1
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Han J, Jang KL. All-trans retinoic acid downregulates HBx levels via E6-associated protein-mediated proteasomal degradation to suppress hepatitis B virus replication. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305350. [PMID: 38861553 PMCID: PMC11166335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), recognized as the principal and most biologically potent metabolite of vitamin A, has been identified for its inhibitory effects on hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. The present study reveals that ATRA induces E6-associated protein (E6AP)-mediated proteasomal degradation of HBx to suppress HBV replication in human hepatoma cells in a p53-dependent pathway. For this effect, ATRA induced promoter hypomethylation of E6AP in the presence of HBx, which resulted in the upregulation of E6AP levels in HepG2 but not in Hep3B cells, emphasizing the p53-dependent nature of this effect. As a consequence, ATRA augmented the interaction between E6AP and HBx, resulting in substantial ubiquitination of HBx and consequent reduction in HBx protein levels in both the HBx overexpression system and the in vitro HBV replication model. Additionally, the knockdown of E6AP under ATRA treatment reduced the interaction between HBx and E6AP and decreased the ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of HBx, which prompted a recovery of HBV replication in the presence of ATRA, as confirmed by increased levels of intracellular HBV proteins and secreted HBV levels. This study not only contributes to the understanding of the complex interactions between ATRA, p53, E6AP, and HBx but also provides an academic basis for the clinical employment of ATRA in the treatment of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoo Han
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, The Graduate School, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Lib Jang
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, The Graduate School, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Microbiological Resource Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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2
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He P, Zhang P, Fang Y, Han N, Yang W, Xia Z, Zhu Y, Zhang Z, Shen J. The role of HBV cccDNA in occult hepatitis B virus infection. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:2297-2307. [PMID: 36735210 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04660-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (OBI) refers to the presence of replication-competent HBV DNA in the liver, with or without HBV DNA in the blood, in individuals who tested negative for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). In this peculiar phase of HBV infection, the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is in a low state of replication. Several advances have been made toward clarifying the mechanisms involved in such a suppression of viral activity, which seems to be mainly related to the host's immune control and epigenetic factors. Although the underlying mechanisms describing the genesis of OBI are not completely known, the presence of viral cccDNA, which remains in a low state of replication due to the host's strong immune suppression of HBV replication and gene expression, appears to be the causative factor. Through this review, we have provided an updated account on the role of HBV cccDNA in regulating OBI. We have comprehensively described the HBV cell cycle, cccDNA kinetics, current regulatory mechanisms, and the therapeutic methods of cccDNA in OBI-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Peixin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yaping Fang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ning Han
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wensu Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoxin Xia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Jilu Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China.
- Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Han J, Jang KL. All- trans Retinoic Acid Inhibits Hepatitis B Virus Replication by Downregulating HBx Levels via Siah-1-Mediated Proteasomal Degradation. Viruses 2023; 15:1456. [PMID: 37515144 PMCID: PMC10386411 DOI: 10.3390/v15071456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), the most biologically active metabolite of vitamin A, is known to abolish the potential of HBx to downregulate the levels of p14, p16, and p21 and to stimulate cell growth during hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, contributing to its chemopreventive and therapeutic effects against HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Here, we demonstrated that ATRA antagonizes HBx to inhibit HBV replication. For this effect, ATRA individually or in combination with HBx upregulated p53 levels, resulting in upregulation of seven in absentia homolog 1 (Siah-1) levels. Siah-1, an E3 ligase, induces ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of HBx in the presence of ATRA. The ability of ATRA to induce Siah-1-mediated HBx degradation and the subsequent inhibition of HBV replication was proven in an in vitro HBV replication model. The effects of ATRA became invalid when either p53 or Siah-1 was knocked down by a specific shRNA, providing direct evidence for the role of p53 and Siah-1 in the negative regulation of HBV replication by ATRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoo Han
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, The Graduate School, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Lib Jang
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, The Graduate School, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Microbiological Resource Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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4
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Boora S, Sharma V, Kaushik S, Bhupatiraju AV, Singh S, Kaushik S. Hepatitis B virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma: a persistent global problem. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:679-689. [PMID: 37059940 PMCID: PMC10235410 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00970-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections are highly prevalent globally, representing a serious public health problem. The diverse modes of transmission and the burden of the chronic carrier population pose challenges to the effective management of HBV. Vaccination is the most effective preventive measure available in the current scenario. Still, HBV is one of the significant health issues in various parts of the globe due to non-response to vaccines, the high number of concealed carriers, and the lack of access and awareness. Universal vaccination programs must be scaled up in neonates, especially in the developing parts of the world, to prevent new HBV infections. Novel treatments like combinational therapy, gene silencing, and new antivirals must be available for effective management. The prolonged infection of HBV, direct and indirect, can promote the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The present review emphasizes the problems and probable solutions for better managing HBV infections, causal risk factors of HCC, and mechanisms of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjit Boora
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, 124001, Haryana, Rohtak, India
| | - Vikrant Sharma
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, 124001, Haryana, Rohtak, India
| | | | | | - Sandeep Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Samander Kaushik
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, 124001, Haryana, Rohtak, India.
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5
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Identification of the Interaction between Minichromosome Maintenance Proteins and the Core Protein of Hepatitis B Virus. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:752-764. [PMID: 36661536 PMCID: PMC9857746 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic HBV infection is a major cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Finding host factors involved in the viral life cycle and elucidating their mechanisms is essential for developing innovative strategies for treating HBV. The HBV core protein has pleiotropic roles in HBV replication; thus, finding the interactions between the core protein and host factors is important in clarifying the mechanism of viral infection and proliferation. Recent studies have revealed that core proteins are involved in cccDNA formation, transcriptional regulation, and RNA metabolism, in addition to their primary functions of capsid formation and pgRNA packaging. Here, we report the interaction of the core protein with MCMs, which have an essential role in host DNA replication. The knockdown of MCM2 led to increased viral replication during infection, suggesting that MCM2 serves as a restriction factor for HBV proliferation. This study opens the possibility of elucidating the relationship between core proteins and host factors and their function in viral proliferation.
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6
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Shi Y, Jin X, Wu S, Liu J, Zhang H, Cai X, Yang Y, Zhang X, Wei J, Luo M, Zhou H, Zhou H, Huang A, Wang D. Release of hepatitis B virions is positively regulated by glucose-regulated protein 78 through direct interaction with preS1. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28271. [PMID: 36321566 PMCID: PMC10107996 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the mechanism of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-enveloped particle release. Specifically, we used preS1 as a bait protein to screen host proteins using mass spectroscopy, with the results of immunofluorescence, western blot, co-immunoprecipitation, isothermal titration calorimetry, and pull-down assays identifying glucose-regulated protein (GRP)78 as a specific target for preS1 binding. We employed transcriptome sequencing, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and particle gel assays to investigate the mechanism of GRP78-mediated positive regulation of HBV-enveloped particle release. Additionally, we performed phage-display, surface plasmon resonance, and molecular-docking assays to assess peptides inhibiting enveloped-particle release. We found that HBV upregulated GRP78 expression in liver cell lines and the serum of patients with chronic hepatitis B. Furthermore, GRP78 promoted the release of HBV-enveloped particles in vitro and in vivo within an HBV transgenic mouse model. Moreover, we identified interactions of preS1 peptides with GRP78 via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, which effectively inhibited its interaction with HBV-enveloped particles and their subsequent release. These findings provide novel insights regarding HBV virion release, and demonstrated that GRP78 interacted with preS1 to positively regulate the release of HBV-enveloped particles, suggesting GRP78 as a potential therapeutic target for inhibiting HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China.,College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The People's Hospital of Yubei District of Chongqing City, Yubei, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Jin
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Harbin, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Children Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Junye Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Hongpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China.,Department of Blood Transfusion, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yubei, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuefei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Wei
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China
| | - Miao Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The People's Hospital of Yubei District of Chongqing City, Yubei, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China
| | - Huihao Zhou
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ailong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China
| | - Deqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China.,College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China
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7
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Bhat S, Kazim SN. HBV cccDNA-A Culprit and Stumbling Block for the Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Its Presence in Hepatocytes Perplexed the Possible Mission for a Functional Cure. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:24066-24081. [PMID: 35874215 PMCID: PMC9301636 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) is still a big health problem across the globe. It has been linked to the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and can trigger different types of liver damage. Existing medicines are unable to disable covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), which may result in HBV persistence and recurrence. The current therapeutic goal is to achieve a functional cure, which means HBV-DNA no longer exists when treatment stops and the absence of HBsAg seroclearance. However, due to the presence of integrated HBV DNA and cccDNA functional treatment is now regarded to be difficult. In order to uncover pathways for potential therapeutic targets and identify medicines that could result in large rates of functional cure, a thorough understanding of the virus' biology is required. The proteins of the virus and episomal cccDNA are thought to be critical for the management and support of the HBV replication cycle as they interact directly with the host proteome to establish the best atmosphere for the virus while evading immune detection. The breakthroughs of host dependence factors, cccDNA transcription, epigenetic regulation, and immune-mediated breakdown have all produced significant progress in our understanding of cccDNA biology during the past decade. There are some strategies where cccDNA can be targeted either in a direct or indirect way and are presently at the point of discovery or preclinical or early clinical advancement. Editing of genomes, techniques targeting host dependence factors or epigenetic gene maintenance, nucleocapsid modulators, miRNA, siRNA, virion secretory inhibitors, and immune-mediated degradation are only a few examples. Though cccDNA approaches for direct targeting are still in the early stages of development, the assembly of capsid modulators and immune-reliant treatments have made it to the clinic. Clinical trials are currently being conducted to determine their efficiency and safety in patients, as well as their effect on viral cccDNA. The influence of recent breakthroughs in the development of new treatment techniques on cccDNA biology is also summarized in this review.
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8
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Asami J, Kimura KT, Fujita-Fujiharu Y, Ishida H, Zhang Z, Nomura Y, Liu K, Uemura T, Sato Y, Ono M, Yamamoto M, Noda T, Shigematsu H, Drew D, Iwata S, Shimizu T, Nomura N, Ohto U. Structure of the bile acid transporter and HBV receptor NTCP. Nature 2022; 606:1021-1026. [PMID: 35580629 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04845-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) affects more than 290 million people worldwide, is a major cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and results in an estimated 820,000 deaths annually1,2. For HBV infection to be established, a molecular interaction is required between the large glycoproteins of the virus envelope (known as LHBs) and the host entry receptor sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP), a sodium-dependent bile acid transporter from the blood to hepatocytes3. However, the molecular basis for the virus-transporter interaction is poorly understood. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of human, bovine and rat NTCPs in the apo state, which reveal the presence of a tunnel across the membrane and a possible transport route for the substrate. Moreover, the cryo-electron microscopy structure of human NTCP in the presence of the myristoylated preS1 domain of LHBs, together with mutation and transport assays, suggest a binding mode in which preS1 and the substrate compete for the extracellular opening of the tunnel in NTCP. Our preS1 domain interaction analysis enables a mechanistic interpretation of naturally occurring HBV-insusceptible mutations in human NTCP. Together, our findings provide a structural framework for HBV recognition and a mechanistic understanding of sodium-dependent bile acid translocation by mammalian NTCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinta Asami
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yoko Fujita-Fujiharu
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Hanako Ishida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhikuan Zhang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yayoi Nomura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kehong Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Uemura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yumi Sato
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ono
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Noda
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | | | - David Drew
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - So Iwata
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-gun, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shimizu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norimichi Nomura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Umeharu Ohto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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9
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Tsai HW, Lee YP, Yen CJ, Cheng KH, Huang CJ, Huang W. The Serum Hepatitis B Virus Large Surface Protein as High-Risk Recurrence Biomarker for Hepatoma after Curative Surgery. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105376. [PMID: 35628188 PMCID: PMC9140564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) virus infection is the most important cause of HCC and is also associated with tumor progression. The development of viral biomarkers for HCC prognosis is critical in evaluating relative risks to recurrence in the CHB HCC patients. We report that the large HBV surface protein (LHBS) expression increased in the tumors, implicating that it played a significant role in tumor development. To detect the LHBS in serum and evaluate its association with HCC progression, we developed a sandwich ELISA method for LHBS. The mouse monoclonal antibodies for the pre-S1, pre-S2, and HBS regions were in-house generated and constructed into a chemiluminescent sandwich ELISA system, which allowed sensitive and quantitative measurement of the protein. Using this ELISA assay, we estimated the expression of LHBS in CHB and HCC patients. We found that the serum LHBS level was correlated with the HBS but not the viral titer in serum, indicating that HBV surface proteins’ expression does not mainly depend on viral replication. Moreover, both serum LHBS and HBS levels were lower in the HCC patients than in the CHB. The liver LHBS signals, detected by immunohistochemical staining, showed significant correlations with the serum LHBS and HBS levels. In addition, the more elevated serum LHBS but not HBS level was significantly associated with cirrhosis and worse disease-free and overall survival rates, based on the multivariate analysis. Conclusion: LHBS plays a specific role in tumor progression and is an independent parameter associated with HCC recurrence. Serum LHBS represents a novel noninvasive biomarker for HCC patients with a worse prognosis after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Wen Tsai
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (H.-W.T.); (K.-H.C.)
| | - Yun-Ping Lee
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Jui Yen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
| | - Kuang-Hsiung Cheng
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (H.-W.T.); (K.-H.C.)
| | - Chien-Jung Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 10341, Taiwan;
| | - Wenya Huang
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (H.-W.T.); (K.-H.C.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-6-235-3535 (ext. 5766)
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10
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Ander SE, Li FS, Carpentier KS, Morrison TE. Innate immune surveillance of the circulation: A review on the removal of circulating virions from the bloodstream. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010474. [PMID: 35511797 PMCID: PMC9070959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Many viruses utilize the lymphohematogenous route for dissemination; however, they may not freely use this highway unchecked. The reticuloendothelial system (RES) is an innate defense system that surveys circulating blood, recognizing and capturing viral particles. Examination of the literature shows that the bulk of viral clearance is mediated by the liver; however, the precise mechanism(s) mediating viral vascular clearance vary between viruses and, in many cases, remains poorly defined. Herein, we summarize what is known regarding the recognition and capture of virions from the circulation prior to the generation of a specific antibody response. We also discuss the consequences of viral capture on viral pathogenesis and the fate of the captor cell. Finally, this understudied topic has implications beyond viral pathogenesis, including effects on arbovirus ecology and the application of virus-vectored gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E. Ander
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Frances S. Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kathryn S. Carpentier
- Department of Natural Sciences, Greensboro College, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Ye S, Lu C, Qiu Y, Zheng H, Ge X, Wu A, Xia Z, Jiang T, Zhu H, Peng Y. An atlas of human viruses provides new insights into diversity and tissue tropism of human viruses. Bioinformatics 2022; 38:3087-3093. [PMID: 35435220 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btac275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Viruses continue to threaten human health. Yet, the complete viral species carried by humans and their infection characteristics have not been fully revealed. RESULTS This study curated an atlas of human viruses from public databases and literature, and built the Human Virus Database (HVD). The HVD contains 1,131 virus species of 54 viral families which were more than twice the number of the human-infecting virus species reported in previous studies. These viruses were identified in human samples including 68 human tissues, the excreta and body fluid. The viral diversity in humans was age-dependent with a peak in the infant and a valley in the teenager. The tissue tropism of viruses was found to be associated with several factors including the viral group (DNA, RNA or reverse-transcribing viruses), enveloped or not, viral genome length and GC content, viral receptors and the virus-interacting proteins. Finally, the tissue tropism of DNA viruses was predicted using a random-forest algorithm with a middle performance. Overall, the study not only provides a valuable resource for further studies of human viruses, but also deepens our understanding towards the diversity and tissue tropism of human viruses. AVAILABILITY The HVD is available at http://computationalbiology.cn/humanVirusBase/#/. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifan Ye
- Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Congyu Lu
- Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Ye Qiu
- Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Heping Zheng
- Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Xingyi Ge
- Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Aiping Wu
- Center of System Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Zanxian Xia
- Department of Cell Biology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Taijiao Jiang
- Center of System Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Haizhen Zhu
- Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Yousong Peng
- Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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12
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Proulx J, Ghaly M, Park IW, Borgmann K. HIV-1-Mediated Acceleration of Oncovirus-Related Non-AIDS-Defining Cancers. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040768. [PMID: 35453518 PMCID: PMC9024568 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), overall survival has been improved, and the incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining cancers has also been remarkably reduced. However, non-AIDS-defining cancers among human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-associated malignancies have increased significantly so that cancer is the leading cause of death in people living with HIV in certain highly developed countries, such as France. However, it is currently unknown how HIV-1 infection raises oncogenic virus-mediated cancer risks in the HIV-1 and oncogenic virus co-infected patients, and thus elucidation of the molecular mechanisms for how HIV-1 expedites the oncogenic viruses-triggered tumorigenesis in the co-infected hosts is imperative for developing therapeutics to cure or impede the carcinogenesis. Hence, this review is focused on HIV-1 and oncogenic virus co-infection-mediated molecular processes in the acceleration of non-AIDS-defining cancers.
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13
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Schneider AL, Köhler H, Röthlisberger B, Grobholz R, McLin VA. Sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide deficiency. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2022; 46:101824. [PMID: 34757153 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2021.101824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little is known about bile acid transporter defects on the basolateral side of hepatocytes. In 2015 Vaz et al. published a first case of SLC10A1 mutation causing Na-taurocholate Co-transporting Polypeptide deficiency with hypercholanemia and normal bilirubin and Autotaxin levels. The index patient presented with failure to thrive, but without pruritus or jaundice. Several new cases have been published since, but the full spectrum of clinical presentation of mutations in SLC10A is not known. The primary aim of this review is to report a patient with a novel homozygous mutation and discuss the findings in the light of all other reported cases to date. MATERIAL AND METHODS We describe the findings of a patient with a previously unreported homozygous mutation and review all published cases to date in English on PubMed. RESULTS Our female patient born in 2002 presented with a feeding disorder and failure to thrive akin to the first description by Vaz. Workup suggested underlying liver disease although she did not complain of pruritus. Serum levels of aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and bilirubin were normal. Plasma bile acids were chronically elevated, up to 150-fold. A first liver biopsy performed at 2 years of age showed unspecific findings with focal steatosis. Ursodeoxycholic acid treatment was introduced and the liver panel monitored regularly. At age 14, a second biopsy was performed, and histology was within normal limits. At this time, serum Autotaxin levels were found to be in normal range. Finally, genetic analysis revealed a homozygous 5 bp deletion in the gene SLC10A1 resulting in a premature stop codon predicted to lead to a complete NTCP loss of function. Most other reported cases to date carry the c.800C>T (p.Ser267Phe) mutation and are asymptomatic. DISCUSSION NTCP deficiency appears to have a benign course as most patients are asymptomatic. Many patients seem to present with transient neonatal jaundice. Large variations in total plasma bile acid levels are observed between patients; they may be linked to the underlying genetic mutation or to yet uncharacterized compensatory mechanisms. Longer follow-up is needed to evaluate the long-term consequences of this newly identified inherited disease of bile acid transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Schneider
- Swiss Pediatric Liver Center, Division of Pediatric Specialties, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - H Köhler
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital of Aarau, Switzerland
| | - B Röthlisberger
- Laboratory for human genetic testing and genetic counselling, Zurich
| | - R Grobholz
- Department of Pathology, Hospital of Aarau, Switzerland
| | - V A McLin
- Swiss Pediatric Liver Center, Division of Pediatric Specialties, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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14
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Shahriar S, Araf Y, Ahmad R, Kattel P, Sah GS, Rahaman TI, Sadiea RZ, Sultana S, Islam MS, Zheng C, Hossain MG. Insights Into the Coinfections of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Hepatitis B Virus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Hepatitis C Virus, and Hepatitis B Virus-Hepatitis C Virus: Prevalence, Risk Factors, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:780887. [PMID: 35222296 PMCID: PMC8865087 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.780887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus are three blood-borne viruses that can cause major global health issues by increasing severe morbidity. There is a high risk of coinfection with these viruses in individuals because of their same transmission routes through blood using shared needles, syringes, other injection equipment, sexual transmission, or even vertical transmission. Coinfection can cause various liver-related illnesses, non-hepatic organ dysfunction, followed by death compared to any of these single infections. The treatment of coinfected patients is complicated due to the side effects of antiviral medication, resulting in drug resistance, hepatotoxicity, and a lack of required responses. On the other hand, coinfected individuals must be treated with multiple drugs simultaneously, such as for HIV either along with HBV or HCV and HBV and HCV. Therefore, diagnosing, treating, and controlling dual infections with HIV, HBV, or HCV is complicated and needs further investigation. This review focuses on the current prevalence, risk factors, and pathogenesis of dual infections with HIV, HBV, and HCV. We also briefly overviewed the diagnosis and treatment of coinfections of these three blood-borne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagarika Shahriar
- Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yusha Araf
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Rasel Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Pravakar Kattel
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Ganga Sagar Sah
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Tanjim Ishraq Rahaman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - Rahila Zannat Sadiea
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Shahnaj Sultana
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sayeedul Islam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Md. Golzar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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15
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) can hide in the liver in the form of covalently closed circular DNA. When the body’s immunity changes, HBV reactivation (HBV-R) can occur. The risk of HBV-R is determined by the complex interaction among virological factors, medication factors and host factors. However, many patients do not know that they are infected with HBV, and doctors often do not invest enough time to systematically evaluate the patient’s HBV-R risk factors before immunosuppressive treatment. Therefore, HBV clinical screening should be vigorously promoted to achieve early detection and early prevention for patients with high risk of HBV-R. The mechanism, clinical features, risk factors, HBV-R under different disease etiologies, prevention and treatment of HBV-R were summarized to improve the in-depth understanding and awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lingyao Du
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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16
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Giglione C, Meinnel T. Mapping the myristoylome through a complete understanding of protein myristoylation biochemistry. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 85:101139. [PMID: 34793862 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein myristoylation is a C14 fatty acid modification found in all living organisms. Myristoylation tags either the N-terminal alpha groups of cysteine or glycine residues through amide bonds or lysine and cysteine side chains directly or indirectly via glycerol thioester and ester linkages. Before transfer to proteins, myristate must be activated into myristoyl coenzyme A in eukaryotes or, in bacteria, to derivatives like phosphatidylethanolamine. Myristate originates through de novo biosynthesis (e.g., plants), from external uptake (e.g., human tissues), or from mixed origins (e.g., unicellular organisms). Myristate usually serves as a molecular anchor, allowing tagged proteins to be targeted to membranes and travel across endomembrane networks in eukaryotes. In this review, we describe and discuss the metabolic origins of protein-bound myristate. We review strategies for in vivo protein labeling that take advantage of click-chemistry with reactive analogs, and we discuss new approaches to the proteome-wide discovery of myristate-containing proteins. The machineries of myristoylation are described, along with how protein targets can be generated directly from translating precursors or from processed proteins. Few myristoylation catalysts are currently described, with only N-myristoyltransferase described to date in eukaryotes. Finally, we describe how viruses and bacteria hijack and exploit myristoylation for their pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Giglione
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Thierry Meinnel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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17
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Viral Membrane Fusion Proteins and RNA Sorting Mechanisms for the Molecular Delivery by Exosomes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113043. [PMID: 34831268 PMCID: PMC8622164 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The advancement of precision medicine critically depends on the robustness and specificity of the carriers used for the targeted delivery of effector molecules in the human body. Numerous nanocarriers have been explored in vivo, to ensure the precise delivery of molecular cargos via tissue-specific targeting, including the endocrine part of the pancreas, thyroid, and adrenal glands. However, even after reaching the target organ, the cargo-carrying vehicle needs to enter the cell and then escape lysosomal destruction. Most artificial nanocarriers suffer from intrinsic limitations that prevent them from completing the specific delivery of the cargo. In this respect, extracellular vesicles (EVs) seem to be the natural tool for payload delivery due to their versatility and low toxicity. However, EV-mediated delivery is not selective and is usually short-ranged. By inserting the viral membrane fusion proteins into exosomes, it is possible to increase the efficiency of membrane recognition and also ease the process of membrane fusion. This review describes the molecular details of the viral-assisted interaction between the target cell and EVs. We also discuss the question of the usability of viral fusion proteins in developing extracellular vesicle-based nanocarriers with a higher efficacy of payload delivery. Finally, this review specifically highlights the role of Gag and RNA binding proteins in RNA sorting into EVs.
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18
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Bao CY, Hung HC, Chen YW, Fan CY, Huang CJ, Huang W. Requirement of cyclin-dependent kinase function for hepatitis B virus cccDNA synthesis as measured by digital PCR. Ann Hepatol 2021; 19:280-286. [PMID: 31964596 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES HBV covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA is the key player in viral persistence and an important predictive biomarker for hepatitis relapse. Precise quantification of intracellular cccDNA is challenging because cccDNA is present in very low levels in hepatocytes, where it also co-exists with a large excess amount of relaxed circular (rc) DNA. We aimed to develop a highly sensitive cccDNA detection method for cccDNA quantification by digital PCR (dPCR). PATIENTS OR MATERIALS AND METHODS A standard plasmid containing the whole HBV genome in the closed circular conformation was employed to characterize the performance of dPCR. rcDNA in the growth medium of HBV-producing HepAD38 cells was used as a matrix for cccDNA detection. Intrahepatic cccDNA measurement by dPCR and qPCR was performed to determine the correlation of the analysis results for the two methods. RESULTS The limit of detection (LOD) of the cccDNA dPCR was 1.05copy/μl, and the linear range of detection was 1.02×104copies/μl, achieving a dynamic detection range of 104-fold. cccDNA measurement using excess rcDNA as the matrix did not reveal false-positive detection, indicating that dPCR was highly specific. In the HepAD38 cells, the cccDNA levels measured by dPCR were highly correlated with those measured by qPCR but had a higher sensitivity. The CDK inhibitor AZD-5438 was found to block intracellular cccDNA synthesis. CONCLUSIONS Dpcr greatly improved the sensitivity and specificity of cccDNA detection. Host CDK activities are likely required for cccDNA synthesis. dPCR can potentially be applied for drug screening for effective cccDNA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yu Bao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Chin Hung
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Cold Spring Biotech Corp, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Chien-Jung Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wenya Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Basic Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
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19
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Thyroid Hormone Effect on the Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Hepatocyte-Like Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060544. [PMID: 34200130 PMCID: PMC8230271 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) hold great potential as an unlimited source for obtaining hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) for drug research. However, current applications of HLCs have been severely limited by the inability to produce mature hepatocytes from hiPSCs in vitro. Thyroid hormones are one of the hormones that surge during the perinatal period when liver maturation takes place. Here we assessed the influence of thyroid hormone on hepatic progenitor differentiation to HLCs. We analyzed gene and protein expression of early and late hepatic markers and demonstrated the selective activity of thyroid hormone on different genes. Particularly, we demonstrated thyroid hormone-dependent inhibition of the fetal hepatic marker AFP. Our study sheds light on the role of thyroid hormone during liver differentiation and maturation.
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20
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de la Fuente IF, Sawant SS, Tolentino MQ, Corrigan PM, Rouge JL. Viral Mimicry as a Design Template for Nucleic Acid Nanocarriers. Front Chem 2021; 9:613209. [PMID: 33777893 PMCID: PMC7987652 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.613209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic nucleic acids hold immense potential in combating undruggable, gene-based diseases owing to their high programmability and relative ease of synthesis. While the delivery of this class of therapeutics has successfully entered the clinical setting, extrahepatic targeting, endosomal escape efficiency, and subcellular localization. On the other hand, viruses serve as natural carriers of nucleic acids and have acquired a plethora of structures and mechanisms that confer remarkable transfection efficiency. Thus, understanding the structure and mechanism of viruses can guide the design of synthetic nucleic acid vectors. This review revisits relevant structural and mechanistic features of viruses as design considerations for efficient nucleic acid delivery systems. This article explores how viral ligand display and a metastable structure are central to the molecular mechanisms of attachment, entry, and viral genome release. For comparison, accounted for are details on the design and intracellular fate of existing nucleic acid carriers and nanostructures that share similar and essential features to viruses. The review, thus, highlights unifying themes of viruses and nucleic acid delivery systems such as genome protection, target specificity, and controlled release. Sophisticated viral mechanisms that are yet to be exploited in oligonucleotide delivery are also identified as they could further the development of next-generation nonviral nucleic acid vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jessica L. Rouge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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21
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In Vitro Infection with Hepatitis B Virus Using Differentiated Human Serum Culture of Huh7.5-NTCP Cells without Requiring Dimethyl Sulfoxide. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010097. [PMID: 33445753 PMCID: PMC7828204 DOI: 10.3390/v13010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An estimated two billion people worldwide have been infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Despite the high infectivity of HBV in vivo, a lack of easily infectable in vitro culture systems hinders studies of HBV. Overexpression of the sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) bile acid transporter in hepatoma cells improved infection efficiency. We report here a hepatoma cell culture system that does not require dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for HBV infection. We overexpressed NTCP in Huh7.5 cells and allowed these cells to differentiate in a medium supplemented with human serum (HS) instead of fetal bovine serum (FBS). We show that human serum culture enhanced HBV infection in Huh7.5-NTCP cells, e.g., in HS cultures, HBV pgRNA levels were increased by as much as 200-fold in comparison with FBS cultures and 19-fold in comparison with FBS+DMSO cultures. Human serum culture increased levels of hepatocyte differentiation markers, such as albumin secretion, in Huh7.5-NTCP cells to similar levels found in primary human hepatocytes. N-glycosylation of NTCP induced by culture in human serum may contribute to viral entry. Our study demonstrates an in vitro HBV infection of Huh7.5-NTCP cells without the use of potentially toxic DMSO.
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22
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Hepatitis B Virus Exploits ERGIC-53 in Conjunction with COPII to Exit Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081889. [PMID: 32806600 PMCID: PMC7464876 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several decades after its discovery, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) still displays one of the most successful pathogens in human populations worldwide. The identification and characterization of interactions between cellular and pathogenic components are essential for the development of antiviral treatments. Due to its small-sized genome, HBV highly depends on cellular functions to produce and export progeny particles. Deploying biochemical-silencing methods and molecular interaction studies in HBV-expressing liver cells, we herein identified the cellular ERGIC-53, a high-mannose-specific lectin, and distinct components of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) export machinery COPII as crucial factors of viral trafficking and egress. Whereas the COPII subunits Sec24A, Sec23B and Sar1 are needed for both viral and subviral HBV particle exit, ERGIC-53 appears as an exclusive element of viral particle propagation, therefore interacting with the N146-glycan of the HBV envelope in a productive manner. Cell-imaging studies pointed to ER-derived, subcellular compartments where HBV assembly initiates. Moreover, our findings provide evidence that HBV exploits the functions of ERGIC-53 and Sec24A after the envelopment of nucleocapsids at these compartments in conjunction with endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) components. These data reveal novel insights into HBV assembly and trafficking, illustrating therapeutic prospects for intervening with the viral life cycle.
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23
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Design, Synthesis and Bioactive Evaluation of Oxime Derivatives of Dehydrocholic Acid as Anti-Hepatitis B Virus Agents. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153359. [PMID: 32722086 PMCID: PMC7435646 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxime derivatives of dehydrocholic acid and its esters were designed for anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) drugs according to principles of assembling active chemical fragments. Twelve compounds were synthesized from dehydrocholic acid by esterification and oxime formation, and their anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) activities were evaluated with HepG 2.2.15 cells. Results showed that 5 compounds exhibited more effective inhibition of HBeAg than positive control, among them 2b-3 and 2b-1 showed significant anti-HBV activities on inhibiting secretion of HBeAg (IC50 (2b-3) = 49.39 ± 12.78 μM, SI (2b-3) = 11.03; IC50 (2b-1) = 96.64 ± 28.99 μM, SI (2b-1) = 10.35) compared to the Entecavir (IC50 = 161.24 μM, SI = 3.72). Molecular docking studies showed that most of these compounds interacted with protein residues of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) in host hepatocyte and bile acid receptor.
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24
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Li Y, Shen C, Yang L, Yang Y, Wang M, Li S, Chen F, Yang M, Peng L, Ma J, Duan Z, Li L, Liu Y. Intra-host diversity of hepatitis B virus during mother-to-child transmission: the X gene may play a key role in virus survival in children after transmission. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1279-1288. [PMID: 32240369 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the main route of transmission in Asia, and characterization of HBV quasispecies is needed to further understand virus evolution and adaptation. To understand changes in HBV during mother-to-child transmission, we enrolled nine pairs of mothers and children in the study, including a set of twins. Three groups were infected with HBV genotype C, and six groups were infected with HBV genotype B. The full-length HBV genome was amplified by PCR from serum samples before antiviral treatment, the whole viral genomes from each pair were sequenced, and the complexity and diversity of the quasispecies were analyzed. The entropy of transmitted HBV in children was found to be lower than their mothers, suggesting that there was a bottleneck effect during HBV transmission from the mother to the child. Selective evolution was shown by calculating πN and πS in the whole genomes, and the highest values were obtained for the X gene, which plays a role in viral replication and immune escape. All genotype C patients and only one genotype B pair had a πN/πS greater than 1 ratio, indicating that positive selection had occurred. In addition, quasispecies were found to be different between the twin children despite having the same mother, indicating that virus evolution is host-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, University of South China, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Chenguang Shen
- State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, No. 29, Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Liuqing Yang
- State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, No. 29, Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, No. 29, Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Miao Wang
- State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, No. 29, Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Shanqin Li
- State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, No. 29, Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Feng Chen
- State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, No. 29, Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, No. 29, Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Ling Peng
- State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, No. 29, Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Jinmin Ma
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Difficult and complicated liver diseases and artificial liver center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Liqiang Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China.
| | - Yingxia Liu
- State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, No. 29, Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518112, China.
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25
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Zeyen L, Döring T, Stieler JT, Prange R. Hepatitis B subviral envelope particles use the COPII machinery for intracellular transport via selective exploitation of Sec24A and Sec23B. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13181. [PMID: 32017353 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a leading cause of liver disease. Its success as a human pathogen is related to the immense production of subviral envelope particles (SVPs) contributing to viral persistence by interfering with immune functions. To explore cellular pathways involved in SVP formation and egress, we investigated host-pathogen interactions. Yeast-based proteomics revealed Sec24A, a component of the coat protein complex II (COPII), as an interaction partner of the HBV envelope S domain. To understand how HBV co-opts COPII as a proviral machinery, we studied roles of key Sec proteins in HBV-expressing liver cells. Silencing of Sar1, Sec23, and Sec24, which promote COPII assembly concomitant with cargo loading, strongly diminished endoplasmic reticulum (ER) envelope export and SVP secretion. By analysing Sec paralog specificities, we unexpectedly found that the HBV envelope is a selective interaction partner of Sec24A and Sec23B whose functions could not be substituted by their related isoforms. In support, we found that HBV replication upregulated Sec24A and Sec23B transcription. Furthermore, HBV encountered the Sec24A/Sec23B complex via an interaction that involved the N-terminal half of Sec24A and a di-arginine motif of its S domain, mirroring a novel ER export code. Accordingly, an interference with the COPII/HBV cross-talk might display a tool to effectively inhibit SVP release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Zeyen
- Department of Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tatjana Döring
- Department of Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens T Stieler
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration, Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Reinhild Prange
- Department of Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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26
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Zhang Z, Zhu Z, Chen W, Cai Z, Xu B, Tan Z, Wu A, Ge X, Guo X, Tan Z, Xia Z, Zhu H, Jiang T, Peng Y. Cell membrane proteins with high N-glycosylation, high expression and multiple interaction partners are preferred by mammalian viruses as receptors. Bioinformatics 2019; 35:723-728. [PMID: 30102334 PMCID: PMC7109886 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation Receptor mediated entry is the first step for viral infection. However, the question of how viruses select receptors remains unanswered. Results Here, by manually curating a high-quality database of 268 pairs of mammalian virus–host receptor interaction, which included 128 unique viral species or sub-species and 119 virus receptors, we found the viral receptors are structurally and functionally diverse, yet they had several common features when compared to other cell membrane proteins: more protein domains, higher level of N-glycosylation, higher ratio of self-interaction and more interaction partners, and higher expression in most tissues of the host. This study could deepen our understanding of virus–receptor interaction. Availability and implementation The database of mammalian virus–host receptor interaction is available at http://www.computationalbiology.cn: 5000/viralReceptor. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaozhong Zhu
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Zena Cai
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Beibei Xu
- College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiying Tan
- College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Aiping Wu
- Center of System Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Xingyi Ge
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinhong Guo
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhongyang Tan
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Zanxian Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haizhen Zhu
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Taijiao Jiang
- Center of System Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Yousong Peng
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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27
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Watts NR, Palmer IW, Eren E, Steven AC, Wingfield PT. Capsids of hepatitis B virus e antigen with authentic C termini are stabilized by electrostatic interactions. FEBS Lett 2019; 594:1052-1061. [PMID: 31792961 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus e antigen, an alternative transcript of the core gene, is a secreted protein that maintains viral persistence. The physiological form has extended C termini relative to Cp(-10)149, the construct used in many studies. To examine the role of the C termini, we expressed the constructs Cp(-10)151 and Cp(-10)154, which have additional arginine residues. Both constructs when treated with reductant formed capsids more efficiently than Cp(-10)149. These capsids were also substantially more stable, as measured by thermal denaturation and resistance to urea dissociation. Mutagenesis suggests that electrostatic interactions between the additional arginine residues and glutamate residues on adjacent subunits play a role in the extra stabilization. These findings have implications for the physiological role and biotechnological potential of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman R Watts
- Protein Expression Laboratory, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ira W Palmer
- Protein Expression Laboratory, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elif Eren
- Laboratory of Structural Biology Research, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alasdair C Steven
- Laboratory of Structural Biology Research, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul T Wingfield
- Protein Expression Laboratory, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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28
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Ellwanger JH, Kulmann-Leal B, Wolf JM, Michita RT, Simon D, Lunge VR, Chies JAB. Role of the genetic variant CCR5Δ32 in HBV infection and HBV/HIV co-infection. Virus Res 2019; 277:197838. [PMID: 31837381 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CCR5 is a chemokine receptor that mediates the action of inflammatory cells, besides acting as an HIV co-receptor. CCR5Δ32 states for a genetic variant containing a 32 base pair deletion in the coding region of the CCR5 gene. In homozygosis, CCR5Δ32 results in the lack of CCR5 expression on the cell surface, which was associated with protection against HIV infection. Heterozygous individuals for CCR5Δ32 have a reduced CCR5 expression. Recent evidence demonstrates that CCR5 and CCR5Δ32 are involved in the pathogenesis of other viral infections besides HIV infection. Nevertheless, the role of CCR5 and CCR5Δ32 in HBV infection is not clear and conflicting results have been reported. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the role of CCR5Δ32 in HBV mono-infection and HBV/HIV co-infection in a population from southern Brazil. A total of 1113 individuals were evaluated, divided in controls (n = 334), HBV+ (n = 335), HBV+/HIV+ (n = 144), and including an HIV+ group to complement the analyses (n = 300, obtained from a previous study of our research team). The CCR5Δ32 allele frequencies found were 7.5 %, 9.0 %, and 3.1 %, respectively for controls, HBV+, and HBV+/HIV+ patients. The individuals were classified in CCR5Δ32 allele carriers and CCR5Δ32 allele non-carriers and the groups were compared using binary logistic regression adjusted for covariates. No significant effect of the CCR5Δ32 variant was observed on the susceptibility or protection against HBV mono-infection in individuals from southern Brazil. A potential protective effect of CCR5Δ32 on HBV/HIV co-infection was observed. However, it can be due to the effect of CCR5Δ32 in the protection against HIV infection or external factors not covered in the study. Finally, this study contributes to the understanding of the role of CCR5 in HBV infection, suggesting no effect of CCR5Δ32 on susceptibility to HBV mono-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular - PPGBM, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Kulmann-Leal
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular - PPGBM, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jonas Michel Wolf
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil - ULBRA, Canoas, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil - ULBRA, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Rafael Tomoya Michita
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular - PPGBM, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniel Simon
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil - ULBRA, Canoas, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil - ULBRA, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Vagner Ricardo Lunge
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil - ULBRA, Canoas, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil - ULBRA, Canoas, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular - PPGBM, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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29
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Cheng X, Wang Y, Tian J, Zhou L, Chen X, Guo H, Zeng J, Shen N, Li J, Ke J, Zhu Y, Gong J, Chang J, Liu L, Zhong R. SLC10A1 S267F variant influences susceptibility to HBV infection and reduces cholesterol level by impairing bile acid uptake. J Viral Hepat 2019; 26:1178-1185. [PMID: 31177598 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The SLC10A1 Ser267Phe (S267F) variant has been reported to severely inhibit hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and taurocholate transport activity. This study aimed to clarify the effects of this variant on HBV infection and bile acid metabolism. SLC10A1 S267F was genotyped in 2907 HBV-exposed subjects (including HBV persistent carriers and spontaneously recovered subjects) and 1364 unexposed subjects (HBV marker-negative subjects), followed by replication I, comprising 914 exposed subjects and 1123 unexposed subjects, and replication II, comprising 355 children born to HBsAg-positive mothers (226 HBV-infected children and 129 controls). Intriguingly, SLC10A1 AA was observed only in the unexposed group, but not in the exposed group. The SLC10A1 A allele consistently decreased HBV infection risk compared with the G allele (OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.64-0.90 in combined samples). In addition, children with the SLC10A1 GA genotype had a reduced risk of perinatal transmission (OR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.14-0.71). Moreover, unexposed subjects with the SLC10A1 AA genotype exhibited decreased serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared to those with the GG or GA genotypes (P = 2.975 × 10-4 and 0.004, respectively). The study highlighted the role of the SLC10A1 S267F variant in the loss of the ability to support HBV infection and taurocholate transport activity. Subjects with the AA genotype may escape from HBV infection and present decreased cholesterol levels as a consequence of impaired bile acid uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Virology, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianbo Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xueqin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junchao Zeng
- Medical Examination Center, Union Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaoyuan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juntao Ke
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Gong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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30
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Zhu A, Liao X, Li S, Zhao H, Chen L, Xu M, Duan X. HBV cccDNA and Its Potential as a Therapeutic Target. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2019; 7:258-262. [PMID: 31608218 PMCID: PMC6783673 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2018.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus infection continues to be a major health burden worldwide. It can cause various degrees of liver damage and is strongly associated with the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Covalently closed circular DNA in the nucleus of infected cells cannot be disabled by present therapies which may lead to HBV persistence and relapse. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge on hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA and its potential role as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Min Xu
- Correspondence to: Min Xu and Xiaoqiong Duan, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China. Tel: +86-135-4080-7307, E-mail: (MX) or (XD)
| | - Xiaoqiong Duan
- Correspondence to: Min Xu and Xiaoqiong Duan, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China. Tel: +86-135-4080-7307, E-mail: (MX) or (XD)
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31
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A "Smart Lock" for Preventing Hepatitis B Entry into Cells. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 25:804-806. [PMID: 30028974 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Passioura et al. (2018) report another interesting application of the powerful random non-standard peptide integrated discovery (RaPID) screening method. They identify several high-affinity macrocyclic peptides for the sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP), the protein through which hepatitis B virus (HBV) enters the cell.
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32
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Gu C, Tao S, Hu K, Ming L, Luo M, Guo H, Su Y, Liu J, Xie Y. Establishment of an in vitro reporter system for screening HBx-targeting molecules. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2019; 51:431-440. [PMID: 30811522 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a global public health problem. HBV-encoded X protein (HBx) is a multifunctional regulator that is required to initiate and maintain productive HBV infection, and is involved in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Inhibitors that interfere with the functions of HBx could be useful not only for the inhibition of HBV replication but also for the prevention or treatment of HBV-related HCC. To screen molecules that target HBx on a large scale remains a technical challenge due to a lack of sensitive and high-throughput system. In this work, we established an in vitro bioluminescent reporter system for screening HBx-targeting molecules. The system is based on a secretory fusion protein that combines HBx and NanoLuc (HBx-Nluc). The measured activity of NanoLuc in the culture supernatant of HBx-Nluc-expressing cells directly reflects the level of secreted HBx-Nluc. HBx protein-targeting intracellular anti-HBx single-chain variable fragment and RNA-targeting shRNA significantly reduced the secreted NanoLuc activity in HBx-Nluc-expressing cells. This system is simple and sensitive, and compatible with continuous non-disruptive screening, suggesting its potential usefulness for high-throughput screening and evaluating HBx-targeting molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjian Gu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Tao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kongying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Ming
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengjun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Su
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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33
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Down-regulation of hepatitis delta virus super-infection in the woodchuck model. Virology 2019; 531:100-113. [PMID: 30856482 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms mediating clearance of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) are poorly understood. This study analyzed in detail profound down-regulation of HDV infection in the woodchuck model. Super-infection with HDV of woodchucks chronically infected with HBV-related woodchuck hepatitis virus produced two patterns. In the first, HDV viremia had a sharp peak followed by a considerable decline, and initial rise of HDV virions' infectivity followed by abrupt infectivity loss. In the second, HDV titer rose and later displayed plateau-like profile with high HDV levels; and HDV infectivity became persistently high when HDV titer reached the plateau. The infectivity loss was not due to defects in the virions' envelope, binding to anti-envelope antibodies, or mutations in HDV genome, but it correlated with profound reduction of the replication capacity of virion-associated HDV genomes. Subsequent finding that in virions with reduced infectivity most HDV RNAs were not full-length genomes suggests possible HDV clearance via RNA fragmentation.
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34
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Zeyen L, Prange R. Host Cell Rab GTPases in Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:154. [PMID: 30510928 PMCID: PMC6252318 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a leading cause of liver disease and is presently estimated to infect more than 250 million humans. The extremely successful spread of this virus among the human population is explained by its effective transmission strategies and its manifold particle types, including virions, empty envelopes and naked capsids. Due to its tiny genome, HBV depends on cellular machineries to thrive in infected hepatocytes. To enter, traverse and exit the cell, HBV exploits host membrane trafficking pathways, including intracellular highways directed by Rab GTPases. Here, we review recent discoveries focused on how HBV co-opts and perturbs host Rab GTPase functions with an emphasis on Rab7A- and Rab33B-mediated trafficking pathways. Rab7A plays bidirectional roles in the viral life cycle, as it promotes the endocytic uptake of HBV in early stages, but restricts exocytic virion release in late stages. In intermediate stages of HBV propagation, Rab33B is needed to guide the assembly of replicative progeny nucleocapsids. Rab33B acts together with its Atg5-12/16L1 effector, a protein complex required for autophagosome formation, suggesting the concept that HBV exploits this Rab/effector complex as an assembly scaffold and machine. We also discuss whether Rab-directed trafficking pathways engaged by HBV may be applicable to other virus families. Identification of overlapping Rab functions may offer new chances to develop broad-spectrum host-targeted antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Zeyen
- Department of Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Reinhild Prange
- Department of Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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35
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Robust Human and Murine Hepatocyte Culture Models of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Replication. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01255-18. [PMID: 30232184 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01255-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of chronic liver diseases, including hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV research has been hampered by the lack of robust cell culture and small animal models of HBV infection. The discovery of sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) as an HBV receptor has been a landmark advance in HBV research in recent years. Ectopic expression of NTCP in nonpermissive HepG2, Huh7, and AML12 cell lines confers HBV susceptibility. However, HBV replication in these human and murine hepatocyte cell lines appeared suboptimal. In the present study, we constructed stable NTCP-expressing HepG2 and AML12 cell lines and found that HBV permissiveness is correlated with NTCP expression. More significantly, we developed robust HBV cell culture models by treating the HBV-infected cells with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and hydrocortisone, which significantly promoted HBV replication and production. Mechanistic studies suggested that hydrocortisone significantly enhanced the transcription and expression of PGC1α and HNF4α, which are known to promote HBV transcription and replication. These new human and murine hepatocyte culture systems of HBV infection and replication will accelerate the determination of molecular aspects underlying HBV infection, replication, and morphogenesis in human and murine hepatocytes. We anticipate that our HBV cell culture models will also facilitate the discovery and development of antiviral drugs towards the ultimate eradication of chronic hepatitis B virus infection.IMPORTANCE HBV research has been greatly hampered by the lack of robust cell culture and small animal models of HBV infection and propagation. The discovery of NTCP as an HBV receptor has greatly impacted the field of HBV research. Although HBV infection of NTCP-expressing human and murine hepatocyte cell lines has been demonstrated, its replication in cell culture appeared inefficient. To further improve cell culture systems of HBV infection and replication, we constructed NTCP-expressing HepG2 and AML12 cell lines that are highly permissive to HBV infection. More significantly, we found that DMSO and hydrocortisone markedly enhanced HBV transcription and replication in human and murine hepatocytes when added to the cell culture medium. These new cell culture models of HBV infection and replication will facilitate HBV research and antiviral drug discovery towards the ultimate elimination of chronic hepatitis B virus infection.
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36
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Kostyusheva A, Kostyushev D, Brezgin S, Volchkova E, Chulanov V. Clinical Implications of Hepatitis B Virus RNA and Covalently Closed Circular DNA in Monitoring Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Today with a Gaze into the Future: The Field Is Unprepared for a Sterilizing Cure. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E483. [PMID: 30301171 PMCID: PMC6210151 DOI: 10.3390/genes9100483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
. Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has long remained a critical global health issue. Covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is a persistent form of the HBV genome that maintains HBV chronicity. Decades of extensive research resulted in the two therapeutic options currently available: nucleot(s)ide analogs and interferon (IFN) therapy. A plethora of reliable markers to monitor HBV patients has been established, including the recently discovered encapsidated pregenomic RNA in serum, which can be used to determine treatment end-points and to predict the susceptibility of patients to IFN. Additionally, HBV RNA splice variants and cccDNA and its epigenetic modifications are associated with the clinical course and risks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver fibrosis. However, new antivirals, including CRISPR/Cas9, APOBEC-mediated degradation of cccDNA, and T-cell therapies aim at completely eliminating HBV, and it is clear that the diagnostic arsenal for defining the long-awaited sterilizing cure is missing. In this review, we discuss the currently available tools for detecting and measuring HBV RNAs and cccDNA, as well as the state-of-the-art in clinical implications of these markers, and debate needs and goals within the context of the sterilizing cure that is soon to come.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergey Brezgin
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow, 111123, Russia.
- National Research Centre, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 115478, Russia.
| | - Elena Volchkova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 119146, Russia.
| | - Vladimir Chulanov
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow, 111123, Russia.
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 119146, Russia.
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Sun Y, Wang S, Yi Y, Zhang J, Duan Z, Yuan K, Liu W, Li J, Zhu Y. The Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Binding Protein: An Immunoglobulin G Constant Region-Like Protein That Interacts With HBV Envelop Proteins and Mediates HBV Entry. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:338. [PMID: 30319994 PMCID: PMC6167546 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, and liver failure, affecting 350 million people worldwide. Currently available anti-HBV drugs include (PEGylated-) interferon-α and nucleos(t)ide analogs, which can cause significant side effects and drug-resistance in many cases of long-term treatment. The lack of a reliable and robust in vitro infection system is a major barrier for understanding the HBV life cycle and discovering novel therapeutic targets. In the present study, we demonstrate that overexpression of the hepatitis B surface antigen binding protein (SBP) in HepG2 cells (HepG2-SBP) resulted in their susceptibility to HBV infection. HepG2-SBP cells supported the uptake of the viral surface protein (HBsAg-preS), HBV-pseudotyped virus, and live HBV in patient sera. Moreover, SBP-mediated HBsAg-preS uptake, and HBV pseudotyped virus infections were efficiently blocked by preS1- and SBP-specific antibodies. These observations suggest that SBP is involved in HBV entry and that HepG2-SBP cells can serve as a cellular model to study the post-binding steps of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeping Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Yi
- The 306th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kehu Yuan
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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38
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Virus entry and its inhibition to prevent and treat hepatitis B and hepatitis D virus infections. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 30:68-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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39
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Hepatitis B Virus Subverts the Autophagy Elongation Complex Atg5-12/16L1 and Does Not Require Atg8/LC3 Lipidation for Viral Maturation. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01513-17. [PMID: 29367244 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01513-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that hepatitis B virus (HBV) stimulates autophagy to favor its production. To understand how HBV co-opts autophagy as a proviral machinery, we studied the roles of key autophagy proteins in HBV-replicating liver cell cultures. RNA interference-mediated silencing of Atg5, Atg12, and Atg16L1, which promote autophagophore expansion and LC3 membrane conjugation, interfered with viral core/nucleocapsid (NC) formation/stability and strongly diminished virus yields. Concomitantly, the core/NC membrane association and their sorting to envelope-positive compartments were perturbed. A close inspection of the HBV/autophagy cross talk revealed that the virus depended on Atg12 covalently conjugated to Atg5. In support of this finding, HBV required the E2-like enzymes Atg10 and Atg3, which catalyze or facilitate Atg5-12 conjugation, respectively. Atg10 and Atg3 knockdowns decreased HBV production, while Atg3 overexpression increased virus yields. Mapping analyses demonstrated that the HBV core protein encountered the Atg5-12/16L1 complex via interaction with the intrinsically disordered region of the Atg12 moiety that is dispensable for autophagy function. The role of Atg12 in HBV replication was confirmed by its incorporation into virions. Although the Atg5-12/16L1 complex and Atg3 are essential for LC3 lipidation and, thus, for autophagosome maturation and closure, HBV propagation did not require LC3. Silencing of LC3B, the most abundant LC3 isoform, did not inhibit but rather augmented virus production. Similar augmenting effects were obtained upon overexpression of a dominant negative mutant of Atg4B that blocked the lipid conjugation of the LC3 isoforms and their GABARAP paralogues. Together, our data indicate that HBV subverts early, nondegradative autophagy components as assembly scaffolds, thereby concurrently avoiding autophagosomal destruction.IMPORTANCE Infections with the hepatitis B virus (HBV), an enveloped pararetrovirus, cause about 1 million deaths per year, as current therapies rarely achieve a cure. Understanding the HBV life cycle and concomitant host cell interactions is instrumental to develop new antiviral concepts. Here, we proceeded to dissect the roles of the autophagy machinery in virus propagation. By using RNA interference and overexpression studies in HBV-replicating cell lines, we identified the autophagic Atg5-12/16L1 elongation complex along with Atg10 and Atg3 to be an essential scaffold for HBV nucleocapsid assembly/stability. Deficits in Atg5-12/16L1 and Atg10/Atg3, which normally drive autophagophore membrane expansion, strongly impaired progeny virus yields. HBV gained access to Atg5-12/16L1 via interaction of its core protein with the Atg12 moiety of the complex. In contrast, subsequent autophagosome maturation and closure events were unnecessary for HBV replication, as evidenced by inhibition of Atg8/LC3 conjugation. Interfering with the HBV/Atg12 cross talk may be a tool for virus control.
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40
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Casillas R, Tabernero D, Gregori J, Belmonte I, Cortese MF, González C, Riveiro-Barciela M, López RM, Quer J, Esteban R, Buti M, Rodríguez-Frías F. Analysis of hepatitis B virus preS1 variability and prevalence of the rs2296651 polymorphism in a Spanish population. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:680-692. [PMID: 29456407 PMCID: PMC5807671 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i6.680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the variability/conservation of the domain of hepatitis B virus (HBV) preS1 region that interacts with sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (hereafter, NTCP-interacting domain) and the prevalence of the rs2296651 polymorphism (S267F, NTCP variant) in a Spanish population.
METHODS Serum samples from 246 individuals were included and divided into 3 groups: patients with chronic HBV infection (CHB) (n = 41, 73% Caucasians), patients with resolved HBV infection (n = 100, 100% Caucasians) and an HBV-uninfected control group (n = 105, 100% Caucasians). Variability/conservation of the amino acid (aa) sequences of the NTCP-interacting domain, (aa 2-48 in viral genotype D) and a highly conserved preS1 domain associated with virion morphogenesis (aa 92-103 in viral genotype D) were analyzed by next-generation sequencing and compared in 18 CHB patients with viremia > 4 log IU/mL. The rs2296651 polymorphism was determined in all individuals in all 3 groups using an in-house real-time PCR melting curve analysis.
RESULTS The HBV preS1 NTCP-interacting domain showed a high degree of conservation among the examined viral genomes especially between aa 9 and 21 (in the genotype D consensus sequence). As compared with the virion morphogenesis domain, the NTCP-interacting domain had a smaller proportion of HBV genotype-unrelated changes comprising > 1% of the quasispecies (25.5% vs 31.8%), but a larger proportion of genotype-associated viral polymorphisms (34% vs 27.3%), according to consensus sequences from GenBank patterns of HBV genotypes A to H. Variation/conservation in both domains depended on viral genotype, with genotype C being the most highly conserved and genotype E the most variable (limited finding, only 2 genotype E included). Of note, proline residues were highly conserved in both domains, and serine residues showed changes only to threonine or tyrosine in the virion morphogenesis domain. The rs2296651 polymorphism was not detected in any participant.
CONCLUSION In our CHB population, the NTCP-interacting domain was highly conserved, particularly the proline residues and essential amino acids related with the NTCP interaction, and the prevalence of rs2296651 was low/null.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Casillas
- Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
- Liver Unit, Liver Disease Laboratory-Viral Hepatitis, Vall d’Hebron Institut Recerca-Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - David Tabernero
- Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Josep Gregori
- Liver Unit, Liver Disease Laboratory-Viral Hepatitis, Vall d’Hebron Institut Recerca-Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Roche Diagnostics SL, Sant Cugat del Vallès 08174, Spain
| | - Irene Belmonte
- Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Maria Francesca Cortese
- Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
- Liver Unit, Liver Disease Laboratory-Viral Hepatitis, Vall d’Hebron Institut Recerca-Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Carolina González
- Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Mar Riveiro-Barciela
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria López
- Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Josep Quer
- Liver Unit, Liver Disease Laboratory-Viral Hepatitis, Vall d’Hebron Institut Recerca-Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Rafael Esteban
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Maria Buti
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodríguez-Frías
- Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
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Singh US, Mulamoottil VA, Chu CK. 2′-Fluoro-6′-methylene carbocyclic adenosine and its phosphoramidate prodrug: A novel anti-HBV agent, active against drug-resistant HBV mutants. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:977-1002. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uma S. Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | | | - Chung K. Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
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42
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Stevens CE, Toy P, Kamili S, Taylor PE, Tong MJ, Xia GL, Vyas GN. Eradicating hepatitis B virus: The critical role of preventing perinatal transmission. Biologicals 2017; 50:3-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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43
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Sargiacomo C, El-Kehdy H, Dallmeier K, de Kock J, Hernandez-Kelly C, Rogiers V, Ortega A, Neyts J, Sokal E, Najimi M. Upregulation of sodium taurocholate cotransporter polypeptide during hepatogenic differentiation of umbilical cord matrix mesenchymal stem cells facilitates hepatitis B entry. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:204. [PMID: 28962642 PMCID: PMC5622580 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0656-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers worldwide number approximately 240 million people and around 780,000 people die every year from HBV infection. HBV entry and uptake are functionally linked to the presence of the human sodium-taurocholate cotransporting peptide (hNTCP) receptor. Recently, our group demonstrated that human umbilical cord matrix stem cells (UCMSCs) become susceptible to HBV after in-vitro hepatogenic differentiation (D-UCMSCs). METHODS In the present study, we examined the involvement of hNTCP in governing D-UCMSC susceptibility to HBV infection by characterizing the modulation of this transporter expression during hepatogenic differentiation and by appreciating the inhibition of its activity on infection efficacy. RESULTS We show here that in-vitro hepatogenic differentiation upregulated hNTCP mRNA and protein expression as well as its activity in D-UCMSCs. Pre-treatment of D-UCMSCs with taurocholate, a specific NTCP substrate, blocked their infection by HBV which supports the crucial involvement of this transporter in the early steps of the virus entry. CONCLUSION Altogether, our data support the usefulness of D-UCMSCs as a unique human and non-transformed in-vitro model to study the early stages of HBV infection thanks to its ability to endogenously regulate the expression of hNTCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camillo Sargiacomo
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology & Cell Therapy, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 52, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hoda El-Kehdy
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology & Cell Therapy, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 52, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kai Dallmeier
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joery de Kock
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Dermato-Cosmetology and Pharmacognosy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Clara Hernandez-Kelly
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN),Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, México D.F, Mexico
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Dermato-Cosmetology and Pharmacognosy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arturo Ortega
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN),Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, México D.F, Mexico
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Etienne Sokal
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology & Cell Therapy, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 52, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mustapha Najimi
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology & Cell Therapy, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 52, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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44
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Li D, He W, Liu X, Zheng S, Qi Y, Li H, Mao F, Liu J, Sun Y, Pan L, Du K, Ye K, Li W, Sui J. A potent human neutralizing antibody Fc-dependently reduces established HBV infections. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28949917 PMCID: PMC5614562 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global health problem. Currently-available therapies are ineffective in curing chronic HBV infection. HBV and its satellite hepatitis D virus (HDV) infect hepatocytes via binding of the preS1 domain of its large envelope protein to sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP). Here, we developed novel human monoclonal antibodies that block the engagement of preS1 with NTCP and neutralize HBV and HDV with high potency. One antibody, 2H5-A14, functions at picomolar level and exhibited neutralization-activity-mediated prophylactic effects. It also acts therapeutically by eliciting antibody-Fc-dependent immunological effector functions that impose durable suppression of viral infection in HBV-infected mice, resulting in reductions in the levels of the small envelope antigen and viral DNA, with no emergence of escape mutants. Our results illustrate a novel antibody-Fc-dependent approach for HBV treatment and suggest 2H5-A14 as a novel clinical candidate for HBV prevention and treatment of chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui He
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ximing Liu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,PTN Joint Graduate Program, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sanduo Zheng
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghe Qi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huiyu Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengfeng Mao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,Graduate Program in College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinyan Sun
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijing Pan
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaixin Du
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,Graduate Program in College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Keqiong Ye
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Sui
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
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Botelho-Souza LF, Vasconcelos MPA, Dos Santos ADO, Salcedo JMV, Vieira DS. Hepatitis delta: virological and clinical aspects. Virol J 2017; 14:177. [PMID: 28903779 PMCID: PMC5597996 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0845-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There are an estimated 400 million chronic carriers of HBV worldwide; between 15 and 20 million have serological evidence of exposure to HDV. Traditionally, regions with high rates of endemicity are central and northern Africa, the Amazon Basin, eastern Europe and the Mediterranean, the Middle East and parts of Asia. There are two types of HDV/HBV infection which are differentiated by the previous status infection by HBV for the individual. Individuals with acute HBV infection contaminated by HDV is an HDV/HBV co-infection, while individuals with chronic HBV infection contaminated by HDV represent an HDV/HBV super-infection. The appropriate treatment for chronic hepatitis delta is still widely discussed since it does not have an effective drug. Alpha interferon is currently the only licensed therapy for the treatment of chronic hepatitis D. The most widely used drug is pegylated interferon but only approximately 25% of patients maintain a sustained viral response after 1 year of treatment. The best marker of therapeutic success would be the clearance of HBsAg, but this data is rare in clinical practice. Therefore, the best way to predict a sustained virologic response is the maintenance of undetectable HDV RNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Felipo Botelho-Souza
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular - FIOCRUZ - RONDÔNIA, Rua da Beira, 7671 - BR 364, Km 3,5 Bairro Lagoa, CEP: 76812, Porto Velho, RO, CEP: 76812-329, Brazil.
- Ambulatório de Hepatites Virais, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rondônia e Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical - CEPEM, Avenida Guaporé, 215, anexo Hospital CEMETRON, Agenor M de Carvalho, Porto Velho, RO, CEP: 76812-329, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental - PGBioExp, Rodovia Br-364, KM 9, CAMPUS UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, CEP: 76801-974, Brazil.
| | | | - Alcione de Oliveira Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular - FIOCRUZ - RONDÔNIA, Rua da Beira, 7671 - BR 364, Km 3,5 Bairro Lagoa, CEP: 76812, Porto Velho, RO, CEP: 76812-329, Brazil
- Ambulatório de Hepatites Virais, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rondônia e Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical - CEPEM, Avenida Guaporé, 215, anexo Hospital CEMETRON, Agenor M de Carvalho, Porto Velho, RO, CEP: 76812-329, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental - PGBioExp, Rodovia Br-364, KM 9, CAMPUS UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, CEP: 76801-974, Brazil
| | - Juan Miguel Villalobos Salcedo
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular - FIOCRUZ - RONDÔNIA, Rua da Beira, 7671 - BR 364, Km 3,5 Bairro Lagoa, CEP: 76812, Porto Velho, RO, CEP: 76812-329, Brazil
- Ambulatório de Hepatites Virais, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rondônia e Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical - CEPEM, Avenida Guaporé, 215, anexo Hospital CEMETRON, Agenor M de Carvalho, Porto Velho, RO, CEP: 76812-329, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental - PGBioExp, Rodovia Br-364, KM 9, CAMPUS UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, CEP: 76801-974, Brazil
| | - Deusilene Souza Vieira
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular - FIOCRUZ - RONDÔNIA, Rua da Beira, 7671 - BR 364, Km 3,5 Bairro Lagoa, CEP: 76812, Porto Velho, RO, CEP: 76812-329, Brazil
- Ambulatório de Hepatites Virais, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rondônia e Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical - CEPEM, Avenida Guaporé, 215, anexo Hospital CEMETRON, Agenor M de Carvalho, Porto Velho, RO, CEP: 76812-329, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental - PGBioExp, Rodovia Br-364, KM 9, CAMPUS UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, CEP: 76801-974, Brazil
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46
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Rab33B Controls Hepatitis B Virus Assembly by Regulating Core Membrane Association and Nucleocapsid Processing. Viruses 2017. [PMID: 28635671 PMCID: PMC5490832 DOI: 10.3390/v9060157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viruses take advantage of cellular trafficking machineries to assemble and release new infectious particles. Using RNA interference (RNAi), we demonstrate that the Golgi/autophagosome-associated Rab33B is required for hepatitis B virus (HBV) propagation in hepatoma cell lines. While Rab33B is dispensable for the secretion of HBV subviral envelope particles, its knockdown reduced the virus yield to 20% and inhibited nucleocapsid (NC) formation and/or NC trafficking. The overexpression of a GDP-restricted Rab33B mutant phenocopied the effect of deficit Rab33B, indicating that Rab33B-specific effector proteins may be involved. Moreover, we found that HBV replication enhanced Rab33B expression. By analyzing HBV infection cycle steps, we identified a hitherto unknown membrane targeting module in the highly basic C-terminal domain of the NC-forming core protein. Rab33B inactivation reduced core membrane association, suggesting that membrane platforms participate in HBV assembly reactions. Biochemical and immunofluorescence analyses provided further hints that the viral core, rather than the envelope, is the main target for Rab33B intervention. Rab33B-deficiency reduced core protein levels without affecting viral transcription and hampered core/NC sorting to envelope-positive, intracellular compartments. Together, these results indicate that Rab33B is an important player in intracellular HBV trafficking events, guiding core transport to NC assembly sites and/or NC transport to budding sites.
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Verrier ER, Schuster C, Baumert TF. Advancing hepatitis B virus entry inhibitors. J Hepatol 2017; 66:677-679. [PMID: 27965159 PMCID: PMC5362280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eloi R. Verrier
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et
Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France,Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Schuster
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et
Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France,Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et
Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France,Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle
Hépato-digestif, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg,
France,Corresponding author. Address: Inserm Unit 1110,
Université de Strasbourg, 3 Rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France. Tel.:
+33 3 68 85 37 03; fax: +33 3 68 85 37 24. (T.F.
Baumert)
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Abstract
Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) has been identified as a functional receptor for hepatitis B virus (HBV). Expressing human NTCP in human hepatoma HepG2 cells (HepG2-NTCP) renders these cells susceptible for HBV infection. The HepG2-NTCP stably transfected cell line provides a much-needed and easily accessible platform for studying the virus. HepG2-NTCP cells could also be used to identify chemicals targeting key steps of the virus life cycle including HBV covalent closed circular (ccc) DNA, and enable the development of novel antivirals against the infection.Many factors may contribute to the efficiency of HBV infection on HepG2-NTCP cells, with clonal differences among cell line isolates, the source of viral inoculum, and infection medium among the most critical ones. Here, we provide detailed protocols for efficient HBV infection of HepG2-NTCP cells in culture; generation and selection of single cell clones of HepG2-NTCP; production of infectious HBV virion stock through DNA transfection of recombinant plasmid that enables studying primary clinical HBV isolates; and assessing the infection with immunostaining of HBV antigens and Southern blot analysis of HBV cccDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyan Sun
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yonghe Qi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Bo Peng
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China.,Graduate Program in School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Ni R, Zhou J, Hossain N, Chau Y. Virus-inspired nucleic acid delivery system: Linking virus and viral mimicry. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:3-26. [PMID: 27473931 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of nucleic acids into disease sites of human body has been attempted for decades, but both viral and non-viral vectors are yet to meet our expectations. Safety concerns and low delivery efficiency are the main limitations of viral and non-viral vectors, respectively. The structure of viruses is both ordered and dynamic, and is believed to be the key for effective transfection. Detailed understanding of the physical properties of viruses, their interaction with cellular components, and responses towards cellular environments leading to transfection would inspire the development of safe and effective non-viral vectors. To this goal, this review systematically summarizes distinctive features of viruses that are implied for efficient nucleic acid delivery but not yet fully explored in current non-viral vectors. The assembly and disassembly of viral structures, presentation of viral ligands, and the subcellular targeting of viruses are emphasized. Moreover, we describe the current development of cationic material-based viral mimicry (CVM) and structural viral mimicry (SVM) in these aspects. In light of the discrepancy, we identify future opportunities for rational design of viral mimics for the efficient delivery of DNA and RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ni
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junli Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Naushad Hossain
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Chau
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Unusual Features of Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Hepatitis B Virus Receptor. J Virol 2016; 90:8302-13. [PMID: 27384660 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01153-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cell culture (cc)-derived hepatitis B virus (HBV) can infect differentiated HepaRG cells, but efficient infection requires addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) during inoculation. Identification of sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) as an HBV receptor enabled ccHBV infection of NTCP reconstituted HepG2 cells, although very little hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is produced. We found infection by patient serum-derived HBV (sHBV), which required purification of viral particles through ultracentrifugation or PEG precipitation, was PEG independent and much more efficient in HepaRG cells than in HepG2/NTCP cells. In contrast to hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), HBsAg was not a reliable marker of productive sHBV infection at early time points. A low HBsAg/HBeAg ratio by ccHBV-infected HepG2/NTCP cells was attributable to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in culture medium, NTCP overexpression, and HBV genotype D. HepG2/NTCP cells released more viral antigens than HepG2 cells after HBV genome delivery by adeno-associated virus, and stable expression of NTCP in a ccHBV producing cell line increased viral mRNAs, proteins, replicative DNA, and covalently closed circular DNA. NTCP protein expression in HepG2/NTCP cells, despite being driven by the cytomegalovirus promoter, was markedly increased by DMSO treatment. This at least partly explains ability of DMSO to promote ccHBV infection in such cell lines. In conclusion, NTCP appeared inefficient to mediate infection by serum-derived HBV. It could promote HBV RNA transcription while inhibiting HBsAg secretion. Efficient PEG-independent sHBV infection of HepaRG cells permits comparative studies of diverse clinical HBV isolates and will help identify additional factors on virion surface promoting attachment to hepatocytes. IMPORTANCE Currently in vitro infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) depends on cell culture-derived HBV inoculated in the presence of polyethylene glycol. We found patient serum-derived HBV could efficiently infect differentiated HepaRG cells independent of polyethylene glycol, which represents a more physiological infection system. Serum-derived HBV has poor infectivity in HepG2 cells reconstituted with sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), the currently accepted HBV receptor. Moreover, HepG2/NTCP cells secreted very little hepatitis B surface antigen after infection with cell culture-derived HBV, which was attributed to NTCP overexpression, genotype D virus, and dimethyl sulfoxide added to culture medium. NTCP could promote HBV RNA transcription, protein expression, and DNA replication in HepG2 cells stably transfected with HBV DNA, while dimethyl sulfoxide could increase NTCP protein level despite transcriptional control by a cytomegalovirus promoter. Therefore, this study revealed several unusual features of NTCP as an HBV receptor and established conditions for efficient serum virus infection in vitro.
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