1
|
Fraile-Martinez O, García-Montero C, Fraile-Martinez M, Pekarek L, Barrena-Blázquez S, López-González L, Álvarez-Mon MÁ, Pekarek T, Casanova C, Álvarez-Mon M, Diaz R, Saez MA, Ortega MA. A comprehensive study of the academic benefits and practical recommendations to include resistance training programs in institutional education. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1387162. [PMID: 38817830 PMCID: PMC11139023 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1387162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The connection between physical activity and cognitive function has become a focus of attention in educational research in recent years. Regular exercise has been shown to have significant positive effects on physical health, but it also appears to have a significant impact on cognitive function and academic performance. Of all the exercise modalities, resistance training has drawn interest for its ability to improve cerebral abilities in addition to physical well-being. However, there is limited available knowledge exploring the relationship between resistance training regimens and academic performance. This narrative review aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms linking resistance training to academic performance. Firstly, we will examine the biological mechanisms and psychosocial links that potentially connect resistance training to academic performance to find and describe the different mechanisms by which resistance training improves academic performance. In the next part of the work, we delve into the existing observational and intervention studies that have explored the relationship between resistance training and academic performance. Lastly, we provide practical recommendations for including resistance training in institutional education settings, emphasizing the need of dispelling myths and addressing barriers to increase participation as well as the relevance of considering key training variables and adaptation of protocols to developmental stages, always guided by a properly trained professional. Overall, the available evidence supports that resistance training provides potential benefits to the academic performance of youth students with many biological and psychosocial factors that explain this relationship. However, most of the studies are observational, and broader interventional studies are needed to understand and maximize the benefits of this type of physical exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Fraile-Martinez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties (CIBEREHD), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cielo García-Montero
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties (CIBEREHD), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Fraile-Martinez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties (CIBEREHD), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonel Pekarek
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties (CIBEREHD), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvestra Barrena-Blázquez
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Surgery Service, University Hospital Principe de Asturias, Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Laura López-González
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Álvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties (CIBEREHD), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tatiana Pekarek
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties (CIBEREHD), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Casanova
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties (CIBEREHD), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Melchor Álvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties (CIBEREHD), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology Service, University Hospital Principe de Asturias, Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Raul Diaz
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Surgery Service, University Hospital Principe de Asturias, Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Saez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties (CIBEREHD), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Pathological Anatomy Service, Central University Hospital of Defence-UAH, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Ortega
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties (CIBEREHD), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Curovic I, Rhodes D, Alexander J, Harper DJ. Vertical Strength Transfer Phenomenon Between Upper Body and Lower Body Exercise: Systematic Scoping Review. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02039-8. [PMID: 38743172 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are a myriad of exercise variations in which upper body (UB) and lower body (LB) exercises have been intermittently used. However, it is still unclear how training of one body region (e.g. LB) affects adaptations in distant body areas (e.g. UB), and how different UB and LB exercise configurations could help facilitate physiological adaptations of either region; both referred to in this review as vertical strength transfer. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the existence of the vertical strength transfer phenomenon as a response to various UB and LB exercise configurations and to identify potential mechanisms underpinning its occurrence. METHODS A systematic search using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) for Scoping Reviews protocol was conducted in February 2024 using four databases (Web of Science, MEDLINE, Scopus and CINAHL) to identify peer-reviewed articles that investigated the vertical strength transfer phenomenon. RESULTS Of the 5242 identified articles, 24 studies met the inclusion criteria. Findings suggest that the addition of UB strength training to LB endurance exercise may help preserve power-generating capacity for the leg muscle fibres. Furthermore, systemic endocrine responses to high-volume resistance exercise may beneficially modulate adaptations in precedingly or subsequently trained muscles from a different body region, augmenting their strength gains. Last, strength training for LB could result in improved strength of untrained UB, likely due to the increased central neural drive. CONCLUSIONS Vertical strength transfer existence is enabled by neurophysiological mechanisms. Future research should involve athletic populations, examining the potential of vertical strength transfer to facilitate athletic performance and preserve strength in injured extremities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Curovic
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Health, Social Work and Sport, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.
- , Jurija Gagarina 102/7, 11070, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - David Rhodes
- Human Performance Department, Burnley Football Club, Burnley, UK
| | - Jill Alexander
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Health, Social Work and Sport, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Damian J Harper
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Health, Social Work and Sport, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Razian M, Hosseinzadeh M, Behm DG, Sardroodian M. Effect of leg dominance on ipsilateral and contralateral limb training adaptation in middle-aged women after unilateral sensorimotor and resistance exercise training. Res Sports Med 2024; 32:345-362. [PMID: 36036379 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2022.2113878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to examine the directionality of global training effects in middle-aged women after unilateral training. Thirty-nine middle-aged female volunteers (59.4 ± 5.4 years) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1. Unilateral Dominant Lower Limb Training (UDLT); 2. Unilateral Non-Dominant Lower Limb Training (UNDLT) or 3. Control group. Outcome measures assessing isometric strength, static and dynamic balance were recorded at baseline, and 1 week after 12 weeks (post-test) of training or no-intervention. The net cross education adaptation changes of the contralateral quadriceps isometric maximum voluntary (MVC) force (F2,34 = 4.33; p = 0.022), Stork balance score (F2,34 = 4.26; p = 0.023) and the Star Excursion Balance test score (F2,34 = 11.80; p = 0.001) were asymmetrical in the UNDLT group and on average, exceeded the UDLT group. The results demonstrated asymmetrical cross education training adaptations with unilateral training of non-dominant leg (UNDLT) to contralateral homologous and heterologous muscles, with the exception of knee flexor MVC. The results of this study provide a novel exercise or rehabilitation strategy that can be employed when one of the limbs is affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Razian
- Department of Sport Science, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, North Khorasan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Canada
| | - Mahta Sardroodian
- Department of Sport Science, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, North Khorasan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ben Othman A, Hadjizadeh Anvar S, Aragão-Santos JC, Behm DG, Chaouachi A. Relative Cross-Education Training Effects of Male Youth Exceed Male Adults. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:881-890. [PMID: 38219228 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ben Othman, A, Anvar, SH, Aragão-Santos, JC, Behm, DG, and Chaouachi, A. Relative cross-education training effects of male youth exceed male adults. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): 881-890, 2024-Cross-education has been studied extensively with adults, examining the training effects on contralateral homologous muscles. There is less information on the cross-education effects on contralateral heterologous muscles and scant information comparing these responses between adults and youth. The objective was to compare cross-education training effects in male youth and adults to contralateral homologous and heterologous muscles. Forty-two male children (10-13-years) and 42 adults (18-21-years) were tested before and following an 8-week unilateral, dominant or nondominant arm, chest press (CP) training program or control group (14 subjects each). Unilateral testing assessed dominant and nondominant limb strength with leg press and CP 1 repetition maximum (1RM), knee extensors, elbow extensors (EE), elbow flexors, and handgrip maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) strength and shot put distance and countermovement jump height. Upper-body tests demonstrated large magnitude increases, with children overall exceeding adults ( p = 0.05- p < 0.0001, η2 : 0.51, 10.4 ± 11.1%). The dominant trained limb showed significantly higher training adaptations than the nondominant limb for the adults with CP 1RM ( p = 0.03, η2 : 0.26, 6.7 ± 11.5%) and EE ( p = 0.008, η2 : 0.27, 8.8 ± 10.3%) MVIC force. Unilateral CP training induced significantly greater training adaptations with the ipsilateral vs. contralateral limb ( p = 0.008, η2 : 0.93, 27.8 ± 12.7%). In conclusion, children demonstrated greater training adaptations than adults, upper-body strength increased with no significant lower-body improvements, and ipsilateral training effects were greater than contralateral training in adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayem Ben Othman
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation" National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Saman Hadjizadeh Anvar
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - José Carlos Aragão-Santos
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- Department of Physical Education, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Anis Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation" National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Said, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia; and
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Herda TJ, Holmes EA, Cleary CJ, Minor KT, Thyfault JP, Shook RP, Herda AA. Motor unit firing rates increase in prepubescent youth following linear periodization resistance exercise training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05455-w. [PMID: 38634901 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05455-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose was to examine the effects of 8-weeks (3 days/week) of linear periodization resistance exercise training (RET) on neuromuscular function in prepubescent youth. METHODS Twenty-five healthy prepubescent youth (11 males, 14 females, age = 9.1 ± 0.8 years) completed the RET (n = 17) or served as controls (CON, n = 8). Isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) and trapezoidal submaximal contractions at 35 and 60% MVC of the right leg extensors were performed with surface electromyography (EMG) recorded from the leg extensors [vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris, and vastus medialis] and flexors (biceps femoris and semitendinosus). EMG amplitude of the leg extensors and flexors were calculated during the MVCs. Motor unit (MU) action potential trains were decomposed from the surface EMG of the VL for the 35 and 60% MVCs. MU firing rates and action potential amplitudes were regressed against recruitment threshold with the y-intercepts and slopes calculated for each contraction. Total leg extensor muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) was collected using ultrasound images. ANOVA models were used to examine potential differences. RESULTS Isometric strength increased post-RET (P = 0.006) with no changes in leg extensor and flexor EMG amplitude. Furthermore, there were no changes in total CSA or the MU action potential amplitude vs. recruitment threshold relationships. However, there were increases in the firing rates of the higher-threshold MUs post-RET as indicated with greater y-intercepts (P = 0.003) from the 60% MVC and less negative slope (P = 0.004) of the firing rates vs. recruitment threshold relationships at 35% MVC. CONCLUSIONS MU adaptations contribute to strength increases following RET in prepubescent youth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trent J Herda
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Science, University of Kansas, 1301 Sunnyside Avenue, Room 101BE, Lawrence, 66045, KS, USA.
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyle and Nutrition, Kansas City, MO, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Holmes
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Science, University of Kansas, 1301 Sunnyside Avenue, Room 101BE, Lawrence, 66045, KS, USA
| | - Christopher J Cleary
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Science, University of Kansas-Edwards Campus, Overland Park, KS, USA
| | - Kelsey T Minor
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Science, University of Kansas, 1301 Sunnyside Avenue, Room 101BE, Lawrence, 66045, KS, USA
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyle and Nutrition, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Robin P Shook
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyle and Nutrition, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Ashley A Herda
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Science, University of Kansas-Edwards Campus, Overland Park, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Viramontes E, Dawes JJ, Coburn JW, Lockie RG. Strength Training Frequency and Athletic Performance in High School Girls Basketball Players. J Hum Kinet 2024; 91:19-31. [PMID: 38689579 PMCID: PMC11057622 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/184042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a six-week strength training intervention on the physical fitness of female high school athletes, with a focus on training frequency. Twenty-three female high school basketball athletes were recruited and split into two groups: one group participated in strength training once per week (S1), while the other participated in two training sessions per week (S2). The groups were not random as training sessions were voluntary, and some participants were only able to train once per week. Participants were tested before and after the intervention, and the data included: age, body height, body mass, body fat percentage, grip strength, leg/back dynamometer (LBD) strength, a seated medicine ball throw (MBT), a vertical jump (VJ), 505 tests from each foot, 0-5, 0-10, and 0-20 sprint times, and multistage fitness test shuttles. Data were analyzed by a two (time) x two (group) repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA; p < 0.05). When significant F ratios were detected in any ANOVA calculations, post hoc pairwise comparisons were conducted using the Bonferroni adjustment procedure. There were significant main effects for time that indicated the following: increased body height, body mass, grip strength, LBD strength, MBT distance, and VJ height, faster 505 times, and slower 0-5 and 0-10 m sprint times (p ≤ 0.021). There were no significant time by group ANOVAs or between-group main effects. These performance changes occurred irrespective of training frequency. High school girls who participate in at least one strength training session per week can improve their strength (grip, LBD), power (MBT, VJ), and change-of-direction speed (505).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Viramontes
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - J. Jay Dawes
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
- Tactical Fitness and Nutrition Lab, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Jared W. Coburn
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Robert G. Lockie
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sammoud S, Negra Y, Bouguezzi R, Ramirez-Campillo R, Moran J, Bishop C, Chaabene H. Effects of plyometric jump training on measures of physical fitness and lower-limb asymmetries in prepubertal male soccer players: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:37. [PMID: 38321538 PMCID: PMC10845392 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00821-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High level of physical fitness is a paramount soccer performance factor. As such, developing key components of physical fitness such as sprinting, jumping, and change of direction (CoD) at an early age empowers both short- and long-term performance success. Although previous research in prepubertal male soccer players has reported physical fitness performance enhancements following plyometric jump training (PJT), the effects on inter-limb asymmetries remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of PJT on measures of physical fitness and inter-limb asymmetries in prepubertal male soccer players. METHODS A total of 27 participants were recruited, and randomly assigned to either a PJT group (n = 13; age = 12.7 ± 0.2 years; maturity offset = -1.6 ± 0.7) or an active control group (CG) (n = 14; age = 11.8 ± 0.4 years; maturity offset = -2.51 ± 0.61). The training intervention lasted eight-week and was conducted during the in-season period, with twice-weekly sessions. Physical fitness tests were conducted before and after the intervention, including the 505 change-of-direction (CoD; [505 CoD test]), countermovement-jump (CMJ) height, standing-long-jump (SLJ) distance, and single-leg hop test for distance with dominant (SHTD-D) and non-dominant legs (SHTD-ND). A jump-based asymmetry score was calculated as the difference between HTD and HTND. RESULTS ANCOVA analysis revealed significant between-group differences in all physical fitness measures at post-test. Specifically, the PJT group showed significant large improvements in CMJ height, SLJ distance, HTD and HTND, and CoD speed (d = 0.84 to 2.00; ∆1.05% to 16.85%). Moreover, the PJT group showed a significant, small reduction in the inter-limb asymmetry score (d = 0.43; ∆-45.21%). In contrast, no significant changes were reported in the CG between pre-and post-tests (d = 0.07 to 0.24; ∆0.21% to 0.98%). CONCLUSIONS The incorporation of PJT into the training schedules of prepubertal male soccer players resulted in positive effects on various measures of physical fitness. Furthermore, our findings suggest that PJT can reduce lower-limb asymmetry, which could potentially decrease the risk of lower limb injuries. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study does not report results related to healthcare interventions using human participants and therefore it was not prospectively registered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Senda Sammoud
- Research Laboratory (LR23JS01) "Sport Performance, Health and Society", University "La Manouba", 2037, Manouba, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sports and Physical Education, University of Jendouba, 8189, Kef, Tunisia
| | - Yassine Negra
- Research Laboratory (LR23JS01) "Sport Performance, Health and Society", University "La Manouba", 2037, Manouba, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saïd, University "La Manouba", 2037, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Raja Bouguezzi
- Research Laboratory (LR23JS01) "Sport Performance, Health and Society", University "La Manouba", 2037, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute. School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, 7591538, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, UK
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, StoneX Stadium, Greenlands Lane, London, UK
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building 12, 14469, Potsdam, Germany.
- High Institute of Sports and Physical Education, University of Jendouba, 8189, Kef, Tunisia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Behm DG, Granacher U, Warneke K, Aragão-Santos JC, Da Silva-Grigoletto ME, Konrad A. Minimalist Training: Is Lower Dosage or Intensity Resistance Training Effective to Improve Physical Fitness? A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2024; 54:289-302. [PMID: 37924459 PMCID: PMC10933173 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Findings from original research, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses have demonstrated the effectiveness of resistance training (RT) on markers of performance and health. However, the literature is inconsistent with regards to the dosage effects (frequency, intensity, time, type) of RT to maximize training-induced improvements. This is most likely due to moderating factors such as age, sex, and training status. Moreover, individuals with limited time to exercise or who lack motivation to perform RT are interested in the least amount of RT to improve physical fitness. OBJECTIVES The objective of this review was to investigate and identify lower than typically recommended RT dosages (i.e., shorter durations, lower volumes, and intensity activities) that can improve fitness components such as muscle strength and endurance for sedentary individuals or beginners not meeting the minimal recommendation of exercise. METHODS Due to the broad research question involving different RT types, cohorts, and outcome measures (i.e., high heterogeneity), a narrative review was selected instead of a systematic meta-analysis approach. RESULTS It seems that one weekly RT session is sufficient to induce strength gains in RT beginners with < 3 sets and loads below 50% of one-repetition maximum (1RM). With regards to the number of repetitions, the literature is controversial and some authors report that repetition to failure is key to achieve optimal adaptations, while other authors report similar adaptations with fewer repetitions. Additionally, higher intensity or heavier loads tend to provide superior results. With regards to the RT type, multi-joint exercises induce similar or even larger effects than single-joint exercises. CONCLUSION The least amount of RT that can be performed to improve physical fitness for beginners for at least the first 12 weeks is one weekly session at intensities below 50% 1RM, with < 3 sets per multi-joint exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Warneke
- Institute for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Jose Carlos Aragão-Santos
- Department of Physical Education, Post Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Marzo Edir Da Silva-Grigoletto
- Department of Physical Education, Post Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Andreas Konrad
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7, Canada.
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gong J, Gao H, Sui J, Qi F. The effect of core stability training on the balance ability of young male basketball players. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1305651. [PMID: 38250660 PMCID: PMC10796723 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1305651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the impact of a 10-week Core Stability Training (CST) compared to Traditional Strength Training (TST) on the balance abilities of adolescent male basketball players. Methods: Subjects (age: 15.70 ± 0.75, height: 178.4 ± 8.31, weight: 66.55 ± 8.34) were randomly assigned to either the Core Stability Training group or the Traditional Strength Training group. Three selected balance assessment indicators included the Single-leg Standing with Eyes Closed Test, Star Excursion Balance Test, and Core Four-Direction Endurance Test. Results: 1) The scores were significantly different in both groups before and after the Single-leg Standing with Eyes Closed Test; (p < 0.01, d = 1.692, d = 1.837); 2) In the Star Excursion Balance Test, the scores of the experimental group showed significant difference (p < 0.05) or highly significant difference (p < 0.01) with an average effect size of (d = 1.727) when the left or right foot supported in the other directions before and after the training. However, there was no significant difference in scores in the c direction when the left foot supported (p > 0.05, d = 0.954); 3) In the Core Four-Direction Endurance Test, there were no significant differences in scores for the control group before and after training (p > 0.05, d = 0.567), while the experimental group showed significant differences in scores before and after training (p < 0.05, d = 1.889). Discussion: Both CST and TST were effective in enhancing the balance abilities of adolescent basketball players. CST, in particular, demonstrated improvements in dynamic balance and agility across multiple planes. Basketball coaches are encouraged to consider incorporating CST training programs into their overall training plans for optimal balance enhancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gong
- Department of Physical Education, Graduate School Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Huiyan Gao
- College of Physical Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jinghao Sui
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fei Qi
- College of Physical Education and Health Science, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pandit A, Tran TB, Letton M, Cowley E, Gibbs M, Wewege MA, Hagstrom AD. Data Informing Governing Body Resistance-Training Guidelines Exhibit Sex Bias: An Audit-Based Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:1681-1691. [PMID: 37382828 PMCID: PMC10432356 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01878-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this review was to examine the ratio of female and male participants utilised in data informing consensus statements and position stands in the field of resistance training (RT). In order to achieve this objective, we conducted an 'audit' style review. We accessed three databases: SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE and Google Scholar utilising the following search terms: resistance or strength training AND consensus statements or position statements/stands. Eligibility criteria included consensus statements and position stands for RT in youth, adults and older adults. In this paper we have used the term 'female' to describe biological sex. Gender is a social construct and often describes roles and behaviours that society assigns to men or women. In this paper we have used the term 'women' to describe gender. Reference lists from each guideline were screened with the number of male and female participants extracted from each study. We also extracted data on the gender of the authors of the statements. We located 11 guidelines encompassing a total of 104,251,363 participants. Youth guidelines were comprised of 69% male participants. There were 287 studies that included both sexes, 205 male-only and 92 female-only studies. Adult guidelines were comprised of 70% male participants. There were 104 studies that included both sexes, 240 male-only and 44 female-only studies. Older adult guidelines were comprised of 54% female participants. There were 395 studies that included both sexes, 112 male-only and 83 female-only studies. Women authors comprised 13% of all authors of position stands and consensus statements. These results demonstrate an under-representation of females and women as both participants and as authors. It is imperative to ensure that data informing governing body guidelines and consensus statements are representative of the population they aim to inform. If this is not possible, guidelines should clearly state when their data and recommendations are based primarily upon one sex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Pandit
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thai Binh Tran
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Meg Letton
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emma Cowley
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mitchell Gibbs
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael A Wewege
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Pain IMPACT, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amanda D Hagstrom
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mack DE, Anzovino D, Sanderson M, Dotan R, Falk B. Reporting of Adverse Events in Muscle Strengthening Interventions in Youth: A Systematic Review. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37105544 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2021-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Clear definition, identification, and reporting of adverse event (AE) monitoring during training interventions are essential for decision making regarding the safety of training and testing in youths. PURPOSE To document the extent to which AEs, resulting from intervention studies targeting muscle strengthening training (MST) in youth, are reported by researchers. METHODS Electronic databases (CINAHL, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) were searched for English peer-reviewed articles published before April 2018. Inclusion criteria were: (1) average age <16 years, (2) use of MST, (3) statement(s) linked to the presence/absence of AEs, and (4) randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental designs. Risk of reporting bias for AEs followed recommendations by the Cochrane Collaboration group. RESULTS One hundred and ninety-one full-text articles were screened. One hundred and thirty met all MST criteria, out of which only 44 (33.8%; n = 1278, age = 12.1 [1.1] y) included a statement as to the presence/absence of adverse events. The 86 other studies (66.2%) included no such statement. Of the reporting 44 studies, 18 (40.1%) indicated one or more adverse events. Of the 93 reported adverse events, 55 (59.1%) were linked to training or testing. CONCLUSIONS Most MST studies in youth do not report presence/absence of adverse events, and when reported, adverse events are not well defined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Mack
- Behavioral Health Sciences Research Lab, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, ON,Canada
| | - Daniel Anzovino
- Behavioral Health Sciences Research Lab, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, ON,Canada
| | - Malcolm Sanderson
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, ON,Canada
| | - Raffy Dotan
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, ON,Canada
| | - Bareket Falk
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, ON,Canada
- Center for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St Catharines, ON,Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Stojanović N, Stupar D, Marković M, Trajković N, Aleksić D, Pašić G, Koničanin A, Zadražnik M, Stojanović T. School-Based Circuit Training Intervention Improves Local Muscular Endurance in Primary School Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10040726. [PMID: 37189975 DOI: 10.3390/children10040726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of a 12-week circuit training program in improving local muscular endurance in normal-weighted primary school students. METHODS The study involved a parallel-group randomized trial with 606 primary school boys assigned to an experimental or a control group. The participants underwent a 12-week circuit training program that involved multi-joint, total-body workouts using body weight, resistance bands, and medicine ball exercises. The study measured the participants' local muscular endurance during sit-ups, dynamic trunk extensions on a Roman bench (DTE), and push-ups. RESULTS After adjusting for the baseline, the treatment-grade interaction was significant for sit-ups (F = 7.74, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.04), DTE (F = 6.49, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.03), and push-ups (F = 9.22, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.05), where the experimental treatment was more beneficial than the control. The treatment effect seemed to vary depending on the individual's baseline local muscle endurance capacity. As the baseline local muscular endurance values increased, the treatment and grade effects became less beneficial. CONCLUSION A 12-week circuit training program involving body weight, resistance bands, and medicine ball exercises suits school-based programs and can improve local muscular endurance in normal-weighted primary school boys. The experimental treatment was more effective than the control, and the individual baseline muscular endurance should be considered when designing training programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Stojanović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Dušan Stupar
- Faculty of Sports and Psychology, Educons University, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Miroslav Marković
- Faculty of Sport, University "Union-Nikola Tesla", 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Trajković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Dragana Aleksić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Priština-Kosovska Mitrovica, 38218 Leposavić, Serbia
| | - Goran Pašić
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Banja Luka, 78101 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Admira Koničanin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Sports, and Physical Education, State University of Novi Pazar, 36300 Novi Pazar, Serbia
| | - Marko Zadražnik
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Toplica Stojanović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Priština-Kosovska Mitrovica, 38218 Leposavić, Serbia
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Banja Luka, 78101 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hammami R, Nobari H, Hanen W, Gene-Morales J, Rebai H, Colado JC, Ardigò LP. Exploring of two different equated instability resistance training programs on measure of physical fitness and lower limb asymmetry in pre-pubertal weightlifters. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:40. [PMID: 36959677 PMCID: PMC10037902 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00652-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although previous research in pediatric populations has reported performance enhancements following instability resistance training, the effects of different volumes on measures of balance, strength and power and lower limb asymmetry remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of two 8-week instability resistance training programs (IRT1: 2 sets x 8 repetitions, 20% one-repetition maximum (1RM); IRT2: 2 sets x 4 repetitions, 40% 1RM) in balance (center of pressure displacements), 1RM, single-leg jumps, and inter-limb asymmetry of prepubescent weightlifters. METHODS Thirty-two male athletes (10.94 ± 0.47 yrs, 17.05 ± 0.14 kg/m2, and 6.44 ± 0.93% bodyfat) voluntarily participated and combined IRT (front and back squat, lunge, and deadlift) with their usual weightlifting training. Nonparametric tests evaluated the differences between pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS Significant improvements were encountered in all the variables for both groups (effect sizes [ES] from 0.46 to 2.60), except the inter-limb asymmetry and the velocity of displacement of the center of pressure, which did not improve in IRT2. It is also worth highlighting that in the single-leg jumps and center of pressure displacements, whereas no significant differences were observed between IRT1 and IRT2 in the baseline, significant differences appeared in the follow-up measurements. CONCLUSION IRT combined with weight-lifting training improves prepubescent weightlifters' performance; therefore, strength and conditioning coaches may consider including unstable devices with low loads into an overall conditioning program and warm-ups for prepuberal male weightlifters to promote their physical fitness and potentially decrease inter-limb asymmetry. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study does not report results related to healthcare interventions using human participants; therefore, it was not prospectively registered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raouf Hammami
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricity, Sport, and Health LR19JS01, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran.
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, 10003, Spain.
| | - Werfelli Hanen
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricity, Sport, and Health LR19JS01, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Javier Gene-Morales
- Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES) research group, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Research Institute on Traffic and Road Safety (INTRAS), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Haithem Rebai
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricity, Sport, and Health LR19JS01, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Juan C Colado
- Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES) research group, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, Linstows Gate 3, Oslo, 0166, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Comfort P, Haff GG, Suchomel TJ, Soriano MA, Pierce KC, Hornsby WG, Haff EE, Sommerfield LM, Chavda S, Morris SJ, Fry AC, Stone MH. National Strength and Conditioning Association Position Statement on Weightlifting for Sports Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1163-1190. [PMID: 36952649 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Comfort, P, Haff, GG, Suchomel, TJ, Soriano, MA, Pierce, KC, Hornsby, WG, Haff, EE, Sommerfield, LM, Chavda, S, Morris, SJ, Fry, AC, and Stone, MH. National Strength and Conditioning Association position statement on weightlifting for sports performance. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2022-The origins of weightlifting and feats of strength span back to ancient Egypt, China, and Greece, with the introduction of weightlifting into the Olympic Games in 1896. However, it was not until the 1950s that training based on weightlifting was adopted by strength coaches working with team sports and athletics, with weightlifting research in peer-reviewed journals becoming prominent since the 1970s. Over the past few decades, researchers have focused on the use of weightlifting-based training to enhance performance in nonweightlifters because of the biomechanical similarities (e.g., rapid forceful extension of the hips, knees, and ankles) associated with the second pull phase of the clean and snatch, the drive/thrust phase of the jerk and athletic tasks such as jumping and sprinting. The highest force, rate of force development, and power outputs have been reported during such movements, highlighting the potential for such tasks to enhance these key physical qualities in athletes. In addition, the ability to manipulate barbell load across the extensive range of weightlifting exercises and their derivatives permits the strength and conditioning coach the opportunity to emphasize the development of strength-speed and speed-strength, as required for the individual athlete. As such, the results of numerous longitudinal studies and subsequent meta-analyses demonstrate the inclusion of weightlifting exercises into strength and conditioning programs results in greater improvements in force-production characteristics and performance in athletic tasks than general resistance training or plyometric training alone. However, it is essential that such exercises are appropriately programmed adopting a sequential approach across training blocks (including exercise variation, loads, and volumes) to ensure the desired adaptations, whereas strength and conditioning coaches emphasize appropriate technique and skill development of athletes performing such exercises.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Comfort
- University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
- Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - G Gregory Haff
- University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
- Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Timothy J Suchomel
- University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
- Carroll University, Waukesha, Wisconsin
| | | | | | | | - Erin E Haff
- University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
- Australian Weightlifting Federation, Chandler, Australia
| | | | - Shyam Chavda
- London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
- British Weightlifting, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li Z, Liu Y, Han X, Zhou Z. Effects of running-based versus body-weight-based high-intensity interval training on physical fitness in healthy adolescents. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1060216. [PMID: 36969578 PMCID: PMC10036788 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1060216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: High-intensity interval training improves aerobic endurance, but the effectiveness of different training protocols is unclear. This study compared the effects of running-based high-intensity interval training (R-HIIT) and body weight-based high-intensity interval training (B-HIIT) on physical fitness in adolescents.Methods: This was a pre-and post-test quasi-experimental design in which a seventh-grade natural class was randomly selected from three homogeneous middle schools, and then the three natural classes were randomly divided into three groups: the R-HIIT group (n = 54), the B-HIIT group (n = 55), and the control group (Con, n = 57). Both intervention groups exercised twice a week for 12 weeks with a 2:1 (1 min:30 s) load-interval ratio and exercise intensity controlled at 70%–85% maximum heart rate. R-HIIT was in the form of running, and B-HIIT was in the form of resistance exercises using the participants’ body weight. The control group was instructed to continue their normal behavior. cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength and endurance, and speed were measured before and after the intervention. Statistical differences between and within groups were determined using repeated measures analysis of variance.Results: Compared to the baseline, both the R-HIIT and B-HIIT intervention groups significantly improved CRF, muscle strength, and speed (p < 0.05). The B-HIIT group was significantly better than R-HIIT in improving CRF (4.48 mL/kg/min vs 3.34 mL/kg/min, p < 0.05), and only the B-HIIT improved sit-up muscle endurance (ηp2 = 0.30, p < 0.05).Conclusion: The B-HIIT protocol was significantly more effective than the R-HIIT protocol in developing CRF and improving muscle health indicators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Sport and Health Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Hebei Institute of International Business and Economics, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Xiaowei Han
- Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhou
- School of Physical Education and Coaching Science, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhixiong Zhou,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sánchez Pastor A, García-Sánchez C, Marquina Nieto M, de la Rubia A. Influence of Strength Training Variables on Neuromuscular and Morphological Adaptations in Prepubertal Children: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4833. [PMID: 36981742 PMCID: PMC10049541 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Strength training in prepubertal children is one of the topics that has aroused the most interest and controversy among training professionals in recent years. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the available scientific evidence on the influence of strength training variables on morphological and/or neuromuscular adaptations in healthy prepubertal populations with no previous experience in this type of training according to the descriptive sample characteristics. According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis, 22 studies were selected after a systematic search and selection process using four electronic databases: Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and SPORT Discus. Furthermore, the internal validity of the studies included was assessed using the modified PEDro scale. The sample consisted of 604 prepubertal children (age, 10.02 ± 0.75 years), of whom 473 were boys and 131 were girls, with 104 strength training programs recorded. Strength training resulted in a significant increase in jumping (n = 29) and sprinting (n = 13) abilities. Moreover, muscle strength was increased in 100% of the cases. Morphologically, strength training resulted in a decrease in body fat percentage (n = 19) and an increase in lean body mass (n = 17). With regard to gender, increases in general sport skills and basic physical abilities were significant in males but not in females. Thus, the results are more heterogeneous in girls due to the small number of studies carried out. Therefore, this research provides practical applications for coaches to design and implement more effective training programs to maximize adaptations, enhance physical performance, and reduce injury risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sánchez Pastor
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos García-Sánchez
- Deporte y Entrenamiento Research Group, Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Moisés Marquina Nieto
- Deporte y Entrenamiento Research Group, Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso de la Rubia
- Deporte y Entrenamiento Research Group, Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schillaci G, Ivaldi M. Fitness parameters in young football players are affected by training load and somatic-anthropometric variations. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-023-01054-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
|
18
|
Granacher U, Behm DG. Relevance and Effectiveness of Combined Resistance and Balance Training to Improve Balance and Muscular Fitness in Healthy Youth and Youth Athletes: A Scoping Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:349-370. [PMID: 36378414 PMCID: PMC9876852 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01789-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Balance and resistance training applied as single-mode interventions have proven to enhance measures of balance and/or muscular fitness in youth and youth athletes. Less is known on the effectiveness of combined or sequenced balance and resistance training in youth and youth athletes. OBJECTIVE The objective of this scoping review was to describe the effects of concurrently performed balance and resistance training (i.e., metastable resistance training) and different sequencing schemes of balance and resistance training on measures of balance and/or muscular fitness in healthy youth and youth athletes. We additionally aimed to identify knowledge gaps in the literature. METHODS According to the principles of a scoping review, we followed a broad research question, identified gaps in the literature, and reported findings on the level of single studies but did not aggregate and meta-analyze outcomes across studies. For this purpose, systematic literature searches were conducted in the electronic databases PubMed (including MEDLINE), Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus from inception until August 2022. We included metastable resistance training and sequenced balance and resistance training studies in healthy youth and youth athletes aged 6-18 years that investigated the training-induced effects on measures of balance (e.g., stork balance test) and muscular fitness (e.g., countermovement jump test) in contrast to active/passive controls. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was used to assess the risk of bias. The Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT) was applied for the whole scoping review on levels A (high strength of recommendation) to C (low strength of recommendation) and for individual studies on levels 1 (high-quality evidence) to 3 (low-quality evidence). RESULTS The strength of recommendation for the scoping review was level B based on inconsistent or limited-quality evidence. Eleven randomized controlled trials were eligible to be included in this scoping review and each study was rated as 'limited-quality evidence'. A median PEDro score of 6 was computed across the included studies. Four studies examined the effects of metastable resistance training (e.g., plyometric training on unstable surfaces) on measures of balance and/or muscle fitness in youth athletes. The remaining seven studies investigated the impact of sequenced balance and resistance training (e.g., blocked balance training followed by blocked resistance training) on measures of balance and/or muscle fitness in youth and youth athletes. The duration of the intervention programs ranged from 6 to 10 weeks with 2-weekly to 3-weekly exercise sessions. Participants' age range was 10-18 years (mean 15 years). Ten studies examined young male and female athletes from different sports (i.e., basketball, handball, soccer) and one study physical education students. Metastable resistance training compared with plyometric training performed on stable surfaces showed no extra effect on measures of balance and muscular fitness. Stable plyometric training appears to be even more effective to improve jump performance. Sequenced balance and resistance training in the form of a mesocycle of balance followed by plyometric training seems to be particularly effective to improve measures of balance and muscular fitness in young athletes. This scoping review identified knowledge gaps that may indicate future research avenues: (i) comparative studies should be designed to examine how sex, age, maturity status, and expertise level impact on the adaptive potential following metastable resistance training or sequenced balance and resistance training in youth and youth athletes, (ii) at least one established measure of balance and muscular fitness should always be included in study designs to allow future comparison between studies and to aggregate (meta-analyze) findings across studies and (iii) studies are needed that examine neuromuscular and tendomuscular adaptations following these exercise types as well as dosage effects. CONCLUSIONS According to the results of this scoping review, balance training should be an essential training component for youth that is incorporated with the resistance training exercises or introduced at least a month before resistance and plyometric training within a periodized training program. More research is needed to examine the moderating roles of age, maturity status, and sex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Sandfangweg 4, 79102 Freiburg, Germany
| | - David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Castelli F, Valero-Breton M, Hernandez M, Guarda F, Cornejo J, Cabello-Verrugio C, Cabrera D. Regulatory Mechanisms of Muscle Mass: The Critical Role of Resistance Training in Children and Adolescent. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1410:21-34. [PMID: 36280657 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Muscle mass and strength are subjected to several regulations. We found endocrine signals such as growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1, testosterone, thyroid hormones, and glucocorticoids among them. Neural inputs also influence muscle development, modulating mass and strength. Among the external stimuli that modulate these muscular features is physical training such as resistance and endurance training. Specifically, resistance training can mediate an increase in muscle mass by hypertrophy in adults, but the effects in children and adolescents are full of myths for most of the population. However, the evidence shows that the impact of resistance training on children and adolescents is clear and provides a wide range of benefits. However, qualified professionals must be available since exercise prescription and subsequent supervision must follow this population's abilities, needs, and interests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Castelli
- Experimental Hepatology Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Valero-Breton
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Hernandez
- Experimental Hepatology Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - F Guarda
- Departmento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Cornejo
- Experimental Hepatology Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Cabello-Verrugio
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - D Cabrera
- Experimental Hepatology Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad Bernardo O Higgins, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shi J, Gao M, Xu X, Zhang X, Yan J. Associations of muscle-strengthening exercise with overweight, obesity, and depressive symptoms in adolescents: Findings from 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance system. Front Psychol 2022; 13:980076. [PMID: 36160591 PMCID: PMC9495934 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.980076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have focused on the opposite relation between muscle strength, obesity, and depression in adults. Moreover, the evidence has indicated that obesity and depression in adults might be significantly decreased with Muscle Strength Exercise (MSE) albeit it might be insufficient. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the association between MSE, adiposity, and depression among United States adolescents. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study used the Youth Risk Behavioral Survey (YRBS) data. In YRBS, a cluster sample was used, and the investigation was divided into three stages. The study surveyed 13,677 high school students and conducted self-reported questionnaires on sex, grade, race/ethnicity, MSE days, overweight, obesity, and depressive symptoms. The study got the nationally representative population of American students in Grade 9 to 12 (around 12–18 years). Results A total of 13,677 participants (female = 6,885, male = 6641) were included in the final analysis. The participants meeting the guidelines’ requirements seemed more likely to be obese than those not meeting (OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.06–1.55). There was no statistical significance in the relations between the MSE guidelines and overweight and depression (OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.73–1.01: OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.83–1.06). For all the participants, the prevalence of those conforming to MSE was 30.1%. One-fifth of the participants reported no MSE per week, 7.8% reported 3 days of MSE per week, and 7.7% reported 7 days. Conclusion The main finding of this study indicated a positive relationship between the normative MSE required in guidelines and low-level obesity. Beyond that, the evidence was insufficient to confirm the positive links between MSE and depression among American adolescents. Our study could offer evidence for future MSE interventions in adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jizu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Endurance Sport, Jilin Sport University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingjun Gao
- Foundation Department of Education, Shandong Communication and Media College, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- China Basketball College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuyang Zhang
- China Basketball College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xuyang Zhang,
| | - Jin Yan
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Jin Yan,
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Keemss J, Sieland J, Pfab F, Banzer W. Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown on Physical Performance, Sleep Quality, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Professional Youth Soccer Players. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:875767. [PMID: 35769222 PMCID: PMC9234262 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.875767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundIn March 2020, the COVID-19 outbreak led to the declaration of a pandemic. The accompanying restrictions on public life caused a change in the training routines of athletes worldwide. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a 13-week supervised home training program on physical performance, sleep quality, and health-related quality of life in professional youth soccer players during the first COVID-19 lockdown in Germany.MethodsEight professional soccer players (age range 16–19; height: 1.81 ± 0.07 m; body weight: 72.05 ± 6.96 kg) from a Bundesliga team in Germany participated in this study. During the lockdown, they trained 5–6 days per week with home-based training plans and were monitored via tracking apps and video training. To determine the effects of home training, measurements were taken before (March 2020) and after (June 2020) the home training period. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to determine body composition, and an isokinetic strength test and a treadmill step test, including lactate measurements, were used to measure physical performance. Two questionnaires were responded to in order to assess health-related quality of life [Short-Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36)] and sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index).ResultsWhen comparing measurements before and after the home training period, we observed significant increases in the following variables: body weight (72.05 ± 6.96 kg vs. 73.50 ± 6.68 kg, p = 0.034), fat mass (11.99 ± 3.13 % vs. 13.98 ± 3.92 %, p = 0.030), body mass index (22.04 ± 0.85 kg/m2 vs. 22.49 ± 0.92 kg/m2, p = 0.049), and mental health component summary score (MCS) of the questionnaire SF-36 (53.95 ± 3.47 vs. 58.33 ± 4.50, p = 0.044). Scores on the general health (77.88 ± 14.56 vs. 89.75 ± 13.76, p = 0.025) and mental health (81.50 ± 9.30 vs. 90.00 ± 11.71, p = 0.018) subscales of the SF-36 also increased significantly.ConclusionThe COVID-19 lockdown led to an increase in body composition parameters and showed an improvement in the MCS and scores on the general and mental health subscales of the SF-36. Physical performance and sleep quality could be maintained during the home training period. These observations may help trainers for future training planning during longer interruptions in soccer training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jil Keemss
- Department for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jil Keemss
| | - Johanna Sieland
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Florian Pfab
- Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Medzentrum Residenz, Munich, Germany
- Eintracht Frankfurt Fußball AG, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Winfried Banzer
- Department for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Recommendations for Resuming PA after Prolonged Rest in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Integrative Review of Relevance for Immunity. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7020047. [PMID: 35736018 PMCID: PMC9224580 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic integrative review aims to summarize the protective effect of PA on children and adolescents, with special reference to the immune system. Periods of prolonged inactivity in children and adolescents are rare and due to exceptional events, such as illness or environmental circumstances, e.g., natural disasters, wars, or epidemics. The recent COVID-19 pandemic forced billions of children in developmental ages into inactivity. This exceptional event was the reason for studying the compensational behavioral strategies adopted by children and adolescents to counteract physical inactivity. Several studies showed the rise of spontaneous physical activity (PA) among children and adolescents to compensate for sedentarism. However, for some children, sedentarism could in turn foster other sedentarism. With the restart of "normal daily life" worldwide, a question is posed on both how to resume PA without causing damage and how to improve the immune response. Some key points emerged from the literature. Children must resume PA gradually using different methods, considering age, sex, health status, and the presence of overweight conditions. Immunity can be stimulated with PA by aerobic exercise, resistance training, flexibility exercise, relaxation, and coordinative exercises.
Collapse
|
23
|
Effects of 8-Week In-Season Contrast Strength Training Program on Measures of Athletic Performance and Lower-Limb Asymmetry in Male Youth Volleyball Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116547. [PMID: 35682140 PMCID: PMC9180623 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Strength training using high and lower load such as contrast training (CST) seems to be beneficial as it addresses larger adaptive reserves in youth athletes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CST on dynamic balance (composite score during dynamic balance test (CS-YBT)), one repetition maximum lower-limb back squat (1RM), jumping performance (single-leg hop (SLH) or countermovement jump height (CMJ)), lower-limb asymmetry (predicted from the single-leg jump performance between two legs [ILA]) in elite youth male volleyball players. Thirty-one male youth volleyball players aged 14 years were randomly assigned to a CST group (n = 16) or a control group (n = 15). The tests were performed before and after 8 weeks of training. Significant group × time interactions was observed for CS-YBT [p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.70], 1RM [p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.95], SLH with right and left leg [p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.69 and 0.51], CMJ [p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.47]), whilst it was not notable in ILA [p < 0.294]. Post hoc tests showed that CST group demonstrated greater improvement in all of the dependent variables from medium to large effect size (for all p < 0.001). As a result, 8 weeks of CST twice a week can be an effective and efficient training along with volleyball training to improve skill-related fitness measures, except for lower-limb asymmetry in young volleyball players.
Collapse
|
24
|
Loo BKG, Tan B, Chia MYH, Chan PC, Sirisena D, Zainuddin MA, Oh JY, Teoh OH, Tan TSZ, Lim MCM, Lim EJK, Müller-Riemenschneider F, Tan NC, Siriamornsarp R, Teo TCC, Quah PL, Rajadurai VS, Tan KH, Ng KC. Consensus statement on Singapore integrated 24-hour activity guide for children and adolescents. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2022; 51:292-299. [PMID: 35658152 DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.202141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lifestyle activities, such as regular physical activity, are important for good metabolic health and the prevention of non-communicable diseases. Epidemiological studies highlight an increase in the proportion of overweight children in Singapore. A workgroup was formed to develop recommendations to encourage children and adolescents (aged 7-17 years) to adopt a holistic approach towards integrating beneficial activities within a daily 24-hour period for good metabolic and general health. METHODS The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Evidence to Decision framework was employed to formulate the public health question, assess the evidence and draw conclusions for the guide. The evidence for international 24-hour movement guidelines, and guidelines for physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep and eating habits were reviewed. An update of the literature review from August 2018 to end of September 2020 was conducted through an electronic search of Medline and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases. RESULTS Ten consensus statements were developed. The statements focused on the overall aim of achieving good metabolic health through integration of these activities and initiatives: light and moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity on a regular basis; muscle- and bone-strengthening activities; limiting sedentary behaviour; regular and adequate sleep; good eating habits and choosing nutritionally balanced foods and drinks; practise safety in exercise; and aiming to achieve more or all aforementioned recommendations for the best results. CONCLUSION This set of recommendations provides guidance to encourage Singapore children and adolescents to adopt health-beneficial activities within a 24-hour period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benny Kai Guo Loo
- Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Elnaggar RK, Diab RH, Alghadier M, Azab AR. Block-sequence of plyometric and balance training is superior to the alternating-sequence for enhancing motor function in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: A comparative randomized clinical trial. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-220005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Postural control deficits are prevalent in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (CwHCP). Therefore, the best rehabilitative strategies for remediating these deficits are warranted, which could then enhance function. OBJECTIVE: To examine effects of a block versus an alternating sequence of balance training (BT) and plyometric training (PT) on postural control in CwHCP. METHODS: Forty-eight CwHCP (812 years) were randomized to a block or an alternating BT/PT training. The block BT/PT group (n= 24) received a sixweek BT followed by a sixweek PT, twice/week over 12 consecutive weeks. The alternating BT/PT group (n= 24) received an interchanging sequence of BT and PT changed every two weeks for 12 weeks. Postural control [center-of-pressure reaction time (RT), movement velocity (MV), maximum excursion (ME), end-point excursion (EE), and directional control (DC)], functional balance (indicated by pediatric balance scale; PBS), and balance/risk-of-falls during walking (denoted by dynamic gait index; DGI) were assessed before and after training. RESULTS: The block BT/PT group showed greater enhancements in postural control variables [RT (P= 0.004), MV (P= 0.028), ME (P= 0.002), EE (P= 0.003), and DC (P= 0.012)] and functional balance (P= 0.006), and lesser risk-of-falls during walking (P= 0.018) when compared to the alternating BT/PT group. CONCLUSION: The block BT/PT sequence is more effective to enhance postural control than the alternating sequence in CwHCP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ragab K. Elnaggar
- Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, Collage of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physical Therapy for Pediatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Reham H. Diab
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, Taibah University, Madina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mshari Alghadier
- Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, Collage of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alshimaa R. Azab
- Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, Collage of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physical Therapy for Pediatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kim S, Rhi SY, Kim J, Chung JS. Plyometric training effects on physical fitness and muscle damage in high school baseball players. Phys Act Nutr 2022; 26:1-7. [PMID: 35510439 PMCID: PMC9081355 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2022.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of plyometric training on physical fitness and muscle damage in high school baseball players. [Methods] The participants in the study included 21 high school baseball players who are healthy and well-training. The participants were randomly allocated to the plyometric training (n=11) and control (n=10) groups. The plyometric training was applied 3 times a week for a total of 8 weeks and the control group took part in only regular baseball skills training without plyometric training. For physical fitness, measures included maximal strength (left and right hand-grip strength), muscle endurance (sit-up), agility (side-step), power (standing long jump), and balance (left and right Rhomberg test). For muscle damage, creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were measured. [Results] The results showed a significant interaction effect between time and groups in left hand-grip strength (P = 0.022), side-step (P = 0.004), and standing long jump (P < 0.001) after the 8-week plyometric training, with greater improvement in the plyometric training group than the control group. On the other hand, there was no significant interaction effect between time and groups in right hand-grip strength, situp, left and right Rhomberg test, CK level, and LDH level (P > 0.05). [Conclusion] In conclusion, 8-week plyometric training had a positive effect on improving physical fitness, such as maximal strength, agility, and power, in high school baseball players without causing additional muscle damage.
Collapse
|
27
|
The Efficacy of Upper-Extremity Elastic Resistance Training on Shoulder Strength and Performance: A Systematic Review. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10020024. [PMID: 35202063 PMCID: PMC8879764 DOI: 10.3390/sports10020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Elastic resistance exercise is a popular mode of strength training that has demonstrated positive effects on whole-body strength and performance. The purpose of this work was to identify the efficacy of elastic resistance training on improving upper limb strength and performance measures for the shoulder. Seven online databases were searched with a focus on longitudinal studies assessing shoulder elastic training strength interventions. In total, 1367 studies were initially screened for relevancy; 24 full-text articles were included for review. Exercise interventions ranged from 4-12 weeks, assessing pre-/post-strength and performance measures inclusive of isometric and isokinetic strength, 1RM strength, force-velocity tests, and throwing-velocity tests. Significant increases in various isometric strength measures (IR:11–13%, ER:11–42%, FL: 14–36%, EXT: 4–17%, ABD: 8–16%), 1RM strength (~24% in bench press), force-velocities, throwing- and serve-velocities (12%) were all observed. Elastic resistance training elicited positive effects for both strength and performance parameters regardless of intervention duration. Similar significant increases were observed in isometric strength and 1RM strength across durations. Isokinetic strength increases were variable and dependent on the joint velocity conditions. Quantifying the dosage of appropriate exercise prescription for optimal strength and performance gains is inconclusive with this study due to the heterogeneity of the intervention protocols.
Collapse
|
28
|
Holmes CJ, Granados A. Resistance Training Recommendations for Children and Adolescents With Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes. Strength Cond J 2022; 44:111-118. [PMID: 35874931 PMCID: PMC9307104 DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most prevalent hereditary life-threatening disease in the Caucasian population. With the improvement in clinical care, individuals with CF are living longer, and CF-related diabetes (CFRD) has emerged as a major complication. The diagnosis of CFRD is associated with shortening survival, increasing morbidity, worsening physical capacity, and body composition. Engagement in exercise training has become a prominent nonpharmacologic intervention that aims to improve fitness and clinical outcomes in individuals with CF and CFRD. This column will specifically focus on the potential benefits of resistance training and provide recommendations for children and adolescents with CF and CFRD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clifton J. Holmes
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Andrea Granados
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Washington University of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sammoud S, Bouguezzi R, Ramirez-Campillo R, Negra Y, Prieske O, Moran J, Chaabene H. Effects of plyometric jump training versus power training using free weights on measures of physical fitness in youth male soccer players. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:130-137. [PMID: 34749577 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1976570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to contrast the effects of power training (PT) and plyometric-jump-training (PJT) programmes on measures of physical fitness in prepubertal male soccer players. Thirty-three participants were randomly allocated to PT group (n = 11), PJT group (n = 11), and an active control group (CG; n = 11). Before and after 12 weeks of training, tests were performed for the assessment of sprint-speed , change-of-direction (CoD) speed, muscular strength , and aerobic-endurance (AE). Findings indicated significant group×time interaction effects for all sprint-speed intervals, CoD speed, AE, and strength (d = 0.20-0.32). Post-hoc analyses revealed significant, moderate-to-large improvements in all sprint-speed intervals, CoD speed, AE, and muscle strength following PT (ES = 0.71 to 1.38). The PJT induced significant, moderate-to-large enhancements in 10 m, 20 m, and 30 m sprint, CoD speed, and AE (ES = 0.51 to 0.96) with no significant changes for 5 m sprint-speed and muscle strength (ES = 0.71 and 0.16, respectively). No significant pre-post changes were observed for the CG . Overall, PT and PJT are effective means to improve various measures of physical fitness in prepubertal male soccer players. Notably, to additionally improve acceleration and muscle strength, PT has an advantage over PJT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Senda Sammoud
- Research Unit (Ur17js01) «sport Performance, Health & Society», Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saïd, University of "La Manouba", Tunisia
| | - Raja Bouguezzi
- Research Unit (Ur17js01) «sport Performance, Health & Society», Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saïd, University of "La Manouba", Tunisia
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences. Universidad De Los Lagos. Santiago, Chile.,Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yassine Negra
- Research Unit (Ur17js01) «sport Performance, Health & Society», Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saïd, University of "La Manouba", Tunisia
| | - Olaf Prieske
- Division of Exercise and Movement, University of Applied Sciences for Sports and Management Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, UK
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Sports and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,High Institute of Sports and Physical education, Kef, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Jandouba, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Loo BKG, Okely AD, Pulungan A, Jalaludin MY. Asia-Pacific Consensus Statement on integrated 24-hour activity guidelines for children and adolescents. Br J Sports Med 2021; 56:539-545. [PMID: 34750119 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) constitute a significant public health challenge and pose a great burden on health and social systems throughout the world. The Asia-Pacific region is in a vulnerable position as the prevalence of NCDs will inevitably increase with rapid socioeconomic transitions; yet it is ill prepared for this public health challenge as Asian children are among the most physically inactive in the world. Aligned with the WHO's global strategy to control NCDs via preventive measures and health promotion policies, representatives from the Asia-Pacific region came together to develop consensus statement on integrated 24-hour activity guidelines for children and adolescents. These guidelines apply to children and adolescents, aged 5-18 years, in the Asia-Pacific region, regardless of gender, cultural background or socioeconomic status. These guidelines aim to provide the latest evidence-based recommendations, taking a holistic approach to lifestyle activities and adopting a practical perspective by framing these activities within a 24-hour period. Eating and dietary elements were incorporated as they closely influence the energy balance of the movement behaviours and vice versa. By investing in the younger generations through advocacy for healthier lifestyles, we aim to reduce the burden of NCDs in the Asia-Pacific region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benny Kai Guo Loo
- Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Anthony David Okely
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aman Pulungan
- Child Health Department, Universitas Indonesia-Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Depok, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Aloui G, Hermassi S, Khemiri A, Bartels T, Hayes LD, Bouhafs EG, Souhaiel Chelly M, Schwesig R. An 8-Week Program of Plyometrics and Sprints with Changes of Direction Improved Anaerobic Fitness in Young Male Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10446. [PMID: 34639746 PMCID: PMC8508367 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of 8 weeks of twice-weekly combined plyometric and sprint with change-of-direction (CPSCoD) training into habitual training regimes of young male soccer players. Participants were randomly allocated to an experimental group (n = 17, age: 14.6 ± 0.44 years, body mass: 61.2 ± 7.34 kg, height: 1.67 ± 0.09 m, body fat: 11.2 ± 1.56%) and a control group (n = 16, age: 14.6 ± 0.39 years, body mass: 61.1 ± 3.96 kg, height: 1.67 ± 0.05 m, body fat: 11.8 ± 1.47%). Measures obtained pre- and post intervention included vertical and horizontal jump performance (i.e., squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and standing long jump (SLJ)), and sprint performance (i.e., 5 m and 20 m sprint). In addition, Measures obtained pre- and post-intervention included change-of-direction ability (4 × 5 m sprint test (S 4 × 5 m) and sprint 9-3-6-3-9 m with backward and forward running (SBF)), repeated change of direction (RCoD), and static balance performance (stork balance test). The training group experienced superior jump (all p < 0.05; d ≥ 0.61), sprint (all p < 0.05; d ≥ 0.58), change-of-direction (CoD) ability (all p < 0.05; d ≥ 0.58), RCoD (all parameters except the fatigue index p < 0.01; effect size (d) ≥ 0.71), and static balance (all p < 0.05; d ≥ 0.66) improvement. Adding twice-weekly CPSCoD training to standard training improves the anaerobic performance of U15 male soccer players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghaith Aloui
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of La Manouba, Ksar-Saîd, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (G.A.); (A.K.); (M.S.C.)
| | - Souhail Hermassi
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Aymen Khemiri
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of La Manouba, Ksar-Saîd, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (G.A.); (A.K.); (M.S.C.)
| | - Thomas Bartels
- Center of Joint Surgery, Sports Clinic Halle, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Lawrence D. Hayes
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow G72 0LH, UK;
| | - El Ghali Bouhafs
- Department of Sports Science, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Mohamed Souhaiel Chelly
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of La Manouba, Ksar-Saîd, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (G.A.); (A.K.); (M.S.C.)
| | - René Schwesig
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Astley C, Clemente G, Terreri MT, Carneiro CG, Lima MS, Buchpiguel CA, Leão Filho H, de Sá Pinto AL, Silva CA, Campos LMA, Aikawa NE, Gil S, Pereira RMR, Roschel H, Gualano B. Home-Based Exercise Training in Childhood-Onset Takayasu Arteritis: A Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Trial. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705250. [PMID: 34394103 PMCID: PMC8355888 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Childhood-onset Takayasu Arteritis (c-TA) is a rare, large-vessel vasculitis seen in children that could predisposing patients to a high risk of mortality. Exercise has the potential to improve overall health in several diseases, but evidence remains scant in c-TA. The main objective of this study was to investigate the safety and potential therapeutic effects of exercise in c-TA. Methods This was a 12-week, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial, to test the effects of a home-based, exercise intervention vs. standard of care in c-TA patients in remission. The primary outcomes were arterial inflammation, assessed by [18F] FDG- PET/MRI and systemic inflammatory markers. Secondary outcomes included, physical activity levels, functionality, body composition, disease-related parameters, and quality of life. Results Thirty-seven patients were assessed for eligibility, which represents the total number of c-TA patients being followed by the three specialized medical ambulatory services in Sao Paulo. After exclusions, fourteen c-TA patients (71.4% females) aged 12-25 years were randomly allocated into exercised (n=5) and non-exercised groups (n=9). Exercise did not exacerbate arterial inflammation. In fact, exercised patients had a reduction in the frequency of vessel segments with severe inflammation, whereas the non-exercised patients had an opposite response (P=0.007). Greater improvements in visceral fat, steps per day, functionality and physical component SF-36 were observed in the exercised patients (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions Exercise is safe and may improve visceral fat, physical activity levels, functionality, and physical component SF-36 in c-TA patients. Thus, exercise arises as a novel, evidence-based intervention to improve general health in c-TA. Clinical Trial Registration https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03494062?term=NCT03494062&draw=2&rank=1, identifier NCT03494062.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Astley
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Laboratory of Assessment and Conditioning in Rheumatology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gleice Clemente
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa Terreri
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila G Carneiro
- Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine (LIM-43), Department of Radiology and Oncology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos S Lima
- Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine (LIM-43), Department of Radiology and Oncology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Buchpiguel
- Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine (LIM-43), Department of Radiology and Oncology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hilton Leão Filho
- Radiology Institute, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia de Sá Pinto
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Laboratory of Assessment and Conditioning in Rheumatology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clovis Artur Silva
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Children's Institute, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucia Maria Arruda Campos
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Children's Institute, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nadia Emi Aikawa
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Children's Institute, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Saulo Gil
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Laboratory of Assessment and Conditioning in Rheumatology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Rodrigues Pereira
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Laboratory of Assessment and Conditioning in Rheumatology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Laboratory of Assessment and Conditioning in Rheumatology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gäbler M, Berberyan HS, Prieske O, Elferink-Gemser MT, Hortobágyi T, Warnke T, Granacher U. Strength Training Intensity and Volume Affect Performance of Young Kayakers/Canoeists. Front Physiol 2021; 12:686744. [PMID: 34248673 PMCID: PMC8264585 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.686744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to compare the effects of moderate intensity, low volume (MILV) vs. low intensity, high volume (LIHV) strength training on sport-specific performance, measures of muscular fitness, and skeletal muscle mass in young kayakers and canoeists. Methods Semi-elite young kayakers and canoeists (N = 40, 13 ± 0.8 years, 11 girls) performed either MILV (70–80% 1-RM, 6–12 repetitions per set) or LIHV (30–40% 1-RM, 60–120 repetitions per set) strength training for one season. Linear mixed-effects models were used to compare effects of training condition on changes over time in 250 and 2,000 m time trials, handgrip strength, underhand shot throw, average bench pull power over 2 min, and skeletal muscle mass. Both between- and within-subject designs were used for analysis. An alpha of 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance. Results Between- and within-subject analyses showed that monthly changes were greater in LIHV vs. MILV for the 2,000 m time trial (between: 9.16 s, SE = 2.70, p < 0.01; within: 2,000 m: 13.90 s, SE = 5.02, p = 0.01) and bench pull average power (between: 0.021 W⋅kg–1, SE = 0.008, p = 0.02; within: 0.010 W⋅kg–1, SE = 0.009, p > 0.05). Training conditions did not affect other outcomes. Conclusion Young sprint kayakers and canoeists benefit from LIHV more than MILV strength training in terms of 2,000 m performance and muscular endurance (i.e., 2 min bench pull power).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Gäbler
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hermine S Berberyan
- Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Olaf Prieske
- Division of Exercise and Movement, University of Applied Sciences for Sports and Management Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marije T Elferink-Gemser
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Torsten Warnke
- Research Group Canoeing, Institute for Applied Training Science, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Effects of Plyometric and Short Sprint with Change-of-Direction Training in Male U17 Soccer Players. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11114767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This project investigated the effect of adding 8 weeks of bi-weekly plyometric and short sprint with change-of-direction (PSSCoD) training into standard training for elite youth soccer players from Tunisia. A training group (n = 18; age: 16.6 ± 0.5 years; body mass: 63.2 ± 4.8 kg; stature: 1.73 ± 0.07 m; body fat: 11.2 ± 1.7%), and control group (n = 16; age: 16.6 ± 0.5 years; body mass: 63.6 ± 4.3 kg; height: 1.73 ± 0.06 m; body fat: 11.6 ± 1.5%) participated. The pre- and post-intervention measures were squat-jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), standing long jump (SLJ), 5 m and 20 m sprint, change-of-direction ability (4 × 5 m sprint test (S 4 × 5 m)), repeated sprint ability (RSA), and static balance (stork balance test). The training group displayed superior jump (all p < 0.05; d > 0.49), sprint (p < 0.05; d > 0.52), change-of-direction ability (p < 0.01; d = 0.78), RSA (p < 0.01; d > 0.70), and static balance (p < 0.05; d > 0.49) improvements. Adding bi-weekly PSSCoD improves the athletic performance of young soccer players.
Collapse
|
35
|
Tumkur Anil Kumar N, Oliver JL, Lloyd RS, Pedley JS, Radnor JM. The Influence of Growth, Maturation and Resistance Training on Muscle-Tendon and Neuromuscular Adaptations: A Narrative Review. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:59. [PMID: 34066778 PMCID: PMC8150311 DOI: 10.3390/sports9050059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the growth, maturation and resistance training-related changes in muscle-tendon and neuromuscular mechanisms in youth, and the subsequent effect on performance. Sprinting, jumping, kicking, and throwing are common movements in sport that have been shown to develop naturally with age, with improvements in performance being attributed to growth and maturity-related changes in neuromuscular mechanisms. These changes include moderate to very large increases in muscle physiological cross-sectional area (CSA), muscle volume and thickness, tendon CSA and stiffness, fascicle length, muscle activation, pre-activation, stretch reflex control accompanied by large reductions in electro-mechanical delay and co-contraction. Furthermore, a limited number of training studies examining neuromuscular changes following four to 20 weeks of resistance training have reported trivial to moderate differences in tendon stiffness, muscle CSA, muscle thickness, and motor unit activation accompanied by reductions in electromechanical delay (EMD) in pre-pubertal children. However, the interaction of maturity- and training-related neuromuscular adaptions remains unclear. An understanding of how different neuromuscular mechanisms adapt in response to growth, maturation and training is important in order to optimise training responsiveness in youth populations. Additionally, the impact that these muscle-tendon and neuromuscular changes have on force producing capabilities underpinning performance is unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nakul Tumkur Anil Kumar
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
| | - Jon L. Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rhodri S. Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, 3200 Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Jason S. Pedley
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
| | - John M. Radnor
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Effects of Resistance Training on Physical Fitness in Healthy Children and Adolescents: An Umbrella Review. Sports Med 2021; 50:1901-1928. [PMID: 32757164 PMCID: PMC7575465 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01327-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Over the past decades, an exponential growth has occurred with regards to the number of scientific publications including meta-analyses on youth resistance training (RT). Accordingly, it is timely to summarize findings from meta-analyses in the form of an umbrella review. Objectives To systematically review and summarise the findings of published meta-analyses that investigated the effects of RT on physical fitness in children and adolescents. Design Systematic umbrella review of meta-analyses. Data Sources Meta-analyses were identified using systematic literature searches in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Eligibility Criteria for Selecting Meta-analyses Meta-analyses that examined the effects of RT on physical fitness (e.g., muscle strength, muscle power) in healthy youth (≤ 18 years). Results Fourteen meta-analyses were included in this umbrella review. Eleven of these meta-analyses reported between-subject effect sizes which are important to eliminate bias due to growth and maturation. RT produced medium-to-large effects on muscle strength, small-to-large effects on muscle power, small-to-medium effects on linear sprint, a medium effect on agility/change-of-direction speed, small-to-large effects on throwing performance, and a medium effect on sport-specific enhancement. There were few consistent moderating effects of maturation, age, sex, expertise level, or RT type on muscle strength and muscle power across the included meta-analyses. The analysed meta-analyses showed low-to-moderate methodological quality (AMSTAR2) as well as presented evidence of low-to-very low quality (GRADE). Conclusion This umbrella review proved the effectiveness of RT in youth on a high evidence level. The magnitude of effects varies according to the respective outcome measure and it appears to follow the principle of training specificity. Larger effect sizes were found for strength-related outcome measures. Future studies should consistently report data on participants’ maturational status. More research is needed with prepubertal children and girls, irrespective of their maturational status. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s40279-020-01327-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
37
|
Acute effects of different balance exercise types on selected measures of physical fitness in youth female volleyball players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:29. [PMID: 33743814 PMCID: PMC7981889 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Earlier studies have shown that balance training (BT) has the potential to induce performance enhancements in selected components of physical fitness (i.e., balance, muscle strength, power, speed). While there is ample evidence on the long-term effects of BT on components of physical fitness in youth, less is known on the short-term or acute effects of single BT sessions on selected measures of physical fitness. OBJECTIVE To examine the acute effects of different balance exercise types on balance, change-of-direction (CoD) speed, and jump performance in youth female volleyball players. METHODS Eleven female players aged 14 years participated in this study. Three types of balance exercises (i.e., anterior, posterolateral, rotational type) were conducted in randomized order. For each exercise, 3 sets including 5 repetitions were performed. Before and after the performance of the balance exercises, participants were tested for their static balance (center of pressure surface area [CoP SA] and velocity [CoP V]) on foam and firm surfaces, CoD speed (T-Half test), and vertical jump height (countermovement jump [CMJ] height). A 3 (condition: anterior, mediolateral, rotational balance exercise type) × 2 (time: pre, post) analysis of variance was computed with repeated measures on time. RESULTS Findings showed no significant condition × time interactions for all outcome measures (p > 0.05). However, there were small main effects of time for CoP SA on firm and foam surfaces (both d = 0.38; all p < 0.05) with no effect for CoP V on both surface conditions (p > 0.05). For CoD speed, findings showed a large main effect of time (d = 0.91; p < 0.001). However, for CMJ height, no main effect of time was observed (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results indicated small-to-large changes in balance and CoD speed performances but not in CMJ height in youth female volleyball players, regardless of the balance exercise type. Accordingly, it is recommended to regularly integrate balance exercises before the performance of sport-specific training to optimize performance development in youth female volleyball players. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study does not report results related to health care interventions using human participants and therefore it was not prospectively registered.
Collapse
|
38
|
Silva-Moya G, Méndez-Rebolledo G, Valdes-Badilla P, Gómez-Álvarez N, Guzmán-Muñoz E. Effects of neuromuscular training on psychomotor development and active joint position sense in school children. J Mot Behav 2021; 54:57-66. [PMID: 33616000 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2021.1887072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
As psychomotor development occurs in a specific social context, the environment in which a child is reared is important. The randomized study involved forty-five school children between 8 and 10 years. They were assigned to a control group (n = 23) and a neuromuscular training group (n = 22). A neuromuscular intervention for six weeks, on two nonconsecutive days, and in a circuit with 30-second stations was performed. The psychomotor development was evaluated through a psychomotor battery and the active joint position sense through the positional error. In the control group, the positional error decreased significantly in the shoulder (p < 0.001) and hip (p < 0.001), while the scores of motor function increased significantly which included balance (p < 0.001), spatio-temporal structuring (p = 0.022), global praxia (p = 0.002), and fine praxia (p = 0.003). In the neuromuscular training group, the positional error decreased significantly in the shoulder (p = 0.015), elbow (p = 0.015), wrist (p < 0.001), hip (p < 0.001), knee (p < 0.001), and ankle (p < 0.001), while the motor function scores increased significantly which included tonicity (p < 0.001), balance (p < 0.001), notion of the body (p < 0.001), spatio-temporal structuring (p < 0.001), global praxia (p < 0.001), and fine praxia (p < 0.001). A six-week neuromuscular training improved active joint position sense and psychomotor development in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Silva-Moya
- Programa de Magíster en Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte Aplicadas al Entrenamiento, Rehabilitación y Reintegro Deportivo, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Pablo Valdes-Badilla
- Departamento en ciencias de la actividad física, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Nicolás Gómez-Álvarez
- Grupo de Investigación AFSYE, Pedagogía en Educación Física, Universidad Adventista de Chile, Chillán, Chile
| | - Eduardo Guzmán-Muñoz
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Targeted Application of Motor Learning Theory to Leverage Youth Neuroplasticity for Enhanced Injury-Resistance and Exercise Performance: OPTIMAL PREP. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42978-020-00085-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
40
|
Greater Power but Not Strength Gains Using Flywheel Versus Equivolumed Traditional Strength Training in Junior Basketball Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18031181. [PMID: 33572738 PMCID: PMC7908554 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of the present study was to compare the effects of flywheel strength training and traditional strength training on fitness attributes. Thirty-six well trained junior basketball players (n = 36; 17.58 ± 0.50 years) were recruited and randomly allocated into: Flywheel group (FST; n = 12), traditional strength training group (TST; n = 12) and control group (CON; n = 12). All groups attended 5 basketball practices and one official match a week during the study period. Experimental groups additionally participated in the eight-week, 1–2 d/w equivolume intervention conducted using a flywheel device (inertia = 0.075 kg·m−2) for FST or free weights (80%1 RM) for TST. Pre-to post changes in lower limb isometric strength (ISOMET), 5 and 20 m sprint time (SPR5m and SPR20m), countermovement jump height (CMJ) and change of direction ability (t-test) were assessed with analyses of variance (3 × 2 ANOVA). Significant group-by-time interaction was found for ISOMET (F = 6.40; p = 0.000), CMJ (F = 7.45; p = 0.001), SPR5m (F = 7.45; p = 0.010) and T test (F = 10.46; p = 0.000). The results showed a significantly higher improvement in CMJ (p = 0.006; 11.7% vs. 6.8%), SPR5m (p = 0.001; 10.3% vs. 5.9%) and t-test (p = 0.045; 2.4% vs. 1.5%) for FST compared to the TST group. Simultaneously, th FST group had higher improvement in ISOMET (p = 0.014; 18.7% vs. 2.9%), CMJ (p = 0.000; 11.7% vs. 0.3%), SPR5m (p = 0.000; 10.3% vs. 3.4%) and t-test (p = 0.000; 2.4% vs. 0.6%) compared to the CON group. Players from the TST group showed better results in CMJ (p = 0.006; 6.8% vs. 0.3%) and t-test (p = 0.018; 1.5% vs. 0.6%) compared to players from the CON group. No significant group-by-time interaction was found for sprint 20 m (F = 2.52; p = 0.088). Eight weeks of flywheel training (1–2 sessions per week) performed at maximum concentric intensity induces superior improvements in CMJ, 5 m sprint time and change of direction ability than equivolumed traditional weight training in well trained junior basketball players. Accordingly, coaches and trainers could be advised to use flywheel training for developing power related performance attributes in young basketball players.
Collapse
|
41
|
Aboufazeli M, Afshar-Mohajer N, Jafarpisheh MS, Heidari M, Akbari M. Recovery of the lumbar multifidus muscle size in chronic low back pain patients by strengthening hip abductors: A randomized clinical trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2020; 26:147-152. [PMID: 33992236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Decrease in cross-sectional thickness of lumbar multifidus (MF) muscles during prolonged low back pain episodes commonly occurs. Restoration of the MF muscle size can be an effective way of treating chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients. Traditionally, clinicians apply muscle stabilization exercises for these patients. Recent studies support the need for active strengthening exercises for treatment of the CLBP patients. OBJECTIVE The MF muscles provide lumbar stability, and therefore we hypothesized that strengthening of these muscles can be more effective than the MF muscle stabilization exercises in restoration of the muscle size. DESIGN Study design was a randomized allocation control trial with two groups of adult female CLBP patients (n = 12 each; age range of 20-45). Patients in the control group underwent stabilization exercises and the patients in the intervention group underwent the hip abductor strengthening exercises. SETTING For all subjects of each group, the trials continued in 24 sessions distributed over 8 weeks and the MF muscles were measured in the beginning of the first session and one week after completion of the last session. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Statistical significance (p-value) of the change in the average MF muscle thickness, pain, and disability scores along with for each group were estimated. RESULTS Both regimens of exercises can significantly decrease the pain and disability: average pain and disability reductions of 46% (p-value of 0.001) and 33% (p-value of 0.02) via stabilization versus average pain and disability reductions of 65% (p-value of 0.001) and 59% (p-value of 0.001) via hip abductor strengthening. However, the hip abductor strengthening is the sole statistically significant exercise regimen (p-value of 0.014 vs 0.94) for increasing the MF muscle size. CONCLUSION Replacement of the traditional stabilization exercises with the hip abductor strengthening exercises for effective treatment of female adults with CLBP is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Aboufazeli
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, International Campus of Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; College of Health Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Mohsen Heidari
- Department of Orthopaedic, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Akbari
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, International Campus of Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hortobágyi T, Granacher U, Fernandez-Del-Olmo M, Howatson G, Manca A, Deriu F, Taube W, Gruber M, Márquez G, Lundbye-Jensen J, Colomer-Poveda D. Functional relevance of resistance training-induced neuroplasticity in health and disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 122:79-91. [PMID: 33383071 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive, monotonic, and effortful voluntary muscle contractions performed for just a few weeks, i.e., resistance training, can substantially increase maximal voluntary force in the practiced task and can also increase gross motor performance. The increase in motor performance is often accompanied by neuroplastic adaptations in the central nervous system. While historical data assigned functional relevance to such adaptations induced by resistance training, this claim has not yet been systematically and critically examined in the context of motor performance across the lifespan in health and disease. A review of muscle activation, brain and peripheral nerve stimulation, and imaging data revealed that increases in motor performance and neuroplasticity tend to be uncoupled, making a mechanistic link between neuroplasticity and motor performance inconclusive. We recommend new approaches, including causal mediation analytical and hypothesis-driven models to substantiate the functional relevance of resistance training-induced neuroplasticity in the improvements of gross motor function across the lifespan in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Hortobágyi
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical CenterGroningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Miguel Fernandez-Del-Olmo
- Area of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Center for Sport Studies, King Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK; Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Andrea Manca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Franca Deriu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Taube
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gruber
- Human Performance Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Márquez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jesper Lundbye-Jensen
- Movement & Neuroscience, Department of Nutrition, Exercise & Sports Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagenk, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Myburgh GK, Pfeifer CE, Hecht CJ. Warm-ups for Youth Athletes: Making the First 15-Minutes Count. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
44
|
Bouteraa I, Negra Y, Shephard RJ, Chelly MS. Effects of Combined Balance and Plyometric Training on Athletic Performance in Female Basketball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1967-1973. [PMID: 29489714 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bouteraa, I, Negra, Y, Shephard, RJ, and Chelly, MS. Effects of combined balance and plyometric training on athletic performance in female basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 34(7): 1967-1973, 2020-The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 8 weeks combined balance and plyometric training on the physical fitness of female adolescent basketball players. Twenty-six healthy regional-level players were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (E; n = 16, age = 16.4 ± 0.5) or a control group (C; n = 10, age = 16.5 ± 0.5). C maintained their normal basketball training schedule, whereas for 8 weeks E replaced a part of their standard regimen by biweekly combined training sessions. Testing before and after training included the squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), drop jump (DJ), 5-, 10-, and 20-m sprints, Stork balance test (SBT), Y-balance test (YBT) and modified Illinois change of direction test (MICODT). Results indicated no significant intergroup differences in SJ and CMJ height; however, E increased their DJ height (p < 0.05, Cohens'd = 0.11). No significant intergroup differences were found for sprint performance or SBT, but dynamic YBT tended to a significant group interaction (p = 0.087, d = 0.006). Post hoc analysis also showed a significant increase of MICODT for E (Δ 6.68%, p = 0.041, d = 0.084). In summary, the addition of 8 weeks of balance and plyometric training to regular in-season basketball training proved a safe and feasible intervention that enhanced DJ height, balance, and agility for female adolescent basketball players relative to the standard basketball training regimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ichrak Bouteraa
- Research Unit (UR17JS01), Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, University of "La Manouba," Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yassine Negra
- Research Unit (UR17JS01), Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, University of "La Manouba," Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Roy J Shephard
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Mohamed Souhaiel Chelly
- Research Unit (UR17JS01), Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, University of "La Manouba," Tunis, Tunisia.,Department of Biological Sciences Applied for Physical Activities and Sport, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, University of "La Manouba," Tunis, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bakalľár I, Šimonek J, Kanásová J, Krčmárová B, Krčmár M. Multiple athletic performances, maturation, and Functional Movement Screen total and individual scores across different age categories in young soccer players. J Exerc Rehabil 2020; 16:432-441. [PMID: 33178645 PMCID: PMC7609856 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2040546.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate differences in multiple athletic performances, and to examine associations between athletic performance and Functional Movement Screen (FMS) in young soccer players. Forty-one soccer players were tested on peak height velocity (PHV), 5-, 10-, and 30-m sprint times, 505 change of direction (505 COD), Y-reactive agility tests, countermovement jump (CMJ), and squat jump (SJ) height. Significant main effects (P<0.01) were recorded in all tests except FMS total score whereas the U16 group outperformed U12 and U14 in almost each test. However, when the results were adjusted to the PHV 7 of 11 tests were nonsignificant. Significant associations were recorded between trunk stability push-up (TSPU) and 5 m (P=0.04) and 505 COD (preferred) times (P=0.01), and SJ height (P=0.03) in the U12. In the U14, significant associations were recoded between TSPU and SJ (P<0.01) and CMJ height (P=0.03). In the U16, significant associations were recorded between deep overhead squat and 5-m sprint time (P=0.02) and CMJ height (P=0.04). Results of this study indicate that athletic performance in young soccer players is multidimensional in nature, and it is a consequence of several factors including maturation, different training strategies, and movement proficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Bakalľár
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Jaromír Šimonek
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Janka Kanásová
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Bohumila Krčmárová
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Matúš Krčmár
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Can We Capitalize on Central Nervous System Plasticity in Young Athletes to Inoculate Against Injury? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42978-020-00080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
47
|
Diekfuss JA, Bonnette S, Hogg JA, Riehm C, Grooms DR, Singh H, Anand M, Slutsky-Ganesh AB, Wilkerson GB, Myer GD. Practical Training Strategies to Apply Neuro-Mechanistic Motor Learning Principles to Facilitate Adaptations Towards Injury-Resistant Movement in Youth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42978-020-00083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
48
|
Chaouachi A, Ben Othman A, Chaouachi M, Hechmi A, Farthing JP, Granacher U, Behm DG. Comparison of Cross-Education and Global Training Effects in Adults and Youth After Unilateral Strength Training. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2121-2131. [PMID: 32833889 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chaouachi, A, Ben Othman, A, Chaouachi, M, Hechmi, A, Farthing, JP, Granacher, U, and Behm, DG. Comparison of cross-education and global training effects in adults and youth after unilateral strength training. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Youth strength training research examining contralateral, homologous (cross-education), and heterologous (global training) effects after unilateral training have provided mixed results and the relationship to adults has not been compared. The objective was to compare adult and youth cross-education and global training effects on dominant and nondominant limb testing. Initially, 15 men and 15 prepubertal boys volunteered for each unilateral chest press (CP), handgrip training, and control groups (n = 89). Individuals trained their dominant limb 3 times per week for 8 weeks and had their dominant and nondominant limbs tested for CP and leg press 1 repetition maximum (1RM), handgrip, knee extension and flexion, and elbow extension and flexion maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs). Adult CP training gains were significantly greater than youth with lower-body testing (p = 0.002-0.06), whereas youth CP training gains exceeded adults with upper-body tests (p = 0.03-0.07). Training specificity was evident with greater CP 1RM increases with CP vs. handgrip training for both youth (p < 0.0001) and adults (p < 0.0001). Handgrip training elicited greater gains in handgrip MVICs compared with other strength tests (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, only contralateral CP 1RM showed a training advantage for unilateral CP over unilateral handgrip training. Adults showed greater gains with lower-body testing, whereas youth showed greater gains with upper-body testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anis Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation," National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.,AUT University, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Aymen Ben Othman
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation," National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mehdi Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation," National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.,Movement Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, University of Rennes 2-ENS Cachan, Rennes, France
| | - Abderraouf Hechmi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation," National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jonathan P Farthing
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Short-Term Compound Training on Physical Performance in Young Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8080108. [PMID: 32751640 PMCID: PMC7466703 DOI: 10.3390/sports8080108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of a five-week compound training (with strength and plyometric exercises performed on separate days) on sprint, change of direction, and vertical jump in young soccer players. Eighteen novices in strength and plyometric training were assigned to either a compound training (CMPT) or a control condition (CNT). Both groups trained three times per week. One session was dedicated to soccer-specific drills. The other two weekly sessions were dedicated to circuit-based training routines employing on one-day strength exercises and on the other day plyometric exercises in the CMPT group. At the same time, the CNT group performed two weekly soccer-specific training sessions. All players were tested by 15-m sprint, change-of-direction and acceleration test (CODAT), squat jump, and countermovement jump with arms swing tests. CMPT group improved CODAT, squat jump and countermovement jump to a higher extent compared to CNT group (large vs small or trivial effects, p < 0.05), while both groups had similar 15-m sprint performance (p > 0.05). These results support the use of compound training to improve change of direction and vertical jump performances in young novice soccer players, which are unfamiliar with structured and advanced strength and plyometric training.
Collapse
|
50
|
Hammami R, Duncan MJ, Nebigh A, Werfelli H, Rebai H. The Effects of 6 Weeks Eccentric Training on Speed, Dynamic Balance, Muscle Strength, Power, and Lower Limb Asymmetry in Prepubescent Weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:955-962. [PMID: 32483061 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hammami, R, Duncan, MJ, Nebigh, A, Werfelli, H, and Rebai, H. The effects of 6 weeks eccentric training on speed, dynamic balance, muscle strength, power and lower limb asymmetry in prepubescent weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-This study examined whether 6 weeks of twice-weekly in-season hamstring eccentric training would enhance selected performance-related abilities in prepubescent male weightlifters. Twenty elite weightlifters (11.1 ± 0.8 years) were randomly split into an eccentric training intervention group (INT n = 10) or a control group (CON) that maintained their standard in-season regimen (n = 10). Pre-intervention and postintervention speed, dynamic balance, muscle strength, power, and lower limb (LL) asymmetry were assessed. Analysis of covariance controlling for maturation was used to determine any differences in the performance variables. There were no significant changes in muscle strength, dynamic balance, or LL asymmetry (all p < 0.05) because of the intervention. Both 10-m (p = 0.001) and 30-m (p = 0.007) sprint speed and agility (p = 0.049) improved to a greater extent in INT compared with the CON group. Similar results were evident for the standing long jump (p = 0.015) and 3 hop test (p = 0.004) where performance improved to a greater magnitude in INT compared with CON groups. This study suggests that eccentric training, undertaken twice weekly for 6-weeks results in positive changes in sprint speed, change of direction speed, and power performance, but not muscle strength, dynamic balance, or LL asymmetry in prepubertal weightlifters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raouf Hammami
- Research Unit, "Education, Motricity, Sports and Health" (UR 15JS01), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Michael J Duncan
- Center for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Ammar Nebigh
- Research Unit, "Education, Motricity, Sports and Health" (UR 15JS01), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hanen Werfelli
- Research Unit, "Education, Motricity, Sports and Health" (UR 15JS01), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Haithem Rebai
- Research Unit, "Education, Motricity, Sports and Health" (UR 15JS01), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|