1
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Parker J. Organ Evolution: Emergence of Multicellular Function. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2024; 40:51-74. [PMID: 38960448 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111822-121620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Instances of multicellularity across the tree of life have fostered the evolution of complex organs composed of distinct cell types that cooperate, producing emergent biological functions. How organs originate is a fundamental evolutionary problem that has eluded deep mechanistic and conceptual understanding. Here I propose a cell- to organ-level transitions framework, whereby cooperative division of labor originates and becomes entrenched between cell types through a process of functional niche creation, cell-type subfunctionalization, and irreversible ratcheting of cell interdependencies. Comprehending this transition hinges on explaining how these processes unfold molecularly in evolving populations. Recent single-cell transcriptomic studies and analyses of terminal fate specification indicate that cellular functions are conferred by modular gene expression programs. These discrete components of functional variation may be deployed or combined within cells to introduce new properties into multicellular niches, or partitioned across cells to establish division of labor. Tracing gene expression program evolution at the level of single cells in populations may reveal transitions toward organ complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Parker
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA;
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2
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Kitchen SA, Naragon TH, Brückner A, Ladinsky MS, Quinodoz SA, Badroos JM, Viliunas JW, Kishi Y, Wagner JM, Miller DR, Yousefelahiyeh M, Antoshechkin IA, Eldredge KT, Pirro S, Guttman M, Davis SR, Aardema ML, Parker J. The genomic and cellular basis of biosynthetic innovation in rove beetles. Cell 2024; 187:3563-3584.e26. [PMID: 38889727 PMCID: PMC11246231 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
How evolution at the cellular level potentiates macroevolutionary change is central to understanding biological diversification. The >66,000 rove beetle species (Staphylinidae) form the largest metazoan family. Combining genomic and cell type transcriptomic insights spanning the largest clade, Aleocharinae, we retrace evolution of two cell types comprising a defensive gland-a putative catalyst behind staphylinid megadiversity. We identify molecular evolutionary steps leading to benzoquinone production by one cell type via a mechanism convergent with plant toxin release systems, and synthesis by the second cell type of a solvent that weaponizes the total secretion. This cooperative system has been conserved since the Early Cretaceous as Aleocharinae radiated into tens of thousands of lineages. Reprogramming each cell type yielded biochemical novelties enabling ecological specialization-most dramatically in symbionts that infiltrate social insect colonies via host-manipulating secretions. Our findings uncover cell type evolutionary processes underlying the origin and evolvability of a beetle chemical innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila A Kitchen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Thomas H Naragon
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Adrian Brückner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Mark S Ladinsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Sofia A Quinodoz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jean M Badroos
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Joani W Viliunas
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Yuriko Kishi
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Julian M Wagner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - David R Miller
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Mina Yousefelahiyeh
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Igor A Antoshechkin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - K Taro Eldredge
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stacy Pirro
- Iridian Genomes, 613 Quaint Acres Dr., Silver Spring, MD 20904, USA
| | - Mitchell Guttman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Steven R Davis
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Matthew L Aardema
- Department of Biology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
| | - Joseph Parker
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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3
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Wegener C, Amatobi KM, Ozbek-Unal AG, Fekete A. Circadian Control of Lipid Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38874889 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2024_810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
To ensure optimum health and performance, lipid metabolism needs to be temporally aligned to other body processes and to daily changes in the environment. Central and peripheral circadian clocks and environmental signals such as light provide internal and external time cues to the body. Importantly, each of the key organs involved in insect lipid metabolism contains a molecular clockwork which ticks with a varying degree of autonomy from the central clock in the brain. In this chapter, we review our current knowledge about peripheral clocks in the insect fat body, gut and oenocytes, and light- and circadian-driven diel patterns in lipid metabolites and lipid-related transcripts. In addition, we highlight selected neuroendocrine signaling pathways that are or may be involved in the temporal coordination and control of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wegener
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Kelechi M Amatobi
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ayten Gizem Ozbek-Unal
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Fekete
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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4
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Bradshaw T, Simmons C, Ott RK, Armstrong AR. Ras/MAPK signaling mediates adipose tissue control of ovarian germline survival and ovulation in Drosophila melanogaster. Dev Biol 2024; 510:17-28. [PMID: 38423203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
From insects to humans, oogenesis is tightly linked to nutritional input, yet little is known about how whole organism physiology matches dietary changes with oocyte development. Considering that diet-induced adipose tissue dysfunction is associated with an increased risk for fertility problems, and other obesity-associated pathophysiologies, it is critical to decipher the cellular and molecular mechanisms linking adipose nutrient sensing to remote control of the ovary and other tissues. Our previous studies in Drosophila melanogaster have shown that amino acid sensing, via the amino acid response pathway and mTOR-mediated signaling function within adipocytes to control germline stem cell maintenance and ovulation, respectively. Additionally, we demonstrated that insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling within adipocytes employs distinct effector axes, PI3K/Akt1-dependent and -independent, downstream of insulin receptor activity to mediate fat-to-ovary communication. Here, we report that the Ras/MAPK signaling axis functions in adipocytes to regulate early germline cyst survival and ovulation of mature oocytes but is not important for germline stem cell maintenance or the progression through vitellogenesis. Thus, these studies uncover the complexity of signaling pathway activity that mediates inter-organ communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tancia Bradshaw
- University of South Carolina, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Chad Simmons
- University of South Carolina, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Rachael K Ott
- University of South Carolina, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia, SC, USA
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5
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Farder-Gomes CF, de Oliveira MA, Malaspina O, Nocelli RFC. Exposure of the stingless bee Melipona scutellaris to imidacloprid, pyraclostrobin, and glyphosate, alone and in combination, impair its walking activity and fat body morphology and physiology. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 348:123783. [PMID: 38490525 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The stingless bee Melipona scutellaris performs buzz pollination, effectively pollinating several wild plants and crops with economic relevance. However, most research has focused on honeybees, leaving a significant gap in studies concerning native species, particularly regarding the impacts of pesticide combinations on these pollinators. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the sublethal effects of imidacloprid (IMD), pyraclostrobin (PYR), and glyphosate (GLY) on the behavior and fat body cell morphology and physiology of M. scutellaris. Foragers were orally exposed to the different pesticides alone and in combination for 48 h. Bees fed with contaminated solution walked less, moved slower, presented morphological changes in the fat body, including vacuolization, altered cell shape and nuclei morphology, and exhibited a higher count of altered oenocytes and trophocytes. In all exposed groups, alone and in combination, the number of cells expressing caspase-3 increased, but the TLR4 number of cells expressing decreased compared to the control groups. The intensity of HSP70 immunolabeling increased compared to the control groups. However, the intensity of the immunolabeling of HSP90 decreased in the IMD, GLY, and I + G (IMD + GLY) groups but increased in I + P-exposed bees (IMD + PYR). Alternatively, exposure to PYR and P + G (PYR + GLY) did not affect the immunolabeling intensity. Our findings demonstrate the hazardous effects and environmental consequences of isolated and combined pesticides on a vital neotropical pollinator. Understanding how pesticides impact the fat body can provide crucial insights into the overall health and survival of native bee populations, which can help develop more environmentally friendly approaches to agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliver Fernandes Farder-Gomes
- Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e Educação, Universidade Federal de São Carlos Campus Araras, Araras, SP, 13600-970, Brazil.
| | - Marco Antônio de Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa Campus Florestal, Florestal, MG, 35690-000, Brazil.
| | - Osmar Malaspina
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) - "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Instituto de Biociências (IB), Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil.
| | - Roberta Ferreira Cornélio Nocelli
- Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e Educação, Universidade Federal de São Carlos Campus Araras, Araras, SP, 13600-970, Brazil.
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6
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Mora I, Puiggròs F, Serras F, Gil-Cardoso K, Escoté X. Emerging models for studying adipose tissue metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 223:116123. [PMID: 38484851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Understanding adipose metabolism is essential for addressing obesity and related health concerns. However, the ethical and scientific pressure to animal testing, aligning with the 3Rs, has triggered the implementation of diverse alternative models for analysing anomalies in adipose metabolism. In this review, we will address this issue from various perspectives. Traditional adipocyte cell cultures, whether animal or human-derived, offer a fundamental starting point. These systems have their merits but may not fully replicate in vivo complexity. Established cell lines are valuable for high-throughput screening but may lack the authenticity of primary-derived adipocytes, which closely mimic native tissue. To enhance model sophistication, spheroids have been introduced. These three-dimensional cultures better mimicking the in vivo microenvironment, enabling the study of intricate cell-cell interactions, gene expression, and metabolic pathways. Organ-on-a-chip (OoC) platforms take this further by integrating multiple cell types into microfluidic devices, simulating tissue-level functions. Adipose-OoC (AOoC) provides dynamic environments with applications spanning drug testing to personalized medicine and nutrition. Beyond in vitro models, genetically amenable organisms (Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and zebrafish larvae) have become powerful tools for investigating fundamental molecular mechanisms that govern adipose tissue functions. Their genetic tractability allows for efficient manipulation and high-throughput studies. In conclusion, a diverse array of research models is crucial for deciphering adipose metabolism. By leveraging traditional adipocyte cell cultures, primary-derived cells, spheroids, AOoCs, and lower organism models, we bridge the gap between animal testing and a more ethical, scientifically robust, and human-relevant approach, advancing our understanding of adipose tissue metabolism and its impact on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Mora
- Brudy Technology S.L., 08006 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Puiggròs
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Biotechnology Area, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Florenci Serras
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katherine Gil-Cardoso
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Nutrition and Health Unit, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Xavier Escoté
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Nutrition and Health Unit, 43204 Reus, Spain.
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7
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Istiban MN, De Fruyt N, Kenis S, Beets I. Evolutionary conserved peptide and glycoprotein hormone-like neuroendocrine systems in C. elegans. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 584:112162. [PMID: 38290646 PMCID: PMC11004728 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Peptides and protein hormones form the largest group of secreted signals that mediate intercellular communication and are central regulators of physiology and behavior in all animals. Phylogenetic analyses and biochemical identifications of peptide-receptor systems reveal a broad evolutionary conservation of these signaling systems at the molecular level. Substantial progress has been made in recent years on characterizing the physiological and putative ancestral roles of many peptide systems through comparative studies in invertebrate models. Several peptides and protein hormones are not only molecularly conserved but also have conserved roles across animal phyla. Here, we focus on functional insights gained in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that, with its compact and well-described nervous system, provides a powerful model to dissect neuroendocrine signaling networks involved in the control of physiology and behavior. We summarize recent discoveries on the evolutionary conservation and knowledge on the functions of peptide and protein hormone systems in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majdulin Nabil Istiban
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathan De Fruyt
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Signe Kenis
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabel Beets
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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8
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Poidevin M, Mazuras N, Bontonou G, Delamotte P, Denis B, Devilliers M, Akiki P, Petit D, de Luca L, Soulie P, Gillet C, Wicker-Thomas C, Montagne J. A fatty acid anabolic pathway in specialized-cells sustains a remote signal that controls egg activation in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011186. [PMID: 38483976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Egg activation, representing the critical oocyte-to-embryo transition, provokes meiosis completion, modification of the vitelline membrane to prevent polyspermy, and translation of maternally provided mRNAs. This transition is triggered by a calcium signal induced by spermatozoon fertilization in most animal species, but not in insects. In Drosophila melanogaster, mature oocytes remain arrested at metaphase-I of meiosis and the calcium-dependent activation occurs while the oocyte moves through the genital tract. Here, we discovered that the oenocytes of fruitfly females are required for egg activation. Oenocytes, cells specialized in lipid-metabolism, are located beneath the abdominal cuticle. In adult flies, they synthesize the fatty acids (FAs) that are the precursors of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), including pheromones. The oenocyte-targeted knockdown of a set of FA-anabolic enzymes, involved in very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) synthesis, leads to a defect in egg activation. Given that some but not all of the identified enzymes are required for CHC/pheromone biogenesis, this putative VLCFA-dependent remote control may rely on an as-yet unidentified CHC or may function in parallel to CHC biogenesis. Additionally, we discovered that the most posterior ventral oenocyte cluster is in close proximity to the uterus. Since oocytes dissected from females deficient in this FA-anabolic pathway can be activated in vitro, this regulatory loop likely operates upstream of the calcium trigger. To our knowledge, our findings provide the first evidence that a physiological extra-genital signal remotely controls egg activation. Moreover, our study highlights a potential metabolic link between pheromone-mediated partner recognition and egg activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Poidevin
- Institut for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Mazuras
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportements, Ecologie (EGCE), CNRS, IRD, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gwénaëlle Bontonou
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportements, Ecologie (EGCE), CNRS, IRD, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierre Delamotte
- Institut for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Béatrice Denis
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportements, Ecologie (EGCE), CNRS, IRD, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Maëlle Devilliers
- Institut for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Perla Akiki
- Institut for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Delphine Petit
- Institut for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Laura de Luca
- Centre Médical Universitaire, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Priscilla Soulie
- Centre Médical Universitaire, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cynthia Gillet
- Institut for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Claude Wicker-Thomas
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportements, Ecologie (EGCE), CNRS, IRD, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jacques Montagne
- Institut for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Wang H, Xia B, Wang H, Wan B, Zhong L, Xin T. Fatty Acid Elongase Gene PcELO7 is Essential for Lipid Accumulation and Fecundity of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2100-2108. [PMID: 38240608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) has been proposed as a promising strategy for sustainable and ecofriendly pest control. The insect cuticle lipids were deposited on the body surface and functioned as a defense against chemical xenobiotics. They consisted of aliphatic compounds, including free fatty acids (FFAs). However, elongase of very long chain fatty acids (ELOs) is essential for FFA biosynthesis; the function of ELO is still unknown in many arthropods, including Panonychus citri (P. citri). In this study, three ELOs were cloned. Developmental-specific mRNA expression results revealed that three PcELOs were highly expressed in egg and adult females. Whereas PcELO7 was dominantly expressed in adult females. Under spirobudiclofen stress, ELOs mRNA expression had different changes, and PcELO7 was down-regulated. The silencing of PcELO7 resulted in a dramatic reduction of oviposition and hatchability. Significant reduction of FFA contents was also examined within PcELO7-repressed P. citri. In addition, we found that PcELO7 mRNA levels were related to fecundity and could affect triacylglycerol (TG) contents. The findings demonstrated that the introduction of dsPcELO7 via oral feeding induced the RNA interference-mediated silencing of a special target gene and could result in mortality and reproduction. In conclusion, PcELO7 is a special RNAi target for P. citri control, and its lethal mechanism might be disturbing lipids biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
| | - Bin Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
| | - Bin Wan
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
| | - Ling Zhong
- Development & Service Center for Agriculture and Rural Industry of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330096, P. R. China
| | - Tianrong Xin
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
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10
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Zhang W, Chen X, Eleftherianos I, Mohamed A, Bastin A, Keyhani NO. Cross-talk between immunity and behavior: insights from entomopathogenic fungi and their insect hosts. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2024; 48:fuae003. [PMID: 38341280 PMCID: PMC10883697 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects are one of the most successful animals in nature, and entomopathogenic fungi play a significant role in the natural epizootic control of insect populations in many ecosystems. The interaction between insects and entomopathogenic fungi has continuously coevolved over hundreds of millions of years. Many components of the insect innate immune responses against fungal infection are conserved across phyla. Additionally, behavioral responses, which include avoidance, grooming, and/or modulation of body temperature, have been recognized as important mechanisms for opposing fungal pathogens. In an effort to investigate possible cross-talk and mediating mechanisms between these fundamental biological processes, recent studies have integrated and/or explored immune and behavioral responses. Current information indicates that during discrete stages of fungal infection, several insect behavioral and immune responses are altered simultaneously, suggesting important connections between the two systems. This review synthesizes recent advances in our understanding of the physiological and molecular aspects influencing cross-talk between behavioral and innate immune antifungal reactions, including chemical perception and olfactory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, Huaxi District 550025, China
| | - Xuanyu Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, Huaxi District 550025, China
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Amr Mohamed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
- Research fellow, King Saud University Museum of Arthropods, Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashley Bastin
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Nemat O Keyhani
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, United States
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11
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Tower J. Markers and mechanisms of death in Drosophila. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2023; 4:1292040. [PMID: 38149028 PMCID: PMC10749947 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2023.1292040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Parameters correlated with age and mortality in Drosophila melanogaster include decreased negative geotaxis and centrophobism behaviors, decreased climbing and walking speed, and darkened pigments in oenocytes and eye. Cessation of egg laying predicts death within approximately 5 days. Endogenous green fluorescence in eye and body increases hours prior to death. Many flies exhibit erratic movement hours before death, often leading to falls. Loss of intestinal barrier integrity (IBI) is assayed by feeding blue dye ("Smurf" phenotype), and Smurf flies typically die within 0-48 h. Some studies report most flies exhibit Smurf, whereas multiple groups report most flies die without exhibiting Smurf. Transgenic reporters containing heat shock gene promoters and innate immune response gene promoters progressively increase expression with age, and partly predict remaining life span. Innate immune reporters increase with age in every fly, prior to any Smurf phenotype, in presence or absence of antibiotics. Many flies die on their side or supine (on their back) position. The data suggest three mechanisms for death of Drosophila. One is loss of IBI, as revealed by Smurf assay. The second is nervous system malfunction, leading to erratic behavior, locomotor malfunction, and falls. The aged fly is often unable to right itself after a fall to a side-ways or supine position, leading to inability to access the food and subsequent dehydration/starvation. Finally, some flies die upright without Smurf phenotype, suggesting a possible third mechanism. The frequency of these mechanisms varies between strains and culture conditions, which may affect efficacy of life span interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tower
- Molecular and Computational Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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12
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Moyano A, Croce AC, Scolari F. Pathogen-Mediated Alterations of Insect Chemical Communication: From Pheromones to Behavior. Pathogens 2023; 12:1350. [PMID: 38003813 PMCID: PMC10675518 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens can influence the physiology and behavior of both animal and plant hosts in a manner that promotes their own transmission and dispersal. Recent research focusing on insects has revealed that these manipulations can extend to the production of pheromones, which are pivotal in chemical communication. This review provides an overview of the current state of research and available data concerning the impacts of bacterial, viral, fungal, and eukaryotic pathogens on chemical communication across different insect orders. While our understanding of the influence of pathogenic bacteria on host chemical profiles is still limited, viral infections have been shown to induce behavioral changes in the host, such as altered pheromone production, olfaction, and locomotion. Entomopathogenic fungi affect host chemical communication by manipulating cuticular hydrocarbons and pheromone production, while various eukaryotic parasites have been observed to influence insect behavior by affecting the production of pheromones and other chemical cues. The effects induced by these infections are explored in the context of the evolutionary advantages they confer to the pathogen. The molecular mechanisms governing the observed pathogen-mediated behavioral changes, as well as the dynamic and mutually influential relationships between the pathogen and its host, are still poorly understood. A deeper comprehension of these mechanisms will prove invaluable in identifying novel targets in the perspective of practical applications aimed at controlling detrimental insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Moyano
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.M.); (A.C.C.)
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Cleta Croce
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.M.); (A.C.C.)
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Scolari
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.M.); (A.C.C.)
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
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13
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Wu MS, Liao TW, Wu CY, Hsieh TH, Kuo PC, Li YC, Cheng KC, Chiang HC. Aversive conditioning information transmission in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113207. [PMID: 37782557 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals rapidly acquire surrounding information to perform the appropriate behavior. Although social learning is more efficient and accessible than self-learning for animals, the detailed regulatory mechanism of social learning remains unknown, mainly because of the complicated information transfer between animals, especially for aversive conditioning information transmission. The current study revealed that, during social learning, the neural circuit in observer flies used to process acquired aversive conditioning information from demonstrator flies differs from the circuit used for self-learned classic aversive conditioning. This aversive information transfer is species dependent. Solitary flies cannot learn this information through social learning, suggesting that this ability is not an innate behavior. Neurons used to process and execute avoidance behavior to escape from electrically shocked flies are all in the same brain region, indicating that the fly brain has a common center for integrating external stimuli with internal states to generate flight behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Shiun Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Wei Liao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yuan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Han Hsieh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chung Kuo
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yue-Chiun Li
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chung Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Cheng Chiang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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14
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da Costa B, Pippi B, Merkel S, Agostinetto G, Zanette RA, Fuentefria AM. Drosophila melanogaster as a model of systemic dermatophytosis. Mycoses 2023; 66:906-910. [PMID: 37434424 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytosis is one of the most common fungal infections worldwide. The distribution of dermatophytes varies across continents, but the genera Trichophyton and Microsporum have emerged as the main isolated agents in humans and animals. OBJECTIVES To validate Drosophila melanogaster flies as a fast and feasible model to study dermatophytic infections. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and Toll-deficient D. melanogaster flies were infected by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis and Nannizzia gypsea by pricking with a needle previously dipped in inoculum concentrations ranging from 103 to 108 colony-forming units/mL. Establishment of infection was confirmed by survival curves, histopathological analysis and fungal burden. Thereafter, flies were treated with terbinafine, itraconazole and clioquinol. RESULTS WT flies were predominantly resistant to the infection, whereas Toll-deficient flies succumbed to the four dermatophyte genera tested. The antifungal drugs protected flies from the infection, except for N. gypsea whose survival curves did not differ from the untreated group. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study confirms that D. melanogaster is a suitable model to study the virulence and antifungal drug efficacy in dermatophyte species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara da Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Micologia Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Pippi
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Micologia Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Simone Merkel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Agostinetto
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Micologia Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Régis A Zanette
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alexandre M Fuentefria
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Micologia Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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15
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Koto A, Tamura M, Wong PS, Aburatani S, Privman E, Stoffel C, Crespi A, McKenzie SK, La Mendola C, Kay T, Keller L. Social isolation shortens lifespan through oxidative stress in ants. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5493. [PMID: 37758727 PMCID: PMC10533837 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41140-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Social isolation negatively affects health, induces detrimental behaviors, and shortens lifespan in social species. Little is known about the mechanisms underpinning these effects because model species are typically short-lived and non-social. Using colonies of the carpenter ant Camponotus fellah, we show that social isolation induces hyperactivity, alters space-use, and reduces lifespan via changes in the expression of genes with key roles in oxidation-reduction and an associated accumulation of reactive oxygen species. These physiological effects are localized to the fat body and oenocytes, which perform liver-like functions in insects. We use pharmacological manipulations to demonstrate that the oxidation-reduction pathway causally underpins the detrimental effects of social isolation on behavior and lifespan. These findings have important implications for our understanding of how social isolation affects behavior and lifespan in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Koto
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, 305-8566, Ibaraki, Japan.
- Computational Bio Big Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, 305-8566, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Makoto Tamura
- NeuroDiscovery Lab, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma America, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Pui Shan Wong
- Computational Bio Big Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, 305-8566, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Aburatani
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, 305-8566, Ibaraki, Japan
- Computational Bio Big Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, 305-8566, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Eyal Privman
- University of Haifa, Institute of Evolution, Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Céline Stoffel
- University of Lausanne, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Crespi
- Biorobotics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Sean Keane McKenzie
- University of Lausanne, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Christine La Mendola
- University of Lausanne, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Tomas Kay
- University of Lausanne, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Keller
- University of Lausanne, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
- Social Evolution Unit, Cornuit 8, BP 855, Chesières, CH-1885, Switzerland.
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16
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Sun J, Liu WK, Ellsworth C, Sun Q, Pan Y, Huang YC, Deng WM. Integrating lipid metabolism, pheromone production and perception by Fruitless and Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf6254. [PMID: 37390217 PMCID: PMC10313179 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf6254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Sexual attraction and perception are crucial for mating and reproductive success. In Drosophila melanogaster, the male-specific isoform of Fruitless (Fru), FruM, is a known master neuro-regulator of innate courtship behavior to control the perception of sex pheromones in sensory neurons. Here, we show that the non-sex-specific Fru isoform (FruCOM) is necessary for pheromone biosynthesis in hepatocyte-like oenocytes for sexual attraction. Loss of FruCOM in oenocytes resulted in adults with reduced levels of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), including sex pheromones, and show altered sexual attraction and reduced cuticular hydrophobicity. We further identify Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (Hnf4) as a key target of FruCOM in directing fatty acid conversion to hydrocarbons. Fru or Hnf4 depletion in oenocytes disrupts lipid homeostasis, resulting in a sex-dimorphic CHC profile that differs from doublesex- and transformer-dependent CHC dimorphism. Thus, Fru couples pheromone perception and production in separate organs to regulate chemosensory communications and ensure efficient mating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Wen-Kan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Calder Ellsworth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Yufeng Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yi-Chun Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Wu-Min Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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17
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Cheng JY, Yu PH, Xia X, Zhang R, Wang LH, Fang JC, Hoffmann AA, Luo GH. Identification of a fatty acid synthase gene (FAS1) from Laodelphax striatellus planthoppers contributing to fecundity. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:599-610. [PMID: 36308064 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is a multifunctional enzyme that plays an important role in the formation of fatty acids. The fatty acids take part in many processes, such as cell signaling and energy metabolism, and in insects they are important in both cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) formation and reproduction. Here we characterized the sequence structure and function of an FAS from the small brown planthopper (SBPH), Laodelphax striatellus. The full-length open reading frame (ORF) sequence of LsFAS1 was 7122 bp, encoding a predicted protein of 2373 amino acid residues. There were 7 functional domains in the LsFAS1 protein sequence. Gene expression screening by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) showed that LsFAS1 was expressed in all developmental stages. Relative expression was highest at the 4th-instar and female adult stages. Among different tissues, the expression level of LsFAS1 in the ovary was the highest. Phylogenetic analysis showed that LsFAS1 clustered in a clade with 2 FASs from Nilaparvata lugens. Furthermore, these 3 FASs are related to cockroach BgFAS and locust LmFAS. After RNA interference-mediated knock-down, most treated insects died at eclosion. In addition, the lifespan of dsFAS1-treated female adults was shorter than that of the dsGFP-injected control, and offspring production decreased. Also, the expression of vitellogenin (Vg) and vitellogenin receptor (VgR) genes decreased. Virgin females dissected at days 2 and 4 post-eclosion showed many matured oocytes in planthoppers treated with dsGFP but not with dsFAS1. These data highlight the importance of LsFAS1 in SBPH, including a role in reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yan Cheng
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Pei-Han Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Xia
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Hua Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji-Chao Fang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Guang-Hua Luo
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
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18
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Kitchen SA, Naragon TH, Brückner A, Ladinsky MS, Quinodoz SA, Badroos JM, Viliunas JW, Wagner JM, Miller DR, Yousefelahiyeh M, Antoshechkin IA, Eldredge KT, Pirro S, Guttman M, Davis SR, Aardema ML, Parker J. The genomic and cellular basis of biosynthetic innovation in rove beetles. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.29.542378. [PMID: 37398185 PMCID: PMC10312436 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.29.542378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
How evolution at the cellular level potentiates change at the macroevolutionary level is a major question in evolutionary biology. With >66,000 described species, rove beetles (Staphylinidae) comprise the largest metazoan family. Their exceptional radiation has been coupled to pervasive biosynthetic innovation whereby numerous lineages bear defensive glands with diverse chemistries. Here, we combine comparative genomic and single-cell transcriptomic data from across the largest rove beetle clade, Aleocharinae. We retrace the functional evolution of two novel secretory cell types that together comprise the tergal gland-a putative catalyst behind Aleocharinae's megadiversity. We identify key genomic contingencies that were critical to the assembly of each cell type and their organ-level partnership in manufacturing the beetle's defensive secretion. This process hinged on evolving a mechanism for regulated production of noxious benzoquinones that appears convergent with plant toxin release systems, and synthesis of an effective benzoquinone solvent that weaponized the total secretion. We show that this cooperative biosynthetic system arose at the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary, and that following its establishment, both cell types underwent ∼150 million years of stasis, their chemistry and core molecular architecture maintained almost clade-wide as Aleocharinae radiated globally into tens of thousands of lineages. Despite this deep conservation, we show that the two cell types have acted as substrates for the emergence of adaptive, biochemical novelties-most dramatically in symbiotic lineages that have infiltrated social insect colonies and produce host behavior-manipulating secretions. Our findings uncover genomic and cell type evolutionary processes underlying the origin, functional conservation and evolvability of a chemical innovation in beetles.
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19
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Lei Y, Huang Y, Yang K, Cao X, Song Y, Martín-Blanco E, Pastor-Pareja JC. FGF signaling promotes spreading of fat body precursors necessary for adult adipogenesis in Drosophila. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002050. [PMID: 36947563 PMCID: PMC10069774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of adipogenetic mechanisms is essential to understand and treat conditions affecting organismal metabolism and adipose tissue health. In Drosophila, mature adipose tissue (fat body) exists in larvae and adults. In contrast to the well-known development of the larval fat body from the embryonic mesoderm, adult adipogenesis has remained mysterious. Furthermore, conclusive proof of its physiological significance is lacking. Here, we show that the adult fat body originates from a pool of undifferentiated mesodermal precursors that migrate from the thorax into the abdomen during metamorphosis. Through in vivo imaging, we found that these precursors spread from the ventral midline and cover the inner surface of the abdomen in a process strikingly reminiscent of embryonic mesoderm migration, requiring fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling as well. FGF signaling guides migration dorsally and regulates adhesion to the substrate. After spreading is complete, precursor differentiation involves fat accumulation and cell fusion that produces mature binucleate and tetranucleate adipocytes. Finally, we show that flies where adult adipogenesis is impaired by knock down of FGF receptor Heartless or transcription factor Serpent display ectopic fat accumulation in oenocytes and decreased resistance to starvation. Our results reveal that adult adipogenesis occurs de novo during metamorphosis and demonstrate its crucial physiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Lei
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwei Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueya Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhao Song
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Enrique Martín-Blanco
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Carlos Pastor-Pareja
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Neurosciences, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
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20
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Sun J, Liu WK, Ellsworth C, Sun Q, Pan YF, Huang YC, Deng WM. Integrating lipid metabolism, pheromone production and perception by Fruitless and Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.23.529767. [PMID: 36865119 PMCID: PMC9980076 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.23.529767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Sexual attraction and perception, governed by separate genetic circuits in different organs, are crucial for mating and reproductive success, yet the mechanisms of how these two aspects are integrated remain unclear. In Drosophila , the male-specific isoform of Fruitless (Fru), Fru M , is known as a master neuro-regulator of innate courtship behavior to control perception of sex pheromones in sensory neurons. Here we show that the non-sex specific Fru isoform (Fru COM ) is necessary for pheromone biosynthesis in hepatocyte-like oenocytes for sexual attraction. Loss of Fru COM in oenocytes resulted in adults with reduced levels of the cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), including sex pheromones, and show altered sexual attraction and reduced cuticular hydrophobicity. We further identify Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 ( Hnf4 ) as a key target of Fru COM in directing fatty acid conversion to hydrocarbons in adult oenocytes. fru - and Hnf4 -depletion disrupts lipid homeostasis, resulting in a novel sex-dimorphic CHC profile, which differs from doublesex - and transformer -dependent sexual dimorphism of the CHC profile. Thus, Fru couples pheromone perception and production in separate organs for precise coordination of chemosensory communication that ensures efficient mating behavior. Teaser Fruitless and lipid metabolism regulator HNF4 integrate pheromone biosynthesis and perception to ensure robust courtship behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Wen-Kan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Calder Ellsworth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Yu-Feng Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yi-Chun Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Wu-Min Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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21
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Moris VC, Podsiadlowski L, Martin S, Oeyen JP, Donath A, Petersen M, Wilbrandt J, Misof B, Liedtke D, Thamm M, Scheiner R, Schmitt T, Niehuis O. Intrasexual cuticular hydrocarbon dimorphism in a wasp sheds light on hydrocarbon biosynthesis genes in Hymenoptera. Commun Biol 2023; 6:147. [PMID: 36737661 PMCID: PMC9898505 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) cover the cuticle of insects and serve as desiccation barrier and as semiochemicals. While the main enzymatic steps of CHC biosynthesis are well understood, few of the underlying genes have been identified. Here we show how exploitation of intrasexual CHC dimorphism in a mason wasp, Odynerus spinipes, in combination with whole-genome sequencing and comparative transcriptomics facilitated identification of such genes. RNAi-mediated knockdown of twelve candidate gene orthologs in the honey bee, Apis mellifera, confirmed nine genes impacting CHC profile composition. Most of them have predicted functions consistent with current knowledge of CHC metabolism. However, we found first-time evidence for a fatty acid amide hydrolase also influencing CHC profile composition. In situ hybridization experiments furthermore suggest trophocytes participating in CHC biosynthesis. Our results set the base for experimental CHC profile manipulation in Hymenoptera and imply that the evolutionary origin of CHC biosynthesis predates the arthropods' colonization of land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C. Moris
- grid.5963.9Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Institute of Biology I (Zoology), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Laboratory of Molecular Biology & Evolution (MBE), Department of Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lars Podsiadlowski
- grid.517093.90000 0005 0294 9006Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change / ZFMK, Museum Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany ,grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Martin
- grid.517093.90000 0005 0294 9006Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change / ZFMK, Museum Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany ,grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Philip Oeyen
- grid.517093.90000 0005 0294 9006Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change / ZFMK, Museum Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexander Donath
- grid.517093.90000 0005 0294 9006Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change / ZFMK, Museum Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Malte Petersen
- grid.517093.90000 0005 0294 9006Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change / ZFMK, Museum Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany ,grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300High Performance Computing & Analytics Lab, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jeanne Wilbrandt
- grid.517093.90000 0005 0294 9006Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change / ZFMK, Museum Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany ,grid.418245.e0000 0000 9999 5706Leibniz Institute on Aging — Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Misof
- grid.517093.90000 0005 0294 9006Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change / ZFMK, Museum Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel Liedtke
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Institute of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Thamm
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Department of Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ricarda Scheiner
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Department of Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitt
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Niehuis
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Institute of Biology I (Zoology), University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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22
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Ueda K, Haskins J, Simmonds AJ. Manipulation and Visualization of Peroxisomes in Drosophila. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2643:455-467. [PMID: 36952206 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3048-8_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is a proven metazoan model to investigate the fundamentals of human genetic diseases including peroxisome-related disorders. Drosophila have facile cell and animal culture but with a relatively simpler genome and organ morphology compared to vertebrates. Drosophila Schneider 2 (S2) cells have been used extensively as a platform for investigating peroxisome functions like transport along the cytoskeleton via their amenability to RNA-interference (RNAi)-based gene knockdown. Similarly, novel findings regarding tissue-specific roles for peroxisomes have come from studies in developing flies. Individual organs can be targeted for RNAi or gene mutations affecting a limited group of cells in the context of the entire animal. Here, we provide basic protocols on how to visualize peroxisomes and manipulate expression of the Peroxin or other peroxisome genes in S2 cells and developing Drosophila organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Ueda
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Julie Haskins
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Andrew James Simmonds
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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23
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He P, Wei E, Wang R, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Tang X, Zhu F, Shen Z. The spirotetramat inhibits growth and reproduction of silkworm by interfering with the fatty acid metabolism. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:105282. [PMID: 36464337 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Spirotetramat is a novel insecticide and acaricide that can effectively control many species of piercing-sucking pests by inhibiting lipid synthesis. The silkworm is an economically important insect and a model organism for genetics and biochemical research. However, the toxic effect on their development and reproduction remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated the negative effects of spirotetramat on the development, vitality, silk protein synthesis, and fecundity of silkworm. We also compared expression changes of silkworm genes using digital gene expression (DGE). A total of 1567 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected, of which 874 genes were downregulated and 693 genes were upregulated. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were enriched in the oxidation-reduction process, oxidoreductase activity, and fatty-acyl-CoA reductase activity. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in fatty acid metabolism and lysosome pathways. We detected the relative expression of silkworm genes related to fatty acid synthesis and decomposition pathways and the degradation pathway of juvenile hormone by quantitative real-time PCR. The expression levels of Acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FACR), Enoyl-CoA hydratase (ECH), very-long-chain (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase (LCHAD), juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase (JHEH), and phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase (PCD) genes were downregulated. These data demonstrate the effects of spirotetramat on silkworm and its effects on genes involved in fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping He
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Erjun Wei
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Runpeng Wang
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China; Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiling Zhang
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China; Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Tang
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China; Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhongyuan Shen
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China; Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Fatty acyl-CoA reductase influences wax biosynthesis in the cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1108. [PMID: 36261606 PMCID: PMC9582030 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03956-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mealybugs are highly aggressive to a diversity of plants. The waxy layer covering the outermost part of the integument is an important protective defense of these pests. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying wax biosynthesis in mealybugs remain largely unknown. Here, we analyzed multi-omics data on wax biosynthesis by the cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, and found that a fatty acyl-CoA reductase (PsFAR) gene, which was highly expressed in the fat bodies of female mealybugs, contributed to wax biosynthesis by regulating the production of the dominant chemical components of wax, cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs). RNA interference (RNAi) against PsFAR by dsRNA microinjection and allowing mealybugs to feed on transgenic tobacco expressing target dsRNA resulted in a reduction of CHC contents in the waxy layer, and an increase in mealybug mortality under desiccation and deltamethrin treatments. In conclusion, PsFAR plays crucial roles in the wax biosynthesis of mealybugs, thereby contributing to their adaptation to water loss and insecticide stress. The role of a fatty acyl-CoA reductase (PsFAR) in wax biosynthesis of cotton mealybug is investigated, RNAi against PsFAR resulted in insects with lower generation of waxy filaments and higher mortality under desiccation and deltamethrin treatments.
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25
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Ribeiro IMA, Eßbauer W, Kutlesa R, Borst A. Spatial and temporal control of expression with light-gated LOV-LexA. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6649684. [PMID: 35876796 PMCID: PMC9526042 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The ability to drive expression of exogenous genes in different tissues and cell types, under the control of specific enhancers, has been crucial for discovery in biology. While many enhancers drive expression broadly, several genetic tools were developed to obtain access to isolated cell types. Studies of spatially organized neuropiles in the central nervous system of fruit flies have raised the need for a system that targets subsets of cells within a single neuronal type, a feat currently dependent on stochastic flip-out methods. To access the same cells within a given expression pattern consistently across fruit flies, we developed the light-gated expression system LOV-LexA. We combined the bacterial LexA transcription factor with the plant-derived light, oxygen, or voltage photosensitive domain and a fluorescent protein. Exposure to blue light uncages a nuclear localizing signal in the C-terminal of the light, oxygen, or voltage domain and leads to the translocation of LOV-LexA to the nucleus, with the subsequent initiation of transcription. LOV-LexA enables spatial and temporal control of expression of transgenes under LexAop sequences in larval fat body and pupal and adult neurons with blue light. The LOV-LexA tool is ready to use with GAL4 and Split-GAL4 drivers in its current form and constitutes another layer of intersectional genetics that provides light-controlled genetic access to specific cells across flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês M A Ribeiro
- Department of Circuits-Computations-Models, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology , 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eßbauer
- Department of Circuits-Computations-Models, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology , 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Romina Kutlesa
- Department of Circuits-Computations-Models, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology , 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alexander Borst
- Department of Circuits-Computations-Models, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology , 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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26
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Ghosh AC, Hu Y, Tattikota SG, Liu Y, Comjean A, Perrimon N. Modeling exercise using optogenetically contractible Drosophila larvae. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:623. [PMID: 36042416 PMCID: PMC9425970 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08845-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiological effects of a number of metabolic and age-related disorders can be prevented to some extent by exercise and increased physical activity. However, the molecular mechanisms that contribute to the beneficial effects of muscle activity remain poorly explored. Availability of a fast, inexpensive, and genetically tractable model system for muscle activity and exercise will allow the rapid identification and characterization of molecular mechanisms that mediate the beneficial effects of exercise. Here, we report the development and characterization of an optogenetically-inducible muscle contraction (OMC) model in Drosophila larvae that we used to study acute exercise-like physiological responses. To characterize muscle-specific transcriptional responses to acute exercise, we performed bulk mRNA-sequencing, revealing striking similarities between acute exercise-induced genes in flies and those previously identified in humans. Our larval muscle contraction model opens a path for rapid identification and characterization of exercise-induced factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan C Ghosh
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Yifang Liu
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aram Comjean
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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27
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Qiao JW, Fan YL, Wu BJ, Bai TT, Wang YH, Zhang ZF, Wang D, Liu TX. Downregulation of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase via RNA interference increases the susceptibility of Acyrthosiphon pisum to desiccation and insecticides. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:1105-1119. [PMID: 34723412 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) is involved in the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous substances, and detoxification of insecticides. RNA interference (RNAi) of CPR in certain insects causes developmental defects and enhanced susceptibility to insecticides. However, the CPR of Acyrthosiphon pisum has not been characterized, and its function is still not understood. In this study, we investigated the biochemical functions of A. pisum CPR (ApCPR). ApCPR was found to be transcribed in all developmental stages and was abundant in the embryo stage, and in the gut, head, and abdominal cuticle. After optimizing the dose and silencing duration of RNAi for downregulating ApCPR, we found that ApCPR suppression resulted in a significant decrease in the production of cuticular and internal hydrocarbon contents, and of cuticular waxy coatings. Deficiency in cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) decreased the survival rate of A. pisum under desiccation stress and increased its susceptibility to contact insecticides. Moreover, desiccation stress induced a significant increase in ApCPR mRNA levels. We further confirmed that ApCPR participates in CHC production. These results indicate that ApCPR modulates CHC production, desiccation tolerance, and insecticide susceptibility in A. pisum, and presents a novel target for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wen Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yong-Liang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bing-Jin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Tian-Tian Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ying-Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhan-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Dun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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28
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Naragon TH, Wagner JM, Parker J. Parallel evolutionary paths of rove beetle myrmecophiles: replaying a deep-time tape of life. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 51:100903. [PMID: 35301166 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The rise of ants over the past ~100 million years reshaped the biosphere, presenting ecological challenges for many organisms, but also opportunities. No insect group has been so adept at exploiting niches inside ant colonies as the rove beetles (Staphylinidae) - a global clade of>64,000 predominantly free-living predators from which numerous socially parasitic 'myrmecophile' lineages have emerged. Myrmecophilous staphylinids are specialized for colony life through changes in behavior, chemistry, anatomy, and life history that are often strikingly convergent, and hence potentially adaptive for this symbiotic way of life. Here, we examine how the interplay between ecological pressures and molecular, cellular, and neurobiological mechanisms shape the evolutionary trajectories of symbiotic lineages in this ancient, convergent system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Naragon
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, USA; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Julian M Wagner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Parker
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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29
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Does Bacillus thuringiensis Affect the Stress and Immune Responses of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Larvae, Females, and Males in the Same Way? INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13050437. [PMID: 35621773 PMCID: PMC9145660 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Rhynchophorus ferrugineus is a destructive quarantine pest of palm trees, now widely distributed. Although broad-spectrum insecticides are often used to protect palm against R. ferrugineus, there is increasing concern about their effects on the environment and human health, especially where palm trees are located in urban areas. As an environmentally friendly entomopathogen, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been widely used to prevent other pest infestations. Although Bt products are the most sold bio-insecticides, there are still many interesting features to be investigated in the relationship of Bt and its hosts. We investigated the effect of Bt on larvae, females, and males. This research yielded experimental evidence of significant mortality and significant effects on immune system and stress answer. Within a few hours, stress due to Bt infection was detected in the hemocytes and in the brain providing better insights into the insect-pathogen interaction and highlighting the potential use of Bt in R. ferrugineus management. Abstract Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is considered a potentially useful entomopathogen against red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus. We compared the effects of Bt on mature larvae, females, and males. The pathogenicity of Bt was evaluated, estimating: Median Lethal Dose (LD50), Median Lethal Time (LT50), Total Hemocyte Count (THC), and Differential Hemocyte Counts (DHC), and the expression of the stress protein Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp 70) in hemocytes and the brain. Mortality exhibited a positive trend with the dosage and duration of exposure to Bt. Larvae were more susceptible than adults, and the LD50 of females was almost double the value of that of the larvae. LT50 value was higher for females than for males and larvae. Treatment with sub-lethal doses of Bt induced a decrease in THC in larvae, females, and males. In treated larvae, plasmatocytes decreased, while oenocytes and spherulocytes increased. In treated females, all types of hemocytes decreased, while in males the number of plasmatocytes decreased and granulocytes increased. We also registered the stress response directly on hemocytes showing that, already at 3 h after eating Bt, the expression of the stress protein Hsp 70 was modulated. This effect was also observed in brain tissue at 6 h after treatment. The results confirm that Bt treatment induces a pathogenic state in larvae and adults of both sexes, with effects after only a few hours from ingestion; however, the effects are different in magnitude and in type of target.
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30
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Huang K, Liu Y, Perrimon N. Roles of Insect Oenocytes in Physiology and Their Relevance to Human Metabolic Diseases. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 2:859847. [PMID: 38468774 PMCID: PMC10926422 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2022.859847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Oenocytes are large secretory cells present in the abdomen of insects known to synthesize very-long-chain fatty acids to produce hydrocarbons and pheromones that mediate courtship behavior in adult flies. In recent years, oenocytes have been implicated in the regulation of energy metabolism. These hepatocyte-like cells accumulate lipid droplets under starvation and can non-autonomously regulate tracheal waterproofing and adipocyte lipid composition. Here, we summarize evidence, mostly from Drosophila, establishing that oenocytes perform liver-like functions. We also compare the functional differences in oenocytes and the fat body, another lipid storage tissue which also performs liver-like functions. Lastly, we examine signaling pathways that regulate oenocyte metabolism derived from other metabolic tissues, as well as oenocyte-derived signals that regulate energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerui Huang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, United States
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31
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Buffry AD, McGregor AP. Micromanagement of Drosophila Post-Embryonic Development by Hox Genes. J Dev Biol 2022; 10:13. [PMID: 35225966 PMCID: PMC8883937 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hox genes function early in development to determine regional identity in animals. Consequently, the loss or gain of Hox gene expression can change this identity and cause homeotic transformations. Over 20 years ago, it was observed that the role of Hox genes in patterning animal body plans involves the fine-scale regulation of cell fate and identity during development, playing the role of 'micromanagers' as proposed by Michael Akam in key perspective papers. Therefore, as well as specifying where structures develop on animal bodies, Hox genes can help to precisely sculpt their morphology. Here, we review work that has provided important insights about the roles of Hox genes in influencing cell fate during post-embryonic development in Drosophila to regulate fine-scale patterning and morphology. We also explore how this is achieved through the regulation of Hox genes, specific co-factors and their complex regulation of hundreds of target genes. We argue that further investigating the regulation and roles of Hox genes in Drosophila post-embryonic development has great potential for understanding gene regulation, cell fate and phenotypic differentiation more generally.
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32
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Yildirim E, Curtis R, Hwangbo DS. Roles of peripheral clocks: lessons from the fly. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:263-293. [PMID: 34862983 PMCID: PMC8844272 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To adapt to and anticipate rhythmic changes in the environment such as daily light-dark and temperature cycles, internal timekeeping mechanisms called biological clocks evolved in a diverse set of organisms, from unicellular bacteria to humans. These biological clocks play critical roles in organisms' fitness and survival by temporally aligning physiological and behavioral processes to the external cues. The central clock is located in a small subset of neurons in the brain and drives daily activity rhythms, whereas most peripheral tissues harbor their own clock systems, which generate metabolic and physiological rhythms. Since the discovery of Drosophila melanogaster clock mutants in the early 1970s, the fruit fly has become an extensively studied model organism to investigate the mechanism and functions of circadian clocks. In this review, we primarily focus on D. melanogaster to survey key discoveries and progresses made over the past two decades in our understanding of peripheral clocks. We discuss physiological roles and molecular mechanisms of peripheral clocks in several different peripheral tissues of the fly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Curtis
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Dae-Sung Hwangbo
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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33
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Xin Y, Chen N, Wang Y, Ni R, Zhao H, Yang P, Li M, Qiu X. CYP4G8 is responsible for the synthesis of methyl-branched hydrocarbons in the polyphagous caterpillar of Helicoverpa armigera. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 140:103701. [PMID: 34890799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Insect cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) have dual functions as physical barrier and chemical signals. The last step of CHC biosynthesis is known to be catalyzed by cytochrome P450 CYP4G in a number of insects. Until recently, studies on CYP4Gs in the context of functional evolution are rare. In this study, we analyzed sequence similarity and temporal-spatial expression patterns of the five CYP4G genes in the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera, an important agricultural pest and also typical representative of lepidopteran insects. Moreover, the CRISPR/Cas9-induced knockout was used to clarify the roles of the five CYP4Gs in CHC biosynthesis. Temporal-spatial expression patterns revealed that CYP4G8 was highly expressed at all developmental stages and in most tissues examined. Larvae with CYP4G8 knocked out could not produce methyl-branched CHCs and failed to pupate, while larvae with the other four CYP4G genes knocked out (4G1-type-KO) showed no significant changes in their CHC profiles, weight gain and survival. Comparative transcriptomics revealed that knocking out CYP4G8 affected the global gene expression in larvae, especially down-regulated the expression of genes in the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway, while no significant change in 4G1-type-KO transcriptome was observed. These findings indicate that the five members of the CYP4G subfamily have undergone functional divergence: CYP4G8 maintains the essential function in CHC biosynthesis, while the function of the other four CYP4G genes remains unclear. Intriguingly, CYP4G8 has evolved to be a P450 enzyme responsible for the synthesis of larval methyl-branched hydrocarbons. The observation that CYP4G8 knockout is lethal strongly suggest that CYP4G8 may serve as a candidate target for the development of insecticidal agents for the control of cotton bollworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucui Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ruoyao Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongrui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Peiqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xinghui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Evolutionary assembly of cooperating cell types in an animal chemical defense system. Cell 2021; 184:6138-6156.e28. [PMID: 34890552 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
How the functions of multicellular organs emerge from the underlying evolution of cell types is poorly understood. We deconstructed evolution of an organ novelty: a rove beetle gland that secretes a defensive cocktail. We show how gland function arose via assembly of two cell types that manufacture distinct compounds. One cell type, comprising a chemical reservoir within the abdomen, produces alkane and ester compounds. We demonstrate that this cell type is a hybrid of cuticle cells and ancient pheromone and adipocyte-like cells, executing its function via a mosaic of enzymes from each parental cell type. The second cell type synthesizes benzoquinones using a chimera of conserved cellular energy and cuticle formation pathways. We show that evolution of each cell type was shaped by coevolution between the two cell types, yielding a potent secretion that confers adaptive value. Our findings illustrate how cooperation between cell types arises, generating new, organ-level behaviors.
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Schuehly W, Riessberger-Gallé U, Hernández López J. Sublethal pesticide exposure induces larval removal behavior in honeybees through chemical cues. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 228:113020. [PMID: 34856485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We were intrigued by reported observations of reduced brood production and a high number of empty brood cells in bee colonies exposed to sublethal pesticide doses, which could suggest an active removal of larvae. Higher numbers of oenocytes, insect cells responsible for lipid processing and detoxification, were also found in pesticide-exposed larvae. Oenocytes are involved in hydrocarbon metabolism and chemical communication, and we hypothesized that these larvae could display altered cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles when exposed to pesticides as compared to control larvae. In addition, we proposed that these chemical cues could trigger specific behavioral responses in colony nurses. To test these hypotheses, we analyzed the CHC profiles of artificially reared larvae that had been fed sublethal doses of either dimethoate or clothianidin or fed on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We found significant differences in the CHC profiles of these differently treated larvae. In a subsequent behavioral experiment, we transferred clothianidin-treated or LPS-treated larvae into the brood combs of surrogate colonies. Larvae that had been fed either the pesticide or LPS were removed at a significantly higher rate than control larvae. Our results demonstrate that larvae exposed to clothianidin possess altered CHC profiles, are detected in the colony by nurse bees via chemical cues and are actively removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Schuehly
- Department of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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36
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Double peroxidase and histone acetyltransferase AgTip60 maintain innate immune memory in primed mosquitoes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2114242118. [PMID: 34711682 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114242118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune priming in Anopheles gambiae is mediated by the systemic release of a hemocyte differentiation factor (HDF), a complex of lipoxin A4 bound to Evokin, a lipid carrier. HDF increases the proportion of circulating granulocytes and enhances mosquito cellular immunity. Here, we show that Evokin is present in hemocytes and fat-body cells, and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression increases significantly after immune priming. The double peroxidase (DBLOX) enzyme, present in insects but not in vertebrates, is essential for HDF synthesis. DBLOX is highly expressed in oenocytes in the fat-body tissue, and these cells increase in number in primed mosquitoes. We provide direct evidence that the histone acetyltransferase AgTip60 (AGAP001539) is also essential for a sustained increase in oenocyte numbers, HDF synthesis, and immune priming. We propose that oenocytes may function as a population of cells that are reprogrammed, and orchestrate and maintain a broad, systemic, and long-lasting state of enhanced immune surveillance in primed mosquitoes.
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Zülfikaroğlu T, Turgay-İzzetoğlu G, Yikilmaz MS, İzzetoğlu S. Demonstrating the general structure and cell types of the fat body in Blatta orientalis (Oriental Cockroach). Anat Histol Embryol 2021; 51:23-35. [PMID: 34668578 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The fat body is a tissue that originates from mesoderm in insects. It consists of several cell types. The basic cell of the fat body is trophocyte. Glycogen, protein and lipid which are required for energy are stored in these cells. Mycetocyte, urocyte, chromotocyte and haemoglobin cells are the other cell types which originate from differentiated trophocytes. Of the cells found in cockroaches, mycetocytes contain an endosymbiont species of bacteria while urocytes are specialized cells for storing and discharging uric acid. Oenocyte, which is not the fat body cell type but associated with epidermis and the fat body cells, is also found in cockroaches. In this research, the fat body distribution was shown for the first time in three selected sections (thorax, beginning and end of abdomen) in all stages of Blatta orientalis (Linnaeus, 1758). In addition, the fat body cell types and distribution were determined by histological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies. As a result, trophocytes, mycetocytes, urocytes of the fat body and oenocytes which are related to the fat body were determined in B. orientalis. Also, it was revealed that the fat body content increased in the selected regions of the stages depending on the development. We hope that these findings will contribute to data about the fat body and give some directions to insecticide studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğba Zülfikaroğlu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Zoology Section, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Gamze Turgay-İzzetoğlu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Zoology Section, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Salih Yikilmaz
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Savaş İzzetoğlu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
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Saleh NW, Hodgson K, Pokorny T, Mullins A, Chouvenc T, Eltz T, Ramírez SR. Social Behavior, Ovary Size, and Population of Origin Influence Cuticular Hydrocarbons in the Orchid Bee Euglossa dilemma. Am Nat 2021; 198:E136-E151. [PMID: 34648396 DOI: 10.1086/716511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are waxy compounds on the surface of insects that prevent desiccation and frequently serve as chemical signals mediating social and mating behaviors. Although their function in eusocial species has been heavily investigated, little is known about the evolution of CHC-based communication in species with simpler forms of social organization lacking specialized castes. Here we investigate factors shaping CHC variation in the orchid bee Euglossa dilemma, which forms casteless social groups of two to three individuals. We first assess geographic variation, examining CHC profiles of males and females from three populations. We also consider CHC variation in the sister species, Euglossa viridissima, which occurs sympatrically with one population of E. dilemma. Next, we consider variation associated with female behavioral phases, to test the hypothesis that CHCs reflect ovary size and social dominance. We uncover a striking CHC polymorphism in E. dilemma spanning populations. In addition, we identify a separate set of CHCs that correlate with ovary size, social dominance, and expression of genes associated with social behavior, suggesting that CHCs convey reproductive and social information in E. dilemma. Together, our results reveal complex patterns of variation in which a subset of CHCs reflect the social and reproductive status of nestmates.
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Fulgham CV, Dreyer AP, Nasseri A, Miller AN, Love J, Martin MM, Jabr DA, Saurabh S, Cavanaugh DJ. Central and Peripheral Clock Control of Circadian Feeding Rhythms. J Biol Rhythms 2021; 36:548-566. [PMID: 34547954 DOI: 10.1177/07487304211045835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many behaviors exhibit ~24-h oscillations under control of an endogenous circadian timing system that tracks time of day via a molecular circadian clock. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, most circadian research has focused on the generation of locomotor activity rhythms, but a fundamental question is how the circadian clock orchestrates multiple distinct behavioral outputs. Here, we have investigated the cells and circuits mediating circadian control of feeding behavior. Using an array of genetic tools, we show that, as is the case for locomotor activity rhythms, the presence of feeding rhythms requires molecular clock function in the ventrolateral clock neurons of the central brain. We further demonstrate that the speed of molecular clock oscillations in these neurons dictates the free-running period length of feeding rhythms. In contrast to the effects observed with central clock cell manipulations, we show that genetic abrogation of the molecular clock in the fat body, a peripheral metabolic tissue, is without effect on feeding behavior. Interestingly, we find that molecular clocks in the brain and fat body of control flies gradually grow out of phase with one another under free-running conditions, likely due to a long endogenous period of the fat body clock. Under these conditions, the period of feeding rhythms tracks with molecular oscillations in central brain clock cells, consistent with a primary role of the brain clock in dictating the timing of feeding behavior. Finally, despite a lack of effect of fat body selective manipulations, we find that flies with simultaneous disruption of molecular clocks in multiple peripheral tissues (but with intact central clocks) exhibit decreased feeding rhythm strength and reduced overall food intake. We conclude that both central and peripheral clocks contribute to the regulation of feeding rhythms, with a particularly dominant, pacemaker role for specific populations of central brain clock cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson V Fulgham
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Austin P Dreyer
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anita Nasseri
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Asia N Miller
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jacob Love
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Madison M Martin
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel A Jabr
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sumit Saurabh
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel J Cavanaugh
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Qiao JW, Fan YL, Bai TT, Wu BJ, Pei XJ, Wang D, Liu TX. Lipophorin receptor regulates the cuticular hydrocarbon accumulation and adult fecundity of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1018-1032. [PMID: 32558147 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular hydrocarbons form a barrier that protects terrestrial insects from water loss via the epicuticle. Lipophorin loads and transports lipids, including hydrocarbons, from one tissue to another. In some insects, the lipophorin receptor (LpR), which binds to lipophorin and accepts its lipid cargo, is essential for female fecundity because it mediates the incorporation of lipophorin by developing oocytes. However, it is unclear whether LpR is involved in the accumulation of cuticular hydrocarbons and its precise role in aphid reproduction remains unknown. We herein present the results of our molecular characterization, phylogenetic analysis, and functional annotation of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) LpR gene (ApLpR). This gene was transcribed throughout the A. pisum life cycle, but especially during the embryonic stage and in the abdominal cuticle. Furthermore, we optimized the RHA interference (RNAi) parameters by determining the ideal dose and duration for gene silencing in the pea aphid. We observed that the RNAi-based ApLpR suppression significantly decreased the internal and cuticular hydrocarbon contents as well as adult fecundity. Additionally, a deficiency in cuticular hydrocarbons increased the susceptibility of aphids to desiccation stress, with decreased survival rates under simulated drought conditions. Moreover, ApLpR expression levels significantly increased in response to the desiccation treatment. These results confirm that ApLpR is involved in transporting hydrocarbons and protecting aphids from desiccation stress. Furthermore, this gene is vital for aphid reproduction. Therefore, the ApLpR gene of A. pisum may be a novel RNAi target relevant for insect pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wen Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong-Liang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tian-Tian Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bing-Jin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Jin Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Heier C, Klishch S, Stilbytska O, Semaniuk U, Lushchak O. The Drosophila model to interrogate triacylglycerol biology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158924. [PMID: 33716135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The deposition of storage fat in the form of triacylglycerol (TAG) is an evolutionarily conserved strategy to cope with fluctuations in energy availability and metabolic stress. Organismal TAG storage in specialized adipose tissues provides animals a metabolic reserve that sustains survival during development and starvation. On the other hand, excessive accumulation of adipose TAG, defined as obesity, is associated with an increasing prevalence of human metabolic diseases. During the past decade, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, traditionally used in genetics and developmental biology, has been established as a versatile model system to study TAG metabolism and the etiology of lipid-associated metabolic diseases. Similar to humans, Drosophila TAG homeostasis relies on the interplay of organ systems specialized in lipid uptake, synthesis, and processing, which are integrated by an endocrine network of hormones and messenger molecules. Enzymatic formation of TAG from sugar or dietary lipid, its storage in lipid droplets, and its mobilization by lipolysis occur via mechanisms largely conserved between Drosophila and humans. Notably, dysfunctional Drosophila TAG homeostasis occurs in the context of aging, overnutrition, or defective gene function, and entails tissue-specific and organismal pathologies that resemble human disease. In this review, we summarize the physiology and biochemistry of TAG in Drosophila and outline the potential of this organism as a model system to understand the genetic and dietary basis of TAG storage and TAG-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Heier
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, A-8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Svitlana Klishch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department Biochemistry 1, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenka str, Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine
| | - Olha Stilbytska
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department Biochemistry 1, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenka str, Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine
| | - Uliana Semaniuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department Biochemistry 1, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenka str, Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine
| | - Oleh Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department Biochemistry 1, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenka str, Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine.
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de la Filia AG, Mongue AJ, Dorrens J, Lemon H, Laetsch DR, Ross L. Males That Silence Their Father's Genes: Genomic Imprinting of a Complete Haploid Genome. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:2566-2581. [PMID: 33706381 PMCID: PMC8136510 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic conflict is considered a key driver in the evolution of reproductive systems with non-Mendelian inheritance, where parents do not contribute equally to the genetic makeup of their offspring. One of the most extraordinary examples of non-Mendelian inheritance is paternal genome elimination (PGE), a form of haplodiploidy which has evolved repeatedly across arthropods. Under PGE, males are diploid but only transmit maternally inherited chromosomes, while the paternally inherited homologues are excluded from sperm. This asymmetric inheritance is thought to have evolved through an evolutionary arms race between the paternal and maternal genomes over transmission to future generations. In several PGE clades, such as the mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), paternal chromosomes are not only eliminated from sperm, but also heterochromatinized early in development and thought to remain inactive, which could result from genetic conflict between parental genomes. Here, we present a parent-of-origin allele-specific transcriptome analysis in male mealybugs showing that expression is globally biased toward the maternal genome. However, up to 70% of somatically expressed genes are to some degree paternally expressed, while paternal genome expression is much more restricted in the male reproductive tract, with only 20% of genes showing paternal contribution. We also show that parent-of-origin-specific gene expression patterns are remarkably similar across genotypes, and that genes with completely biparental expression show elevated rates of molecular evolution. Our results provide the clearest example yet of genome-wide genomic imprinting in insects and enhance our understanding of PGE, which will aid future empirical tests of evolutionary theory regarding the origin of this unusual reproductive strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés G de la Filia
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Mongue
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Dorrens
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Lemon
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik R Laetsch
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Ross
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Ramasamy R, Thiruchenthooran V, Jayadas TTP, Eswaramohan T, Santhirasegaram S, Sivabalakrishnan K, Naguleswaran A, Uzest M, Cayrol B, Voisin SN, Bulet P, Surendran SN. Transcriptomic, proteomic and ultrastructural studies on salinity-tolerant Aedes aegypti in the context of rising sea levels and arboviral disease epidemiology. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:253. [PMID: 33836668 PMCID: PMC8034070 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07564-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti mosquito, the principal global vector of arboviral diseases, lays eggs and undergoes larval and pupal development to become adult mosquitoes in fresh water (FW). It has recently been observed to develop in coastal brackish water (BW) habitats of up to 50% sea water, and such salinity tolerance shown to be an inheritable trait. Genomics of salinity tolerance in Ae. aegypti has not been previously studied, but it is of fundamental biological interest and important for controlling arboviral diseases in the context of rising sea levels increasing coastal ground water salinity. RESULTS BW- and FW-Ae. aegypti were compared by RNA-seq analysis on the gut, anal papillae and rest of the carcass in fourth instar larvae (L4), proteomics of cuticles shed when L4 metamorphose into pupae, and transmission electron microscopy of cuticles in L4 and adults. Genes for specific cuticle proteins, signalling proteins, moulting hormone-related proteins, membrane transporters, enzymes involved in cuticle metabolism, and cytochrome P450 showed different mRNA levels in BW and FW L4 tissues. The salinity-tolerant Ae. aegypti were also characterized by altered L4 cuticle proteomics and changes in cuticle ultrastructure of L4 and adults. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide new information on molecular and ultrastructural changes associated with salinity adaptation in FW mosquitoes. Changes in cuticles of larvae and adults of salinity-tolerant Ae. aegypti are expected to reduce the efficacy of insecticides used for controlling arboviral diseases. Expansion of coastal BW habitats and their neglect for control measures facilitates the spread of salinity-tolerant Ae. aegypti and genes for salinity tolerance. The transmission of arboviral diseases can therefore be amplified in multiple ways by salinity-tolerant Ae. aegypti and requires appropriate mitigating measures. The findings in Ae. aegypti have attendant implications for the development of salinity tolerance in other fresh water mosquito vectors and the diseases they transmit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Ramasamy
- ID-FISH Technology Inc., Milpitas, CA, 95035, USA. .,Department of Zoology, University of Jaffna, Jaffna, Sri Lanka.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marilyne Uzest
- UMR BGPI, University of Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Bastien Cayrol
- UMR BGPI, University of Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Philippe Bulet
- Platform BioPark Archamps, Archamps, France.,CR Université Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France
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44
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Kishi Y, Parker J. Cell type innovation at the tips of the animal tree. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 69:112-121. [PMID: 33784538 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how organs originate is challenging due to the twin problems of explaining how new cell types evolve and how collective interactions between cell types arise and become selectively advantageous. Animals are assemblages of organs and cell types of different antiquities, and among the most rapidly and convergently evolving are exocrine glands and their constituent secretory cell types. Such structures have arisen independently thousands of times across the Metazoa, impacting how animals chemically interact with their environments. The recurrent evolution of exocrine systems provides a paradigm for examining how qualitative phenotypic novelties arise from variation at the cellular level. Here, we take a hierarchical perspective, focusing on the evolutionary assembly of novel biosynthetic pathways and secretory cell types, and how both selection and non-adaptive molecular processes may combine to build the complex, modular architectures of many animal glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Kishi
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, United States
| | - Joseph Parker
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, United States.
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45
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McKinney RM, Valdez R, Ben-Shahar Y. The genetic architecture of larval aggregation behavior in Drosophila. J Neurogenet 2021; 35:274-284. [PMID: 33629904 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2021.1887174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Many insect species exhibit basal social behaviors such as aggregation, which play important roles in their feeding and mating ecologies. However, the evolutionary, genetic, and physiological mechanisms that regulate insect aggregation remain unknown for most species. Here, we used natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster to identify the genetic architecture that drives larval aggregation feeding behavior. By using quantitative and reverse genetic approaches, we have identified a complex neurogenetic network that plays a role in regulating the decision of larvae to feed in either solitude or as a group. Results from single gene, RNAi-knockdown experiments show that several of the identified genes represent key nodes in the genetic network that determines the level of aggregation while feeding. Furthermore, we show that a single non-coding variant in the gene CG14205, a putative acyltransferase, is associated with both decreased mRNA expression and increased aggregate formation, which suggests that it has a specific role in inhibiting aggregation behavior. Our results identify, for the first time, the genetic components which interact to regulate naturally occurring levels of aggregation in D. melanogaster larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross M McKinney
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ryan Valdez
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yehuda Ben-Shahar
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Time Flies-Age Grading of Adult Flies for the Estimation of the Post-Mortem Interval. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11020152. [PMID: 33494172 PMCID: PMC7909779 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The estimation of the minimum time since death is one of the main applications of forensic entomology. This can be done by calculating the age of the immature stage of necrophagous flies developing on the corpse, which is confined to approximately 2–4 weeks, depending on temperature and species of the first colonizing wave of flies. Adding the age of the adult flies developed on the dead body could extend this time frame up to several weeks when the body is in a building or closed premise. However, the techniques for accurately estimating the age of adult flies are still in their beginning stages or not sufficiently validated. Here we review the current state of the art of analysing the aging of flies by evaluating the ovarian development, the amount of pteridine in the eyes, the degree of wing damage, the modification of their cuticular hydrocarbon patterns, and the increasing number of growth layers in the cuticula. New approaches, including the use of age specific molecular profiles based on the levels of gene and protein expression and the application of near infrared spectroscopy, are introduced, and the forensic relevance of these methods is discussed.
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Rajpurohit S, Vrkoslav V, Hanus R, Gibbs AG, Cvačka J, Schmidt PS. Post-eclosion temperature effects on insect cuticular hydrocarbon profiles. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:352-364. [PMID: 33437434 PMCID: PMC7790616 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The insect cuticle is the interface between internal homeostasis and the often harsh external environment. Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are key constituents of this hard cuticle and are associated with a variety of functions including stress response and communication. CHC production and deposition on the insect cuticle vary among natural populations and are affected by developmental temperature; however, little is known about CHC plasticity in response to the environment experienced following eclosion, during which time the insect cuticle undergoes several crucial changes. We targeted this crucial to important phase and studied post-eclosion temperature effects on CHC profiles in two natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. A forty-eight hour post-eclosion exposure to three different temperatures (18, 25, and 30°C) significantly affected CHCs in both ancestral African and more recently derived North American populations of D. melanogaster. A clear shift from shorter to longer CHCs chain length was observed with increasing temperature, and the effects of post-eclosion temperature varied across populations and between sexes. The quantitative differences in CHCs were associated with variation in desiccation tolerance among populations. Surprisingly, we did not detect any significant differences in water loss rate between African and North American populations. Overall, our results demonstrate strong genetic and plasticity effects in CHC profiles in response to environmental temperatures experienced at the adult stage as well as associations with desiccation tolerance, which is crucial in understanding holometabolan responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Rajpurohit
- Division of Biological and Life SciencesSchool of Arts and SciencesAhmedabad UniversityAhmedabadIndia
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Vladimír Vrkoslav
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CRPragueCzech Republic
| | - Robert Hanus
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CRPragueCzech Republic
| | - Allen G. Gibbs
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of NevadaLas VegasNVUSA
| | - Josef Cvačka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CRPragueCzech Republic
| | - Paul S Schmidt
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
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Diaz AV, Reis T. Muscle signals to the rescue. eLife 2020; 9:64587. [PMID: 33345778 PMCID: PMC7752131 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle of fruit flies communicates with other organs to prevent the accumulation of too much fat and to protect adults against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arely V Diaz
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States
| | - Tânia Reis
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States
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Qiao JW, Fan YL, Wu BJ, Wang D, Liu TX. Involvement of apolipoprotein D in desiccation tolerance and adult fecundity of Acyrthosiphon pisum. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 127:104160. [PMID: 33137328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) is a lipocalin superfamily member that plays important roles in the transport of small hydrophobic molecules, lipid metabolism, and stress resistance. Cuticular hydrocarbons are the principal components of the epicuticular lipid layer and play a critical role in water retention against environmental desiccation stress; however, the mechanism underlying the role of ApoD in insect desiccation tolerance has not yet been elucidated. Here, we report the molecular constitution, functional analysis, and phylogenetic relationship of the ApoD gene in Acyrthosiphon pisum (ApApoD). We found that ApApoD was transcribed throughout the life cycle of A. pisum, but was prominently expressed in the embryonic period and abdominal cuticle. In addition, we optimized the dose and silencing duration of RNAi, observing that RNAi against ApApoD significantly reduced the levels of both internal and cuticular hydrocarbons and adult fecundity. Moreover, cuticular hydrocarbon deficiency increased the sensitivity of aphids to desiccation stress and reduced their survival time, while desiccation stress significantly increased ApApoD expression. Together, it is confirmed that ApApoD participates in regulating cuticular hydrocarbon content of aphids under desiccation stress and is crucial for aphid reproduction. Therefore, the ApApoD gene of A. pisum may be a potential target for RNAi-based insect pest control due to its involvement in cuticular hydrocarbon accumulation and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wen Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Yong-Liang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Bing-Jin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Dun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Wu L, Zhang ZF, Yu Z, Yu R, Ma E, Fan YL, Liu TX, Feyereisen R, Zhu KY, Zhang J. Both LmCYP4G genes function in decreasing cuticular penetration of insecticides in Locusta migratoria. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3541-3550. [PMID: 32419293 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) have a critical role in preventing desiccation and penetration of xenobiotics in insects. Previous studies have shown that cytochrome P450 subfamily 4G (CYP4G) enzymes are oxidative decarbonylases, essential for CHC biosynthesis. However, it is unclear whether there are functional differences between the two CYP4G genes in most insects. In Locusta migratoria, we identified two CYP4G genes (LmCYP4G62 and LmCYP4G102). LmCYP4G102 plays a critical role in the synthesis of CHCs, but the function of LmCYP4G62 is unknown. RESULTS We identified, characterized, and compared two LmCYP4G genes, based on L. migratoria transcriptomic and genomic databases. RT-qPCR showed that both were highly expressed in tissues with which oenocytes are associated, the integument and fat body. Immunostaining indicated that LmCYP4G62 and LmCYP4G102 were highly abundant in oenocytes in these tissues. However, the two enzymes had a different subcellular distribution, with LmCYP4G62 localized on the plasma membrane and LmCYP4G102 dispersed throughout the oenocyte cytoplasm, presumably on the endoplasmic reticulum. RNA interference-mediated gene silencing against each of the two genes resulted in reduced CHC contents, in all classes for LmCYP4G102, but mostly shorter chain CHCs for LmCYP4G62. Silencing of both genes resulted in increased insecticide penetration through the cuticle, and increased locust susceptibility to desiccation and insecticides. CONCLUSION Our studies suggest that both LmCYP4G62 and LmCYP4G102 contribute to hydrocarbon biosynthesis and play key roles in protecting locusts from water loss and insecticide penetration, but they are not fully redundant. Further, the two LmCYP4G genes might be used as new targets for insect pest management. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixian Wu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhan-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhitao Yu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Rongrong Yu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Enbo Ma
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yong-Liang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - René Feyereisen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen1017, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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