoveida
- Department of Microbiology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, PO Box: 84515/155, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Babak Tamizifar
- Isfahan Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hassan Nili
- Zeitoon Vaccine Innovators Company, Isfahan Town of Science and Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Marzieh Rahim Khorasani
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Peyman Adibi
- Isfahan Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Hajihashemi P, Haghighatdoost F, Kassaian N, Rahim Khorasani M, Hoveida L, Nili H, Tamizifar B, Adibi P. Therapeutics effects of bovine colostrum applications on gastrointestinal diseases: a systematic review. Syst Rev 2024; 13:76. [PMID: 38409162 PMCID: PMC10898101 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-024-02489-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence on the effects of bovine colostrum (BC) supplementation on gastrointestinal (GI) diseases is conflicting. OBJECTIVES This systematic review summarized the findings of clinical trials (CTs) on the effects of BC supplementation on GI diseases. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in online databases, including PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus, until March 2021 and updated until December 2023. CTs investigated BC's effect on any measurable symptomatic change in terms of GI health as the primary outcome variable or as one of the outcomes in any population eligible for this systematic review. RESULTS Out of 6881 records, 22 CTs (uncontrolled = 4, cross-over = 1, and parallel = 17) with 1427 patients were enrolled in the systematic review. Diarrhea, the most frequently evaluated symptom (20 interventional arms), was decreased in frequency with BC supplementation in 15 of these arms. However, most studies reported no change in its duration. BC supplementation consistently reduced stool frequency across all seven studies. Abdominal pain relief was noted in four interventional arms but showed no improvement in five others. Assessment of other GI symptoms was limited, yielding inconclusive results. CONCLUSIONS There is limited evidence on the effects of BC on GI diseases, with mixed findings. More well-designed controlled clinical trials are required to explore its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Hajihashemi
- Isfahan Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Haghighatdoost
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nazila Kassaian
- Nosocomial Infection Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Marzieh Rahim Khorasani
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 8174673461, Iran.
| | - Laleh Hoveida
- Department of Microbiology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hassan Nili
- Zeitoon Isfahan Vaccine Innovators Company, Isfahan Scince and Technology Town, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Babak Tamizifar
- Isfahan Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Peyman Adibi
- Isfahan Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Kelly MR, Emerson DM, McDermott BP, Atkins WC, Butts CL, Laursen RM, Troyanos C, Duckett A, Siedlik J. Gastrointestinal cell injury and perceived symptoms after running the Boston Marathon. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1268306. [PMID: 37908334 PMCID: PMC10615131 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1268306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances are a prevalent cause of marathon related complaints, and in extreme cases can promote life-threatening conditions such as exertional heat stroke. Our aim was to study intestinal cell injury [via intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP)] and perceived GI distress symptoms among marathon runners. We also examined potential risk factors (e.g., inadequate sleep) that could exacerbate GI disturbances in healthy, trained endurance runners. This was a parallel mixed-methods study design. 2019 Boston Marathon participants were recruited via email and subjects completed surveys before the race describing demographics and training history. Participants completed a GI questionnaire to assess presence and severity of symptoms, a survey regarding risk factors (e.g., recent illness, medications) that could promote GI disturbances, and provided a urine sample at three time points (immediately pre-race, post-race, and 24-h post-race). Due to weather, blood samples were only collected immediately and 24-h post-race. A total of 40 runners (males: n = 19, age = 44.9 ± 10.8 years; females: n = 21, age = 44.8 ± 10.6 years) completed this study. I-FABP significantly decreased from post-race (3367.5 ± 2633.5 pg/mL) to 24-h post-race (1657.3 ± 950.7 pg/mL, t (39) = -4.228, p < .001, d = -.669). There was a significant difference in overall GI symptom scores across the three time points (F (2, 39) = 41.37, p < .001). The highest average score occurred post-race (.84 ± .68), compared to pre-race (.09 ± .12) and 24-h post-race (.44 ± .28). Post-race I-FABP (r = .31, p = .048) and post-race urine specific gravity (r = .33, p = .041) were significantly correlated with post-race GI symptom scores. Our study provides further support to the individualized nature of GI disturbances, with participants experiencing a wide range of risk factors that can influence the extent of GI damage and perceived symptoms during and after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melani R. Kelly
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Department of Exercise Science and Outdoor Recreation, Utah Valley University, Orem, UT, United States
| | - Dawn M. Emerson
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Brendon P. McDermott
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Whitley C. Atkins
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Cory L. Butts
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Weber State University, Ogden, UT, United States
| | - R. Mark Laursen
- Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Andrew Duckett
- Department of Athletics, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jacob Siedlik
- Department of Exercise Science and Pre-Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
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Mabry K, Davis MS, Gould E, Gogal RM, Steiner JM, Tolbert MK, Hill TL. Assessment of gastrointestinal health in racing Alaskan sled dogs using capsule endoscopy and inflammatory cytokines. J Small Anim Pract 2023; 64:574-580. [PMID: 37211353 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome occurs in dogs and people and might compromise athlete performance by increasing intestinal permeability and causing gastrointestinal erosions. Racing sled dogs often receive acid suppressant prophylaxis which decreases the incidence of gastric erosions induced by exercise. The objectives were to quantify intestinal injury by measuring serum pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations before and after exercise and to evaluate gastrointestinal mucosa using video capsule endoscopy after exercise. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospective study of 12 racing Alaskan sled dogs receiving approximately 1 mg/kg omeprazole once daily from the day before the race until race completion. Blood was drawn before and 8 to 10 hours after an endurance race for the quantification of cytokines. Gastrointestinal tract mucosa was assessed with video capsule endoscopy immediately post-race. RESULTS Eight of nine dogs (89%; 95% confidence interval 52 to 100%) had gastric erosions; all dogs (100%, 95% confidence interval 63 to 100%) had small intestinal erosions. Most of the dogs (seven of nine) had straw or foreign material present. Cytokine levels were not different from before to after the race. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Video capsule endoscopy identified gastrointestinal tract mucosal erosions after exercise in all dogs receiving once-daily omeprazole treatment, though other causes for the lesions besides exercise are possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mabry
- Internal Medicine, South Carolina Veterinary Specialists and Emergency Care, Columbia, SC, 29210, USA
| | - M S Davis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - E Gould
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - R M Gogal
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - M K Tolbert
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - T L Hill
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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Álvarez-Herms J, González A, Corbi F, Odriozola I, Odriozola A. Possible relationship between the gut leaky syndrome and musculoskeletal injuries: the important role of gut microbiota as indirect modulator. AIMS Public Health 2023; 10:710-738. [PMID: 37842270 PMCID: PMC10567981 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2023049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This article aims to examine the evidence on the relationship between gut microbiota (GM), leaky gut syndrome and musculoskeletal injuries. Musculoskeletal injuries can significantly impair athletic performance, overall health, and quality of life. Emerging evidence suggests that the state of the gut microbiota and the functional intestinal permeability may contribute to injury recovery. Since 2007, a growing field of research has supported the idea that GM exerts an essential role maintaining intestinal homeostasis and organic and systemic health. Leaky gut syndrome is an acquired condition where the intestinal permeability is impaired, and different bacteria and/or toxins enter in the bloodstream, thereby promoting systemic endotoxemia and chronic low-grade inflammation. This systemic condition could indirectly contribute to increased local musculoskeletal inflammation and chronificate injuries and pain, thereby reducing recovery-time and limiting sport performance. Different strategies, including a healthy diet and the intake of pre/probiotics, may contribute to improving and/or restoring gut health, thereby modulating both systemically as local inflammation and pain. Here, we sought to identify critical factors and potential strategies that could positively improve gut microbiota and intestinal health, and reduce the risk of musculoskeletal injuries and its recovery-time and pain. In conclusion, recent evidences indicate that improving gut health has indirect consequences on the musculoskeletal tissue homeostasis and recovery through the direct modulation of systemic inflammation, the immune response and the nociceptive pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Álvarez-Herms
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080 Leioa, Spain
- Phymo Lab, Physiology, and Molecular laboratory, Spain
| | - Adriana González
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080 Leioa, Spain
| | - Francisco Corbi
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Centre de Lleida, Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Spain
| | - Iñaki Odriozola
- Health Department of Basque Government, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Adrian Odriozola
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080 Leioa, Spain
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Linehan K, Ross RP, Stanton C. Bovine Colostrum for Veterinary and Human Health Applications: A Critical Review. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2023; 14:387-410. [PMID: 36972163 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-060721-014650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Bovine colostrum harbors a diverse array of bioactive components suitable for the development of functional foods, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals with veterinary and human health applications. Bovine colostrum has a strong safety profile with applications across all age groups for health promotion and the amelioration of a variety of disease states. Increased worldwide milk production and novel processing technologies have resulted in substantial growth of the market for colostrum-based products. This review provides a synopsis of the bioactive components in bovine colostrum, the processing techniques used to produce high-value colostrum-based products, and recent studies utilizing bovine colostrum for veterinary and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Linehan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland;
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland;
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- VistaMilk Research Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, County Cork, Ireland
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10
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Taylor G, Leonard A, Tang JCY, Dunn R, Fraser WD, Virgilio N, Prawitt J, Stevenson E, Clifford T. The effects of collagen peptides on exercise-induced gastrointestinal stress: a randomized, controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:1027-1039. [PMID: 36370176 PMCID: PMC9941265 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the effects of collagen peptides (CP) supplementation on exercise-induced gastrointestinal (GI) stress. METHODS In a randomized, crossover design, 20 volunteers (16 males: [Formula: see text]O2max, 53.4 ± 5.9 ml·kg-1) completed 3 trials: a non-exercise rest trial, with no supplement (REST) and then an exercise trial with CP (10 g·day-1) or placebo control (CON) supplements, which were consumed for 7 days prior to, and 45 min before, a 70 min run at 70-90% of [Formula: see text]O2max. Outcome measures included urinary lactulose and rhamnose (L/R), intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), anti-LPS antibody, monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin (IL) 6 and 8, cortisol, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (measured pre, 10 min post and 2 h post) and subjective GI symptoms. RESULTS There were no differences in heart rate, perceived exertion, thermal comfort, or core temperature during exercise in the CP and CON trials (all P > 0.05). I-FABP was higher in CP (2538 ± 1221 pg/ml) and CON (2541 ± 766 pg/ml) vs. REST 2 h post (1893 ± 1941 pg/ml) (both P < 0.05). LPS increased in CON vs. REST 2 h post (+ 71.8 pg/ml; P < 0.05). Anti-LPS antibody decreased in CON and CP vs. REST at post (both P < 0.05). There were no differences in MCP-1, IL-6, and IL-8 between the CP and CON trials (all P > 0.05), and no differences in L/R or GI symptoms between CON and CP (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Collagen peptides did not modify exercise-induced changes in inflammation, GI integrity or subjective GI symptoms but LPS was higher in CON 2 h post-exercise and thus future studies may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Taylor
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212Institue of Population Health Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Amber Leonard
- grid.6571.50000 0004 1936 8542School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU UK
| | - Jonathan C. Y. Tang
- grid.8273.e0000 0001 1092 7967Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich University Hospital Norfolk, Norfolk, UK
| | - Rachel Dunn
- grid.8273.e0000 0001 1092 7967Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich University Hospital Norfolk, Norfolk, UK
| | - William D. Fraser
- grid.8273.e0000 0001 1092 7967Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich University Hospital Norfolk, Norfolk, UK
| | | | | | - Emma Stevenson
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212Institue of Population Health Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Tom Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
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11
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A Systematic Review of the Influence of Bovine Colostrum Supplementation on Leaky Gut Syndrome in Athletes: Diagnostic Biomarkers and Future Directions. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122512. [PMID: 35745242 PMCID: PMC9227274 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bovine colostrum (BC) contains a myriad of bioactive molecules that are renowned for possessing unique medicinal benefits in children and adults, and BC supplements are considered safe and cost-effective options to manage/prevent the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections and gut-related problems in athletes. In this review, we will try to answer the question: How will BC supplementation ameliorate gut permeability problems among athletes? Methods: Literature searches were performed using PRISMA guidance to identify studies assessing the influence of BC supplements on gut permeability. Studies were selected using four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and EBSCO, and a total number of 60 articles were retrieved by using appropriate keywords. Results: Nine studies were selected that met the eligibility criteria for this review. The data analysis revealed that vigorous exercise profoundly increases intestinal permeability, and BC supplementation helps to reverse gut permeability in athletes. Conclusion: BC supplementation may be highly beneficial in improving gut permeability in athletes. However, well-designed, placebo-controlled, and randomized studies are needed to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy and to determine the optimal dose schedules of BC supplementation in high-performance athletes.
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12
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Chantler S, Griffiths A, Matu J, Davison G, Holliday A, Jones B. A systematic review: Role of dietary supplements on markers of exercise-associated gut damage and permeability. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266379. [PMID: 35417467 PMCID: PMC9007357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition strategies and supplements may have a role to play in diminishing exercise associated gastrointestinal cell damage and permeability. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the influence of dietary supplements on markers of exercise-induced gut endothelial cell damage and/or permeability. Five databases were searched through to February 2021. Studies were selected that evaluated indirect markers of gut endothelial cell damage and permeability in response to exercise with and without a specified supplement, including with and without water. Acute and chronic supplementation protocols were included. Twenty-seven studies were included. The studies investigated a wide range of supplements including bovine colostrum, glutamine, probiotics, supplemental carbohydrate and protein, nitrate or nitrate precursors and water across a variety of endurance exercise protocols. The majority of studies using bovine colostrum and glutamine demonstrated a reduction in selected markers of gut cell damage and permeability compared to placebo conditions. Carbohydrate intake before and during exercise and maintaining euhydration may partially mitigate gut damage and permeability but coincide with other performance nutrition strategies. Single strain probiotic strains showed some positive findings, but the results are likely strain, dosage and duration specific. Bovine colostrum, glutamine, carbohydrate supplementation and maintaining euhydration may reduce exercise-associated endothelial damage and improve gut permeability. In spite of a large heterogeneity across the selected studies, appropriate inclusion of different nutrition strategies could mitigate the initial phases of gastrointestinal cell disturbances in athletes associated with exercise. However, research is needed to clarify if this will contribute to improved athlete gastrointestinal and performance outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Chantler
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Griffiths
- School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Matu
- School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Glen Davison
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Holliday
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Leeds, United Kingdom
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13
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McKenna ZJ, Gorini Pereira F, Gillum TL, Amorim FT, Deyhle MR, Mermier CM. High altitude exposures and intestinal barrier dysfunction. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 322:R192-R203. [PMID: 35043679 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00270.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal complaints are often reported during ascents to high altitude (> 2500 m), though their etiology is not known. One potential explanation is injury to the intestinal barrier which has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several diseases. High altitude exposures can reduce splanchnic perfusion and blood oxygen levels causing hypoxic and oxidative stress. These stressors might injure the intestinal barrier leading to consequences such as bacterial translocation and local/systemic inflammatory responses. The purpose of this mini review is to 1) discuss the impact of high-altitude exposures on intestinal barrier dysfunction, and 2) present medications and dietary supplements which may have relevant impacts on the intestinal barrier during high-altitude exposures. There is a small but growing body of evidence which shows that acute exposures to high altitudes can damage the intestinal barrier. Initial data also suggests that prolonged hypoxic exposures can compromise the intestinal barrier through alterations in immunological function, microbiota, or mucosal layers. Exertion may worsen high-altitude related intestinal injury via additional reductions in splanchnic circulation and greater hypoxemia. Collectively these responses can result in increased intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation causing local and systemic inflammation. More research is needed to determine the impact of various medications and dietary supplements on the intestinal barrier during high-altitude exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J McKenna
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Felipe Gorini Pereira
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Trevor L Gillum
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Fabiano Trigueiro Amorim
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Michael R Deyhle
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Christine M Mermier
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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14
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Wilson P. Sport supplements and the athlete's gut: a review. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:840-849. [PMID: 34814219 DOI: 10.1055/a-1704-3086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Vigorous or prolonged exercise poses a challenge to gastrointestinal system functioning and is associated with digestive symptoms. This narrative review addresses 1) the potential of dietary supplements to enhance gut function and reduce exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms and 2) strategies for reducing gastrointestinal-related side effects resulting from popular sports supplements. Several supplements, including probiotics, glutamine, and bovine colostrum, have been shown to reduce markers of gastrointestinal damage and permeability with exercise. Yet, the clinical ramifications of these findings are uncertain, as improvements in symptoms have not been consistently observed. Among these supplements, probiotics modestly reduced exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms in a few studies, suggesting they are the most evidenced-based choice for athletes looking to manage such symptoms through supplementation. Carbohydrate, caffeine, and sodium bicarbonate are evidence-based supplements that can trigger gastrointestinal symptoms. Using glucose-fructose mixtures is beneficial when carbohydrate ingestion is high (>50 g/h) during exercise, and undertaking multiple gut training sessions prior to competition may also be helpful. Approaches for preventing caffeine-induced gastrointestinal disturbances include using low-to-moderate doses (<500 mg) and avoiding/minimizing exacerbating factors (stress, anxiety, other stimulants, fasting). Adverse gastrointestinal effects of sodium bicarbonate can be avoided by using enteric-coated formulations, low doses (0.2 g/kg), or multi-day loading protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Wilson
- Human Movement Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, United States
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15
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Bovine Colostrum Applications in Sick and Healthy People: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072194. [PMID: 34202206 PMCID: PMC8308243 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Colostrum is the first secretion of mammalian glands during the early period after birth giving. Its components are biologically active and have beneficial effects on new-born growth and well-being. Bovine colostrum has the highest concentration of these substances and its supplementation or application may provide health benefits. This systematic review was conducted to update current knowledge on bovine colostrum effects including all administration routes on healthy and sick subjects. Full texts or abstracts of twenty-eight papers as reports of systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, observational studies and case series were included after searches in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library and Cinahl databases. The full texts of selected studies were assessed for quality using validated tools and their results were summarized in different categories. Studies were highly heterogeneous as regards to population, intervention, outcome and risk of bias. Bovine colostrum topical application was shown effective on vaginal dryness related symptoms limitation. Its use as food supplement showed interesting effects preventing upper respiratory illness in sportsmen, modulating immune system response and reducing intestinal permeability in healthy and sick subjects. Conflicting results were provided in pediatric population and little evidence is available on its use with older adults. Further studies are mandatory to better understand all factors influencing its activity.
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16
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Smith KA, Pugh JN, Duca FA, Close GL, Ormsbee MJ. Gastrointestinal pathophysiology during endurance exercise: endocrine, microbiome, and nutritional influences. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2657-2674. [PMID: 34131799 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04737-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal symptoms are abundant among athletes engaging in endurance exercise, particularly when exercising in increased environmental temperatures, at higher intensities, or over extremely long distances. It is currently thought that prolonged ischemia, mechanical damage to the epithelial lining, and loss of epithelial barrier integrity are likely contributors of gastrointestinal (GI) distress during bouts of endurance exercise, but due to the many potential causes and sporadic nature of symptoms this phenomenon has proven difficult to study. In this review, we cover known factors that contribute to GI distress symptoms in athletes during exercise, while further attempting to identify novel avenues of future research to help elucidate mechanisms leading to symptomology. We explore the link between the intestinal microbiome, the integrity of the gut epithelia, and add detail on gut hormone and peptide secretion that could potentially contribute to GI distress symptoms in athletes. The influence of nutrition and dietary supplementation strategies are also detailed, where much research has opened up new ideas and potential mechanisms for understanding gut pathophysiology during exercise. The etiology of gastrointestinal symptoms during endurance exercise is multi-factorial with neuroendocrine, microbial, and nutritional factors likely contributing to specific, individualized symptoms. Recent work in previously unexplored areas of both microbiome and gut peptide secretion are pertinent areas for future work, and the numerous supplementation strategies explored to date have provided insight into physiological mechanisms that may be targetable to reduce the incidence and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jamie N Pugh
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 5UA, UK
| | - Frank A Duca
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 5UA, UK
| | - Michael J Ormsbee
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, 1104 Spirit Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA. .,Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa.
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17
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Effect of Exercising in the Heat on Intestinal Fatty Acid-Binding Protein, Endotoxins, and Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein Markers in Trained Athletic Populations: A Systematic Literature Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2021; 31:359-368. [PMID: 34039771 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Along with digestion and absorption of nutrients, the gastrointestinal epithelium acts as a primary intestinal defense layer, preventing luminal pathogens from entering the circulation. During exercise in the heat, epithelial integrity can become compromised, allowing bacteria and bacterial endotoxins to translocate into circulation, triggering a systemic inflammatory response and exacerbating gastrointestinal damage. While this relationship seems clear in the general population in endurance/ultraendurance exercise, the aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effect of exercise in the heat on blood markers of gastrointestinal epithelial disturbance in well-trained individuals. Following the 2009 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviewed and Meta-Analyses guidelines, five electronic databases were searched for appropriate research, and 1,885 studies were identified. Five studies met the inclusion criteria and were subject to full methodological appraisal by two reviewers. Critical appraisal of the studies was conducted using the McMasters Critical Review Form. The studies investigated changes in markers of gastrointestinal damage (intestinal fatty acid-binding protein, endotoxin, and/or lipopolysaccharide-binding protein) following acute exercise in warm to hot conditions (≥ 30 °C) and included trained or well-trained participants with direct comparisons to a control temperate condition (≤ 22 °C). The studies found that prolonged submaximal and strenuous exercise in hot environmental conditions can acutely increase epithelial disturbance compared with exercise in cooler conditions, with disturbances not being clinically relevant. However, trained and well-trained populations appear to tolerate exercise-induced gastrointestinal disturbance in the heat. Whether this is an acquired tolerance related to regular training remains to be investigated.
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18
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Davison G. The Use of Bovine Colostrum in Sport and Exercise. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061789. [PMID: 34073917 PMCID: PMC8225123 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a great deal of interest in bovine colostrum within sports nutrition over the last 25 years. Studies have investigated the effects on body composition, physical performance, recovery, gut damage and permeability, immune function, and illness risk. This narrative review considers available evidence in each of these areas. Although some studies have shown protection against performance decrements caused by periods of intensified training, there is limited evidence for effects on body composition and physical performance. There is stronger evidence for benefit on gut permeability and damage markers and on immune function and illness risk, especially during periods of intensified training. The balance of available evidence for gut permeability and illness risk is positive, but further research is required to fully determine all mechanisms responsible for these effects. Early suggestions that supplementation with bovine colostrum products could increase systemic IGF-1 levels are not supported by the balance of available evidence examining a range of doses over both short- and long-term periods. Nevertheless, dose–response studies would be valuable for determining the minimum efficacious dose, although this is complicated by variability in bioactivity between products, making any dose–response findings applicable only to the specific products used in such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen Davison
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Division of Natural Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7PE, UK
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19
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Ribeiro FM, Petriz B, Marques G, Kamilla LH, Franco OL. Is There an Exercise-Intensity Threshold Capable of Avoiding the Leaky Gut? Front Nutr 2021; 8:627289. [PMID: 33763441 PMCID: PMC7982409 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.627289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance-sport athletes have a high incidence of gastrointestinal disorders, compromising performance and impacting overall health status. An increase in several proinflammatory cytokines and proteins (LPS, I-FABP, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, C-reactive protein) has been observed in ultramarathoners and triathlon athletes. One of the most common effects of this type of physical activity is the increase in intestinal permeability, known as leaky gut. The intestinal mucosa's degradation can be identified and analyzed by a series of molecular biomarkers, including the lactulose/rhamnose ratio, occludin and claudin (tight junctions), lipopolysaccharides, and I-FABP. Identifying the molecular mechanisms involved in the induction of leaky gut by physical exercise can assist in the determination of safe exercise thresholds for the preservation of the gastrointestinal tract. It was recently shown that 60 min of vigorous endurance training at 70% of the maximum work capacity led to the characteristic responses of leaky gut. It is believed that other factors may contribute to this effect, such as altitude, environmental temperature, fluid restriction, age and trainability. On the other hand, moderate physical training and dietary interventions such as probiotics and prebiotics can improve intestinal health and gut microbiota composition. This review seeks to discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in the intestinal mucosa's adaptation and response to exercise and discuss the role of the intestinal microbiota in mitigating these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe M Ribeiro
- Post-graduation Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.,Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology, University Center - UDF, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Petriz
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology, University Center - UDF, Brasilia, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Health Promotion, University of Franca (Unifran), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology, University Center - UDF, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Lima H Kamilla
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Octavio L Franco
- Post-graduation Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.,Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil.,S-Inova Biotech, Catholic University Dom Bosco, Biotechnology Program, Campo Grande, Brazil
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20
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Ogden HB, Fallowfield JL, Child RB, Davison G, Fleming SC, Edinburgh RM, Delves SK, Millyard A, Westwood CS, Layden JD. Reliability of gastrointestinal barrier integrity and microbial translocation biomarkers at rest and following exertional heat stress. Physiol Rep 2021; 8:e14374. [PMID: 32170836 PMCID: PMC7070100 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Exertional heat stress adversely distrupts (GI) barrier integrity and, through subsequent microbial translocation (MT), negativly impacts health. Despite widespread application, the temporal reliability of popular GI barrier integity and MT biomarkers is poorly characterised. METHOD Fourteen males completed two 80-min exertional heat stress tests (EHST) separated by 7-14 days. Venous blood was drawn pre, immediately- and 1-hr post both EHSTs. GI barrier integrity was assessed using the serum Dual-Sugar Absorption Test (DSAT), Intestinal Fatty-Acid-Binding Protein (I-FABP) and Claudin-3 (CLDN-3). MT was assessed using plasma Lipopolysaccharide Binding Protein (LBP), total 16S bacterial DNA and Bacteroides DNA. RESULTS No GI barrier integrity or MT biomarker, except absolute Bacteroides DNA, displayed systematic trial order bias (p ≥ .05). I-FABP (trial 1 = Δ 0.834 ± 0.445 ng ml-1 ; trial 2 = Δ 0.776 ± 0.489 ng ml-1 ) and CLDN-3 (trial 1 = Δ 0.317 ± 0.586 ng ml-1 ; trial 2 = Δ 0.371 ± 0.508 ng ml-1 ) were increased post-EHST (p ≤ .01). All MT biomarkers were unchanged post-EHST. Coefficient of variation and typical error of measurement post-EHST were: 11.5% and 0.004 (ratio) for the DSAT 90-min postprobe ingestion; 12.2% and 0.004 (ratio) at 150-min postprobe ingestion; 12.1% and 0.376 ng ml-1 for I-FABP; 4.9% and 0.342 ng ml-1 for CLDN-3; 9.2% and 0.420 µg ml-1 for LBP; 9.5% and 0.15 pg µl-1 for total 16S DNA; and 54.7% and 0.032 for Bacteroides/total 16S DNA ratio. CONCLUSION Each GI barrier integrity and MT translocation biomarker, except Bacteroides/total 16S ratio, had acceptable reliability at rest and postexertional heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry B Ogden
- School of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth MARJON University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert B Child
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Glen Davison
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Alison Millyard
- School of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth MARJON University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline S Westwood
- School of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth MARJON University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph D Layden
- School of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth MARJON University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
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21
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Chantler S, Griffiths A, Matu J, Davison G, Jones B, Deighton K. The Effects of Exercise on Indirect Markers of Gut Damage and Permeability: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2021; 51:113-124. [PMID: 33201454 PMCID: PMC7806566 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01348-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Exercise appears to cause damage to the endothelial lining of the human gastrointestinal tract and elicit a significant increase in gut permeability. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to determine the effect of an acute bout of exercise on gut damage and permeability outcomes in healthy populations using a meta-analysis. METHODS PubMed, The Cochrane Library as well as MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus and CINHAL, via EBSCOhost were searched through February 2019. Studies were selected that evaluated urinary (ratio of disaccharide/monosaccharide excretion) or plasma markers [intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein (i-FABP)] of gut permeability and gut cell damage in response to a single bout of exercise. RESULTS A total of 34 studies were included. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed, and showed a large and moderate effect size for markers of gut damage (i-FABP) (ES 0.81; 95% CI 0.63-0.98; n = 26; p < 0.001) and gut permeability (Disaccharide Sugar/Monosaccharide Sugar) (ES 0.70; 95% CI 0.29-1.11; n = 17; p < 0.001), respectively. Exercise performed in hot conditions (> 23 °C) further increased markers of gut damage compared with thermoneutral conditions [ES 1.06 (95% CI 0.88-1.23) vs. 0.66 (95% CI 0.43-0.89); p < 0.001]. Exercise duration did not have any significant effect on gut damage or permeability outcomes. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that a single bout of exercise increases gut damage and gut permeability in healthy participants, with gut damage being exacerbated in hot environments. Further investigation into nutritional strategies to minimise gut damage and permeability after exercise is required. PROSPERO database number (CRD42018086339).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Chantler
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Cavendish G08, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QT, UK.
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Leeds, UK.
| | - Alex Griffiths
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Cavendish G08, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QT, UK
| | - Jamie Matu
- School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Glen Davison
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Cavendish G08, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QT, UK
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
| | - Kevin Deighton
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Cavendish G08, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QT, UK
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22
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Influence of aerobic fitness on gastrointestinal barrier integrity and microbial translocation following a fixed-intensity military exertional heat stress test. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2325-2337. [PMID: 32794058 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04455-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exertional-heat stress adversely disrupts gastrointestinal (GI) barrier integrity, whereby subsequent microbial translocation (MT) can result in potentially serious health consequences. To date, the influence of aerobic fitness on GI barrier integrity and MT following exertional-heat stress is poorly characterised. METHOD Ten untrained (UT; VO2max = 45 ± 3 ml·kg-1·min-1) and ten highly trained (HT; VO2max = 64 ± 4 ml·kg-1·min-1) males completed an ecologically valid (military) 80-min fixed-intensity exertional-heat stress test (EHST). Venous blood was drawn immediately pre- and post-EHST. GI barrier integrity was assessed using the serum dual-sugar absorption test (DSAT) and plasma Intestinal Fatty-Acid Binding Protein (I-FABP). MT was assessed using plasma Bacteroides/total 16S DNA. RESULTS UT experienced greater thermoregulatory, cardiovascular and perceptual strain (p < 0.05) than HT during the EHST. Serum DSAT responses were similar between the two groups (p = 0.59), although Δ I-FABP was greater (p = 0.04) in the UT (1.14 ± 1.36 ng·ml-1) versus HT (0.20 ± 0.29 ng·ml-1) group. Bacteroides/Total 16S DNA ratio was unchanged (Δ; -0.04 ± 0.18) following the EHST in the HT group, but increased (Δ; 0.19 ± 0.25) in the UT group (p = 0.05). Weekly aerobic training hours had a weak, negative correlation with Δ I-FABP and Bacteroides/total 16S DNA responses. CONCLUSION When exercising at the same absolute workload, UT individuals are more susceptible to small intestinal epithelial injury and MT than HT individuals. These responses appear partially attributable to greater thermoregulatory, cardiovascular, and perceptual strain.
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23
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Hill GW, Gillum TL, Lee BJ, Romano PA, Schall ZJ, Hamilton AM, Kuennen MR. Prolonged treadmill running in normobaric hypoxia causes gastrointestinal barrier permeability and elevates circulating levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:376-386. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the impact of treadmill running in normobaric hypoxia on gastrointestinal barrier permeability and the systemic inflammatory response. Ten recreationally active participants completed two 1-h bouts of matched-workload treadmill exercise (65% normoxic maximal oxygen consumption) in counterbalanced order. One bout was performed in normoxia (NORM: fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) = 20.9%) and the other in normobaric hypoxia (HYP: FIO2 = 13.5%). Minute ventilation, respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (VT), oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and heart rate (HR) were measured with a metabolic cart. Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) was measured with pulse oximetry. Absolute tissue saturation (StO2) was measured with near-infrared spectroscopy. Fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) and circulating cytokine concentrations (interleukin (IL)-1Ra, IL-6, IL-10) were assayed from plasma samples that were collected pre-exercise, postexercise, 1 h-postexercise, and 4 h-postexercise. Data were analyzed with 2-way (condition × time) repeated-measures ANOVAs. Newman–Keuls post hoc tests were run where appropriate (p < 0.05). As compared with NORM, 1 h of treadmill exercise in HYP caused greater (p < 0.05) changes in minute ventilation (+30%), RR (+16%), VT (+10%), carbon dioxide production (+18%), RER (+16%), HR (+4%), SpO2 (–16%), and StO2 (–10%). Gut barrier permeability and circulating cytokine concentrations were also greater (p < 0.05) following HYP exercise, where I-FABP was shown increased at postexercise (+68%) and IL-1Ra at 1 h-postexercise (+266%). I-FABP and IL-1Ra did not change (p > 0.05) following NORM exercise. IL-6 and IL-10 increased with exercise in both study conditions but were increased more (p < 0.05) following HYP at postexercise (+705% and +127%, respectively) and 1 h-postexercise (+400% and +128%, respectively). Novelty Normobaric hypoxia caused significant desaturation and increased most cardiopulmonary responses by 10%–30%. Significant gut barrier permeability and increased pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine concentrations could promote an “open window” in the hours following HYP exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett W. Hill
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA
| | - Trevor L. Gillum
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA
| | - Ben J. Lee
- Occupational Performance Research Group, University of Chichester, Chichester, PO19 6PE, UK
| | - Phebe A. Romano
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA
| | - Zach J. Schall
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA
| | - Ally M. Hamilton
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA
| | - Matthew R. Kuennen
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA
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24
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Ogden HB, Child RB, Fallowfield JL, Delves SK, Westwood CS, Layden JD. The Gastrointestinal Exertional Heat Stroke Paradigm: Pathophysiology, Assessment, Severity, Aetiology and Nutritional Countermeasures. Nutrients 2020; 12:E537. [PMID: 32093001 PMCID: PMC7071449 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exertional heat stroke (EHS) is a life-threatening medical condition involving thermoregulatory failure and is the most severe condition along a continuum of heat-related illnesses. Current EHS policy guidance principally advocates a thermoregulatory management approach, despite growing recognition that gastrointestinal (GI) microbial translocation contributes to disease pathophysiology. Contemporary research has focused to understand the relevance of GI barrier integrity and strategies to maintain it during periods of exertional-heat stress. GI barrier integrity can be assessed non-invasively using a variety of in vivo techniques, including active inert mixed-weight molecular probe recovery tests and passive biomarkers indicative of GI structural integrity loss or microbial translocation. Strenuous exercise is strongly characterised to disrupt GI barrier integrity, and aspects of this response correlate with the corresponding magnitude of thermal strain. The aetiology of GI barrier integrity loss following exertional-heat stress is poorly understood, though may directly relate to localised hyperthermia, splanchnic hypoperfusion-mediated ischemic injury, and neuroendocrine-immune alterations. Nutritional countermeasures to maintain GI barrier integrity following exertional-heat stress provide a promising approach to mitigate EHS. The focus of this review is to evaluate: (1) the GI paradigm of exertional heat stroke; (2) techniques to assess GI barrier integrity; (3) typical GI barrier integrity responses to exertional-heat stress; (4) the aetiology of GI barrier integrity loss following exertional-heat stress; and (5) nutritional countermeasures to maintain GI barrier integrity in response to exertional-heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry B. Ogden
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth MARJON University, Derriford Rd, Plymouth PL6 8BH, UK; (C.S.W.); (J.D.L.)
| | - Robert B. Child
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2QU, UK;
| | | | - Simon K. Delves
- Institute of Naval Medicine, Alverstoke PO12 2DW, UK; (J.L.F.); (S.K.D.)
| | - Caroline S. Westwood
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth MARJON University, Derriford Rd, Plymouth PL6 8BH, UK; (C.S.W.); (J.D.L.)
| | - Joseph D. Layden
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth MARJON University, Derriford Rd, Plymouth PL6 8BH, UK; (C.S.W.); (J.D.L.)
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25
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Parsons IT, Stacey MJ, Woods DR. Heat Adaptation in Military Personnel: Mitigating Risk, Maximizing Performance. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1485. [PMID: 31920694 PMCID: PMC6928107 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of heat adaptation in military personnel offers generalizable insights into a variety of sporting, recreational and occupational populations. Conversely, certain characteristics of military employment have few parallels in civilian life, such as the imperative to achieve mission objectives during deployed operations, the opportunity to undergo training and selection for elite units or the requirement to fulfill essential duties under prolonged thermal stress. In such settings, achieving peak individual performance can be critical to organizational success. Short-notice deployment to a hot operational or training environment, exposure to high intensity exercise and undertaking ceremonial duties during extreme weather may challenge the ability to protect personnel from excessive thermal strain, especially where heat adaptation is incomplete. Graded and progressive acclimatization can reduce morbidity substantially and impact on mortality rates, yet individual variation in adaptation has the potential to undermine empirical approaches. Incapacity under heat stress can present the military with medical, occupational and logistic challenges requiring dynamic risk stratification during initial and subsequent heat stress. Using data from large studies of military personnel observing traditional and more contemporary acclimatization practices, this review article (1) characterizes the physical challenges that military training and deployed operations present (2) considers how heat adaptation has been used to augment military performance under thermal stress and (3) identifies potential solutions to optimize the risk-performance paradigm, including those with broader relevance to other populations exposed to heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain T. Parsons
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Research and Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Stacey
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Research and Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Woods
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Research and Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Sport and Exercise Endocrinology, Carnegie Research Institute, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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26
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Osborne JO, Stewart IB, Beagley KW, Borg DN, Minett GM. Acute glutamine supplementation does not improve 20-km self-paced cycling performance in the heat. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2567-2578. [PMID: 31565753 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The premise of this study was to investigate the effect of acute glutamine supplementation on 20 km time trial cycling performance in the heat, neuromuscular function, inflammation and endotoxemia. METHODS Twelve cyclists completed two, 20-km time trials (20TT) in 35 °C (50% relative humidity). Participants ingested either glutamine (GLUT; 0.9 g kg-1 fat-free mass) or a placebo (CON) 60 min before each 20TT. Physiological and perceptual measures were recorded during each 20TT, and neuromuscular function assessed pre- and post-exercise. Venous blood was analysed for endotoxins, markers of gut damage (inflammatory fatty acid binding protein; I-FABP) and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, IL-6; tumour necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-α). Data were analysed using linear mixed models in a Bayesian framework. RESULTS 20TT in the heat increased I-FABP and elevated inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) compared to pre-exercise values but did not result in endotoxemia. Completion time was not statistically different between conditions (mean difference [95% credible interval] = 11 s [- 23, 44]). Relative to CON, GLUT did not alter any physiological or perceptual measures during the 20TT. CONCLUSION Glutamine supplementation does not improve 20TT performance in the heat or preserve neuromuscular function when compared to a placebo. These findings suggest that glutamine is not an ergogenic aid or prophylactic intervention for heat-induced gut damage during short-duration self-paced exercise in hot environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Osborne
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, 60 Musk Avenue, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia. .,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Ian B Stewart
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, 60 Musk Avenue, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kenneth W Beagley
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - David N Borg
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, 60 Musk Avenue, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia.,The Hopkins Centre, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M Minett
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, 60 Musk Avenue, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
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27
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Costa RJS, Gaskell SK, McCubbin AJ, Snipe RMJ. Exertional-heat stress-associated gastrointestinal perturbations during Olympic sports: Management strategies for athletes preparing and competing in the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. Temperature (Austin) 2019; 7:58-88. [PMID: 32166105 PMCID: PMC7053925 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2019.1597676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome (EIGS) is a common characteristic of exercise. The causes appear to be multifactorial in origin, but stem primarily from splanchnic hypoperfusion and increased sympathetic drive. These primary causes can lead to secondary outcomes that include increased intestinal epithelial injury and gastrointestinal hyperpermeability, systemic endotoxemia, and responsive cytokinemia, and impaired gastrointestinal function (i.e. transit, digestion, and absorption). Impaired gastrointestinal integrity and functional responses may predispose individuals, engaged in strenuous exercise, to gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS), and health complications of clinical significance, both of which may have exercise performance implications. There is a growing body of evidence indicating heat exposure during exercise (i.e. exertional-heat stress) can substantially exacerbate these gastrointestinal perturbations, proportionally to the magnitude of exertional-heat stress, which is of major concern for athletes preparing for and competing in the upcoming 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. To date, various hydration and nutritional strategies have been explored to prevent or ameliorate exertional-heat stress associated gastrointestinal perturbations. The aims of the current review are to comprehensively explore the impact of exertional-heat stress on markers of EIGS, examine the evidence for the prevention and (or) management of EIGS in relation to exertional-heat stress, and establish best-practice nutritional recommendations for counteracting EIGS and associated GIS in athletes preparing for and competing in Tokyo 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J S Costa
- Monash University, Department of Nutrition Dietetics and Food, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephanie K Gaskell
- Monash University, Department of Nutrition Dietetics and Food, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alan J McCubbin
- Monash University, Department of Nutrition Dietetics and Food, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhiannon M J Snipe
- Deakin University, Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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28
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Colbey C, Cox AJ, Pyne DB, Zhang P, Cripps AW, West NP. Upper Respiratory Symptoms, Gut Health and Mucosal Immunity in Athletes. Sports Med 2018; 48:65-77. [PMID: 29363055 PMCID: PMC5790851 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Upper respiratory symptoms remain the most common illness in athletes. Upper respiratory symptoms during heavy training and competition may impair performance. Preventing illness is the primary reason for the use of supplements, such as probiotics and prebiotics, for maintaining or promoting gut health and immune function. While exercise-induced perturbations in the immune system may increase susceptibility to illness and infection, growing evidence indicates that upper respiratory symptoms are related to a breakdown in the homeostatic regulation of the mucosal immune system of the airways. Balancing protection of the respiratory tract with normal physiological functioning requires dynamic orchestration between a wide array of immune parameters. The intestinal microbiota regulates extra-intestinal immunity via the common mucosal immune system and new evidence implicates the microbiota of the nose, mouth and respiratory tract in upper respiratory symptoms. Omics’ approaches now facilitate comprehensive profiling at the molecular and proteomic levels to reveal new pathways and molecules of immune regulation. New targets may provide for personalised nutritional and training interventions to maintain athlete health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Colbey
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Griffith Health Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Amanda J Cox
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Griffith Health Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - David B Pyne
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Griffith Health Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Discipline of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ping Zhang
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Griffith Health Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Allan W Cripps
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Griffith Health Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Nicholas P West
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Griffith Health Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia.
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29
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Lim CL. Heat Sepsis Precedes Heat Toxicity in the Pathophysiology of Heat Stroke-A New Paradigm on an Ancient Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:E149. [PMID: 30366410 PMCID: PMC6262330 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7110149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stroke (HS) is an ancient illness dating back more than 2000 years and continues to be a health threat and to cause fatality during physical exertion, especially in military personnel, fire-fighters, athletes, and outdoor laborers. The current paradigm in the pathophysiology and prevention of HS focuses predominantly on heat as the primary trigger and driver of HS, which has not changed significantly for centuries. However, pathological and clinical reports from HS victims and research evidence from animal and human studies support the notion that heat alone does not fully explain the pathophysiology of HS and that HS may also be triggered and driven by heat- and exercise-induced endotoxemia. Exposure to heat and exercise stresses independently promote the translocation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from gram-negative bacteria in the gut to blood in the circulatory system. Blood concentration of LPS can increase to a threshold that triggers the systemic inflammatory response, leading to the downstream ramifications of cellular and organ damage with sepsis as the end point i.e., heat sepsis. The dual pathway model (DPM) of HS proposed that HS is triggered by two independent pathways sequentially along the core temperature continuum of >40 °C. HS is triggered by heat sepsis at Tc < 42 °C and by the heat toxicity at Tc > 42 °C, where the direct effects of heat alone can cause cellular and organ damage. Therefore, heat sepsis precedes heat toxicity in the pathophysiology of HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Leong Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
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30
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Pires W, Veneroso CE, Wanner SP, Pacheco DAS, Vaz GC, Amorim FT, Tonoli C, Soares DD, Coimbra CC. Association Between Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia and Intestinal Permeability: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2018; 47:1389-1403. [PMID: 27943148 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0654-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged and strenuous physical exercise increases intestinal permeability, allowing luminal endotoxins to translocate through the intestinal barrier and reach the bloodstream. When recognized by the immune system, these endotoxins trigger a systemic inflammatory response that may affect physical performance and, in severe cases, induce heat stroke. However, it remains to be elucidated whether there is a relationship between the magnitude of exercise-induced hyperthermia and changes in intestinal permeability. OBJECTIVE In this systematic review, we evaluated whether an exercise-induced increase in core body temperature (T Core) is associated with an exercise-induced increase in intestinal permeability. METHODS The present systematic review screened the MEDLINE/PubMed and Web of Science databases in September 2016, without any date restrictions. Sixteen studies that were performed in healthy participants, presented original data, and measured both the exercise-induced changes in T Core and intestinal permeability were selected. These studies assessed intestinal permeability through the measurement of sugar levels in the urine and measurement of intestinal fatty acid binding protein or lipopolysaccharide levels in the blood. RESULTS Exercise increased both T Core and intestinal permeability in most of the 16 studies. In addition, a positive and strong correlation was observed between the two parameters (r = 0.793; p < 0.001), and a T Core exceeding 39 °C was always associated with augmented permeability. CONCLUSION The magnitude of exercise-induced hyperthermia is directly associated with the increase in intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Washington Pires
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 6627 Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Christiano E Veneroso
- Graduate Program in Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Samuel P Wanner
- Graduate Program in Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diogo A S Pacheco
- Graduate Program in Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gisele C Vaz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 6627 Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Fabiano T Amorim
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Department of Health, Exercise Science and Sport, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Cajsa Tonoli
- Department of Human Physiology and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Danusa D Soares
- Graduate Program in Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cândido C Coimbra
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 6627 Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil. .,Graduate Program in Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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31
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Sheahen BL, Fell JW, Zadow EK, Hartley TF, Kitic CM. Intestinal damage following short-duration exercise at the same relative intensity is similar in temperate and hot environments. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:1314-1320. [PMID: 29874478 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing temperature and exercise disrupt tight junctions of the gastrointestinal tract although the contribution of environmental temperature to intestinal damage when exercising is unknown. This study investigated the effect of 2 different environmental temperatures on intestinal damage when exercising at the same relative intensity. Twelve men (mean ± SD; body mass, 81.98 ± 7.95 kg; height, 182.6 ± 7.4 cm) completed randomised cycling trials (45 min, 70% maximal oxygen uptake) in 30 °C/40% relative humidity (RH) and 20 °C/40%RH. A subset of participants (n = 5) also completed a seated passive trial (30 °C/40%RH). Rectal temperature and thermal sensation (TSS) were recorded during each trial and venous blood samples collected at pre- and post-trial for the analysis of intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) level as a marker of intestinal damage. Oxygen uptake was similar between 30 °C and 20 °C exercise trials, as intended (p = 0.94). I-FABP increased after exercise at 30 °C (pre-exercise: 585 ± 188 pg·mL-1; postexercise: 954 ± 411 pg·mL-1) and 20 °C (pre-exercise: 571 ± 175 pg·mL-1; postexercise: 852 ± 317 pg·mL-1) (p < 0.0001) but the magnitude of damage was similar between temperatures (p = 0.58). There was no significant increase in I-FABP concentration following passive heat exposure (p = 0.59). Rectal temperature increased during exercise trials (p < 0.001), but not the passive trial (p = 0.084). TSS increased more when exercising in 30 °C compared with 20 °C (p < 0.001). There was an increase in TSS during the passive heat trial (p = 0.03). Intestinal damage, as measured by I-FABP, following exercise in the heat was similar to when exercising in a cooler environment at the same relative intensity. Passive heat exposure did not increase I-FABP. It is suggested that when exercising in conditions of compensable heat stress, the increase in intestinal damage is predominantly attributable to the exercise component, rather than environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brodie L Sheahen
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania
| | - James W Fell
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania
| | - Emma K Zadow
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania
| | - Thomas F Hartley
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania
| | - Cecilia M Kitic
- Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania.,Sports Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Newnham, Launceston 7250, Tasmania
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32
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The effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on intestinal injury and circulating intestinal bacterial DNA following exercise in the heat. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:1441-1451. [PMID: 29574607 PMCID: PMC6561991 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1670-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Exercise-induced changes in intestinal permeability are exacerbated in the heat. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 14 days of bovine colostrum (Col) supplementation on intestinal cell damage (plasma intestinal fatty acid-binding protein, I-FABP) and bacterial translocation (plasma bacterial DNA) following exercise in the heat. Methods In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design, 12 males completed two experimental arms (14 days of 20 g/day supplementation with Col or placebo, Plac) consisting of 60 min treadmill running at 70% maximal aerobic capacity (30 °C, 60% relative humidity). Blood samples were collected pre-exercise (Pre-Ex), post-exercise (Post-Ex) and 1 h post-exercise (1 h Post-Ex) to determine plasma I-FABP concentration, and bacterial DNA (for an abundant gut species, Bacteroides). Results Two-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed an arm × time interaction for I-FABP (P = 0.005, with greater Post-Ex increase in Plac than Col, P = 0.01: Plac 407 ± 194% of Pre-Ex vs Col, 311 ± 134%) and 1 h Post-Ex (P = 0.036: Plac 265 ± 80% of Pre-Ex vs Col, 229 ± 56%). There was no interaction (P = 0.904) but there was a main effect of arm (P = 0.046) for plasma Bacteroides/total bacterial DNA, with lower overall levels evident in Col. Conclusion This is the first investigation to demonstrate that Col can be effective at reducing intestinal injury following exercise in the heat, but exercise responses (temporal pattern) of bacterial DNA were not influenced by Col (although overall levels may be lower).
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33
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Nutrition and Supplementation Considerations to Limit Endotoxemia When Exercising in the Heat. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6010012. [PMID: 29910316 PMCID: PMC5969196 DOI: 10.3390/sports6010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise-induced heat production is further elevated by exercise performed in hot conditions and this can subsequently impact inflammation, and gastrointestinal (GI) health. Implementing nutrition and supplementation strategies under these conditions may support the hyperthermic response, the systemic inflammatory response, GI permeability and integrity, and exercise performance. Therefore, the aim of this brief review is to explore athletes' inflammatory response of two key biomarkers, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and provide nutrition and supplementation recommendations when exercising in hot conditions. There is emerging evidence that probiotics, glutamine, and vitamin C can preserve GI integrity, which may improve performance during exercise in the heat. Glucose rich food when consumed with water, before and during exercise in the heat, also appear to limit endotoxemia, preserve GI integrity, and reduce the incidence of GI disturbances compared with water alone. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may compromise GI integrity and this may result in greater leakage of endotoxins during long duration exercise in the heat. Further work is required to elucidate the impact of nutrition and supplementation strategies, in particular the use of NSAIDs, when exercising in the heat.
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MacRae BA, Annaheim S, Spengler CM, Rossi RM. Skin Temperature Measurement Using Contact Thermometry: A Systematic Review of Setup Variables and Their Effects on Measured Values. Front Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29441024 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00029, 10.3389/fpls.2018.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Skin temperature (Tskin) is commonly measured using Tskin sensors affixed directly to the skin surface, although the influence of setup variables on the measured outcome requires clarification. Objectives: The two distinct objectives of this systematic review were (1) to examine measurements from contact Tskin sensors considering equilibrium temperature and temperature disturbance, sensor attachments, pressure, environmental temperature, and sensor type, and (2) to characterise the contact Tskin sensors used, conditions of use, and subsequent reporting in studies investigating sports, exercise, and other physical activity. Data sources and study selection: For the measurement comparison objective, Ovid Medline and Scopus were used (1960 to July 2016) and studies comparing contact Tskin sensor measurements in vivo or using appropriate physical models were included. For the survey of use, Ovid Medline was used (2011 to July 2016) and studies using contact temperature sensors for the measurement of human Tskinin vivo during sport, exercise, and other physical activity were included. Study appraisal and synthesis methods: For measurement comparisons, assessments of risk of bias were made according to an adapted version of the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool. Comparisons of temperature measurements were expressed, where possible, as mean difference and 95% limits of agreement (LoA). Meta-analyses were not performed due to the lack of a common reference condition. For the survey of use, extracted information was summarised in text and tabular form. Results: For measurement comparisons, 21 studies were included. Results from these studies indicated minor (<0.5°C) to practically meaningful (>0.5°C) measurement bias within the subgroups of attachment type, applied pressure, environmental conditions, and sensor type. The 95% LoA were often within 1.0°C for in vivo studies and 0.5°C for physical models. For the survey of use, 172 studies were included. Details about Tskin sensor setup were often poorly reported and, from those reporting setup information, it was evident that setups widely varied in terms of type of sensors, attachments, and locations used. Conclusions: Setup variables and conditions of use can influence the measured temperature from contact Tskin sensors and thus key setup variables need to be appropriately considered and consistently reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braid A MacRae
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Annaheim
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Christina M Spengler
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - René M Rossi
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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MacRae BA, Annaheim S, Spengler CM, Rossi RM. Skin Temperature Measurement Using Contact Thermometry: A Systematic Review of Setup Variables and Their Effects on Measured Values. Front Physiol 2018; 9:29. [PMID: 29441024 PMCID: PMC5797625 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Skin temperature (Tskin) is commonly measured using Tskin sensors affixed directly to the skin surface, although the influence of setup variables on the measured outcome requires clarification. Objectives: The two distinct objectives of this systematic review were (1) to examine measurements from contact Tskin sensors considering equilibrium temperature and temperature disturbance, sensor attachments, pressure, environmental temperature, and sensor type, and (2) to characterise the contact Tskin sensors used, conditions of use, and subsequent reporting in studies investigating sports, exercise, and other physical activity. Data sources and study selection: For the measurement comparison objective, Ovid Medline and Scopus were used (1960 to July 2016) and studies comparing contact Tskin sensor measurements in vivo or using appropriate physical models were included. For the survey of use, Ovid Medline was used (2011 to July 2016) and studies using contact temperature sensors for the measurement of human Tskinin vivo during sport, exercise, and other physical activity were included. Study appraisal and synthesis methods: For measurement comparisons, assessments of risk of bias were made according to an adapted version of the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool. Comparisons of temperature measurements were expressed, where possible, as mean difference and 95% limits of agreement (LoA). Meta-analyses were not performed due to the lack of a common reference condition. For the survey of use, extracted information was summarised in text and tabular form. Results: For measurement comparisons, 21 studies were included. Results from these studies indicated minor (<0.5°C) to practically meaningful (>0.5°C) measurement bias within the subgroups of attachment type, applied pressure, environmental conditions, and sensor type. The 95% LoA were often within 1.0°C for in vivo studies and 0.5°C for physical models. For the survey of use, 172 studies were included. Details about Tskin sensor setup were often poorly reported and, from those reporting setup information, it was evident that setups widely varied in terms of type of sensors, attachments, and locations used. Conclusions: Setup variables and conditions of use can influence the measured temperature from contact Tskin sensors and thus key setup variables need to be appropriately considered and consistently reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braid A. MacRae
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Annaheim
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Christina M. Spengler
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - René M. Rossi
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Snipe RMJ, Khoo A, Kitic CM, Gibson PR, Costa RJS. The impact of exertional-heat stress on gastrointestinal integrity, gastrointestinal symptoms, systemic endotoxin and cytokine profile. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 118:389-400. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3781-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Pugh JN, Sage S, Hutson M, Doran DA, Fleming SC, Highton J, Morton JP, Close GL. Glutamine supplementation reduces markers of intestinal permeability during running in the heat in a dose-dependent manner. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:2569-2577. [PMID: 29058112 PMCID: PMC5694515 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3744-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the dose-response effects of acute glutamine supplementation on markers of gastrointestinal (GI) permeability, damage and, secondary, subjective symptoms of GI discomfort in response to running in the heat. METHODS Ten recreationally active males completed a total of four exercise trials; a placebo trial and three glutamine trials at 0.25, 0.5 and 0.9 g kg-1 of fat-free mass (FFM) consumed 2 h before exercise. Each exercise trial consisted of a 60-min treadmill run at 70% of [Formula: see text] in an environmental chamber set at 30 °C. GI permeability was measured using ratio of lactulose to rhamnose (L:R) in serum. Plasma glutamine and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) concentrations were determined pre and post exercise. Subjective GI symptoms were assessed 45 min and 24 h post-exercise. RESULTS Relative to placebo, L:R was likely lower following 0.25 g kg-1 (mean difference: - 0.023; ± 0.021) and 0.5 g kg-1 (- 0.019; ± 0.019) and very likely following 0.9 g kg- 1 (- 0.034; ± 0.024). GI symptoms were typically low and there was no effect of supplementation. DISCUSSION Acute oral glutamine consumption attenuates GI permeability relative to placebo even at lower doses of 0.25 g kg-1, although larger doses may be more effective. It remains unclear if this will lead to reductions in GI symptoms. Athletes competing in the heat may, therefore, benefit from acute glutamine supplementation prior to exercise in order to maintain gastrointestinal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie N Pugh
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Stephen Sage
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Mark Hutson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Dominic A Doran
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | | | - Jamie Highton
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
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McKenna Z, Berkemeier Q, Naylor A, Kleint A, Gorini F, Ng J, Kim JK, Sullivan S, Gillum T. Bovine colostrum supplementation does not affect plasma I-FABP concentrations following exercise in a hot and humid environment. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:2561-2567. [PMID: 29063949 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3743-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify the impact of a 14-day bovine colostrum (BC) supplementation on intestinal cell damage following exercise in a hot and humid environment. METHODS Ten male participants (20 ± 2 years, VO2max 55.80 ± 3.79 mL kg-1 min-1, 11.81 ± 2.71% body fat) ran for 46 ± 7.75 min at 95% of ventiliatory threshold in 40 °C and 50% RH following a 14-day double-blinded supplementation with either BC or placebo (Plac). Core temperature, skin temperature, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion were recorded every 5 min during exercise. Blood was taken pre, post, 1 h, and 4 h post exercise. Intestinal cell damage was assessed via intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP). RESULTS I-FABP concentrations were similar between conditions at all time points [pre 989.39 ± 490.88 pg ml-1 (BC) 851.35 ± 450.71 pg ml-1 (Plac) post 1505.10 ± 788.63 pg ml-1 (BC) 1267.12 ± 521.51 pg ml-1 (Plac) 1-h, 1087.77 ± 397.06 pg ml-1 (BC) 997.25 ± 524.74 pg ml-1 (Plac) 4-h, 511.35 ± 243.10 pg ml-1 (BC) 501.46 ± 222.54 pg ml-1 (Plac)]. I-FABP was elevated pre to post exercise for both BC (162 ± 50%) and Plac (162 ± 56%) (p < 0.05). BC had no effect on mean body temperature [beginning 36.11 ± 0.30 °C, ending: 39.52 ± 0.28 °C (BC); beginning:35.96 ± 0.43 °C, ending:39.42 ± 0.38 °C (Plac)]. CONCLUSIONS While BC supplementation may protect against enterocyte damage during exercise in thermonuetral environments, our data suggest that BC supplementation may not be an effective technique for preventing enterocyte damage during exercise when core temperature exceeds 39 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary McKenna
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, 8432 Magnolia Ave, Riverside, CA, 92504, USA.
| | - Quint Berkemeier
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, 8432 Magnolia Ave, Riverside, CA, 92504, USA
| | - Ashley Naylor
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, 8432 Magnolia Ave, Riverside, CA, 92504, USA
| | - Austin Kleint
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, 8432 Magnolia Ave, Riverside, CA, 92504, USA
| | - Felipe Gorini
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, 8432 Magnolia Ave, Riverside, CA, 92504, USA
| | - Jason Ng
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, USA
| | - Jong-Kyung Kim
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, 8432 Magnolia Ave, Riverside, CA, 92504, USA
| | - Sean Sullivan
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, 8432 Magnolia Ave, Riverside, CA, 92504, USA
| | - Trevor Gillum
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, 8432 Magnolia Ave, Riverside, CA, 92504, USA
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Szymanski MC, Gillum TL, Gould LM, Morin DS, Kuennen MR. Short-term dietary curcumin supplementation reduces gastrointestinal barrier damage and physiological strain responses during exertional heat stress. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 124:330-340. [PMID: 28935827 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00515.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Szymanski MC, Gillum TL, Gould LM, Morin DS, Kuennen MR. Short-term dietary curcumin supplementation reduces gastrointestinal barrier damage and physiological strain responses during exertional heat stress. J Appl Physiol 124: 330-340, 2018. First published September 21, 2017; doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00515.2017 .-This work investigated the effect of 3 days of 500 mg/day dietary curcumin supplementation on gastrointestinal barrier damage and systems-physiology responses to exertional heat stress in non-heat-acclimated humans. Eight participants ran (65% V̇o2max) for 60 min in a Darwin chamber (37°C/25% relative humidity) two times (Curcumin/Placebo). Intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) and associated proinflammatory [monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6] and anti-inflammatory [interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), interleukin-10 (IL-10)] cytokines were assayed from plasma collected before (Pre), after (Post) and 1 (1-Post) and 4 (4-Post) h after exercise. Core temperature and HR were measured throughout exercise; the physiological strain index (PSI) was calculated from these variables. Condition differences were determined with 2-way (condition × time) repeated-measures ANOVAs. The interaction of condition × time was significant ( P = 0.05) for I-FABP and IL-1RA. Post hoc analysis indicated I-FABP increased more from Pre to Post (87%) and 1-Post (33%) in Placebo than in Curcumin (58 and 18%, respectively). IL-1RA increased more from Pre to 1-Post in Placebo (153%) than in Curcumin (77%). TNF-α increased ( P = 0.01) from Pre to Post (19%) and 1-Post (24%) in Placebo but not in Curcumin ( P > 0.05). IL-10 increased ( P < 0.01) from Pre to Post (61%) and 1-Post (42%) in Placebo not in Curcumin ( P > 0.05). The PSI, which indicates exertional heatstroke risk, was also lower ( P < 0.01) in Curcumin than Placebo from 40 to 60 min of exercise. These data suggest 3 days curcumin supplementation may improve gastrointestinal function, associated cytokines, and systems-level physiology responses during exertional heat stress. This could help reduce exertional heatstroke risk in non-heat-acclimated individuals. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Exercise-heat stress increases gastrointestinal barrier damage and risk of exertional heatstroke. Over the past decade at least eight different dietary supplements have been tested for potential improvements in gastrointestinal barrier function and systems-level physiology responses during exercise-heat stress. None have been shown to protect against both insults simultaneously. In this report 3 days of 500 mg/day dietary curcumin supplementation are shown to improve gastrointestinal barrier function, associated cytokine responses, and systems-level physiology parameters. Further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy C Szymanski
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University , High Point, North Carolina
| | - Trevor L Gillum
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University , Riverside, California
| | - Lacey M Gould
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University , High Point, North Carolina
| | - David S Morin
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University , High Point, North Carolina
| | - Matthew R Kuennen
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University , High Point, North Carolina
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Kashima H, Harada N, Miyamoto K, Fujimoto M, Fujita C, Endo MY, Kobayashi T, Miura A, Fukuba Y. Timing of postexercise carbohydrate-protein supplementation: roles of gastrointestinal blood flow and mucosal cell damage on gastric emptying in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:606-613. [PMID: 28596270 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00247.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that protein ingestion immediately after exercise greatly stimulates muscle protein synthesis during the postexercise recovery phase. However, immediately after strenuous exercise, the gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa is frequently injured by hypoperfusion in the organ/tissue, possibly resulting in impaired GI function (e.g., gastric emptying; GE). The aim of this study was to examine the effect of GI blood flow on the GE rate. Eight healthy young subjects performed an intermittent supramaximal cycling exercise for 30 min, which consisted of a 120% V̇o2peak for 20 s, followed by 20 W for 40 s. The subjects ingested 300 ml of a nutrient drink containing carbohydrate-protein at either 5 min postexercise in one trial (PE-5) or 30 min postexercise in another trial (PE-30). In the control trial (Con), the subjects ingested the same drink without exercise. The celiac artery blood flow (CABF) and superior mesenteric artery blood flow (SMABF) and GE rate were assessed by ultrasonography. Before drink ingestion in PE-5, CABF significantly decreased from baseline, whereas in PE-30, it returned to baseline. Following drink ingestion in PE-5, CABF did not change from baseline, but it significantly increased in PE-30 and Con. SMABF increased significantly later in PE-5 than in PE-30 and Con. The GE rate was consistently slower in PE-5 than in PE-30 and Con. In conclusion, the CABF response after exercise seems to modulate the subsequent GE rate and SMABF response.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A carbohydrate-protein drink was ingested at either 5 min (i.e., profoundly decreased celiac artery blood flow; CABF) or 30 min (i.e., already recovered CABF) postexercise. In the 5-min postexercise trial, the gastric emptying (GE) rate and superior mesenteric artery blood flow (SMABF) response were slower than those in the 30-min postexercise trial. The GE rate and SMABF response may be altered depending on the postexercise CABF response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kashima
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan; and
| | - Nao Harada
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan; and
| | - Kanae Miyamoto
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan; and
| | - Masaki Fujimoto
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan; and
| | - Chiaki Fujita
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan; and
| | - Masako Yamaoka Endo
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan; and
| | - Toshio Kobayashi
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akira Miura
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan; and
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukuba
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan; and
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Costa RJS, Snipe RMJ, Kitic CM, Gibson PR. Systematic review: exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome-implications for health and intestinal disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017; 46:246-265. [PMID: 28589631 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND "Exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome" refers to disturbances of gastrointestinal integrity and function that are common features of strenuous exercise. AIM To systematically review the literature to establish the impact of acute exercise on markers of gastrointestinal integrity and function in healthy populations and those with chronic gastrointestinal conditions. METHODS Search literature using five databases (PubMed, EBSCO, Web of Science, SPORTSdiscus, and Ovid Medline) to review publications that focused on the impact of acute exercise on markers of gastrointestinal injury, permeability, endotoxaemia, motility and malabsorption in healthy populations and populations with gastrointestinal diseases/disorders. RESULTS As exercise intensity and duration increases, there is considerable evidence for increases in indices of intestinal injury, permeability and endotoxaemia, together with impairment of gastric emptying, slowing of small intestinal transit and malabsorption. The addition of heat stress and running mode appears to exacerbate these markers of gastrointestinal disturbance. Exercise stress of ≥2 hours at 60% VO2max appears to be the threshold whereby significant gastrointestinal perturbations manifest, irrespective of fitness status. Gastrointestinal symptoms, referable to upper- and lower-gastrointestinal tract, are common and a limiting factor in prolonged strenuous exercise. While there is evidence for health benefits of moderate exercise in patients with inflammatory bowel disease or functional gastrointestinal disorders, the safety of more strenuous exercise has not been established. CONCLUSIONS Strenuous exercise has a major reversible impact on gastrointestinal integrity and function of healthy populations. The safety and health implications of prolonged strenuous exercise in patients with chronic gastrointestinal diseases/disorders, while hypothetically worrying, has not been elucidated and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J S Costa
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - R M J Snipe
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - C M Kitic
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - P R Gibson
- Department of Gastroenterology- The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Pugh JN, Impey SG, Doran DA, Fleming SC, Morton JP, Close GL. Acute high-intensity interval running increases markers of gastrointestinal damage and permeability but not gastrointestinal symptoms. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:941-947. [PMID: 28511020 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval running on markers of gastrointestinal (GI) damage and permeability alongside subjective symptoms of GI discomfort. Eleven male runners completed an acute bout of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) (eighteen 400-m runs at 120% maximal oxygen uptake) where markers of GI permeability, intestinal damage, and GI discomfort symptoms were assessed and compared with resting conditions. Compared with rest, HIIT significantly increased serum lactulose/rhamnose ratio (0.051 ± 0.016 vs. 0.031 ± 0.021, p = 0.0047; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.006 to 0.036) and sucrose concentrations (0.388 ± 0.217 vs. 0.137 ± 0.148 mg·L-1; p < 0.001; 95% CI = 0.152 to 0.350). In contrast, urinary lactulose/rhamnose (0.032 ± 0.005 vs. 0.030 ± 0.005; p = 0.3; 95% CI = -0.012 to 0.009) or sucrose concentrations (0.169% ± 0.168% vs. 0.123% ± 0.120%; p = 0.54; 95% CI = -0.199 to 0.108) did not differ between HIIT and resting conditions. Plasma intestinal-fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) was significantly increased (p < 0.001) during and in the recovery period from HIIT whereas no changes were observed during rest. Mild symptoms of GI discomfort were reported immediately and at 24 h post-HIIT, although these symptoms did not correlate to GI permeability or I-FABP. In conclusion, acute HIIT increased GI permeability and intestinal I-FABP release, although these do not correlate with symptoms of GI discomfort. Furthermore, by using serum sampling, we provide data showing that it is possible to detect changes in intestinal permeability that is not observed using urinary sampling over a shorter time-period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie N Pugh
- a Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Samuel G Impey
- a Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Dominic A Doran
- a Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | | | - James P Morton
- a Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Graeme L Close
- a Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
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43
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March DS, Marchbank T, Playford RJ, Jones AW, Thatcher R, Davison G. Intestinal fatty acid-binding protein and gut permeability responses to exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:931-941. [PMID: 28290057 PMCID: PMC5388720 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intestinal cell damage due to physiological stressors (e.g. heat, oxidative, hypoperfusion/ischaemic) may contribute to increased intestinal permeability. The aim of this study was to assess changes in plasma intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) in response to exercise (with bovine colostrum supplementation, Col, positive control) and compare this to intestinal barrier integrity/permeability (5 h urinary lactulose/rhamnose ratio, L/R). METHODS In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design, 18 males completed two experimental arms (14 days of 20 g/day supplementation with Col or placebo, Plac). For each arm participants performed two baseline (resting) intestinal permeability assessments (L/R) pre-supplementation and one post-exercise following supplementation. Blood samples were collected pre- and post-exercise to determine I-FABP concentration. RESULTS Two-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed an arm × time interaction for L/R and I-FABP (P < 0.001). Post hoc analyses showed urinary L/R increased post-exercise in Plac (273% of pre, P < 0.001) and Col (148% of pre, P < 0.001) with post-exercise values significantly lower with Col (P < 0.001). Plasma I-FABP increased post-exercise in Plac (191% of pre-exercise, P = 0.002) but not in the Col arm (107%, P = 0.862) with post-exercise values significantly lower with Col (P = 0.013). Correlations between the increase in I-FABP and L/R were evident for visit one (P = 0.044) but not visit two (P = 0.200) although overall plots/patterns do appear similar for each. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that exercise-induced intestinal cellular damage/injury is partly implicated in changes in permeability but other factors must also contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S March
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Tania Marchbank
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Peninsula Medical School, Plymouth University, The John Bull Building, Tamar Science Park, Research Way, Plymouth, UK
| | - Raymond J Playford
- Peninsula Medical School, Plymouth University, The John Bull Building, Tamar Science Park, Research Way, Plymouth, UK
| | - Arwel W Jones
- Lincoln Institute for Health, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Rhys Thatcher
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Glen Davison
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, ME4 4AG, UK.
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Guy JH, Edwards AM, Miller CM, Deakin GB, Pyne DB. Short-term reliability of inflammatory mediators and response to exercise in the heat. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1622-1628. [PMID: 27594321 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1227464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Prospective application of serum cytokines, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and heat shock proteins (eHSPs) requires reliable measurement of these biomarkers that can signify exercise-induced heat stress in hot conditions. To accomplish this, both short-term (7 day) reliability (at rest, n = 12) and the acute responsiveness of each biomarker to exercise in the heat (pre and post 60-min cycling, 34.5°C and 70% RH, n = 20) were evaluated. Serum was analysed for the concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), heat shock protein 72 (eHSP72), immunoglobulin M (IgM) and LPS. Test-retest reliability was determined as the coefficient of variation (CV). Biomarkers with the least short-term within-participant variation were IL-6 (19%, ±20%; CV, ±95% confidence limits (CL)) and LPS (23%, ±13%). Greater variability was observed for IgM, eHSP72 and CRP (CV range 28-38%). IL-6 exhibited the largest increase in response to acute exercise (95%, ±11%, P = < 0.001) and although CRP had a modest CV (12%, ±7%), it increased substantially post-exercise (P = 0.02, ES; 0.78). In contrast, eHSP72 and LPS exhibited trivial changes post-exercise. It appears variation of common inflammatory markers after exercise in the heat is not always discernible from short-term (weekly) variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua H Guy
- a Department of Sport and Exercise Science , James Cook University , Cairns , Australia.,b Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences , University of St Mark and St John , Plymouth , UK
| | - Andrew M Edwards
- a Department of Sport and Exercise Science , James Cook University , Cairns , Australia.,b Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences , University of St Mark and St John , Plymouth , UK
| | - Catherine M Miller
- c College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences , James Cook University , Cairns , Australia
| | - Glen B Deakin
- a Department of Sport and Exercise Science , James Cook University , Cairns , Australia
| | - David B Pyne
- a Department of Sport and Exercise Science , James Cook University , Cairns , Australia.,d Department of Physiology , Australian Institute of Sport , Canberra , Australia
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45
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Stellingwerff T, Spriet LL. Nutritional triggers to adaptation and performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:v-vi. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trent Stellingwerff
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, 4371 Interurban Road, Victoria, BC V9E 2C5, Canada
| | - Lawrence L. Spriet
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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