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Qiu H, Sun M, Wang N, Zhang S, Deng Z, Xu H, Yang H, Gu H, Fang W, He F. Efficacy comparison in cap VLPs of PCV2 and PCV3 as swine vaccine vehicle. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134955. [PMID: 39173309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
As one genotype of porcine circovirus (PCV) identified in 2016, PCV3 has brought huge hidden dangers to the global swine industry together with PCV2. Virus-like particles (VLPs) of capsid protein (Cap) of PCV2 serve as an alternative nano-antigen delivery strategy to efficiently induce antiviral immune response against PCV2 and/or other covalently displayed swine pathogens. However, the current understanding is limited on the capability of PCV3 as a nano-vaccine vehicle. Here we systematically compared the characteristics and the immunogenic efficacy of PCV3 Cap (Cap3) and PCV2 Cap (Cap2) in a VLP form. Cap3 VLPs presented higher internalization efficiency into cells and cytokines production compared to those of Cap2. Meanwhile, cross-reactive immunity between Cap3 VLPs and Cap2 VLPs was detected. Furthermore, to evaluate the function of Cap3 VLPs and Cap2 VLPs as vaccine vehicles carrying foreign proteins, the non-structural protein 6 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was fused to C-terminus of Cap. Cap3-based chimeric particles induced a higher level of nsp6-specific immune response and PRRSV inhibition. Collectively, these self-assembling, Cap-based VLPs offer a compelling platform for enhancing the effectiveness of subunit vaccinations against newly emerging diseases and hold great promise for the development of Cap3-based chimeric subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Qiu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Meiqi Sun
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Nan Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shengkun Zhang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhuofan Deng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huiling Xu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; ZJU-Xinchang Joint Innovation Centre (TianMu Laboratory), Gaochuang Hi-Tech Park, Xinchang, Zhejiang, China
| | - HaoTian Yang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Han Gu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weihuan Fang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; ZJU-Xinchang Joint Innovation Centre (TianMu Laboratory), Gaochuang Hi-Tech Park, Xinchang, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fang He
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; ZJU-Xinchang Joint Innovation Centre (TianMu Laboratory), Gaochuang Hi-Tech Park, Xinchang, Zhejiang, China.
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2
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Wang Y, Lv H, Teo QW, Lei R, Gopal AB, Ouyang WO, Yeung YH, Tan TJC, Choi D, Shen IR, Chen X, Graham CS, Wu NC. An explainable language model for antibody specificity prediction using curated influenza hemagglutinin antibodies. Immunity 2024:S1074-7613(24)00371-6. [PMID: 39163866 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Despite decades of antibody research, it remains challenging to predict the specificity of an antibody solely based on its sequence. Two major obstacles are the lack of appropriate models and the inaccessibility of datasets for model training. In this study, we curated >5,000 influenza hemagglutinin (HA) antibodies by mining research publications and patents, which revealed many distinct sequence features between antibodies to HA head and stem domains. We then leveraged this dataset to develop a lightweight memory B cell language model (mBLM) for sequence-based antibody specificity prediction. Model explainability analysis showed that mBLM could identify key sequence features of HA stem antibodies. Additionally, by applying mBLM to HA antibodies with unknown epitopes, we discovered and experimentally validated many HA stem antibodies. Overall, this study not only advances our molecular understanding of the antibody response to the influenza virus but also provides a valuable resource for applying deep learning to antibody research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiquan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Huibin Lv
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Qi Wen Teo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ruipeng Lei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Akshita B Gopal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Wenhao O Ouyang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yuen-Hei Yeung
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Timothy J C Tan
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Danbi Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ivana R Shen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Claire S Graham
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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3
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Wells TJ, Esposito T, Henderson IR, Labzin LI. Mechanisms of antibody-dependent enhancement of infectious disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01067-9. [PMID: 39122820 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infectious disease is a phenomenon whereby host antibodies increase the severity of an infection. It is well established in viral infections but ADE also has an underappreciated role during bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections. ADE can occur during both primary infections and re-infections with the same or a related pathogen; therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms of ADE is critical for understanding the pathogenesis and progression of many infectious diseases. Here, we review the four distinct mechanisms by which antibodies increase disease severity during an infection. We discuss the most established mechanistic explanation for ADE, where cross-reactive, disease-enhancing antibodies bound to pathogens interact with Fc receptors, thereby enhancing pathogen entry or replication, ultimately increasing the total pathogen load. Additionally, we explore how some pathogenic antibodies can shield bacteria from complement-dependent killing, thereby enhancing bacterial survival. We interrogate the molecular mechanisms by which antibodies can amplify inflammation to drive severe disease, even in the absence of increased pathogen replication. We also examine emerging roles for autoantibodies in enhancing the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Finally, we discuss how we can leverage these insights to improve vaccine design and future treatments for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Wells
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Tyron Esposito
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Larisa I Labzin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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4
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Listov D, Goverde CA, Correia BE, Fleishman SJ. Opportunities and challenges in design and optimization of protein function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:639-653. [PMID: 38565617 PMCID: PMC7616297 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00718-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The field of protein design has made remarkable progress over the past decade. Historically, the low reliability of purely structure-based design methods limited their application, but recent strategies that combine structure-based and sequence-based calculations, as well as machine learning tools, have dramatically improved protein engineering and design. In this Review, we discuss how these methods have enabled the design of increasingly complex structures and therapeutically relevant activities. Additionally, protein optimization methods have improved the stability and activity of complex eukaryotic proteins. Thanks to their increased reliability, computational design methods have been applied to improve therapeutics and enzymes for green chemistry and have generated vaccine antigens, antivirals and drug-delivery nano-vehicles. Moreover, the high success of design methods reflects an increased understanding of basic rules that govern the relationships among protein sequence, structure and function. However, de novo design is still limited mostly to α-helix bundles, restricting its potential to generate sophisticated enzymes and diverse protein and small-molecule binders. Designing complex protein structures is a challenging but necessary next step if we are to realize our objective of generating new-to-nature activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Listov
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Casper A Goverde
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno E Correia
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sarel Jacob Fleishman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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5
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Veggi D, Chesterman CC, Santini L, Huang Y, Pacchiani N, Sierra J, Chen L, Laliberte J, Bianchi F, Cozzi R, Frigimelica E, Maione D, Finco O, Bottomley MJ. Bactericidal human monoclonal antibody 1B1 shows specificity for meningococcal factor H binding protein variant 2 and displaces human factor H. FASEB Bioadv 2024; 6:235-248. [PMID: 39114449 PMCID: PMC11301264 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2023-00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Thousands of disease cases and hundreds of deaths occur globally each year due to invasive meningococcal disease. Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (MenB) is the leading cause of such disease in developed countries. Two vaccines, 4CMenB and MenB-fHbp, that protect against MenB are available and include one or two forms respectively of factor H binding protein (fHbp), a key protective antigen. Studies of circulating meningococci have identified over 1380 different fHbp amino acid sequences, which form three immunologically distinct clusters, termed variants 1, 2, and 3. Neither of the current vaccines contains a variant 2 antigen, which is less well characterized than fHbp variants 1 and 3. We characterized the interaction of fHbp variant 2 with humAb 1B1 using biochemical methods and live meningococcal assays. Further, we determined the crystal structure of the complex at 2.4 Å resolution, clearly revealing the epitope and providing the first detailed report of an antibody with distinct specificity for fHbp variant 2. Extensive mutagenesis and binding studies elucidated key hotspots in the interface. This combination of structural and functional studies provides a molecular explanation for the bactericidal potency and specificity of humAb 1B1 for fHbp variant 2. Our studies, focused on fHbp variant 2, expand the understanding of this previously under characterized group of the vast family of variants of fHbp, a virulence factor present on all meningococci. Moreover, the definition of a protective conformational epitope on fHbp variant 2 may support the design and development of novel variant 2-containing MenB vaccines affording greater breadth of protection.
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6
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Štěrbová P, Wang CH, Carillo KJD, Lou YC, Kato T, Namba K, Tzou DLM, Chang WH. Molecular Mechanism of pH-Induced Protrusion Configuration Switching in Piscine Betanodavirus Implies a Novel Antiviral Strategy. ACS Infect Dis 2024. [PMID: 39087906 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Many viruses contain surface spikes or protrusions that are essential for virus entry. These surface structures can thereby be targeted by antiviral drugs to treat viral infections. Nervous necrosis virus (NNV), a simple nonenveloped virus in the genus of betanodavirus, infects fish and damages aquaculture worldwide. NNV has 60 conspicuous surface protrusions, each comprising three protrusion domains (P-domain) of its capsid protein. NNV uses protrusions to bind to common receptors of sialic acids on the host cell surface to initiate its entry via the endocytic pathway. However, structural alterations of NNV in response to acidic conditions encountered during this pathway remain unknown, while detailed interactions of protrusions with receptors are unclear. Here, we used cryo-EM to discover that Grouper NNV protrusions undergo low-pH-induced compaction and resting. NMR and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to probe the atomic details. A solution structure of the P-domain at pH 7.0 revealed a long flexible loop (amino acids 311-330) and a pocket outlined by this loop. Molecular docking analysis showed that the N-terminal moiety of sialic acid inserted into this pocket to interact with conserved residues inside. MD simulations demonstrated that part of this loop converted to a β-strand under acidic conditions, allowing for P-domain trimerization and compaction. Additionally, a low-pH-favored conformation is attained for the linker connecting the P-domain to the NNV shell, conferring resting protrusions. Our findings uncover novel pH-dependent conformational switching mechanisms underlying NNV protrusion dynamics potentially utilized for facilitating NNV entry, providing new structural insights into complex NNV-host interactions with the identification of putative druggable hotspots on the protrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Štěrbová
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30044, Taiwan
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Yuan-Chao Lou
- Biomedical Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Takayuki Kato
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keiichi Namba
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Der-Lii M Tzou
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hau Chang
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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7
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Aquino-Jarquin G. CircRNA knockdown based on antisense strategies. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104066. [PMID: 38908546 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a type of noncoding RNA that are formed by back-splicing from eukaryotic protein-coding genes. The most frequently reported and well-characterized function of circRNAs is their ability to act as molecular decoys, most often as miRNA and protein sponges. However, the functions of most circRNAs still need to be better understood. To more fully understand the biological relevance of validated circRNAs, knockdown functional analyses can be performed using antisense oligonucleotides, RNA interference (RNAi) experiments (e.g., targeting back-splicing junction sites), the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated (Cas)-9 system (e.g., generating circRNA-specific knockouts), and CRISPR-Cas13 technology to effectively target circRNAs without affecting host genes. In this review, I summarize the feasibility and effectiveness of circRNA knockdown through antisense strategies for investigating the biological roles of circRNAs in cultured cells and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Aquino-Jarquin
- RNA Biology and Genome Editing Section. Genomics, Genetics, and Bioinformatics Research Laboratory. 'Federico Gómez' Children's Hospital of Mexico. Dr. Márquez 162, Doctores, Cuauhtémoc, CP 06720, CDMX, Mexico.
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8
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Zhang H, Lan J, Wang H, Lu R, Zhang N, He X, Yang J, Chen L. AlphaFold2 in biomedical research: facilitating the development of diagnostic strategies for disease. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1414916. [PMID: 39139810 PMCID: PMC11319189 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1414916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteins, as the primary executors of physiological activity, serve as a key factor in disease diagnosis and treatment. Research into their structures, functions, and interactions is essential to better understand disease mechanisms and potential therapies. DeepMind's AlphaFold2, a deep-learning protein structure prediction model, has proven to be remarkably accurate, and it is widely employed in various aspects of diagnostic research, such as the study of disease biomarkers, microorganism pathogenicity, antigen-antibody structures, and missense mutations. Thus, AlphaFold2 serves as an exceptional tool to bridge fundamental protein research with breakthroughs in disease diagnosis, developments in diagnostic strategies, and the design of novel therapeutic approaches and enhancements in precision medicine. This review outlines the architecture, highlights, and limitations of AlphaFold2, placing particular emphasis on its applications within diagnostic research grounded in disciplines such as immunology, biochemistry, molecular biology, and microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajing Lan
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huijie Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruijie Lu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nanqi Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobai He
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomarkers and In Vitro Diagnosis Translation of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linjie Chen
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Centre for Key Technology of Diagnostic Testing, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Miller LM, Draper BE, Wang JCY, Jarrold MF. Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry Reveals Favored Structures in the Assembly of Virus-Like Particles: Polymorphism in Norovirus GI.1. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 39074122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The main capsid protein (CP) of norovirus, the leading cause of gastroenteritis, is expected to self-assemble into virus-like particles with the same structure as the wild-type virus, a capsid with 180 CPs in a T = 3 icosahedron. Using charge detection mass spectrometry (CD-MS), we find that the norovirus GI.1 variant is structurally promiscuous, forming a wide variety of well-defined structures, some that are icosahedral capsids and others that are not. The structures that are present evolve with time and vary with solution conditions. The presence of icosahedral T = 3 and T = 4 capsids (240 CPs) under some conditions was confirmed by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The cryo-EM studies also confirmed the presence of an unexpected prolate geometry based on an elongated T = 4 capsid with 300 CPs. In addition, CD-MS measurements indicate the presence of well-defined peaks with masses corresponding to 420, 480, 600, and 700 CPs. The peak corresponding to 420 CPs is probably due to an icosahedral T = 7 capsid, but this could not be confirmed by cryo-EM. It is possible that the T = 7 particles are too fragile to survive vitrification. There are no mass peaks associated with the T = 9 and T = 12 icosahedra with 540 and 720 CPs. The larger structures with 480, 600, and 700 CPs are not icosahedral; however, their measured charges suggest that they are hollow shells. The use of CD-MS to monitor virus-like particles assembly may have important applications in vaccine development and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lohra M Miller
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Benjamin E Draper
- Megadalton Solutions Inc, 3750 E Bluebird Ln, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| | - Joseph C-Y Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Martin F Jarrold
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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10
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Dutta M, Acharya P. Cryo-electron microscopy in the study of virus entry and infection. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1429180. [PMID: 39114367 PMCID: PMC11303226 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1429180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses have been responsible for many epidemics and pandemics that have impacted human life globally. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted both our vulnerability to viral outbreaks, as well as the mobilization of the scientific community to come together to combat the unprecedented threat to humanity. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) played a central role in our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 during the pandemic and continues to inform about this evolving pathogen. Cryo-EM with its two popular imaging modalities, single particle analysis (SPA) and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET), has contributed immensely to understanding the structure of viruses and interactions that define their life cycles and pathogenicity. Here, we review how cryo-EM has informed our understanding of three distinct viruses, of which two - HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infect humans, and the third, bacteriophages, infect bacteria. For HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 our focus is on the surface glycoproteins that are responsible for mediating host receptor binding, and host and cell membrane fusion, while for bacteriophages, we review their structure, capsid maturation, attachment to the bacterial cell surface and infection initiation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Dutta
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Priyamvada Acharya
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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11
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León AN, Rodriguez AJ, Richey ST, de la Peña AT, Wolters RM, Jackson AM, Webb K, Creech CB, Yoder S, Mudd PA, Crowe JE, Han J, Ward AB. Structural Mapping of Polyclonal IgG Responses to HA After Influenza Virus Vaccination or Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.08.601940. [PMID: 39026813 PMCID: PMC11257458 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.08.601940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Cellular and molecular characterization of immune responses elicited by influenza virus infection and seasonal vaccination have informed efforts to improve vaccine efficacy, breadth, and longevity. Here, we use negative stain electron microscopy polyclonal epitope mapping (nsEMPEM) to structurally characterize the humoral IgG antibody responses to hemagglutinin (HA) from human patients vaccinated with a seasonal quadrivalent flu vaccine or infected with influenza A viruses. Our data show that both vaccinated and infected patients had humoral IgGs targeting highly conserved regions on both H1 and H3 subtype HAs, including the stem and anchor, which are targets for universal influenza vaccine design. Responses against H1 predominantly targeted the central stem epitope in infected patients and vaccinated donors, whereas head epitopes were more prominently targeted on H3. Responses against H3 were less abundant, but a greater diversity of H3 epitopes were targeted relative to H1. While our analysis is limited by sample size, on average, vaccinated donors responded to a greater diversity of epitopes on both H1 and H3 than infected patients. These data establish a baseline for assessing polyclonal antibody responses in vaccination and infection, providing context for future vaccine trials and emphasizing the importance of carefully designing vaccines to boost protective responses towards conserved epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Nicolás León
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA
| | - Alesandra J. Rodriguez
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA
| | - Sara T. Richey
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA
| | - Alba Torrents de la Peña
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA
| | - Rachael M. Wolters
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Abigail M. Jackson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA
| | - Katherine Webb
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - C. Buddy Creech
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Sandra Yoder
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Philip A. Mudd
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - James E. Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Julianna Han
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA
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12
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Luo H, Ma Y, Bi J, Li Z, Wang Y, Su Z, Gerstweiler L, Ren Y, Zhang S. Experimental and molecular dynamics simulation studies on the physical properties of three HBc-VLP derivatives as nanoparticle protein vaccine candidates. Vaccine 2024:S0264-410X(24)00599-1. [PMID: 38811268 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Self-assembling virus-like particles (VLPs) are promising platforms for vaccine development. However, the unpredictability of the physical properties, such as self-assembly capability, hydrophobicity, and overall stability in engineered protein particles fused with antigens, presents substantial challenges in their downstream processing. We envision that these challenges can be addressed by combining more precise computer-aided molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with experimental studies on the modified products, with more to-date forcefield descriptions and larger models closely resembling real assemblies, realized by rapid advancement in computing technology. In this study, three chimeric designs based on the hepatitis B core (HBc) protein as model vaccine candidates were constructed to study and compare the influence of inserted epitopes as well as insertion strategy on HBc modifications. Large partial VLP models containing 17 chains for the HBc chimeric model vaccines were constructed based on the wild-type (wt) HBc assembly template. The findings from our simulation analysis have demonstrated good consistency with experimental results, pertaining to the surface hydrophobicity and overall stability of the chimeric vaccine candidates. Furthermore, the different impact of foreign antigen insertions on the HBc scaffold was investigated through simulations. It was found that separately inserting two epitopes into the HBc platform at the N-terminal and the major immunogenic regions (MIR) yields better results compared to a serial insertion at MIR in terms of protein structural stability. This study substantiates that an MD-guided design approach can facilitate vaccine development and improve its manufacturing efficiency by predicting products with extreme surface hydrophobicity or structural instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery (CAS), Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, PR China
| | - Yanyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery (CAS), Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Jingxiu Bi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Zhengjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery (CAS), Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Yingli Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery (CAS), Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Lukas Gerstweiler
- School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | - Ying Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Mesoscience and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Songping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery (CAS), Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
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13
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Sobral MC, Cabizzosu L, Kang SJ, Feng Z, Ijaz H, Mooney DJ. Modulating Adjuvant Release Kinetics From Scaffold Vaccines to Tune Adaptive Immune Responses. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2304574. [PMID: 38739747 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Increasing the potency, quality, and durability of vaccines represents a major public health challenge. A critical parameter that shapes vaccine immunity is the spatiotemporal context in which immune cells interact with antigen and adjuvant. While various material-based strategies demonstrate that extended antigen release enhances both cellular and humoral immunity, the effect of adjuvant kinetics on vaccine-mediated immunity remains incompletely understood. Here, a previously characterized mesoporous silica rod (MPS) biomaterial vaccine is used to develop a facile, electrostatics-driven approach to tune in vivo kinetics of the TLR9 agonist cytosine phosphoguanosine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG). It is demonstrated that rapid release of CpG from MPS vaccines, mediated by alterations in MPS chemistry that tune surface charge, generates potent cytotoxic T cell responses and robust, T helper type 1 (Th1)-skewed IgG2a/c antibody titers. Immunophenotyping of lymphoid organs after MPS vaccination with slow or fast CpG release kinetics suggests that differential engagement of migratory dendritic cells and natural killer cells may contribute to the more potent responses observed with rapid adjuvant release. Taken together, these findings suggest that vaccine approaches that pair sustained release of antigen with rapid release of adjuvants with similar characteristics to CpG may drive particularly potent Th1 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel C Sobral
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Laura Cabizzosu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Shawn J Kang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Zhaoqianqi Feng
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Hamza Ijaz
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - David J Mooney
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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14
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Li L, Yin S, Zhou J, Zhang L, Teng Z, Qiao L, Wang Y, Yu J, Zang H, Ding Y, Liu X, Sun S, Guo H. Spike 1 trimer, a nanoparticle vaccine against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus induces protective immunity challenge in piglets. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1386136. [PMID: 38650887 PMCID: PMC11033347 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1386136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is considered the cause for porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) outbreaks and hefty losses in pig farming. However, no effective commercial vaccines against PEDV mutant strains are available nowadays. Here, we constructed three native-like trimeric candidate nanovaccines, i.e., spike 1 trimer (S1-Trimer), collagenase equivalent domain trimer (COE-Trimer), and receptor-binding domain trimer (RBD-Trimer) for PEDV based on Trimer-Tag technology. And evaluated its physical properties and immune efficacy. The result showed that the candidate nanovaccines were safe for mice and pregnant sows, and no animal death or miscarriage occurred in our study. S1-Trimer showed stable physical properties, high cell uptake rate and receptor affinity. In the mouse, sow and piglet models, immunization of S1-Trimer induced high-level of humoral immunity containing PEDV-specific IgG and IgA. S1-Trimer-driven mucosal IgA responses and systemic IgG responses exhibited high titers of virus neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in vitro. S1-Trimer induced Th1-biased cellular immune responses in mice. Moreover, the piglets from the S1-Trimer and inactivated vaccine groups displayed significantly fewer microscopic lesions in the intestinal tissue, with only one and two piglets showing mild diarrhea. The viral load in feces and intestines from the S1-Trimer and inactivated vaccine groups were significantly lower than those of the PBS group. For the first time, our data demonstrated the protective efficacy of Trimer-Tag-based nanovaccines used for PEDV. The S1-Trimer developed in this study was a competitive vaccine candidate, and Trimer-Tag may be an important platform for the rapid production of safe and effective subunit vaccines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuanghui Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhidong Teng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lu Qiao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yunhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiaxi Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haoyue Zang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yaozhong Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shiqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
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15
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Ávila-Nieto C, Vergara-Alert J, Amengual-Rigo P, Ainsua-Enrich E, Brustolin M, Rodríguez de la Concepción ML, Pedreño-Lopez N, Rodon J, Urrea V, Pradenas E, Marfil S, Ballana E, Riveira-Muñoz E, Pérez M, Roca N, Tarrés-Freixas F, Cantero G, Pons-Grífols A, Rovirosa C, Aguilar-Gurrieri C, Ortiz R, Barajas A, Trinité B, Lepore R, Muñoz-Basagoiti J, Perez-Zsolt D, Izquierdo-Useros N, Valencia A, Blanco J, Guallar V, Clotet B, Segalés J, Carrillo J. Immunization with V987H-stabilized Spike glycoprotein protects K18-hACE2 mice and golden Syrian hamsters upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2349. [PMID: 38514609 PMCID: PMC10957958 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46714-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Safe and effective severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines are crucial to fight against the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Most vaccines are based on a mutated version of the Spike glycoprotein [K986P/V987P (S-2P)] with improved stability, yield and immunogenicity. However, S-2P is still produced at low levels. Here, we describe the V987H mutation that increases by two-fold the production of the recombinant Spike and the exposure of the receptor binding domain (RBD). S-V987H immunogenicity is similar to S-2P in mice and golden Syrian hamsters (GSH), and superior to a monomeric RBD. S-V987H immunization confer full protection against severe disease in K18-hACE2 mice and GSH upon SARS-CoV-2 challenge (D614G or B.1.351 variants). Furthermore, S-V987H immunized K18-hACE2 mice show a faster tissue viral clearance than RBD- or S-2P-vaccinated animals challenged with D614G, B.1.351 or Omicron BQ1.1 variants. Thus, S-V987H protein might be considered for future SARS-CoV-2 vaccines development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pep Amengual-Rigo
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marco Brustolin
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Jordi Rodon
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Victor Urrea
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Edwards Pradenas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Silvia Marfil
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ester Ballana
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Campus Can Ruit, Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC. ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mònica Pérez
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Núria Roca
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ferran Tarrés-Freixas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Guillermo Cantero
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Carla Rovirosa
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Ortiz
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ana Barajas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Benjamin Trinité
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Rosalba Lepore
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Nuria Izquierdo-Useros
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Campus Can Ruit, Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC. ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Valencia
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), Faculty of Medicine. University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Campus Can Ruit, Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC. ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), Faculty of Medicine. University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Campus Can Ruit, Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC. ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), Faculty of Medicine. University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Catalonia, Spain
- Fundaciò Lluita contra les infeccions. Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain.
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain.
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Campus Can Ruit, Badalona, Spain.
- CIBERINFEC. ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Lee YZ, Han J, Zhang YN, Ward G, Gomes KB, Auclair S, Stanfield RL, He L, Wilson IA, Zhu J. A tale of two fusion proteins: understanding the metastability of human respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus and implications for rational design of uncleaved prefusion-closed trimers. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.07.583986. [PMID: 38496645 PMCID: PMC10942449 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.07.583986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) cause human respiratory diseases and are major targets for vaccine development. In this study, we designed uncleaved prefusion-closed (UFC) trimers for the fusion (F) proteins of both viruses by examining mutations critical to F metastability. For RSV, we assessed four previous prefusion F designs, including the first and second generations of DS-Cav1, SC-TM, and 847A. We then identified key mutations that can maintain prefusion F in a native-like, closed trimeric form (up to 76%) without introducing any interprotomer disulfide bond. For hMPV, we developed a stable UFC trimer with a truncated F2-F1 linkage and an interprotomer disulfide bond. Tens of UFC constructs were characterized by negative-stain electron microscopy (nsEM), x-ray crystallography (11 RSV-F and one hMPV-F structures), and antigenic profiling. Using an optimized RSV-F UFC trimer as bait, we identified three potent RSV neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) from a phage-displayed human antibody library, with a public NAb lineage targeting sites Ø and V and two cross-pneumovirus NAbs recognizing site III. In mouse immunization, rationally designed RSV-F and hMPV-F UFC trimers induced robust antibody responses with high neutralizing titers. Our study provides a foundation for future prefusion F-based RSV and hMPV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Zong Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jerome Han
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Yi-Nan Zhang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Garrett Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Keegan Braz Gomes
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Sarah Auclair
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Robyn L Stanfield
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Linling He
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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17
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Ma F, Xu Q, Wang A, Yang D, Li Q, Guo J, Zhang L, Ou J, Li R, Yin H, Li K, Wang L, Wang Y, Zhao X, Niu X, Zhang S, Li X, Chai S, Zhang E, Rao Z, Zhang G. A universal design of restructured dimer antigens: Development of a superior vaccine against the paramyxovirus in transgenic rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2305745121. [PMID: 38236731 PMCID: PMC10823241 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305745121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of vaccines, which induce effective immune responses while ensuring safety and affordability, remains a substantial challenge. In this study, we proposed a vaccine model of a restructured "head-to-tail" dimer to efficiently stimulate B cell response. We also demonstrate the feasibility of using this model to develop a paramyxovirus vaccine through a low-cost rice endosperm expression system. Crystal structure and small-angle X-ray scattering data showed that the restructured hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) formed tetramers with fully exposed quadruple receptor binding domains and neutralizing epitopes. In comparison with the original HN antigen and three traditional commercial whole virus vaccines, the restructured HN facilitated critical epitope exposure and initiated a faster and more potent immune response. Two-dose immunization with 0.5 μg of the restructured antigen (equivalent to one-127th of a rice grain) and one-dose with 5 μg completely protected chickens against a lethal challenge of the virus. These results demonstrate that the restructured HN from transgenic rice seeds is safe, effective, low-dose useful, and inexpensive. We provide a plant platform and a simple restructured model for highly effective vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanshu Ma
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou450046, China
- School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou450046, China
- College of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou215123, China
| | - Qianru Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng475004, China
| | - Aiping Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, China
| | - Daichang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Qingmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, China
| | - Junqing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou450046, China
- Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou450046, China
| | - Jiquan Ou
- Wuhan Healthgen Biotechnology Corp., Wuhan430074, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Wuhan Healthgen Biotechnology Corp., Wuhan430074, China
| | - Kunpeng Li
- Wuhan Healthgen Biotechnology Corp., Wuhan430074, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, China
| | - Xiangyue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, China
| | - Xiangxiang Niu
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou450046, China
| | - Shenli Zhang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou450046, China
| | - Xueyang Li
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou450046, China
| | - Shujun Chai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, China
| | - Erqin Zhang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou450046, China
- Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou450046, China
| | - Zihe Rao
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou450046, China
- School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou450046, China
- College of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, China
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18
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Schaerlaekens S, Jacobs L, Stobbelaar K, Cos P, Delputte P. All Eyes on the Prefusion-Stabilized F Construct, but Are We Missing the Potential of Alternative Targets for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Design? Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:97. [PMID: 38250910 PMCID: PMC10819635 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) poses a significant global health concern as a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). Over the last few years, substantial efforts have been directed towards developing vaccines and therapeutics to combat RSV, leading to a diverse landscape of vaccine candidates. Notably, two vaccines targeting the elderly and the first maternal vaccine have recently been approved. The majority of the vaccines and vaccine candidates rely solely on a prefusion-stabilized conformation known for its highly neutralizing epitopes. Although, so far, this antigen design appears to be successful for the elderly, our current understanding remains incomplete, requiring further improvement and refinement in this field. Pediatric vaccines still have a long journey ahead, and we must ensure that vaccines currently entering the market do not lose efficacy due to the emergence of mutations in RSV's circulating strains. This review will provide an overview of the current status of vaccine designs and what to focus on in the future. Further research into antigen design is essential, including the exploration of the potential of alternative RSV proteins to address these challenges and pave the way for the development of novel and effective vaccines, especially in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Schaerlaekens
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1 S.7, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.S.); (L.J.); (K.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Lotte Jacobs
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1 S.7, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.S.); (L.J.); (K.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Kim Stobbelaar
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1 S.7, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.S.); (L.J.); (K.S.); (P.C.)
- Pediatrics Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1 S.7, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.S.); (L.J.); (K.S.); (P.C.)
- Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1 S.7, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1 S.7, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.S.); (L.J.); (K.S.); (P.C.)
- Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1 S.7, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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19
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Musunuri S, Weidenbacher PAB, Kim PS. Bringing immunofocusing into focus. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:11. [PMID: 38195562 PMCID: PMC10776678 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunofocusing is a strategy to create immunogens that redirect humoral immune responses towards a targeted epitope and away from non-desirable epitopes. Immunofocusing methods often aim to develop "universal" vaccines that provide broad protection against highly variant viruses such as influenza virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), and most recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). We use existing examples to illustrate five main immunofocusing strategies-cross-strain boosting, mosaic display, protein dissection, epitope scaffolding, and epitope masking. We also discuss obstacles for immunofocusing like immune imprinting. A thorough understanding, advancement, and application of the methods we outline here will enable the design of high-resolution vaccines that protect against future viral outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriharshita Musunuri
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Payton A B Weidenbacher
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Peter S Kim
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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20
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Song H, Abdullah SW, Pei C, Shi X, Chen X, Ma Y, Yin S, Sun S, Huang Y, Guo H. Self-Assembling E2-Based Nanoparticles Improve Vaccine Thermostability and Protective Immunity against CSFV. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:596. [PMID: 38203765 PMCID: PMC10778992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a highly contagious pathogen causing significant economic losses in the swine industry. Conventional inactivated or attenuated live vaccines for classical swine fever (CSF) are effective but face biosafety concerns and cannot distinguish vaccinated animals from those infected with the field virus, complicating CSF eradication efforts. It is noteworthy that nanoparticle (NP)-based vaccines resemble natural viruses in size and antigen structure, and offer an alternative tool to circumvent these limitations. In this study, we developed an innovative vaccine delivery scaffold utilizing self-assembled mi3 NPs, which form stable structures carrying the CSFV E2 glycoprotein. The expressed yeast E2-fused protein (E2-mi3 NPs) exhibited robust thermostability (25 to 70 °C) and long-term storage stability at room temperature (25 °C). Interestingly, E2-mi3 NPs made with this technology elicited enhanced antigen uptake by RAW264.7 cells. In a rabbit model, the E2-mi3 NP vaccine against CSFV markedly increased CSFV-specific neutralizing antibody titers. Importantly, it conferred complete protection in rabbits challenged with the C-strain of CSFV. Furthermore, we also found that the E2-mi3 NP vaccines triggered stronger cellular (T-lymphocyte proliferation, CD8+ T-lymphocytes, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-12p70) and humoral (CSFV-specific neutralizing antibodies, CD4+ T-lymphocytes, and IL-4) immune responses in pigs than the E2 vaccines. To sum up, these structure-based, self-assembled mi3 NPs provide valuable insights for novel antiviral strategies against the constantly infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetao Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;
| | - Sahibzada Waheed Abdullah
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (S.W.A.); (X.S.); (X.C.); (Y.M.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Chenchen Pei
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (S.W.A.); (X.S.); (X.C.); (Y.M.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Xiaoni Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (S.W.A.); (X.S.); (X.C.); (Y.M.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Xiangyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (S.W.A.); (X.S.); (X.C.); (Y.M.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Yuqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (S.W.A.); (X.S.); (X.C.); (Y.M.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Shuanghui Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (S.W.A.); (X.S.); (X.C.); (Y.M.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Shiqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (S.W.A.); (X.S.); (X.C.); (Y.M.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (S.W.A.); (X.S.); (X.C.); (Y.M.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
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21
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Vashishtha VM, Kumar P. The durability of vaccine-induced protection: an overview. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:389-408. [PMID: 38488132 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2331065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current vaccines vary widely in both their efficacy against infection and disease, and the durability of the efficacy. Some vaccines provide practically lifelong protection with a single dose, while others provide only limited protection following annual boosters. What variables make vaccine-induced immune responses last? Can breakthroughs in these factors and technologies help us produce vaccines with better protection and fewer doses? The durability of vaccine-induced protection is now a hot area in vaccinology research, especially after COVID-19 vaccines lost their luster. It has fueled discussion on the eventual utility of existing vaccines to society and bolstered the anti-vaxxer camp. To sustain public trust in vaccines, lasting vaccines must be developed. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes licensed vaccines' protection. It analyses immunological principles and vaccine and vaccinee parameters that determine longevity of antibodies. The review concludes with challenges and the way forward to improve vaccine durability. EXPERT OPINION Despite enormous advances, we still lack essential markers and reliable correlates of lasting protection. Most research has focused on humoral immune responses, but we must also focus on innate, mucosal, and cellular responses - their assessment, correlates, determinants, and novel adjuvants. Suitable vaccine designs and platforms for durable immunity must be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin M Vashishtha
- Department of Pediatrics, Mangla Hospital & Research Center, Shakti Chowk, Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Pediatrician, Kumar Child Clinic, New Delhi, India
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22
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Yin R, Pierce BG. Evaluation of AlphaFold antibody-antigen modeling with implications for improving predictive accuracy. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4865. [PMID: 38073135 PMCID: PMC10751731 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
High resolution antibody-antigen structures provide critical insights into immune recognition and can inform therapeutic design. The challenges of experimental structural determination and the diversity of the immune repertoire underscore the necessity of accurate computational tools for modeling antibody-antigen complexes. Initial benchmarking showed that despite overall success in modeling protein-protein complexes, AlphaFold and AlphaFold-Multimer have limited success in modeling antibody-antigen interactions. In this study, we performed a thorough analysis of AlphaFold's antibody-antigen modeling performance on 427 nonredundant antibody-antigen complex structures, identifying useful confidence metrics for predicting model quality, and features of complexes associated with improved modeling success. Notably, we found that the latest version of AlphaFold improves near-native modeling success to over 30%, versus approximately 20% for a previous version, while increased AlphaFold sampling gives approximately 50% success. With this improved success, AlphaFold can generate accurate antibody-antigen models in many cases, while additional training or other optimization may further improve performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yin
- University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology ResearchRockvilleMarylandUSA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
| | - Brian G. Pierce
- University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology ResearchRockvilleMarylandUSA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
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23
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Gao X, Wang X, Li S, Saif Ur Rahman M, Xu S, Liu Y. Nanovaccines for Advancing Long-Lasting Immunity against Infectious Diseases. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24514-24538. [PMID: 38055649 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases, particularly life-threatening pathogens such as small pox and influenza, have substantial implications on public health and global economies. Vaccination is a key approach to combat existing and emerging pathogens. Immunological memory is an essential characteristic used to evaluate vaccine efficacy and durability and the basis for the long-term effects of vaccines in protecting against future infections; however, optimizing the potency, improving the quality, and enhancing the durability of immune responses remains challenging and a focus for research involving investigation of nanovaccine technologies. In this review, we describe how nanovaccines can address the challenges for conventional vaccines in stimulating adaptive immune memory responses to protect against reinfection. We discuss protein and nonprotein nanoparticles as useful antigen platforms, including those with highly ordered and repetitive antigen array presentation to enhance immunogenicity through cross-linking with multiple B cell receptors, and with a focus on antigen properties. In addition, we describe how nanoadjuvants can improve immune responses by providing enhanced access to lymph nodes, lymphnode targeting, germinal center retention, and long-lasting immune response generation. Nanotechnology has the advantage to facilitate vaccine induction of long-lasting immunity against infectious diseases, now and in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Xinlian Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Shilin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | | | - Shanshan Xu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
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24
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Wilson E, Goswami J, Baqui AH, Doreski PA, Perez-Marc G, Zaman K, Monroy J, Duncan CJA, Ujiie M, Rämet M, Pérez-Breva L, Falsey AR, Walsh EE, Dhar R, Wilson L, Du J, Ghaswalla P, Kapoor A, Lan L, Mehta S, Mithani R, Panozzo CA, Simorellis AK, Kuter BJ, Schödel F, Huang W, Reuter C, Slobod K, Stoszek SK, Shaw CA, Miller JM, Das R, Chen GL. Efficacy and Safety of an mRNA-Based RSV PreF Vaccine in Older Adults. N Engl J Med 2023; 389:2233-2244. [PMID: 38091530 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2307079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause substantial morbidity and mortality among older adults. An mRNA-based RSV vaccine, mRNA-1345, encoding the stabilized RSV prefusion F glycoprotein, is under clinical investigation. METHODS In this ongoing, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2-3 trial, we randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, adults 60 years of age or older to receive one dose of mRNA-1345 (50 μg) or placebo. The two primary efficacy end points were the prevention of RSV-associated lower respiratory tract disease with at least two signs or symptoms and with at least three signs or symptoms. A key secondary efficacy end point was the prevention of RSV-associated acute respiratory disease. Safety was also assessed. RESULTS Overall, 35,541 participants were assigned to receive the mRNA-1345 vaccine (17,793 participants) or placebo (17,748). The median follow-up was 112 days (range, 1 to 379). The primary analyses were conducted when at least 50% of the anticipated cases of RSV-associated lower respiratory tract disease had occurred. Vaccine efficacy was 83.7% (95.88% confidence interval [CI], 66.0 to 92.2) against RSV-associated lower respiratory tract disease with at least two signs or symptoms and 82.4% (96.36% CI, 34.8 to 95.3) against the disease with at least three signs or symptoms. Vaccine efficacy was 68.4% (95% CI, 50.9 to 79.7) against RSV-associated acute respiratory disease. Protection was observed against both RSV subtypes (A and B) and was generally consistent across subgroups defined according to age and coexisting conditions. Participants in the mRNA-1345 group had a higher incidence than those in the placebo group of solicited local adverse reactions (58.7% vs. 16.2%) and of systemic adverse reactions (47.7% vs. 32.9%); most reactions were mild to moderate in severity and were transient. Serious adverse events occurred in 2.8% of the participants in each trial group. CONCLUSIONS A single dose of the mRNA-1345 vaccine resulted in no evident safety concerns and led to a lower incidence of RSV-associated lower respiratory tract disease and of RSV-associated acute respiratory disease than placebo among adults 60 years of age or older. (Funded by Moderna; ConquerRSV ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT05127434.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Wilson
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Jaya Goswami
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Abdullah H Baqui
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Pablo A Doreski
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Gonzalo Perez-Marc
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Khalequ Zaman
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Jorge Monroy
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Christopher J A Duncan
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Mugen Ujiie
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Mika Rämet
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Lina Pérez-Breva
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Ann R Falsey
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Edward E Walsh
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Rakesh Dhar
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Lauren Wilson
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Jiejun Du
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Parinaz Ghaswalla
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Archana Kapoor
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Lan Lan
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Shraddha Mehta
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Runa Mithani
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Catherine A Panozzo
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Alana K Simorellis
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Barbara J Kuter
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Florian Schödel
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Wenmei Huang
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Caroline Reuter
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Karen Slobod
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Sonia K Stoszek
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Christine A Shaw
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Jacqueline M Miller
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Rituparna Das
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
| | - Grace L Chen
- From Moderna, Cambridge, MA (E.W., J.G., R. Dhar, L.W., J.D., P.G., A.K., L.L., S.M., R.M., C.A.P., A.K.S., B.J.K., F.S., W.H., C.R., K.S., S.K.S., C.A.S., J.M.M., R. Das, G.L.C.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.H.B.); Fundación Respirar-Vaccine Research Division (P.A.D.) and Hospital Militar Central Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich (G.P.-M.) - both in Buenos Aires; International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (K.Z.); Clinical Site Partners, Winter Park, FL (J.M.); Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - both in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (C.J.A.D.); Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (M.U.); Rokotetutkimusklinikka, Järvenpää, and Finnish Vaccine Research, Tampere - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO) Public Health, Valencia, Spain (L.P.-B.); and the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (A.R.F., E.E.W.)
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25
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Ávila-Nieto C, Vergara-Alert J, Amengual-Rigo P, Ainsua-Enrich E, Brustolin M, Rodríguez de la Concepción ML, Pedreño-Lopez N, Rodon J, Urrea V, Pradenas E, Marfil S, Ballana E, Riveira-Muñoz E, Pérez M, Roca N, Tarrés-Freixas F, Carabelli J, Cantero G, Pons-Grífols A, Rovirosa C, Aguilar-Gurrieri C, Ortiz R, Barajas A, Trinité B, Lepore R, Muñoz-Basagoiti J, Perez-Zsolt D, Izquierdo-Useros N, Valencia A, Blanco J, Clotet B, Guallar V, Segalés J, Carrillo J. Novel Spike-stabilized trimers with improved production protect K18-hACE2 mice and golden Syrian hamsters from the highly pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1291972. [PMID: 38124756 PMCID: PMC10731958 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1291972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Most COVID-19 vaccines are based on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein (S) or their subunits. However, S shows some structural instability that limits its immunogenicity and production, hampering the development of recombinant S-based vaccines. The introduction of the K986P and V987P (S-2P) mutations increases the production and immunogenicity of the recombinant S trimer, suggesting that these two parameters are related. Nevertheless, S-2P still shows some molecular instability and it is produced with low yield. Here we described a novel set of mutations identified by molecular modeling and located in the S2 region of the S-2P that increase its production up to five-fold. Besides their immunogenicity, the efficacy of two representative S-2P-based mutants, S-29 and S-21, protecting from a heterologous SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant challenge was assayed in K18-hACE2 mice (an animal model of severe SARS-CoV-2 disease) and golden Syrian hamsters (GSH) (a moderate disease model). S-21 induced higher level of WH1 and Delta variants neutralizing antibodies than S-2P in K18-hACE2 mice three days after challenge. Viral load in nasal turbinate and oropharyngeal samples were reduced in S-21 and S-29 vaccinated mice. Despite that, only the S-29 protein protected 100% of K18-hACE2 mice from severe disease. When GSH were analyzed, all immunized animals were protected from disease development irrespectively of the immunogen they received. Therefore, the higher yield of S-29, as well as its improved immunogenicity and efficacy protecting from the highly pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant, pinpoint the S-29 mutant as an alternative to the S-2P protein for future SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pep Amengual-Rigo
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marco Brustolin
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Jordi Rodon
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Urrea
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | - Ester Ballana
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mònica Pérez
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Roca
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Guillermo Cantero
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Raquel Ortiz
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ana Barajas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Rosalba Lepore
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Nuria Izquierdo-Useros
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Valencia
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic – UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic – UCC), Vic, Spain
- Fundació Lluita contra les Infeccions, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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26
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McKenna S, Aylward F, Miliara X, Lau RJ, Huemer CB, Giblin SP, Huse KK, Liang M, Reeves L, Pearson M, Xu Y, Rouse SL, Pease JE, Sriskandan S, Kagawa TF, Cooney J, Matthews S. The protease associated (PA) domain in ScpA from Streptococcus pyogenes plays a role in substrate recruitment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2023; 1871:140946. [PMID: 37562488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2023.140946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Annually, over 18 million disease cases and half a million deaths worldwide are estimated to be caused by Group A Streptococcus. ScpA (or C5a peptidase) is a well characterised member of the cell enveleope protease family, which possess a S8 subtilisin-like catalytic domain and a shared multi-domain architecture. ScpA cleaves complement factors C5a and C3a, impairing the function of these critical anaphylatoxins and disrupts complement-mediated innate immunity. Although the high resolution structure of ScpA is known, the details of how it recognises its substrate are only just emerging. Previous studies have identified a distant exosite on the 2nd fibronectin domain that plays an important role in recruitment via an interaction with the substrate core. Here, using a combination of solution NMR spectroscopy, mutagenesis with functional assays and computational approaches we identify a second exosite within the protease-associated (PA) domain. We propose a model in which the PA domain assists optimal delivery of the substrate's C terminus to the active site for cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie McKenna
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Frances Aylward
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Xeni Miliara
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Rikin J Lau
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Camilla Berg Huemer
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sean P Giblin
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kristin K Huse
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mingyang Liang
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Lucy Reeves
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Max Pearson
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Yingqi Xu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sarah L Rouse
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - James E Pease
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Shiranee Sriskandan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Todd F Kagawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Jakki Cooney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Stephen Matthews
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus SW7 2AZ, UK; Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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27
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Morabito KM, Cassetti MC, DeRocco AJ, Deschamps AM, Pierson TC. Viral Prototypes for Pandemic Preparedness: The Road Ahead. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S460-S464. [PMID: 37849396 PMCID: PMC10582320 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic demonstrated how rapidly vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) could be deployed when the field is prepared to respond to a novel virus, serving as proof of concept that the prototype pathogen approach is feasible. This success was built upon decades of foundational research, including the characterization of protective antigens and coronavirus immunity leading to the development and validation of a generalizable vaccine approach for multiple coronaviruses. For other virus families of pandemic concern, the field is less prepared. The articles in this special issue have highlighted research gaps that need to be addressed to accelerate the development of effective vaccines and mAbs, to identify generalizable vaccine and mAb strategies, and to increase preparedness against other pandemic threats. Successful implementation of the prototype pathogen approach will require a systematic, multidisciplinary, coordinated approach with expertise and crosstalk among researchers of different virus families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M Morabito
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - M Cristina Cassetti
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda J DeRocco
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anne M Deschamps
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Theodore C Pierson
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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28
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Hartmeier PR, Kosanovich JL, Velankar KY, Ostrowski SM, Busch EE, Lipp MA, Empey KM, Meng WS. Modeling the kinetics of lymph node retention and exposure of a cargo protein delivered by biotin-functionalized nanoparticles. Acta Biomater 2023; 170:453-463. [PMID: 37652212 PMCID: PMC10592217 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Generation of protective immunity through vaccination arises from the adaptive immune response developed primarily in the lymph nodes drained from the immunization site. Relative to the intramuscular route, subcutaneous administration allows for direct and rapid access to the lymphatics, but accumulation of soluble protein antigens within the lymph nodes is limited. Subunit vaccines also require immune stimulating adjuvants which may not accumulate in the same lymph nodes simultaneously with antigen. Herein we report the use of biotinylated poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (bNPs) to enhance delivery of a model protein antigen to the lymphatics. bNPs provide dual functionality as adjuvant and vehicle to localize antigens with stimulated immune cells in the same draining lymph node. Using streptavidin as a model antigen, which can be loaded directly onto the bNP surface, we evaluated the kinetics of lymph node occupancy and adaptive immune responses in wildtype C57BL/6 mice. Antigen exposure in vivo was significantly improved through surface loading onto bNPs, and we developed a working kinetic model to account for the retention of both particles and antigen in draining lymph nodes. We observed enhanced T cell responses and antigen-specific B cell response in vivo when antigen was delivered on the particle surface. This work highlights the advantage of combining intrinsic adjuvant and antigen loading in a single entity, and the utility of kinetic modeling in the understanding of particle-based vaccines. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Development of safe and effective subunit vaccines depends on effective formulations that render optimized exposure and colocalization of antigens and adjuvants. In this work, we utilize a nanoparticle system which features self-adjuvanting properties and allows for surface loading of recombinant protein antigens. Using in vivo imaging, we demonstrated prolonged co-localization of the antigen and adjuvant particles in draining lymph nodes and provided evidence of B cell activation for up to 21 days following subcutaneous injection. A pharmacokinetic model was developed as a step towards bridging the translational gap between particulate-based vaccines and observed outcomes. The results have implications for the rational design of particle-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Hartmeier
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Jessica L Kosanovich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Ketki Y Velankar
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Sarah M Ostrowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Emelia E Busch
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Madeline A Lipp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Kerry M Empey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| | - Wilson S Meng
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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29
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Ols S, Lenart K, Arcoverde Cerveira R, Miranda MC, Brunette N, Kochmann J, Corcoran M, Skotheim R, Philomin A, Cagigi A, Fiala B, Wrenn S, Marcandalli J, Hellgren F, Thompson EA, Lin A, Gegenfurtner F, Kumar A, Chen M, Phad GE, Graham BS, Perez L, Borst AJ, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Ruckwardt TJ, King NP, Loré K. Multivalent antigen display on nanoparticle immunogens increases B cell clonotype diversity and neutralization breadth to pneumoviruses. Immunity 2023; 56:2425-2441.e14. [PMID: 37689061 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles for multivalent display and delivery of vaccine antigens have emerged as a promising avenue for enhancing B cell responses to protein subunit vaccines. Here, we evaluated B cell responses in rhesus macaques immunized with prefusion-stabilized respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F glycoprotein trimer compared with nanoparticles displaying 10 or 20 copies of the same antigen. We show that multivalent display skews antibody specificities and drives epitope-focusing of responding B cells. Antibody cloning and repertoire sequencing revealed that focusing was driven by the expansion of clonally distinct B cells through recruitment of diverse precursors. We identified two antibody lineages that developed either ultrapotent neutralization or pneumovirus cross-neutralization from precursor B cells with low initial affinity for the RSV-F immunogen. This suggests that increased avidity by multivalent display facilitates the activation and recruitment of these cells. Diversification of the B cell response by multivalent nanoparticle immunogens has broad implications for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ols
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klara Lenart
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Arcoverde Cerveira
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcos C Miranda
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natalie Brunette
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jana Kochmann
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Skotheim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Annika Philomin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alberto Cagigi
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brooke Fiala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Samuel Wrenn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica Marcandalli
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Fredrika Hellgren
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth A Thompson
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ang Lin
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Florian Gegenfurtner
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Azad Kumar
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Man Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ganesh E Phad
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Università della Svizzera italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laurent Perez
- University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Department of Medicine, Service of Immunology and Allergy, and Center for Human Immunology (CHIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J Borst
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Tracy J Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karin Loré
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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30
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Wang Y, Lv H, Lei R, Yeung YH, Shen IR, Choi D, Teo QW, Tan TJ, Gopal AB, Chen X, Graham CS, Wu NC. An explainable language model for antibody specificity prediction using curated influenza hemagglutinin antibodies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.11.557288. [PMID: 37745338 PMCID: PMC10515799 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.11.557288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of antibody research, it remains challenging to predict the specificity of an antibody solely based on its sequence. Two major obstacles are the lack of appropriate models and inaccessibility of datasets for model training. In this study, we curated a dataset of >5,000 influenza hemagglutinin (HA) antibodies by mining research publications and patents, which revealed many distinct sequence features between antibodies to HA head and stem domains. We then leveraged this dataset to develop a lightweight memory B cell language model (mBLM) for sequence-based antibody specificity prediction. Model explainability analysis showed that mBLM captured key sequence motifs of HA stem antibodies. Additionally, by applying mBLM to HA antibodies with unknown epitopes, we discovered and experimentally validated many HA stem antibodies. Overall, this study not only advances our molecular understanding of antibody response to influenza virus, but also provides an invaluable resource for applying deep learning to antibody research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiquan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Huibin Lv
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ruipeng Lei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yuen-Hei Yeung
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ivana R. Shen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Danbi Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Qi Wen Teo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Timothy J.C. Tan
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Akshita B. Gopal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Claire S. Graham
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nicholas C. Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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31
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Liu R, Lv Y, Sun W, Li M, Ge N, Zhu C, Ding Y, Liu Z, Ma R, Huang Y, Hou S, Ying Q, Gu T, Wang F, Nie L, Wang Y, Huang W, Shu J, Wu X. Investigation of a subunit protein vaccine for HFRS based on a consensus sequence between envelope glycoproteins of HTNV and SEOV. Virus Res 2023; 334:199149. [PMID: 37329903 PMCID: PMC10410520 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to the global resurgence of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), more attention is being focused on this dangerous illness. In China and Korea, the only vaccines available are the virus-inactivated vaccine against Hantaan virus (HTNV) or Seoul virus (SEOV), but their efficacy and safety are inadequate. Therefore, it is important to develop new vaccines that are safer and more efficient to neutralize and regulate areas with a high prevalence of HFRS. We employed bioinformatics methods to design a recombinant protein vaccine based on conserved regions of protein consensus sequences in HTNV and SEOV membranes. The S2 Drosophila expression system was utilized to enhance protein expression, solubility and immunogenicity. After the Gn and Gc proteins of HTNV and SEOV were successfully expressed, mice were immunized, and the humoral immunity, cellular immunity, and in vivo protection of the HFRS universal subunit vaccine were systematically evaluated in mouse models. These results indicated that the HFRS subunit vaccine generated elevated levels of binding and neutralizing antibodies, particularly IgG1, compared to that of the traditional inactivated HFRS vaccine. Additionally, the spleen cells of immunized mice secreted IFN-r and IL-4 cytokines effectively. Moreover, the HTNV-Gc protein vaccine successfully protected suckling mice from HTNV infection and stimulated GC responses. In this research, a new scientific approach is investigated to develop a universal HFRS subunit protein vaccine that is capable of producing effective humoral and cellular immunity in mice. The results suggest that this vaccine could be a promising candidate for preventing HFRS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunhua Lv
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Min Li
- Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningning Ge
- Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaxin Ding
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ziyu Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruixue Ma
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuxiao Huang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shiyuan Hou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qikang Ying
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianle Gu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lingling Nie
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China.
| | - Jiayi Shu
- Clinical Center for Biotherapy, Zhongshan Hospital & Zhongshan Hospital (Xiamen), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xingan Wu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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32
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Wen X, Suryadevara N, Kose N, Liu J, Zhan X, Handal LS, Williamson LE, Trivette A, Carnahan RH, Jardetzky TS, Crowe JE. Potent cross-neutralization of respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus through a structurally conserved antibody recognition mode. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1288-1300.e6. [PMID: 37516111 PMCID: PMC10527986 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infections pose a significant health burden. Using pre-fusion conformation fusion (F) proteins, we isolated a panel of anti-F antibodies from a human donor. One antibody (RSV-199) potently cross-neutralized 8 RSV and hMPV strains by recognizing antigenic site III, which is partially conserved in RSV and hMPV F. Next, we determined the cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of RSV-199 bound to RSV F trimers, hMPV F monomers, and an unexpected dimeric form of hMPV F. These structures revealed how RSV-199 engages both RSV and hMPV F proteins through conserved interactions of the antibody heavy-chain variable region and how variability within heavy-chain complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3) can be accommodated at the F protein interface in site-III-directed antibodies. Furthermore, RSV-199 offered enhanced protection against RSV A and B strains and hMPV in cotton rats. These findings highlight the mechanisms of broad neutralization and therapeutic potential of RSV-199.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wen
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Nurgun Kose
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zhan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Laura S Handal
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lauren E Williamson
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrew Trivette
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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33
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Yin R, Pierce BG. Evaluation of AlphaFold Antibody-Antigen Modeling with Implications for Improving Predictive Accuracy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.05.547832. [PMID: 37461571 PMCID: PMC10349958 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.05.547832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
High resolution antibody-antigen structures provide critical insights into immune recognition and can inform therapeutic design. The challenges of experimental structural determination and the diversity of the immune repertoire underscore the necessity of accurate computational tools for modeling antibody-antigen complexes. Initial benchmarking showed that despite overall success in modeling protein-protein complexes, AlphaFold and AlphaFold-Multimer have limited success in modeling antibody-antigen interactions. In this study, we performed a thorough analysis of AlphaFold's antibody-antigen modeling performance on 429 nonredundant antibody-antigen complex structures, identifying useful confidence metrics for predicting model quality, and features of complexes associated with improved modeling success. We show the importance of bound-like component modeling in complex assembly accuracy, and that the current version of AlphaFold improves near-native modeling success to over 30%, versus approximately 20% for a previous version. With this improved success, AlphaFold can generate accurate antibody-antigen models in many cases, while additional training may further improve its performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yin
- University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Brian G. Pierce
- University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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34
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Tursi NJ, Xu Z, Kulp DW, Weiner DB. Gene-encoded nanoparticle vaccine platforms for in vivo assembly of multimeric antigen to promote adaptive immunity. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1880. [PMID: 36807845 PMCID: PMC10665986 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle vaccines are a diverse category of vaccines for the prophylaxis or treatment of various diseases. Several strategies have been employed for their optimization, especially to enhance vaccine immunogenicity and generate potent B-cell responses. Two major modalities utilized for particulate antigen vaccines include using nanoscale structures for antigen delivery and nanoparticles that are themselves vaccines due to antigen display or scaffolding-the latter of which we will define as "nanovaccines." Multimeric antigen display has a variety of immunological benefits compared to monomeric vaccines mediated through potentiating antigen-presenting cell presentation and enhancing antigen-specific B-cell responses through B-cell activation. The majority of nanovaccine assembly is done in vitro using cell lines. However, in vivo assembly of scaffolded vaccines potentiated using nucleic acids or viral vectors is a burgeoning modality of nanovaccine delivery. Several advantages to in vivo assembly exist, including lower costs of production, fewer production barriers, as well as more rapid development of novel vaccine candidates for emerging diseases such as SARS-CoV-2. This review will characterize the methods for de novo assembly of nanovaccines in the host using methods of gene delivery including nucleic acid and viral vectored vaccines. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Nucleic Acid-Based Structures Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Tursi
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ziyang Xu
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel W. Kulp
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David B. Weiner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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35
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Imon RR, Samad A, Alam R, Alsaiari AA, Talukder MEK, Almehmadi M, Ahammad F, Mohammad F. Computational formulation of a multiepitope vaccine unveils an exceptional prophylactic candidate against Merkel cell polyomavirus. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1160260. [PMID: 37441076 PMCID: PMC10333698 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1160260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare neuroendocrine skin malignancy caused by human Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV), leading to the most aggressive skin cancer in humans. MCV has been identified in approximately 43%-100% of MCC cases, contributing to the highly aggressive nature of primary cutaneous carcinoma and leading to a notable mortality rate. Currently, no existing vaccines or drug candidates have shown efficacy in addressing the ailment caused by this specific pathogen. Therefore, this study aimed to design a novel multiepitope vaccine candidate against the virus using integrated immunoinformatics and vaccinomics approaches. Initially, the highest antigenic, immunogenic, and non-allergenic epitopes of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, helper T lymphocytes, and linear B lymphocytes corresponding to the virus whole protein sequences were identified and retrieved for vaccine construction. Subsequently, the selected epitopes were linked with appropriate linkers and added an adjuvant in front of the construct to enhance the immunogenicity of the vaccine candidates. Additionally, molecular docking and dynamics simulations identified strong and stable binding interactions between vaccine candidates and human Toll-like receptor 4. Furthermore, computer-aided immune simulation found the real-life-like immune response of vaccine candidates upon administration to the human body. Finally, codon optimization was conducted on the vaccine candidates to facilitate the in silico cloning of the vaccine into the pET28+(a) cloning vector. In conclusion, the vaccine candidate developed in this study is anticipated to augment the immune response in humans and effectively combat the virus. Nevertheless, it is imperative to conduct in vitro and in vivo assays to evaluate the efficacy of these vaccine candidates thoroughly. These evaluations will provide critical insights into the vaccine's effectiveness and potential for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raihan Rahman Imon
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Biological Solution Centre (BioSol Centre), Jashore, Bangladesh
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Abdus Samad
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Biological Solution Centre (BioSol Centre), Jashore, Bangladesh
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Rahat Alam
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Biological Solution Centre (BioSol Centre), Jashore, Bangladesh
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Ahad Amer Alsaiari
- Clinical Laboratories Science Department, College of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md. Enamul Kabir Talukder
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Biological Solution Centre (BioSol Centre), Jashore, Bangladesh
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Mazen Almehmadi
- Clinical Laboratories Science Department, College of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Foysal Ahammad
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Biological Solution Centre (BioSol Centre), Jashore, Bangladesh
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (BBS), College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
| | - Farhan Mohammad
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (BBS), College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
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36
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Lee B, Nanishi E, Levy O, Dowling DJ. Precision Vaccinology Approaches for the Development of Adjuvanted Vaccines Targeted to Distinct Vulnerable Populations. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1766. [PMID: 37376214 PMCID: PMC10305121 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection persists as one of the leading global causes of morbidity and mortality, with particular burden at the extremes of age and in populations who are immunocompromised or suffer chronic co-morbid diseases. By focusing discovery and innovation efforts to better understand the phenotypic and mechanistic differences in the immune systems of diverse vulnerable populations, emerging research in precision vaccine discovery and development has explored how to optimize immunizations across the lifespan. Here, we focus on two key elements of precision vaccinology, as applied to epidemic/pandemic response and preparedness, including (a) selecting robust combinations of adjuvants and antigens, and (b) coupling these platforms with appropriate formulation systems. In this context, several considerations exist, including the intended goals of immunization (e.g., achieving immunogenicity versus lessening transmission), reducing the likelihood of adverse reactogenicity, and optimizing the route of administration. Each of these considerations is accompanied by several key challenges. On-going innovation in precision vaccinology will expand and target the arsenal of vaccine components for protection of vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branden Lee
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (B.L.); (E.N.); (O.L.)
| | - Etsuro Nanishi
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (B.L.); (E.N.); (O.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (B.L.); (E.N.); (O.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David J. Dowling
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (B.L.); (E.N.); (O.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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37
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Hederman AP, Ackerman ME. Leveraging deep learning to improve vaccine design. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:333-344. [PMID: 37003949 PMCID: PMC10485910 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Deep learning has led to incredible breakthroughs in areas of research, from self-driving vehicles to solutions, to formal mathematical proofs. In the biomedical sciences, however, the revolutionary results seen in other fields are only now beginning to be realized. Vaccine research and development efforts represent an application with high public health significance. Protein structure prediction, immune repertoire analysis, and phylogenetics are three principal areas in which deep learning is poised to provide key advances. Here, we opine on some of the current challenges with deep learning and how they are being addressed. Despite the nascent stage of deep learning applications in immunological studies, there is ample opportunity to utilize this new technology to address the most challenging and burdensome infectious diseases confronting global populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA.
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38
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Koff WC, Rappuoli R, Plotkin SA. Historical advances in structural and molecular biology and how they impacted vaccine development. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168113. [PMID: 37080423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are among the greatest tools for prevention and control of disease. They have eliminated smallpox from the planet, decreased morbidity and mortality for major infectious diseases like polio, measles, mumps, and rubella, significantly blunted the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and prevented viral induced cancers such as cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus. Recent technological advances, in genomics, structural biology, and human immunology have transformed vaccine development, enabling new technologies such as mRNA vaccines to greatly accelerate development of new and improved vaccines. In this review, we briefly highlight the history of vaccine development, and provide examples of where advances in genomics and structural biology, paved the way for development of vaccines for bacterial and viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne C Koff
- President and CEO, Human Immunome Project, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Chief Scientific Officer, Fondazione Biotechnopolo, Siena, Italy
| | - Stanley A Plotkin
- Emeritus Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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39
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Liu M, Zhao Y, Shi Z, Zink JI, Yu Q. Virus-like Magnetic Mesoporous Silica Particles as a Universal Vaccination Platform against Pathogenic Infections. ACS NANO 2023; 17:6899-6911. [PMID: 36961475 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most important way of population protection from life-threatening pathogenic infections. However, its efficiency is frequently compromised by a failure of strong antigen presentation and immune activation. Herein, we developed virus-like magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a universal vaccination platform (termed MagParV) for preventing pathogenic infections. This platform was constructed by integrating synthetic biology-based endoplasmic reticulum-targeting vesicles with magnetic mesoporous silica particles. This platform exhibited high antigen-loading capacity, strongly targeting the endoplasmic reticulum and promoting antigen presentation in dendritic cells. After prime-boost vaccination, the antigen-loading MagParV with AMF drastically elicited specific antibody production against corresponding antigens of fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens. A systemic infection model further revealed that the platform effectively protected the mice from severe fungal systemic infections. This study realized synthetic biology-facilitated green manufacturing of vaccines, which is promising for magnetism-activated vaccination against different kinds of pathogenic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhishang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jeffrey I Zink
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California Nano Systems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Qilin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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Tarrés-Freixas F, Aguilar-Gurrieri C, Rodríguez de la Concepción ML, Urrea V, Trinité B, Ortiz R, Pradenas E, Blanco P, Marfil S, Molinos-Albert LM, Barajas A, Pons-Grífols A, Ávila-Nieto C, Varela I, Cervera L, Gutiérrez-Granados S, Segura MM, Gòdia F, Clotet B, Carrillo J, Blanco J. An engineered HIV-1 Gag-based VLP displaying high antigen density induces strong antibody-dependent functional immune responses. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:51. [PMID: 37024469 PMCID: PMC10077320 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00648-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen display on the surface of Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) improves immunogenicity compared to soluble proteins. We hypothesised that immune responses can be further improved by increasing the antigen density on the surface of VLPs. In this work, we report an HIV-1 Gag-based VLP platform engineered to maximise the presence of antigen on the VLP surface. An HIV-1 gp41-derived protein (Min), including the C-terminal part of gp41 and the transmembrane domain, was fused to HIV-1 Gag. This resulted in high-density MinGag-VLPs. These VLPs demonstrated to be highly immunogenic in animal models using either a homologous (VLP) or heterologous (DNA/VLP) vaccination regimen, with the latter yielding 10-fold higher anti-Gag and anti-Min antibody titres. Despite these strong humoral responses, immunisation with MinGag-VLPs did not induce neutralising antibodies. Nevertheless, antibodies were predominantly of an IgG2b/IgG2c profile and could efficiently bind CD16-2. Furthermore, we demonstrated that MinGag-VLP vaccination could mediate a functional effect and halt the progression of a Min-expressing tumour cell line in an in vivo mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Tarrés-Freixas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | - Victor Urrea
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Benjamin Trinité
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Raquel Ortiz
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Edwards Pradenas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pau Blanco
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sílvia Marfil
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Luis Manuel Molinos-Albert
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Barajas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Pons-Grífols
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carlos Ávila-Nieto
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ismael Varela
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Laura Cervera
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cel•lular i Bioprocessos, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, 08913, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sònia Gutiérrez-Granados
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cel•lular i Bioprocessos, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, 08913, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - María Mercedes Segura
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cel•lular i Bioprocessos, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, 08913, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francesc Gòdia
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cel•lular i Bioprocessos, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, 08913, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, 08916, Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain.
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, 08916, Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Myers ML, Gallagher JR, Kim AJ, Payne WH, Maldonado-Puga S, Assimakopoulos H, Bock KW, Torian U, Moore IN, Harris AK. Commercial influenza vaccines vary in HA-complex structure and in induction of cross-reactive HA antibodies. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1763. [PMID: 36997521 PMCID: PMC10060936 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37162-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infects millions of people annually and can cause global pandemics. Hemagglutinin (HA) is the primary component of commercial influenza vaccines (CIV), and antibody titer to HA is a primary correlate of protection. Continual antigenic variation of HA requires that CIVs are reformulated yearly. Structural organization of HA complexes have not previously been correlated with induction of broadly reactive antibodies, yet CIV formulations vary in how HA is organized. Using electron microscopy to study four current CIVs, we find structures including: individual HAs, starfish structures with up to 12 HA molecules, and novel spiked-nanodisc structures that display over 50 HA molecules along the complex's perimeter. CIV containing these spiked nanodiscs elicit the highest levels of heterosubtypic cross-reactive antibodies in female mice. Here, we report that HA structural organization can be an important CIV parameter and can be associated with the induction of cross-reactive antibodies to conserved HA epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory L Myers
- Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - John R Gallagher
- Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alexander J Kim
- Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Walker H Payne
- Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Samantha Maldonado-Puga
- Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Haralabos Assimakopoulos
- Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kevin W Bock
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 33 North Drive, Room BN25, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Udana Torian
- Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Drive, Room 306C, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ian N Moore
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 33 North Drive, Room BN25, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329 37, USA
| | - Audray K Harris
- Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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42
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Pedenko B, Sulbaran G, Guilligay D, Effantin G, Weissenhorn W. SARS-CoV-2 S Glycoprotein Stabilization Strategies. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020558. [PMID: 36851772 PMCID: PMC9960574 DOI: 10.3390/v15020558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has again shown that structural biology plays an important role in understanding biological mechanisms and exploiting structural data for therapeutic interventions. Notably, previous work on SARS-related glycoproteins has paved the way for the rapid structural determination of the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein, which is the main target for neutralizing antibodies. Therefore, all vaccine approaches aimed to employ S as an immunogen to induce neutralizing antibodies. Like all enveloped virus glycoproteins, SARS-CoV-2 S native prefusion trimers are in a metastable conformation, which primes the glycoprotein for the entry process via membrane fusion. S-mediated entry is associated with major conformational changes in S, which can expose many off-target epitopes that deviate vaccination approaches from the major aim of inducing neutralizing antibodies, which mainly target the native prefusion trimer conformation. Here, we review the viral glycoprotein stabilization methods developed prior to SARS-CoV-2, and applied to SARS-CoV-2 S, in order to stabilize S in the prefusion conformation. The importance of structure-based approaches is highlighted by the benefits of employing stabilized S trimers versus non-stabilized S in vaccines with respect to their protective efficacy.
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43
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Nanishi E, Borriello F, Seo HS, O’Meara TR, McGrath ME, Saito Y, Chen J, Diray-Arce J, Song K, Xu AZ, Barman S, Menon M, Dong D, Caradonna TM, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Schmidt AG, Baden LR, Ernst RK, Dillen C, Yu J, Chang A, Hilgers L, Platenburg PP, Dhe-Paganon S, Barouch DH, Ozonoff A, Zanoni I, Frieman MB, Dowling DJ, Levy O. Carbohydrate fatty acid monosulphate: oil-in-water adjuvant enhances SARS-CoV-2 RBD nanoparticle-induced immunogenicity and protection in mice. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:18. [PMID: 36788219 PMCID: PMC9927065 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines that protect vulnerable populations is a public health priority. Here, we took a systematic and iterative approach by testing several adjuvants and SARS-CoV-2 antigens to identify a combination that elicits antibodies and protection in young and aged mice. While demonstrating superior immunogenicity to soluble receptor-binding domain (RBD), RBD displayed as a protein nanoparticle (RBD-NP) generated limited antibody responses. Comparison of multiple adjuvants including AddaVax, AddaS03, and AS01B in young and aged mice demonstrated that an oil-in-water emulsion containing carbohydrate fatty acid monosulphate derivative (CMS:O/W) most effectively enhanced RBD-NP-induced cross-neutralizing antibodies and protection across age groups. CMS:O/W enhanced antigen retention in the draining lymph node, induced injection site, and lymph node cytokines, with CMS inducing MyD88-dependent Th1 cytokine polarization. Furthermore, CMS and O/W synergistically induced chemokine production from human PBMCs. Overall, CMS:O/W adjuvant may enhance immunogenicity and protection of vulnerable populations against SARS-CoV-2 and other infectious pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuro Nanishi
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Francesco Borriello
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,Present Address: Generate Biomedicines, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Hyuk-Soo Seo
- grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Timothy R. O’Meara
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Marisa E. McGrath
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Yoshine Saito
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Jing Chen
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Research Computing Group, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Joann Diray-Arce
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Kijun Song
- grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA
| | - Andrew Z. Xu
- grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA
| | - Soumik Barman
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Manisha Menon
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Danica Dong
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Timothy M. Caradonna
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Blake M. Hauser
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Lindsey R. Baden
- grid.62560.370000 0004 0378 8294Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Robert K. Ernst
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Carly Dillen
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Jingyou Yu
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XCenter for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Aiquan Chang
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XCenter for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | | | | | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XCenter for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Al Ozonoff
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.66859.340000 0004 0546 1623Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Matthew B. Frieman
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - David J. Dowling
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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44
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Ptak CP, Hsieh CL, Garnett JA, Rappuoli R, Lin YP. Editorial: Intersection of biophysical and structural approaches in vaccine design. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1142656. [PMID: 36865381 PMCID: PMC9972083 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1142656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P. Ptak
- NMR Facility, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States,*Correspondence: Christopher P. Ptak,
| | - Ching-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States,Sanofi S.A., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - James A. Garnett
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy,Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy,GSK, Siena, Italy
| | - Yi-Pin Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States,Department of Biomedical Sciences, SUNY Albany, Albany, NY, United States
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45
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Aung A, Cui A, Maiorino L, Amini AP, Gregory JR, Bukenya M, Zhang Y, Lee H, Cottrell CA, Morgan DM, Silva M, Suh H, Kirkpatrick JD, Amlashi P, Remba T, Froehle LM, Xiao S, Abraham W, Adams J, Love JC, Huyett P, Kwon DS, Hacohen N, Schief WR, Bhatia SN, Irvine DJ. Low protease activity in B cell follicles promotes retention of intact antigens after immunization. Science 2023; 379:eabn8934. [PMID: 36701450 PMCID: PMC10041875 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn8934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The structural integrity of vaccine antigens is critical to the generation of protective antibody responses, but the impact of protease activity on vaccination in vivo is poorly understood. We characterized protease activity in lymph nodes and found that antigens were rapidly degraded in the subcapsular sinus, paracortex, and interfollicular regions, whereas low protease activity and antigen degradation rates were detected in the vicinity of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). Correlated with these findings, immunization regimens designed to target antigen to FDCs led to germinal centers dominantly targeting intact antigen, whereas traditional immunizations led to much weaker responses that equally targeted the intact immunogen and antigen breakdown products. Thus, spatially compartmentalized antigen proteolysis affects humoral immunity and can be exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aereas Aung
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ang Cui
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura Maiorino
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ava P. Amini
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Microsoft Research New England, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Justin R. Gregory
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maurice Bukenya
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Heya Lee
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher A. Cottrell
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Duncan M. Morgan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Murillo Silva
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Heikyung Suh
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jesse D. Kirkpatrick
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Parastoo Amlashi
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tanaka Remba
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Leah M. Froehle
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shuhao Xiao
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wuhbet Abraham
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Josetta Adams
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J. Christopher Love
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Phillip Huyett
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas S. Kwon
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William R. Schief
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dept. of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sangeeta N. Bhatia
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute at Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Darrell J. Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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46
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Choi S, Yang Z, Wang Q, Qiao Z, Sun M, Wiggins J, Xiang SH, Lu Q. Displaying and delivering viral membrane antigens via WW domain-activated extracellular vesicles. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade2708. [PMID: 36706192 PMCID: PMC9882979 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade2708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins expressed on the surface of enveloped viruses are conformational antigens readily recognized by B cells of the immune system. An effective vaccine would require the synthesis and delivery of these native conformational antigens in lipid membranes that preserve specific epitope structures. We have created an extracellular vesicle-based technology that allows viral membrane antigens to be selectively recruited onto the surface of WW domain-activated extracellular vesicles (WAEVs). Budding of WAEVs requires secretory carrier-associated membrane protein 3, which through its proline-proline-alanine-tyrosine motif interacts with WW domains to recruit fused viral membrane antigens onto WAEVs. Immunization with influenza and HIV viral membrane proteins displayed on WAEVs elicits production of virus-specific neutralizing antibodies and, in the case of influenza antigens, protects mice from the lethal viral infection. WAEVs thus represent a versatile platform for presenting and delivering membrane antigens as vaccines against influenza, HIV, and potentially many other viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sengjin Choi
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhiping Yang
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qiyu Wang
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhi Qiao
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maoyun Sun
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joshua Wiggins
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Shi-Hua Xiang
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Quan Lu
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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47
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Zhang J, Xia Y, Liu X, Liu G. Advanced Vaccine Design Strategies against SARS-CoV-2 and Emerging Variants. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020148. [PMID: 36829642 PMCID: PMC9951973 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most cost-effective means in the fight against infectious diseases. Various kinds of vaccines have been developed since the outbreak of COVID-19, some of which have been approved for clinical application. Though vaccines available achieved partial success in protecting vaccinated subjects from infection or hospitalization, numerous efforts are still needed to end the global pandemic, especially in the case of emerging new variants. Safe and efficient vaccines are the key elements to stop the pandemic from attacking the world now; novel and evolving vaccine technologies are urged in the course of fighting (re)-emerging infectious diseases. Advances in biotechnology offered the progress of vaccinology in the past few years, and lots of innovative approaches have been applied to the vaccine design during the ongoing pandemic. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art vaccine strategies involved in controlling the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. In addition, challenges and future directions for rational vaccine design are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yutian Xia
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Innovation Center for Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Correspondence:
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48
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Si D, Chen J, Nakamura A, Chang L, Guan H. Smart de novo Macromolecular Structure Modeling from Cryo-EM Maps. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167967. [PMID: 36681181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.167967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The study of macromolecular structures has expanded our understanding of the amazing cell machinery and such knowledge has changed how the pharmaceutical industry develops new vaccines in recent years. Traditionally, X-ray crystallography has been the main method for structure determination, however, cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has increasingly become more popular due to recent advancements in hardware and software. The number of cryo-EM maps deposited in the EMDataResource (formerly EMDatabase) since 2002 has been dramatically increasing and it continues to do so. De novo macromolecular complex modeling is a labor-intensive process, therefore, it is highly desirable to develop software that can automate this process. Here we discuss our automated, data-driven, and artificial intelligence approaches including map processing, feature extraction, modeling building, and target identification. Recently, we have enabled DNA/RNA modeling in our deep learning-based prediction tool, DeepTracer. We have also developed DeepTracer-ID, a tool that can identify proteins solely based on the cryo-EM map. In this paper, we will present our accumulated experiences in developing deep learning-based methods surrounding macromolecule modeling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Si
- Division of Computing and Software Systems, University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, WA 98011, United States.
| | - Jason Chen
- Division of Computing and Software Systems, University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, WA 98011, United States
| | - Andrew Nakamura
- Division of Computing and Software Systems, University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, WA 98011, United States
| | - Luca Chang
- Division of Computing and Software Systems, University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, WA 98011, United States
| | - Haowen Guan
- Division of Computing and Software Systems, University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, WA 98011, United States
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49
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Vishweshwaraiah YL, Hnath B, Rackley B, Wang J, Gontu A, Chandler M, Afonin KA, Kuchipudi SV, Christensen N, Yennawar NH, Dokholyan NV. Adaptation-proof SARS-CoV-2 vaccine design. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2022; 32:2206055. [PMID: 36590650 PMCID: PMC9799234 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202206055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) surface spike glycoprotein - a major antibody target - is critical for virus entry via engagement of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Despite successes with existing vaccines and therapies that primarily target the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein, the susceptibility of RBD to mutations provides escape routes for the SARS-CoV-2 from neutralizing antibodies. On the other hand, structural conservation in the spike protein can be targeted to reduce escape mutations and achieve broad protection. Here, we designed candidate stable immunogens that mimic surface features of selected conserved regions of spike protein through 'epitope grafting,' in which we present the target epitope topology on diverse heterologous scaffolds that can structurally accommodate the spike epitopes. Structural characterization of the epitope-scaffolds showed stark agreement with our computational models and target epitopes. The sera from mice immunized with engineered designs display epitope-scaffolds and spike binding activity. We also demonstrated the utility of the designed epitope-scaffolds in diagnostic applications. Taken all together, our study provides important methodology for targeting the conserved, non-RBD structural motifs of spike protein for SARS-CoV-2 epitope vaccine design and demonstrates the potential utility of 'epitope grafting' in rational vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brianna Hnath
- Department of PharmacologyPenn State College of MedicineHersheyPA17033‐0850USA
| | - Brendan Rackley
- Department of PharmacologyPenn State College of MedicineHersheyPA17033‐0850USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of PharmacologyPenn State College of MedicineHersheyPA17033‐0850USA
| | - Abhinay Gontu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Huck Institutes of the Life SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Morgan Chandler
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North Carolina at CharlotteCharlotteNC28223USA
| | - Kirill A. Afonin
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North Carolina at CharlotteCharlotteNC28223USA
| | - Suresh V. Kuchipudi
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Huck Institutes of the Life SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Neil Christensen
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyPenn State College of MedicineHersheyPA17033‐0850USA
| | - Neela H. Yennawar
- The Huck Institutes of the Life SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Nikolay V. Dokholyan
- Department of PharmacologyPenn State College of MedicineHersheyPA17033‐0850USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular BiologyPenn State College of MedicineHersheyPA17033‐0850USA
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50
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Zhou Z, Zhu R, Yang H, Xu L, Chen H, Wu Y, Yin Z, Huang Q, Zhang D, Liu C, Que Y, Zhang J, Xia N, Cheng T. Development of a rapid neutralization testing system for Rhinovirus C15 based on the enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:983656. [PMID: 36212859 PMCID: PMC9539532 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.983656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Rhinoviruses (RVs) are dominant pathogens causing a wide range of respiratory tract diseases, posing a huge threat to public health worldwide. Viruses belonging to the RV-C species are more likely to cause severe illnesses and are strongly associated with asthma onset or exacerbations than RV-A or RV-B. Rapid and sensitive detection of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against RV-C can promote the development of vaccines and antiviral drugs and help in the diagnosis of viral infection. In this study, a rapid neutralization testing system for RV-C15, based on an enzyme-linked immunospot assay (Nt-ELISPOT) was developed. A monoclonal antibody (MAb), named 9F9, with high binding efficacy for RV-C15 conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP), was used to detect RV-C15-infected cells at a concentration of 2 μg/ml. The optimal infectious dose of RV-C15 was set at 1 × 104 TCID50/well and the cells were fixed with 0.5% formaldehyde diluted in PBS after incubation for 20 h. Compared with the traditional cytopathic effect (CPE)-based neutralization assay (Nt-CPE), Nt-ELISPOT significantly shortened the detection period and showed good consistency with the detection of neutralizing titers of both sera and NAbs. Using Nt-ELISPOT, three anti-RV-C15 NAbs were obtained with IC50 values of 0.16, 0.27, and 11.8 μg/ml, respectively. Moreover, 64 human serum samples collected from a wide range of age groups were tested for NAb against RV-C15 by Nt-ELISPOT. The total seroprevalence was 48.4% (31/64) and the positive rate was lowest in the group under 6 years old. Thus, the Nt-ELISPOT established in this study can be used as a high-throughput and rapid neutralization assay for the screening of NAbs and for seroepidemiological investigation against RV-C15.
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