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Díaz-Casado ME, González-García P, López-Herrador S, Hidalgo-Gutiérrez A, Jiménez-Sánchez L, Barriocanal-Casado E, Bakkali M, van de Lest CHA, Corral-Sarasa J, Zaal EA, Berkers CR, López LC. Oral β-RA induces metabolic rewiring leading to the rescue of diet-induced obesity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167283. [PMID: 38851305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Obesity represents a significant health challenge, intricately linked to conditions such as type II diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and hepatic steatosis. Several existing obesity treatments exhibit limited efficacy, undesirable side effects or a limited capability to maintain therapeutics effects in the long-term. Recently, modulation Coenzyme Q (CoQ) metabolism has emerged as a promising target for treatment of metabolic syndrome. This potential intervention could involve the modulation of endogenous CoQ biosynthesis by the use of analogs of the precursor of its biosynthesis, such as β-resorcylic acid (β-RA). Here, we show that oral supplementation with β-RA, incorporated into the diet of diet-induced obese (DIO) mice, leads to substantial weight loss. The anti-obesity effects of β-RA are partially elucidated through the normalization of mitochondrial CoQ metabolism in white adipose tissue (WAT). Additionally, we identify an HFN4α/LXR-dependent transcriptomic activation of the hepatic lipid metabolism that contributes to the anti-obesity effects of β-RA. Consequently, β-RA mitigates WAT hypertrophy, prevents hepatic steatosis, counteracts metabolic abnormalities in WAT and liver, and enhances glucose homeostasis by reducing the insulin/glucagon ratio and plasma levels of gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). Moreover, pharmacokinetic evaluation of β-RA supports its translational potential. Thus, β-RA emerges as an efficient, safe, and translatable therapeutic option for the treatment and/or prevention of obesity, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Díaz-Casado
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs. Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Pilar González-García
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs. Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Sergio López-Herrador
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Agustín Hidalgo-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Eliana Barriocanal-Casado
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Genomic Medicine Department, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Mohammed Bakkali
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Chris H A van de Lest
- Division of Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Esther A Zaal
- Division of Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Celia R Berkers
- Division of Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Luis C López
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs. Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), 18016 Granada, Spain.
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2
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Véniant MM, Lu SC, Atangan L, Komorowski R, Stanislaus S, Cheng Y, Wu B, Falsey JR, Hager T, Thomas VA, Ambhaikar M, Sharpsten L, Zhu Y, Kurra V, Jeswani R, Oberoi RK, Parnes JR, Honarpour N, Neutel J, Strande JL. A GIPR antagonist conjugated to GLP-1 analogues promotes weight loss with improved metabolic parameters in preclinical and phase 1 settings. Nat Metab 2024; 6:290-303. [PMID: 38316982 PMCID: PMC10896721 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00966-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health crisis. Multi-specific peptides have emerged as promising therapeutic strategies for clinical weight loss. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are endogenous incretins that regulate weight through their receptors (R). AMG 133 (maridebart cafraglutide) is a bispecific molecule engineered by conjugating a fully human monoclonal anti-human GIPR antagonist antibody to two GLP-1 analogue agonist peptides using amino acid linkers. Here, we confirm the GIPR antagonist and GLP-1R agonist activities in cell-based systems and report the ability of AMG 133 to reduce body weight and improve metabolic markers in male obese mice and cynomolgus monkeys. In a phase 1, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study in participants with obesity ( NCT04478708 ), AMG 133 had an acceptable safety and tolerability profile along with pronounced dose-dependent weight loss. In the multiple ascending dose cohorts, weight loss was maintained for up to 150 days after the last dose. These findings support continued clinical evaluation of AMG 133.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle M Véniant
- Amgen Research, Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA.
| | - Shu-Chen Lu
- Amgen Research, Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Larissa Atangan
- Amgen Research, Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Renee Komorowski
- Amgen Research, Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Shanaka Stanislaus
- Amgen Research, Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Amgen Research, Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Bin Wu
- Amgen Research, Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - James R Falsey
- Amgen Research, Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Todd Hager
- Amgen Research, Department of Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Veena A Thomas
- Amgen Research, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Malhar Ambhaikar
- Pre-pivotal Drug Substance Technologies, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | - Yineng Zhu
- Amgen Early Development, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Vamsi Kurra
- Amgen Research, Department of Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Rohini Jeswani
- Amgen Research, Department of Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | - Jane R Parnes
- Amgen Early Development, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | - Joel Neutel
- Orange County Research Center, Tustin, CA, USA
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3
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Sharma D, Lande AG, Sameni D, Yadav DN, Kapila R, Kapila S. Comparative evaluation of milk proteins and oil-seed-cake-derived proteins extracted by chemical and biological methods for obesity management. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:315-327. [PMID: 37592881 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In light of the exponential rise in global population, there is a critical requirement to reduce food waste on a global scale. According to studies, agricultural wastes such as oil-seed cakes offer great nutritional value. Acid precipitation (A) and alkaline extraction methods (traditional methods) were used to extract protein from oil-seed cakes; however, both procedures are linked to decreased protein quality and quantity, which prompted the development of a novel strategy known as the biological/microbial/probiotic (B) method. Therefore, the present study aimed to highlight the optimal way of protein extraction from oil-seed cakes and the effect of extraction methods on protein efficacy against obesity. The outcomes were also compared with milk proteins. RESULTS In vitro study provided evidence that proteins from both sources (plant and milk) suppressed adipogenesis and stimulated adipolysis in 3T3L-1 cells. For the in vivo study, mice were fed with different protein extracts: soya protein preparation (SPP), ground protein preparation (GPP), whey protein (WP) and casein protein (CP) containing 40% of their calories as fat. Body weight decreased significantly in all the rats except CP-fed rats. Body mass index, atherogenic index, plasma triglyceride and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level decreased significantly in all the groups in comparison to the model group (high-fat-diet group), but the decrease was more pronounced in plant proteins than milk proteins. In hepatocytes, the expression of fasting-induced adipose factor, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α genes was increased significantly in SPP-fed groups. Adiponectin gene expression was upregulated significantly in visceral fat tissue in groups fed SPP-B, GPP-A and CP, whereas leptin gene was downregulated significantly in all groups except SPP-A. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that SPP-B showed the most effective anti-obesity property, followed by WP. Additionally, we found that the biological precipitation approach produced better outcomes for plant proteins isolated from oil-seed cakes than the acid precipitation method. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Sharma
- Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, India
| | - Abhijit Gajanan Lande
- Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, India
| | - Deepika Sameni
- Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, India
| | | | - Rajeev Kapila
- Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, India
| | - Suman Kapila
- Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, India
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de la Cuesta-Zuluaga J, Huus KE, Youngblut ND, Escobar JS, Ley RE. Obesity is the main driver of altered gut microbiome functions in the metabolically unhealthy. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2246634. [PMID: 37680093 PMCID: PMC10486298 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2246634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity (OB) and cardiometabolic disease are major public health issues linked to changes in the gut microbiome. OB and poor cardiometabolic health status (CHS) are often comorbid, which hinders efforts to identify components of the microbiome uniquely linked to either one. Here, we used a deeply phenotyped cohort of 408 adults from Colombia, including subjects with OB, unhealthy CHS, or both, to validate previously reported features of gut microbiome function and diversity independently correlated with OB or CHS using fecal metagenomes. OB was defined by body mass index, waist circumference, and body fat; CHS as healthy or unhealthy according to blood biochemistry and anthropometric data. We found that OB, more so than metabolic status, drove associations with gut microbiome structure and functions. The microbiome of obese individuals with and without co-existing unhealthy CHS was characterized by reduced metagenomic diversity, reduced fermentative potential and elevated capacity to respond to oxidative stress and produce bacterial antigens. Disease-linked features were correlated with increased host blood pressure and inflammatory markers, and were mainly contributed by members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Our results link OB with a microbiome able to tolerate an inflammatory and oxygenated gut state, and suggest that OB is the main driver of microbiome functional differences when poor CHS is a comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelsey E. Huus
- Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicholas D. Youngblut
- Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Juan S. Escobar
- Vidarium–Nutrition, Health and Wellness Research Center, Grupo Empresarial Nutresa, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Ruth E. Ley
- Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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5
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George G, Yadav N, Auti PS, Paul AT. Molecular modelling, synthesis and in vitro evaluation of quinazolinone hybrid analogues as potential pancreatic lipase inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:9583-9601. [PMID: 36350239 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2144456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial metabolic disorder, growing in an alarming rate across the world. Amongst the numerous targets explored for obesity management, inhibition of pancreatic lipase (PL) is considered as one of the promising approaches. Orlistat is the only PL inhibitory drug approved for long term treatment of obesity. However, it is reported to possess hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Thus, novel drug candidates that act through PL inhibition are considered the hour's need. Based on this aim, a series of quinazolinone hybrid analogues have been synthesized, characterized and evaluated for their PL inhibitory potential. The physicochemical properties and toxicity parameters suggested that these parameters are in an acceptable range for the screened analogues. Amongst the synthesised analogues, QH-25 exerted potential PL inhibition (IC50 = 16.99 ± 0.54 µM). Further, enzyme inhibition studies suggested a reversible competitive inhibition. Molecular docking of these analogues was in line with in vitro results, wherein the obtained MolDock scores exhibited a significant correlation with their inhibitory activity (Pearson's r = 0.6629). To further confirm the stability of the QH-25-PL complex in a dynamic environment, a molecular dynamics study (100 ns) was carried out and the results suggested that this complex is stable at dynamic conditions. Overall, these results shed light on the quinazolinone hybrids as potential PL inhibitors. Further structural modification may result in the development of potent anti-obesity agents which acts through PL inhibition.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginson George
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS-Pilani), Pilani campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nisha Yadav
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS-Pilani), Pilani campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Prashant S Auti
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS-Pilani), Pilani campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Atish Tulshiram Paul
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS-Pilani), Pilani campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
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Wang Y, Wan R, Hu C. Leptin/obR signaling exacerbates obesity-related neutrophilic airway inflammation through inflammatory M1 macrophages. Mol Med 2023; 29:100. [PMID: 37488474 PMCID: PMC10367413 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00702-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity-related asthma is a kind of nonallergic asthma with excessive neutrophil infiltration in the airways. However, the underlying mechanisms have been poorly elucidated. Among the adipokines related to obesity, leptin is related to the inflammatory response. However, little is understood about how leptin acts on the leptin receptor (obR) in neutrophilic airway inflammation in obesity-associated asthma. We explored the inflammatory effects of leptin/obR signaling in an obesity-related neutrophilic airway inflammation mouse model. METHODS We established a neutrophilic airway inflammation mouse model using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and OVA challenge (LPS + OVA/OVA) in lean, obese, or db/db (obR deficiency) female mice. Histopathological, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) inflammatory cell, and lung inflammatory cytokine analyses were used to analyze airway inflammation severity. Western blotting, flow cytometry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to evaluate the underlying mechanisms. In vitro bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) and bone marrow-derived neutrophil experiments were performed. RESULTS We found that the serum leptin level was higher in obese than in lean female mice. Compared to LPS/OVA + OVA-treated lean female mice, LPS/OVA + OVA-treated obese female mice had higher peribronchial inflammation levels, neutrophil counts, Th1/Th17-related inflammatory cytokine levels, M1 macrophage polarization levels, and long isoform obR activation, which could be decreased by the obR blockade (Allo-Aca) or obR deficiency, suggesting a critical role of leptin/obR signaling in the pathogenesis of obesity-related neutrophilic airway inflammation in female mice. In in vitro experiments, leptin synergized with LPS/IFN-γ to promote the phosphorylation of the long isoform obR and JNK/STAT3/AKT signaling pathway members to increase M1 macrophage polarization, which was reversed by Allo-Aca. Moreover, leptin/obR-mediated M1 macrophage activity significantly elevated CXCL2 production and neutrophil recruitment by regulating the JNK/STAT3/AKT pathways. In clinical studies, obese patients with asthma had higher serum leptin levels and M1 macrophage polarization levels in induced sputum than non-obese patients with asthma. Serum leptin levels were positively correlated with M1 macrophage polarization levels in patients with asthma. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate leptin/obR signaling plays an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity-related neutrophilic airway inflammation in females by promoting M1 macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine (Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongjun Wan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine (Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengping Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine (Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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Seo SH, Lee D, Lee SH, Choi KY. Blockade of CXXC5-dishevelled interaction inhibits adipogenic differentiation, obesity, and insulin resistance in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20669. [PMID: 36450849 PMCID: PMC9712602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become a major risk factor for developing metabolic diseases, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension. Growing pieces of evidence indicate that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in adipogenesis and obesity. Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway inhibits adipogenesis by suppressing the differentiation of committed preadipocytes into mature adipocytes. CXXC5 is highly induced with suppression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in early adipogenic differentiation. In addition, silencing CXXC5 in vitro increased β-catenin and decremented the major adipogenic differentiation markers. KY19334, a small molecule that activates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway via inhibition of CXXC5- Dishevelled (Dvl) protein-protein interaction (PPI), suppressed adipogenic differentiation. Administration of KY19334 ameliorated obesity by 26 ± 1.3% and insulin resistance by 23.45 ± 7.09% and reduced adipocyte hypertrophy by 80.87 ± 5.30% in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. In addition, KY19334 accelerated the browning of adipose tissue and promoted hepatic glucose homeostasis in HFD-fed mice. In conclusion, activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling by inhibiting the interaction of CXXC5 and Dvl by small molecule-mediated interference is a potential therapeutic approach for treating obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seol Hwa Seo
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Dasung Lee
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | | | - Kang-Yell Choi
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea ,CK Regeon Inc, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
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8
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Lu SC, Chen M, Atangan L, Killion EA, Komorowski R, Cheng Y, Netirojjanakul C, Falsey JR, Stolina M, Dwyer D, Hale C, Stanislaus S, Hager T, Thomas VA, Harrold JM, Lloyd DJ, Véniant MM. GIPR antagonist antibodies conjugated to GLP-1 peptide are bispecific molecules that decrease weight in obese mice and monkeys. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100263. [PMID: 34095876 PMCID: PMC8149376 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) regulate glucose and energy homeostasis. Targeting both pathways with GIP receptor (GIPR) antagonist antibody (GIPR-Ab) and GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, by generating GIPR-Ab/GLP-1 bispecific molecules, is an approach for treating obesity and its comorbidities. In mice and monkeys, these molecules reduce body weight (BW) and improve many metabolic parameters. BW loss is greater with GIPR-Ab/GLP-1 than with GIPR-Ab or a control antibody conjugate, suggesting synergistic effects. GIPR-Ab/GLP-1 also reduces the respiratory exchange ratio in DIO mice. Simultaneous receptor binding and rapid receptor internalization by GIPR-Ab/GLP-1 amplify endosomal cAMP production in recombinant cells expressing both receptors. This may explain the efficacy of the bispecific molecules. Overall, our GIPR-Ab/GLP-1 molecules promote BW loss, and they may be used for treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chen Lu
- Amgen Research, Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Michelle Chen
- Amgen Research, Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Larissa Atangan
- Amgen Research, Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Killion
- Amgen Research, Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Renee Komorowski
- Amgen Research, Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Amgen Research, Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Chawita Netirojjanakul
- Amgen Research, Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - James R. Falsey
- Amgen Research, Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Marina Stolina
- Amgen Research, Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Denise Dwyer
- Amgen Research, Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Clarence Hale
- Amgen Research, Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Shanaka Stanislaus
- Amgen Research, Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Todd Hager
- Amgen Research, Department of Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Veena A. Thomas
- Amgen Research, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1140 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - John M. Harrold
- Amgen Research, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1140 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - David J. Lloyd
- Amgen Research, Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Murielle M. Véniant
- Amgen Research, Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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9
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Ren J, Wu NN, Wang S, Sowers JR, Zhang Y. Obesity cardiomyopathy: evidence, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications. Physiol Rev 2021; 101:1745-1807. [PMID: 33949876 PMCID: PMC8422427 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of heart failure is on the rise and imposes a major health threat, in part, due to the rapidly increased prevalence of overweight and obesity. To this point, epidemiological, clinical, and experimental evidence supports the existence of a unique disease entity termed “obesity cardiomyopathy,” which develops independent of hypertension, coronary heart disease, and other heart diseases. Our contemporary review evaluates the evidence for this pathological condition, examines putative responsible mechanisms, and discusses therapeutic options for this disorder. Clinical findings have consolidated the presence of left ventricular dysfunction in obesity. Experimental investigations have uncovered pathophysiological changes in myocardial structure and function in genetically predisposed and diet-induced obesity. Indeed, contemporary evidence consolidates a wide array of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the etiology of obesity cardiomyopathy including adipose tissue dysfunction, systemic inflammation, metabolic disturbances (insulin resistance, abnormal glucose transport, spillover of free fatty acids, lipotoxicity, and amino acid derangement), altered intracellular especially mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis, oxidative stress, autophagy/mitophagy defect, myocardial fibrosis, dampened coronary flow reserve, coronary microvascular disease (microangiopathy), and endothelial impairment. Given the important role of obesity in the increased risk of heart failure, especially that with preserved systolic function and the recent rises in COVID-19-associated cardiovascular mortality, this review should provide compelling evidence for the presence of obesity cardiomyopathy, independent of various comorbid conditions, underlying mechanisms, and offer new insights into potential therapeutic approaches (pharmacological and lifestyle modification) for the clinical management of obesity cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ne N Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyi Wang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, Wyoming
| | - James R Sowers
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Yingmei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Michailidou Z, Gomez-Salazar M, Alexaki VI. Innate Immune Cells in the Adipose Tissue in Health and Metabolic Disease. J Innate Immun 2021; 14:4-30. [PMID: 33849008 DOI: 10.1159/000515117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, are characterized by chronic low-grade tissue and systemic inflammation. During obesity, the adipose tissue undergoes immunometabolic and functional transformation. Adipose tissue inflammation is driven by innate and adaptive immune cells and instigates insulin resistance. Here, we discuss the role of innate immune cells, that is, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid type 2 cells, dendritic cells, and mast cells, in the adipose tissue in the healthy (lean) and diseased (obese) state and describe how their function is shaped by the obesogenic microenvironment, and humoral, paracrine, and cellular interactions. Moreover, we particularly outline the role of hypoxia as a central regulator in adipose tissue inflammation. Finally, we discuss the long-lasting effects of adipose tissue inflammation and its potential reversibility through drugs, caloric restriction, or exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Michailidou
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Gomez-Salazar
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Vasileia Ismini Alexaki
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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11
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Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
This paper examines the scope of anorectics in counterfeit weight-reducing formulations and provides insight into the present state of research in determining such adulterants. Analytical techniques utilised in profiling adulterants found in slimming products, including limitations and mitigation steps of these conventional methods are also discussed. The current legal status of the anorectics and analogues routinely encountered in non-prescription slimming formulations is also explored.
Methods
All reviewed literature was extracted from Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases using relevant search terms, such as, ‘counterfeit drugs’, ‘weight loss drugs’, ‘weight-reducing drugs’, ‘slimming drugs’, ‘anorectic agents’, and ‘counterfeit anorexics’. Legislation related to anorectics was obtained from the portals of various government and international agencies.
Results
Anorectics frequently profiled in counterfeit slimming formulations are mostly amphetamine derivatives or its analogues. Five routinely reported pharmacological classes of adulterants, namely anxiolytics, diuretics, antidepressants, laxatives, and stimulants, are mainly utilised as coadjuvants in fake weigh-reducing formulations to increase bioavailability or to minimise anticipated side effects. Liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detectors are predominantly used techniques for anorectic analysis due to the possibility of obtaining detailed information of adulterants. However, interference from the complex sample matrices of these fake products limits the accuracy of these methods and requires robust sample preparation methods for enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. The most common anorectics found in counterfeit slimming medicines are either completely banned or available by prescription only, in many countries.
Conclusions
Slimming formulations doped with anorectic cocktails to boost their weight-reducing efficacy are not uncommon. Liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry remains the gold standard for counterfeit drug analysis, and requires improved preconcentration methods for rapid and quantitative identification of specific chemical constituents. Extensive method development and validation, targeted at refining existing techniques while developing new ones, is expected to improve the analytical profiling of counterfeit anorectics significantly.
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Khalid M, Shoaib A, Akhtar J, Alqarni MH, Siddiqui HH, Foudah AI. Anti obesity prospective of Dalbergia latifolia (Roxb.) hydroalcoholic bark extract in high fat diet induced obese rats. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:493. [PMID: 33134011 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an alarming sign and considered as a threat word wide. Since it not only hurt the human body but plays as a basis for other serious diseases like cardiovascular and many more. The 50% hydro-ethanolic extract of Dalbergia latifolia bark (D. latifolia) (DLBE; %yield = 16.34) and methanolic extract (4.32%) of D. latifolia were made. The DLBE was used for the acute oral toxicity and anti-obesity activity in the rodent. However, methanolic extract was used for characterization by high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method. During acute toxicity study, it was shown that certainly there was no mortality or morbidity observed up to the maximum dose of 2000 mg/kg after administration of DLBE. The ultimate body weight, food intake, liver weight, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), triglycerides (TG), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of rats treated with DLBE at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively was considerably diminished to p < 0.01 and p < 0.05 as compared with high-fat diet (HFD) induced obese animals. However, DLBE treated with quite smaller dose revealed a non-significant (p > 0.05) effects on above parameters. The histopathological findings of the study from the cross section of liver and kidney show normal architecture in the cells treated with DLBE at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively. Thus we can conclude that the bark extract of D. latifolia can be used for the treatment of obesity and a novel approach for further investigations of its pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khalid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box No. 173, Al-Kharj, 11942 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ambreen Shoaib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Juber Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026 India
| | - Mohammed H Alqarni
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box No. 173, Al-Kharj, 11942 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hefazat H Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026 India
| | - Ahmed I Foudah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box No. 173, Al-Kharj, 11942 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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13
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Choi Y, Kim M, Kim SJ, Yoo H, Kim S, Park H. Metabolic shift favoring C18:0 ceramide accumulation in obese asthma. Allergy 2020; 75:2858-2866. [PMID: 32416622 DOI: 10.1111/all.14366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity associated with various complications has increased worldwide. Body weight gain alters lipid metabolites (especially sphingolipids) contributing to obesity-induced inflammation. However, the significance of the metabolites in the development of obese asthma is not yet clear. METHODS The serum levels of sphingolipids were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in obese controls (n = 7) and patients with asthma: the obese group (BMI > 25 kg/m2 , n = 13) vs the nonobese (n = 28) group. To examine the relationship between metabolic changes in sphingolipids and macrophage polarization, public microarray data were analyzed. In addition, the alteration in sphingolipid metabolism was investigated in wild-type BALB/c mice fed a high-fat diet. RESULTS The obese asthma had higher levels of serum C18:0 and C20:0 ceramides than the nonobese asthma group (P = .028 and P = .040, respectively). The value of the serum C18:0 ceramide (184.3 ng/mL) for discriminating the obese asthma from the nonobese asthma group showed 53.9% sensitivity and 85.7% specificity (AUC = 0.721, P = .024). The microarray data showed significantly increased ceramide synthesis and metabolic shift to ceramide accumulation during M1 macrophage polarization in humans. Increased airway hyperresponsiveness, M1 macrophage polarization, and C18:0 ceramide levels were noted in obese mice, but not in nonobese mice. Increased expression of ceramide synthase (CerS) 1 and CerS6 (not CerS2) was noted in lung tissues of obese mice. CONCLUSION Alteration in sphingolipid metabolism favoring ceramide accumulation (especially long-chain ceramides) may contribute to developing obese asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngwoo Choi
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon South Korea
| | - Minji Kim
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon South Korea
- Translational Research Laboratory for Inflammatory Disease Clinical Trial Center Ajou University Medical Center Suwon South Korea
| | - Su Jung Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine Seoul South Korea
| | - Hyun‐Ju Yoo
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine Seoul South Korea
| | - Seung‐Hyun Kim
- Translational Research Laboratory for Inflammatory Disease Clinical Trial Center Ajou University Medical Center Suwon South Korea
| | - Hae‐Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon South Korea
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Abstract
The serotonergic modulation of feeding behaviour has been intensively studied in several invertebrate groups, including Arthropoda, Annelida, Nematoda and Mollusca. These studies offer comparative information on feeding regulation across divergent phyla and also provide general insights into the neural control of feeding. Specifically, model invertebrates are ideal for parsing feeding behaviour into component parts and examining the underlying mechanisms at the levels of biochemical pathways, single cells and identified neural circuitry. Research has found that serotonin is crucial during certain phases of feeding behaviour, especially movements directly underlying food intake, but inessential during other phases. In addition, while the serotonin system can be manipulated systemically in many animals, invertebrate model organisms also allow manipulations at the level of single cells and molecules, revealing limited and precise serotonergic actions. The latter highlight the importance of local versus global modulatory effects of serotonin, a potentially significant consideration for drug and pesticide design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Jane Tierney
- Neuroscience Program, Psychological and Brain Sciences, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, USA
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15
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L'Abbate S, Nicolini G, Forini F, Marchetti S, Di Lascio N, Faita F, Kusmic C. Myo-inositol and d-chiro-inositol oral supplementation ameliorate cardiac dysfunction and remodeling in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:105047. [PMID: 32590101 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an independent risk factor to develop cardiac functional and structural impairments. Here, we investigated the effects of supplementation of inositols on the electrical, structural, and functional cardiac alterations in the mouse model of high fat diet (HFD) induced obesity. Three groups of C57BL6 mice (n = 16 each) were studied: j) HFD feeding; jj) HFD feeding + inositols from week 9 to 13; jjj) standard diet feeding. Study observation period was 13 weeks. Inositols were administered as mixture of myo-inositol and d-chiro-inositol in the drinking water. Effects of inositols were evaluated based on electrical, structural, and functional cardiac features, autonomic sympatho-vagal balance and arrhythmogenic susceptibility to adrenergic challenge. Heart samples were collected for histological evaluations and transcriptional analyses of genes involved in defining the shape and propagation of the action potential, fatty acid metabolism and oxidative stress. Inositol supplementation significantly restored control values of heart rate and QTc interval on ECG and of sympatho-vagal balance. Moreover, it blunted the increase in left ventricular mass and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, reversed diastolic dysfunction, reduced the susceptibility to arrhythmic events and restored the expression level of cardiac genes altered by HFD. The present study shows, for the first time, how a short period of supplementation with inositols is able to ameliorate the HFD-induced electrical, structural and functional heart alterations including ventricular remodeling. Results provide a new insight into the cardioprotective effect of inositols, which could pave the way for a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of HFD obesity-induced heart dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena L'Abbate
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Nicolini
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Forini
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Marchetti
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicole Di Lascio
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Faita
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Kusmic
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pisa, Italy.
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16
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May M, Schindler C, Engeli S. Modern pharmacological treatment of obese patients. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2020; 11:2042018819897527. [PMID: 32030121 PMCID: PMC6977225 DOI: 10.1177/2042018819897527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many angles to consider in drug treatment of obese patients. On the one hand, some specific weight loss drugs are available, on the other, several drugs are associated with unintentional weight changes. When treating an obese patient for any given disease, several physiological changes may influence the pharmacokinetic properties of the drugs required. Thus, increased body weight may influence the efficacy and safety of some drug treatments. Even more complicated is the situation after weight reduction surgery. Due to the various changes to the gastrointestinal tract induced by the different surgical techniques used, and the dynamic changes in body composition thereafter, drug dosing has to be constantly reconsidered. Whereas all of these issues are of clinical importance, none of them have been investigated in the necessary depth and broadness to ensure safe and efficacious drug treatment of the massively obese patient. Individual considerations have to be based on comorbidities, concomitant medication, and on specific drug properties, for example, lipophilicity, volume of distribution, and metabolism. In this article we summarize the data available on different aspects of drug treatment in the obese patient with the hope of improving patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Schindler
- MHH Clinical Research Center Core Facility (OE 8660) and Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Engeli
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover, Germany
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17
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Perez CI, Kalyanasundar B, Moreno MG, Gutierrez R. The Triple Combination Phentermine Plus 5-HTP/Carbidopa Leads to Greater Weight Loss, With Fewer Psychomotor Side Effects Than Each Drug Alone. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1327. [PMID: 31780943 PMCID: PMC6851240 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become a serious public health problem. Although diet, surgery, and exercise are the primary treatments for obesity, these activities are often supplemented using appetite suppressants. A previous study reported that obesity specialists frequently prescribed a new drug combination for its treatment that includes phentermine (Phen; dopaminergic appetite suppressant), a serotonin (5-HT) precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP; an appetite suppressant that increases the 5-HT concentration), and carbidopa (CB; peripheral blocker of conversion of 5-HTP to 5-HT). Despite its widespread use, there is neither a preclinical study confirming the drug efficacy nor studies of its effects on the brain. To fill this gap, in rats for seven consecutive days, we administered Phen intraperitoneally at different doses either alone or in combination with a fixed dose of 5-HTP/CB. In a different group, we infused drugs via an intraperitoneal catheter while extracellular-recordings were performed in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh), a brain region with dopamine-releasing effects that is involved in the action of appetite suppressants. We found that the triple-drug combination leads to greater weight-loss than each drug alone. Moreover, and as the treatment progresses, the triple drug combination partially reversed psychomotor side-effects induced by Phen. Electrophysiological results revealed that Phen alone evoked a net inhibitory imbalance in NAcSh population activity that correlated with the onset of psychomotor effects. In addition, and unlike the greater weight loss, the addition of 5-HTP/CB did not alter the Phen-evoked inhibitory imbalance in NAcSh responses. Subsequent experiments shed light on the underlying mechanism. That is the majority of NAcSh neurons modulated by 5-HTP/CB were suppressed by Phen. Notably, and despite acting via a different mechanism of action (DA for Phen vs. 5-HT for 5-HTP/CB), both drugs recruited largely overlapping NAcSh neuronal ensembles. These data suggest that the neural correlates of the greater weight loss could be located outside the NAcSh, in other brain circuits. Furthermore, we conclude that Phen + 5-HTP/CB is a potential treatment for overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ranier Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Appetite, Department of Pharmacology, CINVESTAV, Mexico City, Mexico
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18
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Venkatakrishnan K, Chiu HF, Wang CK. Extensive review of popular functional foods and nutraceuticals against obesity and its related complications with a special focus on randomized clinical trials. Food Funct 2019; 10:2313-2329. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00293f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Weight management (anti-obesity) by popular functional foods and nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamesh Venkatakrishnan
- School of Nutrition
- Chung Shan Medical University
- Taichung City-40201
- Taiwan
- Republic of China
| | - Hui-Fang Chiu
- Department of Chinese Medicine
- Taichung Hospital Ministry of Health and Welfare
- Taichung-40301
- Taiwan
- Republic of China
| | - Chin-Kun Wang
- School of Nutrition
- Chung Shan Medical University
- Taichung City-40201
- Taiwan
- Republic of China
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19
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Feng RL, Qian C, Liu LY, Liu QJ, Jin YQ, Li SX, Liu W, Rayner CK, Ma J. Secretion of Gut Hormones and Expression of Sweet Taste Receptors and Glucose Transporters in a Rat Model of Obesity. Obes Facts 2019; 12:190-198. [PMID: 30928977 PMCID: PMC6547286 DOI: 10.1159/000497122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was undertaken to compare gut hormone secretion between high-fat-fed and control rats, and to examine the corresponding changes in the expression of sweet taste receptors and glucose transporters in the small intestine and hypothalamus. METHODS Four-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were fed a standard or high-fat diet for 8 weeks (10 in each group), followed by an oral glucose tolerance test (50% glucose solution, 2 g/kg). Blood was sampled for glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and polypeptide YY (PYY) assays. One week later, small intestinal and hypothalamic tissue were analyzed for sweet taste receptor and glucose transporter expression by real-time PCR. RESULTS After oral glucose, plasma GLP-1 concentrations were higher in high-fat-fed than standard-fat-fed rats (group × time interaction, p < 0.01) with significant differences at t = 15 min (p < 0.01) and 30 min (p < 0.05). Plasma PYY concentrations were lower in high-fat-fed than control rats at t = 0, 15 min (p < 0.05, respectively) and 120 min (p < 0.01). There were no differences in the expression of sweet taste receptors or glucose transporters between high-fat-fed and control rats in the duodenum, ileum, or hypothalamus. CONCLUSIONS Changes in GLP-1 and PYY secretion after a high-fat diet appear unrelated to any changes in the expression of sweet taste receptors or glucose transporters. Impaired PYY secretion with high-fat feeding suggests that PYY analogues may provide a potential therapy in the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri Lu Feng
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lian Yong Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Punan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Jing Liu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Qiu Jin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Xian Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chris K Rayner
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jing Ma
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China,
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20
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Papargyri P, Zapanti E, Salakos N, Papargyris L, Bargiota A, Mastorakos G. Links between HPA axis and adipokines: clinical implications in paradigms of stress-related disorders. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2018; 13:317-332. [PMID: 30422016 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2018.1543585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the human organism, a constant interplay exists between the stress system [which includes the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis] and the adipose tissue. This interplay is mediated by hormones of the HPA axis such as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and glucocorticoids (GCs) and adipokines secreted by the adipose tissue. AREAS COVERED In this critical review, the bi-directional interactions between HPA axis and the most studied adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin, as well as the pro-inflammatory adipocytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL) 6 are presented. Furthermore, these interactions are described in normalcy as well as in specific clinical paradigms of stress-related disorders such as eating disorders, hypothalamic amenorrhea, and stress-related endogenous hypercortisolism states. Wherever new therapeutic strategies emerge, they are presented accordingly. EXPERT COMMENTARY Additional research is needed to clarify the mechanisms involved in the interplay between the HPA axis and the adipose tissue. Research should be focused, in particular, on the development of new therapeutic means targeting dysfunctional adipose tissue in stress-related situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Papargyri
- a Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieion Hospital, School of Medicine , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Evangelia Zapanti
- b Department of Endocrinology , Alexandra Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Nicolaos Salakos
- c Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aretaieion Hospital, School of Medicine , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Loukas Papargyris
- d CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers , Angers , France
- e LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology," , Angers , France
| | - Alexandra Bargiota
- f Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine , University of Thessaly , Larissa , Greece
| | - George Mastorakos
- a Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieion Hospital, School of Medicine , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
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21
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Mietlicki-Baase EG. Amylin in Alzheimer's disease: Pathological peptide or potential treatment? Neuropharmacology 2018; 136:287-297. [PMID: 29233636 PMCID: PMC5994175 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease for which we currently lack effective treatments or a cure. The pancreatic peptide hormone amylin has recently garnered interest as a potential pharmacological target for the treatment of AD. A number of studies have demonstrated that amylin and amylin analogs like the FDA-approved diabetes drug pramlintide can reduce amyloid burden in the brain and improve cognitive symptoms of AD. However, other data suggest that amylin may have pathological effects in AD due to its propensity to misfold and aggregate under certain conditions. Here, the literature supporting a beneficial versus harmful role of amylin in AD is reviewed. Additionally, several critical gaps in the literature are discussed, such as our limited understanding of the amylin system during aging and in disease states, as well as complexities of amylin receptor signaling and of changing pathophysiology during AD progression that might underlie the seemingly conflicting or contradictory results in the amylin/AD literature. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabolic Impairment as Risk Factors for Neurodegenerative Disorders.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Mietlicki-Baase
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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22
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The black market for anorectic agents: A case study of amfepramone. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Rehman K, Akash MSH, Alina Z. Leptin: A new therapeutic target for treatment of diabetes mellitus. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:5016-5027. [PMID: 29236298 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is an endogenous protein having 167 amino acids and is derived from adipocytes. It has tertiary structure that resembles with that of the pro-inflammatory cytokines family. The fundamental role of leptin is to maintain the energy homeostasis with the aid of its counter hormone called ghrelin, known as the "hunger hormone." Small quantities of leptin are also present in various tissues like ovary, placenta, pituitary gland, mammary gland, skeletal muscle, stomach, and lymphoid tissue. Expression of leptin is strongly associated with various inflammatory responses and immune system, and plays crucial role in the pathophysiology of obesity and development of diabetes mellitus (DM) and insulin resistance. The metabolic action of leptin is equally important as that of insulin in the pathophysiology of obesity and DM. Thereby, this review article tends to discuss the diverse and complicated role of leptin in the pathogenesis of DM. Furthermore, this article will highlight the signifying role of leptin as a therapeutic target by indicating the targeted treatment of DM through the appropriate understanding of advanced therapeutic approaches using leptin as a treatment strategy for DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal Rehman
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Zunaira Alina
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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24
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Xiao XH, Qi XY, Wang YD, Ran L, Yang J, Zhang HL, Xu CX, Wen GB, Liu JH. Zinc alpha2 glycoprotein promotes browning in adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:287-293. [PMID: 29317208 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Prinz P, Stengel A. Deep Brain Stimulation-Possible Treatment Strategy for Pathologically Altered Body Weight? Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8010019. [PMID: 29361753 PMCID: PMC5789350 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of obesity and eating disorders such as binge-eating disorder or anorexia nervosa is challenging. Besides lifestyle changes and pharmacological options, bariatric surgery represents a well-established and effective-albeit invasive-treatment of obesity, whereas for binge-eating disorder and anorexia nervosa mostly psychotherapy options exist. Deep brain stimulation (DBS), a method that influences the neuronal network, is by now known for its safe and effective applicability in patients with Parkinson’s disease. However, the use does not seem to be restricted to these patients. Recent preclinical and first clinical evidence points towards the use of DBS in patients with obesity and eating disorders as well. Depending on the targeted area in the brain, DBS can either inhibit food intake and body weight or stimulate energy intake and subsequently body weight. The current review focuses on preclinical and clinical evidence of DBS to modulate food intake and body weight and highlight the different brain areas targeted, stimulation protocols applied and downstream signaling modulated. Lastly, this review will also critically discuss potential safety issues and gaps in knowledge to promote further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Prinz
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 12200 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 12200 Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Nagai H, Kaisho T, Yokoyama K, Asakawa T, Fujita H, Matsumiya K, Noguchi J, Tsuchimori K, Nishizawa N, Kanematsu-Yamaki Y, Dote K, Inooka H, Sakamoto JI, Ohtaki T, Asami T, Takekawa S. Differential effects of selective agonists of neuromedin U1 and U2 receptors in obese and diabetic mice. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:359-373. [PMID: 29057457 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neuromedin U (NmU) may be a novel target for obesity treatment owing to its anorectic and energy expenditure enhancing effects. Although two receptors, NMU1 and NMU2, are both responsible for the NmU-mediated anti-obesity effects, the receptor agonist with the most appropriate profiles for treating obesity and diabetes in terms of efficacy and safety is as yet unknown. Thus, we developed and evaluated novel NMU1/2 receptor-selective agonists. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Efficacy and safety were assessed in mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO) and those with leptin-deficient diabetes (ob/ob) through repeated peripheral administration of selective agonists to NMU1 (NMU-6102) and NMU2 (NMU-2084), along with non-selective NMU1/2 agonists (NMU-0002 and NMU-6014). We also performed immunohistochemistry for c-Fos protein expression in the brain to probe their mechanisms of action. KEY RESULTS Although both non-selective NMU1/2 agonists and the NMU2-selective agonist had high efficacy compared with the NMU1-selective agonist, only the NMU2-selective agonist led to relatively low adverse effects, such as diarrhoea, in DIO mice. However, the non-selective NMU1/2 agonist and the NMU1-selective agonist, but not the NMU2-selective agonist, were effective in diabetic ob/ob mice. Mechanistically, NMU2-selective agonists preferentially activate pro-opiomelanocortin neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus but not in the paraventricular nucleus. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results suggest that an NMU2 receptor-selective agonist may be a well-balanced drug for the treatment of obesity and that an NMU1 receptor-selective agonist may also be beneficial for treating obesity and diabetes once its side effects are minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Nagai
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kaisho
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kotaro Yokoyama
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Tomoko Asakawa
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hisashi Fujita
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kouta Matsumiya
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Jiro Noguchi
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kazue Tsuchimori
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Nishizawa
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | | | - Katsuko Dote
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inooka
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuya Ohtaki
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Taiji Asami
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Shiro Takekawa
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
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Wu L, Chen G, Liu W, Yang X, Gao J, Huang L, Guan H, Li Z, Zheng Z, Li M, Gu W, Ge L. Intramuscular injection of exogenous leptin induces adiposity, glucose intolerance and fatty liver by repressing the JAK2-STAT3/PI3K pathway in a rat model. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 252:88-96. [PMID: 28242305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, diabetes and fatty liver disease are extremely common in leptin-resistant patients. Dysfunction of leptin or its receptor is associated with obesity. The present study aimed to assess the effects of intramuscular injection of exogenous leptin or its receptor on fat deposition and leptin-insulin feedback regulation. Forty-five 40-day old female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were injected thrice with leptin or its receptor intramuscularly. Adiposity and fat deposition were assessed by assessing the Lee's index, body weight, food intake, and total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels, as well as histological properties (liver and adipose tissue). Serum glucose, leptin, and insulin amounts were evaluated, and glucose tolerance assessed to monitor glucose metabolism in SD rats; pancreas specimens were analyzed immunohistochemically. Hypothalamic phosphorylated Janus kinase 2 (p-JAK2), phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (p-STAT3), and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling, and hepatic sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) were qualified by Western blotting. Leptin receptor immunogen reduced fat deposition, increased appetite, and lowered serum leptin levels, enhancing STAT3 signaling in hypothalamus and down-regulating hepatic SREBP-1. In contrast, SD rats administered leptin immunogen displayed significantly increased body weight and fat deposition, with up-regulated SREBP-1, indicating adiposity occurrence. SD rats administered leptin immunogen also showed glucose intolerance, β- cell reduction in the pancreas, and deregulation of JAK2-STAT3/PI3K signaling, indicating that Lep rats were at risk of diabetes. In conclusion, intramuscular injection of exogenous leptin or its receptor, a novel rat model approach, can be used in obesity pathogenesis and therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institure of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China; Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Guoxiong Chen
- First Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Nanhai Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan 528200, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xuechao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institure of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institure of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Liwen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institure of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Hongbing Guan
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institure of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Zhengmao Li
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institure of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Zhichao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institure of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Meiling Li
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institure of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Weiwang Gu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Songshan Lake Pearl Laboratory Animal Sci. & Tech. Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Linhu Ge
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institure of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China.
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