1
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Zhang P, Jiang H, Liu X. Diversity inhibits foliar fungal diseases in grasslands: Potential mechanisms and temperature dependence. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14435. [PMID: 38735857 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
A long-standing debate exists among ecologists as to how diversity regulates infectious diseases (i.e., the nature of diversity-disease relationships); a dilution effect refers to when increasing host diversity inhibits infectious diseases (i.e., negative diversity-disease relationships). However, the generality, strength, and potential mechanisms underlying negative diversity-disease relationships in natural ecosystems remain unclear. To this end, we conducted a large-scale survey of 63 grassland sites across China to explore diversity-disease relationships. We found widespread negative diversity-disease relationships that were temperature-dependent; non-random diversity loss played a fundamental role in driving these patterns. Our study provides field evidence for the generality and temperature dependence of negative diversity-disease relationships in grasslands, becoming stronger in colder regions, while also highlighting the role of non-random diversity loss as a mechanism. These findings have important implications for community ecology, disease ecology, and epidemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hongying Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
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2
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Wang G, Burrill HM, Podzikowski LY, Eppinga MB, Zhang F, Zhang J, Schultz PA, Bever JD. Dilution of specialist pathogens drives productivity benefits from diversity in plant mixtures. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8417. [PMID: 38110413 PMCID: PMC10728191 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44253-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Productivity benefits from diversity can arise when compatible pathogen hosts are buffered by unrelated neighbors, diluting pathogen impacts. However, the generality of pathogen dilution has been controversial and rarely tested within biodiversity manipulations. Here, we test whether soil pathogen dilution generates diversity- productivity relationships using a field biodiversity-manipulation experiment, greenhouse assays, and feedback modeling. We find that the accumulation of specialist pathogens in monocultures decreases host plant yields and that pathogen dilution predicts plant productivity gains derived from diversity. Pathogen specialization predicts the strength of the negative feedback between plant species in greenhouse assays. These feedbacks significantly predict the overyielding measured in the field the following year. This relationship strengthens when accounting for the expected dilution of pathogens in mixtures. Using a feedback model, we corroborate that pathogen dilution drives overyielding. Combined empirical and theoretical evidence indicate that specialist pathogen dilution generates overyielding and suggests that the risk of losing productivity benefits from diversity may be highest where environmental change decouples plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management (SKL-NUM), College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Kansas Biological Survey and Center for Ecological Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
| | - Haley M Burrill
- Kansas Biological Survey and Center for Ecological Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
- The Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Laura Y Podzikowski
- Kansas Biological Survey and Center for Ecological Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Maarten B Eppinga
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fusuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management (SKL-NUM), College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management (SKL-NUM), College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peggy A Schultz
- Kansas Biological Survey and Center for Ecological Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - James D Bever
- Kansas Biological Survey and Center for Ecological Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
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3
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Tian Z, Li W, Kou Y, Dong X, Liu H, Yang X, Dong Q, Chen T. Effects of Different Livestock Grazing on Foliar Fungal Diseases in an Alpine Grassland on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:949. [PMID: 37755057 PMCID: PMC10533196 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In grassland ecosystems, the occurrence and transmission of foliar fungal diseases are largely dependent on grazing by large herbivores. However, whether herbivores that have different body sizes differentially impact foliar fungal diseases remains largely unexplored. Thus, we conducted an 8-year grazing experiment in an alpine grassland on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China and tested how different types of livestock (sheep (Ovis aries), yak (Bos grunniens), or both)) affected foliar fungal diseases at the levels of both plant population and community. At the population level, grazing by a single species (yak or sheep) or mixed species (sheep and yak) significantly decreased the severity of eight leaf spot diseases. Similarly, at the community level, both single species (yak or sheep) and mixed grazing by both sheep and yak significantly decreased the community pathogen load. However, we did not find a significant difference in the community pathogen load among different types of livestock. These results suggest that grazing by large herbivores, independently of livestock type, consistently decreased the prevalence of foliar fungal diseases at both the plant population and community levels. We suggest that moderate grazing by sheep or yak is effective to control the occurrence of foliar fungal diseases in alpine grasslands. This study advances our knowledge of the interface between disease ecology, large herbivores, and grassland science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.T.); (W.L.); (Y.K.); (X.D.); (H.L.)
| | - Wenjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.T.); (W.L.); (Y.K.); (X.D.); (H.L.)
| | - Yixin Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.T.); (W.L.); (Y.K.); (X.D.); (H.L.)
| | - Xin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.T.); (W.L.); (Y.K.); (X.D.); (H.L.)
| | - Huining Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.T.); (W.L.); (Y.K.); (X.D.); (H.L.)
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Adaptive Management on Alpine Grassland, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.Y.); (Q.D.)
| | - Quanmin Dong
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Adaptive Management on Alpine Grassland, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.Y.); (Q.D.)
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.T.); (W.L.); (Y.K.); (X.D.); (H.L.)
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4
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Wu B, Ding M, Zhang H, Devlin AT, Wang P, Chen L, Zhang Y, Xia Y, Wen J, Liu L, Zhang Y, Wang M. Reduced soil multifunctionality and microbial network complexity in degraded and revegetated alpine meadows. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 343:118182. [PMID: 37224687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how microbial processes develop and change in alpine meadow soils is key to global initiatives toward environmental sustainability and local land management. Yet, how microbial interactions mediate soil multifunctionality in disturbed and managed alpine meadows remains understudied. Here, we investigated multiple community metrics, particularly microbial network properties and assembly processes, of soil bacterial and fungal communities and their links to certain soil functions along a degradation-restoration sequence of alpine meadows in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Meadow degradation caused significant declines in soil hydraulic conductivity (e.g., higher bulk density, reduced soil porosity and water content) and nitrogen availability, leading to lowered soil multifunctionality. Meadow degradation only caused weak changes in microbial abundance, alpha diversity, and community composition, but remarkably reduced bacterial network complexity, to a less extent for fungal network properties. Short-term artificial restoration with productive grass monocultures did not restore soil multifunctionality, in turn even destabilized bacterial network and favored pathogenic over mutualistic fungi. Soil fungi community are more stable than bacteria in disturbed alpine meadows, and they evolved with distinct assembly strategies (stochastic-dominant versus deterministic-driven processes, respectively). Further, microbial network complexity, positively and better predicts soil multifunctionality than alpha diversity. Our work shows how microbial interaction complexity may enhance soil multifunctionality in degraded alpine meadow ecosystems, noting that meadow restoration with low plant species diversity may failed in restoring multiple ecosystem functions. These findings would help predict the outcomes of global environmental changes and inform management strategies in regional grassland conservation and restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Mingjun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
| | - Adam Thomas Devlin
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Yueju Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Yang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Jiawei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Linshan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Minhuang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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5
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Li W, Lu Q, Alharbi SA, Soromotin AV, Kuzyakov Y, Lei Y. Plant-soil-microbial interactions mediate vegetation succession in retreating glacial forefields. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162393. [PMID: 36841408 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Global warming is accelerating glacial retreat and leaving open areas for vegetation succession on young developing soils. Soil microbial communities interact with plants affecting vegetation succession, but the specific microbial groups controlling these interactions are unclear. We tested whether plant-soil-microbial interactions explain plant primary succession in the Gongga Mountain glacial retreat chronosequence. The direction and intensity of plant-soil-microbial interactions were quantified by comparing the biomass of one early-, two mid- and two late-succession plant species under sterilized vs. live, and inter- vs. intra-specific competition. The performance of most plant species was negatively affected by soil biota from early habitats (5-10 yr), but positively by soil biota from mid- (30-40) and late-succession (80-100) habitats. Two species of Salicaceae from middle habitats, which are strong competitors, developed well on the soils of all successional stages and limited the establishment of later serial plant species. The strongest microbial drivers of plant-microbial interactions changed from i) saprophytic fungal specialists during the early stage, to ii) generalists bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the middle stage, and finally to iii) ectomycorrhizal fungal specialists in the late stage. Microbial turnover intensified plant-soil-microbial interactions and accelerated primary succession in the young soils of the glacial retreat area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & China-Croatia "Belt and Road" Joint Laboratory on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Qi Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & China-Croatia "Belt and Road" Joint Laboratory on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Sulaiman Almwarai Alharbi
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrey V Soromotin
- Research Institute of Ecology and Natural Resources Management, Tyumen State University, 6 Volodarskogo Street, 625003 Tyumen, Russia
| | - Yakov Kuzyakov
- Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Department of Agricultural Soil Science, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan Federal University, 420049 Kazan, Russia; Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Yanbao Lei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & China-Croatia "Belt and Road" Joint Laboratory on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
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6
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Burrill HM, Wang G, Bever JD. Rapid differentiation of soil and root microbiomes in response to plant composition and biodiversity in the field. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:31. [PMID: 37076650 PMCID: PMC10115818 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-023-00237-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that microbiomes play a major role in structuring plant communities and influencing ecosystem processes, however, the relative roles and strength of change of microbial components have not been identified. We measured the response of fungal, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF), bacteria, and oomycete composition 4 months after planting of field plots that varied in plant composition and diversity. Plots were planted using 18 prairie plant species from three plant families (Poaceae, Fabaceae, and Asteraceae) in monoculture, 2, 3, or 6 species richness mixtures and either species within multiple families or one family. Soil cores were collected and homogenized per plot and DNA were extracted from soil and roots of each plot. We found that all microbial groups responded to the planting design, indicating rapid microbiome response to plant composition. Fungal pathogen communities were strongly affected by plant diversity. We identified OTUs from genera of putatively pathogenic fungi that increased with plant family, indicating likely pathogen specificity. Bacteria were strongly differentiated by plant family in roots but not soil. Fungal pathogen diversity increased with planted species richness, while oomycete diversity, as well as bacterial diversity in roots, decreased. AMF differentiation in roots was detected with individual plant species, but not plant family or richness. Fungal saprotroph composition differentiated between plant family composition in plots, providing evidence for decomposer home-field advantage. The observed patterns are consistent with rapid microbiome differentiation with plant composition, which could generate rapid feedbacks on plant growth in the field, thereby potentially influencing plant community structure, and influence ecosystem processes. These findings highlight the importance of native microbial inoculation in restoration.
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7
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Wang YXG, Matson KD, Prins HHT, Xu Y, Huang ZYX, de Boer WF. Risk factors for Lyme disease: A scale-dependent effect of host species diversity and a consistent negative effect of host phylogenetic diversity. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102073. [PMID: 36345067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Biodiversity can influence disease risk. One example of a diversity-disease relationship is the dilution effect, which suggests higher host species diversity (often indexed by species richness) reduces disease risk. While numerous studies support the dilution effect, its generality remains controversial. Most studies of diversity-disease relationships have overlooked the potential importance of phylogenetic diversity. Furthermore, most studies have tested diversity-disease relationships at one spatial scale, even though such relationships are likely scale dependent. Using Lyme disease as a model system, we investigated the effects of host species richness and phylogenetic relatedness on the number of reported Lyme disease cases in humans in the U.S.A. at two spatial scales (the county level and the state level) using piecewise structural equation modelling. We also accounted for relevant climatic and habitat-related factors and tested their correlations with the number of Lyme disease cases. We found that species assemblages with more related species (i.e., host species in the order Rodentia) were associated with more Lyme disease cases in humans. Host species richness correlated negatively with the number of Lyme disease cases at the state level (i.e., a dilution effect), a pattern that might be explained by the higher number of reservoir-incompetent species at high levels of species richness at this larger spatial scale. In contrast, a positive correlation was found between species richness and the number of Lyme disease cases at the county level, where a higher proportion of rodent species was associated with higher levels of species richness, potentially amplifying the disease risk. Our results highlight that analyse at a single spatial scale can miss some impacts of biodiversity on human health. Thus, multi-scale analyses with consideration of host phylogenetic diversity are critical for improving our understanding of diversity-disease relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying X G Wang
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands; Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kevin D Matson
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Herbert H T Prins
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Yanjie Xu
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands; Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, 17, 00014, Finland
| | - Zheng Y X Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 210046 Nanjing, China.
| | - Willem F de Boer
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
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8
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Zhang Y, Xin X, Matthew C, Christensen MJ, Nan Z. Pathogen Identification and Factors Influencing Infection Frequency and Severity of Fungal Rust in Four Native Grasses in Hulunber Grassland, China. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:3040-3049. [PMID: 35596246 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-21-1802-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A serious rust infection present in 2014 and 2015 on the dominant grass species (Leymus chinensis) in the Hulunber grassland of Inner Mongolia, China, and also present on three other grass species (Agropyron cristatum [wheat grass], Bromus inermis, and Festuca ovina) was investigated. Field surveys, laboratory determination of morphological characteristics, pathogenicity tests, and molecular identification methods were integrated to identify two rust-causing pathogens on L. chinensis. It was found that Puccinia elymi was the major pathogen of L. chinensis, and also infected A. cristatum and F. ovina. This is the first report of P. elymi on A. cristatum in China. P. striiformis caused stripe rust on L. chinensis and B. inermis. The incidence and severity of rust infection increased through the growing season, presumably from asexual spread by urediniospores, and was higher on grass species phylogenetically more closely related to common crop hosts of the pathogens. High host grass density and presence of a potential alternate host for P. elymi, Thalictrum squarrosum, were two further factors promoting rust incidence. These results provide insight into ecological factors linked to the rust epidemic and provide a theoretical basis for the formulation of control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, P.R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Xin
- National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 10081, P.R. China
| | - Cory Matthew
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Michael J Christensen
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11-008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand (Retired)
| | - Zhibiao Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, P.R. China
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9
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Liu X, Parker IM, Gilbert GS, Lu Y, Xiao Y, Zhang L, Huang M, Cheng Y, Zhang Z, Zhou S. Coexistence is stabilized by conspecific negative density dependence via fungal pathogens more than oomycete pathogens. Ecology 2022; 103:e3841. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education College of Forestry, Hainan University Haikou P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐Ecosystems College of Ecology, Lanzhou University Lanzhou P. R. China
| | - Ingrid M. Parker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz California U.S.A
| | - Gregory S. Gilbert
- Department of Environmental Studies University of California Santa Cruz California U.S.A
| | - Yawen Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Mengjiao Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yikang Cheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Xining P. R. China
| | - Shurong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education College of Forestry, Hainan University Haikou P. R. China
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10
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Semchenko M, Barry KE, de Vries FT, Mommer L, Moora M, Maciá-Vicente JG. Deciphering the role of specialist and generalist plant-microbial interactions as drivers of plant-soil feedback. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1929-1944. [PMID: 35338649 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Feedback between plants and soil microbial communities can be a powerful driver of vegetation dynamics. Plants elicit changes in the soil microbiome that either promote or suppress conspecifics at the same location, thereby regulating population density-dependence and species co-existence. Such effects are often attributed to the accumulation of host-specific antagonistic or beneficial microbiota in the rhizosphere. However, the identity and host-specificity of the microbial taxa involved are rarely empirically assessed. Here we review the evidence for host-specificity in plant-associated microbes and propose that specific plant-soil feedbacks can also be driven by generalists. We outline the potential mechanisms by which generalist microbial pathogens, mutualists and decomposers can generate differential effects on plant hosts and synthesize existing evidence to predict these effects as a function of plant investments into defence, microbial mutualists and dispersal. Importantly, the capacity of generalist microbiota to drive plant-soil feedbacks depends not only on the traits of individual plants but also on the phylogenetic and functional diversity of plant communities. Identifying factors that promote specialization or generalism in plant-microbial interactions and thereby modulate the impact of microbiota on plant performance will advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying plant-soil feedback and the ways it contributes to plant co-existence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Semchenko
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Liivi 2, 50409, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Kathryn E Barry
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Institute of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Franciska T de Vries
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Liesje Mommer
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mari Moora
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Liivi 2, 50409, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jose G Maciá-Vicente
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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11
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Licciardello G, Caruso P, Bella P, Boyer C, Smith MW, Pruvost O, Robene I, Cubero J, Catara V. Pathotyping Citrus Ornamental Relatives with Xanthomonas citri pv. citri and X. citri pv. aurantifolii Refines Our Understanding of Their Susceptibility to These Pathogens. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050986. [PMID: 35630430 PMCID: PMC9148020 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc) and X. citri pv. aurantifolii (Xca) are causal agents of Citrus Bacterial Canker (CBC), a devastating disease that severely affects citrus plants. They are harmful organisms not reported in Europe or the Mediterranean Basin. Host plants are in the Rutaceae family, including the genera Citrus, Poncirus, and Fortunella, and their hybrids. In addition, other genera of ornamental interest are reported as susceptible, but results are not uniform and sometimes incongruent. We evaluated the susceptibility of 32 ornamental accessions of the Rutaceae family belonging to the genera Citrus, Fortunella, Atalantia, Clausena, Eremocitrus, Glycosmis, Microcitrus, Murraya, Casimiroa, Calodendrum, and Aegle, and three hybrids to seven strains of Xcc and Xca. Pathotyping evaluation was assessed by scoring the symptomatic reactions on detached leaves. High variability in symptoms and bacterial population was shown among the different strains in the different hosts, indicative of complex host–pathogen interactions. The results are mostly consistent with past findings, with the few discrepancies probably due to our more complete experimental approach using multiple strains of the pathogen and multiple hosts. Our work supports the need to regulate non-citrus Rutaceae plant introductions into areas, like the EU and Mediterranean, that are currently free of this economically important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Licciardello
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95130 Catania, Italy;
- Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura-Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L’analisi Dell’Economia Agraria (CREA), 95024 Acireale, Italy;
| | - Paola Caruso
- Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura-Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L’analisi Dell’Economia Agraria (CREA), 95024 Acireale, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Bella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Claudine Boyer
- CIRAD, UMR Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical (PVBMT), 97410 Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France; (C.B.); (O.P.); (I.R.)
| | - Malcolm W. Smith
- Department of Agriculture & Fisheries, Bundaberg Research Station, Bundaberg, QLD 4670, Australia;
| | - Olivier Pruvost
- CIRAD, UMR Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical (PVBMT), 97410 Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France; (C.B.); (O.P.); (I.R.)
| | - Isabelle Robene
- CIRAD, UMR Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical (PVBMT), 97410 Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France; (C.B.); (O.P.); (I.R.)
| | - Jaime Cubero
- Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Vittoria Catara
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95130 Catania, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-095-714-7370
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12
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Changes in precipitation patterns can destabilize plant species coexistence via changes in plant-soil feedback. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:546-554. [PMID: 35347257 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01700-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Climate change can alter species coexistence through changes in biotic interactions. By describing reciprocal interactions between plants and soil microbes, plant-soil feedback (PSF) has emerged as a powerful framework for predicting plant species coexistence and community dynamics, but little is known about how PSF will respond to changing climate conditions. Hence, the context dependency of PSF has recently gained attention. Water availability is a major driver of all biotic interactions, and it is expected that precipitation patterns will change with ongoing climate change. We tested how soil water content affects PSF by conducting a full factorial pairwise PSF experiment using eight plant species common to southeastern United States coastal prairies under three watering treatments. We found coexistence-stabilizing negative PSF at drier-than-average conditions shifted to coexistence-destabilizing positive PSF under wetter-than-average conditions. A simulation model parameterized with the experimental results supports the prediction that more positive PSF accelerates the erosion of diversity within communities while decreasing the predictability in plant community composition. Our results underline the importance of considering environmental context dependency of PSF in light of a rapidly changing climate.
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13
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Rai A, Sivalingam PN, Senthil-Kumar M. A spotlight on non-host resistance to plant viruses. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12996. [PMID: 35382007 PMCID: PMC8977066 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses encounter a range of host defenses including non-host resistance (NHR), leading to the arrest of virus replication and movement in plants. Viruses have limited host ranges, and adaptation to a new host is an atypical phenomenon. The entire genotypes of plant species which are imperceptive to every single isolate of a genetically variable virus species are described as non-hosts. NHR is the non-specific resistance manifested by an innately immune non-host due to pre-existing and inducible defense responses, which cannot be evaded by yet-to-be adapted plant viruses. NHR-to-plant viruses are widespread, but the phenotypic variation is often not detectable within plant species. Therefore, molecular and genetic mechanisms of NHR need to be systematically studied to enable exploitation in crop protection. This article comprehensively describes the possible mechanisms of NHR against plant viruses. Also, the previous definition of NHR to plant viruses is insufficient, and the main aim of this article is to sensitize plant pathologists to the existence of NHR to plant viruses and to highlight the need for immediate and elaborate research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avanish Rai
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
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14
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Bravo-Monzón ÁE, Montiel-González C, Benítez-Malvido J, Arena-Ortíz ML, Flores-Puerto JI, Chiappa-Carrara X, Avila-Cabadilla LD, Alvarez-Añorve MY. The Assembly of Tropical Dry Forest Tree Communities in Anthropogenic Landscapes: The Role of Chemical Defenses. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11040516. [PMID: 35214850 PMCID: PMC8877018 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of anthropogenic disturbance on plant community traits and tradeoffs remains poorly explored in tropical forests. In this study, we aimed to identify tradeoffs between defense and other plant functions related to growth processes in order to detect potential aboveground and edaphic environmental conditions modulating traits variation on plant communities, and to find potential assembly rules underlying species coexistence in secondary (SEF) and old-growth forests (OGF). We measured the foliar content of defense phytochemicals and leaf traits related to fundamental functions on 77 species found in SEF and OGF sites in the Jalisco dry forest ecoregion, Mexico, and we explored (1) the trait-trait and trait-habitat associations, (2) the intra and interspecies trait variation, and (3) the traits-environment associations. We found that phytochemical content was associated with high leaf density and leaf fresh mass, resulting in leaves resistant to drought and high radiation, with chemical and physical defenses against herbivore/pathogen attack. The phytochemicals and chlorophyll concentrations were negatively related, matching the predictions of the Protein Competition Model. The phylogenetic signal in functional traits, suggests that abundant clades share the ability to resist the harsh biotic and abiotic conditions and face similar tradeoffs between productive and defensive functions. Environmental filters could modulate the enhanced expression of defensive phytochemicals in SEF, while, in OGFs, we found a stronger filtering effect driving community assembly. This could allow for the coexistence of different defensive strategies in OGFs, where a greater species richness could dilute the prevalence of pathogens/herbivores. Consequently, anthropogenic disturbance could alter TDF ecosystem properties/services and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel E. Bravo-Monzón
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional de Ecosistemas Terrestres, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida 97357, Yucatán, Mexico; (Á.E.B.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (J.I.F.-P.)
| | - Cristina Montiel-González
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional de Ecosistemas Terrestres, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida 97357, Yucatán, Mexico; (Á.E.B.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (J.I.F.-P.)
| | - Julieta Benítez-Malvido
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Hábitats Alterados, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia 58190, Michoacán, Mexico;
| | - María Leticia Arena-Ortíz
- Laboratorio de Ecogenómica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Parque Científico y Tecnológico, Mérida 97302, Yucatán, Mexico;
| | - José Israel Flores-Puerto
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional de Ecosistemas Terrestres, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida 97357, Yucatán, Mexico; (Á.E.B.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (J.I.F.-P.)
| | - Xavier Chiappa-Carrara
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida 97357, Yucatán, Mexico;
| | - Luis Daniel Avila-Cabadilla
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional de Ecosistemas Terrestres, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida 97357, Yucatán, Mexico; (Á.E.B.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (J.I.F.-P.)
- Correspondence: (L.D.A.-C.); (M.Y.A.-A.)
| | - Mariana Yolotl Alvarez-Añorve
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional de Ecosistemas Terrestres, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida 97357, Yucatán, Mexico; (Á.E.B.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (J.I.F.-P.)
- Correspondence: (L.D.A.-C.); (M.Y.A.-A.)
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15
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Liu Y, Duan D, Jiang F, Tian Z, Feng X, Wu N, Hou F, Kardol P, Nan Z, Chen T. Long‐term heavy grazing increases community‐level foliar fungal diseases by shifting plant composition. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems Center for Grassland Microbiome College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
- Industrial Crop Research Institute of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Chengdu China
| | - Dongdong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems Center for Grassland Microbiome College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Feifei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems Center for Grassland Microbiome College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Zhen Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems Center for Grassland Microbiome College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Xiaoxuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems Center for Grassland Microbiome College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Nana Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems Center for Grassland Microbiome College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Fujiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems Center for Grassland Microbiome College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Zhibiao Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems Center for Grassland Microbiome College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems Center for Grassland Microbiome College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
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16
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Powers T, Todd T, Harris T, Higgins R, MacGuidwin A, Mullin P, Ozbayrak M, Powers K, Sakai K. Pratylenchus smoliki, a new nematode species (Pratylenchidae: Tylenchomorpha) from the Great Plains region of North America. J Nematol 2021; 53:e2021-100. [PMID: 34901874 PMCID: PMC8662978 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2021-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pratylenchus smoliki is a new species of root-lesion nematode described from corn-soybean production fields in the Central Great Plains of North America. It is characterized by populations with relatively abundant males, two lip annuli, females with a round functional spermatheca and a conoid to subcylindrical tail with a non-crenate, smooth terminus. In host preference tests, corn and wheat produce the largest nematode populations, whereas sorghum and soybeans produce less than 20% the numbers observed on corn. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that the en face patterns compare to those seen in Pratylenchus pseudocoffeae, P. scribneri, P. hexincisus, and P. alleni. The pattern is described as rectangular to trapezoidal subdorsal and subventral lips adjoining oral disc, but with a clear demarcation between the oral disc and the subdorsal and subventral sectors. A Maximum Likelihood COI tree recognizes P. smoliki as a moderately-well-supported clade with several haplotype subgroups. A Maximum Likelihood partial 28S tree provides strong support for the P. smoliki clade and reinforces the close relationships between species with similar en face patterns. Topotype specimens of P. alleni were demonstrably different from P. smoliki using DNA markers. The geographic range of P. smoliki overlaps with the ranges of P. alleni, P. scribneri, P. neglectus, P. hexicisus, and P. dakotaensis. The observed host range (corn, rye, sunflower, and wheat) suggests that P. smoliki may be native to the tallgrass prairie region of the Great Plains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Powers
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0722
| | - Timothy Todd
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Tim Harris
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0722
| | - Rebecca Higgins
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0722
| | - Ann MacGuidwin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI
| | - Peter Mullin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0722
| | - Mehmet Ozbayrak
- Department of Entomology, Bornova Plant Protection Research Institute, 35040 Bornova/Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kirsten Powers
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0722
| | - Kanan Sakai
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
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17
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Humphreys JM, Pelzel-McCluskey AM, Cohnstaedt LW, McGregor BL, Hanley KA, Hudson AR, Young KI, Peck D, Rodriguez LL, Peters DPC. Integrating Spatiotemporal Epidemiology, Eco-Phylogenetics, and Distributional Ecology to Assess West Nile Disease Risk in Horses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091811. [PMID: 34578392 PMCID: PMC8473291 DOI: 10.3390/v13091811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne West Nile virus (WNV) is the causative agent of West Nile disease in humans, horses, and some bird species. Since the initial introduction of WNV to the United States (US), approximately 30,000 horses have been impacted by West Nile neurologic disease and hundreds of additional horses are infected each year. Research describing the drivers of West Nile disease in horses is greatly needed to better anticipate the spatial and temporal extent of disease risk, improve disease surveillance, and alleviate future economic impacts to the equine industry and private horse owners. To help meet this need, we integrated techniques from spatiotemporal epidemiology, eco-phylogenetics, and distributional ecology to assess West Nile disease risk in horses throughout the contiguous US. Our integrated approach considered horse abundance and virus exposure, vector and host distributions, and a variety of extrinsic climatic, socio-economic, and environmental risk factors. Birds are WNV reservoir hosts, and therefore we quantified avian host community dynamics across the continental US to show intra-annual variability in host phylogenetic structure and demonstrate host phylodiversity as a mechanism for virus amplification in time and virus dilution in space. We identified drought as a potential amplifier of virus transmission and demonstrated the importance of accounting for spatial non-stationarity when quantifying interaction between disease risk and meteorological influences such as temperature and precipitation. Our results delineated the timing and location of several areas at high risk of West Nile disease and can be used to prioritize vaccination programs and optimize virus surveillance and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Humphreys
- Pest Management Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Sidney, MT 59270, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Angela M. Pelzel-McCluskey
- Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), US Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA;
| | - Lee W. Cohnstaedt
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (L.W.C.); (B.L.M.)
| | - Bethany L. McGregor
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (L.W.C.); (B.L.M.)
| | - Kathryn A. Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA; (K.A.H.); (K.I.Y.)
| | - Amy R. Hudson
- Big Data Initiative and SCINet Program for Scientific Computing, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20704, USA; (A.R.H.); (D.P.C.P.)
| | - Katherine I. Young
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA; (K.A.H.); (K.I.Y.)
| | - Dannele Peck
- Northern Plains Climate Hub, US Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA;
| | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, US Department of Agriculture, Orient Point, NY 11957, USA;
| | - Debra P. C. Peters
- Big Data Initiative and SCINet Program for Scientific Computing, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20704, USA; (A.R.H.); (D.P.C.P.)
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18
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Karunarathna A, Tibpromma S, Jayawardena RS, Nanayakkara C, Asad S, Xu J, Hyde KD, Karunarathna SC, Stephenson SL, Lumyong S, Kumla J. Fungal Pathogens in Grasslands. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:695087. [PMID: 34434901 PMCID: PMC8381356 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.695087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Grasslands are major primary producers and function as major components of important watersheds. Although a concise definition of grasslands cannot be given using a physiognomic or structural approach, grasslands can be described as vegetation communities experiencing periodical droughts and with canopies dominated by grasses and grass-like plants. Grasslands have a cosmopolitan distribution except for the Antarctic region. Fungal interactions with grasses can be pathogenic or symbiotic. Herbivorous mammals, insects, other grassland animals, and fungal pathogens are known to play important roles in maintaining the biomass and biodiversity of grasslands. Although most pathogenicity studies on the members of Poaceae have been focused on economically important crops, the plant-fungal pathogenic interactions involved can extend to the full range of ecological circumstances that exist in nature. Hence, it is important to delineate the fungal pathogen communities and their interactions in man-made monoculture systems and highly diverse natural ecosystems. A better understanding of the key fungal players can be achieved by combining modern techniques such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) together with studies involving classic phytopathology, taxonomy, and phylogeny. It is of utmost importance to develop experimental designs that account for the ecological complexity of the relationships between grasses and fungi, both above and below ground. In grasslands, loss in species diversity increases interactions such as herbivory, mutualism, predation or infectious disease transmission. Host species density and the presence of heterospecific host species, also affect the disease dynamics in grasslands. Many studies have shown that lower species diversity increases the severity as well as the transmission rate of fungal diseases. Moreover, communities that were once highly diverse but have experienced decreased species richness and dominancy have also shown higher pathogenicity load due to the relaxed competition, although this effect is lower in natural communities. This review addresses the taxonomy, phylogeny, and ecology of grassland fungal pathogens and their interactions in grassland ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuruddha Karunarathna
- Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, China.,Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Saowaluck Tibpromma
- Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, China.,CIFOR-ICRAF China Program, World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Kunming, China
| | - Ruvishika S Jayawardena
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand.,School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | | | - Suhail Asad
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jianchu Xu
- Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, China.,CIFOR-ICRAF China Program, World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Kunming, China
| | - Kevin D Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Samantha C Karunarathna
- Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, China.,CIFOR-ICRAF China Program, World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Kunming, China
| | - Steven L Stephenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jaturong Kumla
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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19
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Nunn CL, Vining AQ, Chakraborty D, Reiskind MH, Young HS. Effects of host extinction and vector preferences on vector-borne disease risk in phylogenetically structured host-hector communities. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256456. [PMID: 34424937 PMCID: PMC8382198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic disturbance impacts the phylogenetic composition and diversity of ecological communities. While changes in diversity are known to dramatically change species interactions and alter disease dynamics, the effects of phylogenetic changes in host and vector communities on disease have been relatively poorly studied. Using a theoretical model, we investigated how phylogeny and extinction influence network structural characteristics relevant to disease transmission in disturbed environments. We modelled a multi-host, multi-vector community as a bipartite ecological network, where nodes represent host and vector species and edges represent connections among them through vector feeding, and we simulated vector preferences and threat status on host and parasite phylogenies. We then simulated loss of hosts, including phylogenetically clustered losses, to investigate how extinction influences network structure. We compared effects of phylogeny and extinction to those of host specificity, which we predicted to strongly increase network modularity and reduce disease prevalence. The simulations revealed that extinction often increased modularity, with higher modularity as species loss increased, although not as much as increasing host specificity did. These results suggest that extinction itself, all else being equal, may reduce disease prevalence in disturbed communities. However, in real communities, systematic patterns in species loss (e.g. favoring high competence species) or changes in abundance may counteract these effects. Unexpectedly, we found that effects of phylogenetic signal in host and vector traits were relatively weak, and only important when phylogenetic signal of host and vector traits were similar, or when these traits both varied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L. Nunn
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alexander Q. Vining
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Animal Behavior, UC Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Debapriyo Chakraborty
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- INRAE ENVT IHAP, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Michael H. Reiskind
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hillary S. Young
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
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20
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Caseys C, Shi G, Soltis N, Gwinner R, Corwin J, Atwell S, Kliebenstein DJ. Quantitative interactions: the disease outcome of Botrytis cinerea across the plant kingdom. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkab175. [PMID: 34003931 PMCID: PMC8496218 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a fungal pathogen that causes necrotic disease on more than a thousand known hosts widely spread across the plant kingdom. How B. cinerea interacts with such extensive host diversity remains largely unknown. To address this question, we generated an infectivity matrix of 98 strains of B. cinerea on 90 genotypes representing eight host plants. This experimental infectivity matrix revealed that the disease outcome is largely explained by variations in either the host resistance or pathogen virulence. However, the specific interactions between host and pathogen account for 16% of the disease outcome. Furthermore, the disease outcomes cluster among genotypes of a species but are independent of the relatedness between hosts. When analyzing the host specificity and virulence of B. cinerea, generalist strains are predominant. In this fungal necrotroph, specialization may happen by a loss in virulence on most hosts rather than an increase of virulence on a specific host. To uncover the genetic architecture of Botrytis host specificity and virulence, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed and revealed up to 1492 genes of interest. The genetic architecture of these traits is widespread across the B. cinerea genome. The complexity of the disease outcome might be explained by hundreds of functionally diverse genes putatively involved in adjusting the infection to diverse hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Caseys
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gongjun Shi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Nicole Soltis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Raoni Gwinner
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Embrapa Amazonia Ocidental, Manaus 69010-970, Brazil
| | - Jason Corwin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA
| | - Susanna Atwell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Daniel J Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- DynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C DK-1871, Denmark
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21
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Luong JC, Holl KD, Loik ME. Leaf traits and phylogeny explain plant survival and community dynamics in response to extreme drought in a restored coastal grassland. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin C. Luong
- Department of Environmental Studies University of California Santa Cruz CA USA
| | - Karen D. Holl
- Department of Environmental Studies University of California Santa Cruz CA USA
| | - Michael E. Loik
- Department of Environmental Studies University of California Santa Cruz CA USA
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22
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Dentika P, Ozier-Lafontaine H, Penet L. Weeds as Pathogen Hosts and Disease Risk for Crops in the Wake of a Reduced Use of Herbicides: Evidence from Yam ( Dioscorea alata) Fields and Colletotrichum Pathogens in the Tropics. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7040283. [PMID: 33918581 PMCID: PMC8069099 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition toward sustainable agriculture requires rethinking cropping systems in the light of less intensive and chemically reliant practices. Weed management is one of the target practices to evolve cropping systems with decreased impact on the environment. While softened management will lead to increased weeds/crops coexistence, it is of importance to assess the relative benefits and drawbacks of new practices. Among the potential drawbacks of weeds/crops coexistence, disease risk may increase if weeds are hosting pathogens. In this study, we assessed the potential of weeds for hosting pathogenic generalist fungi known to translate into disease in crops. We first describe prevalence in fields after harvest and relate prevalence to species characteristics and communities. Then, we directly test the idea that weeds serve as inoculums sources during cropping with a natural experiment. This study highlights variation in host skill among feral weeds for Colletotrichum species, including potential congeneric sub-specialization on different weeds within communities. Last, prevalence within fields was more correlated to focal crop inoculation rates compared to local weed load, but there was a significant correlation effect with prevalence on weeds in the vicinity of fields, suggesting that weeds are mediating disease levels at the local scale, too. Results pointed to the importance of weed host skill in disease risk yet open the door to the potential control of pathogens via targeted weed management.
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Lynch SC, Eskalen A, Gilbert GS. Host evolutionary relationships explain tree mortality caused by a generalist pest-pathogen complex. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1083-1094. [PMID: 33897822 PMCID: PMC8061262 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylogenetic signal of transmissibility (competence) and attack severity among hosts of generalist pests is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the phylogenetic effects on hosts differentially affected by an emergent generalist beetle-pathogen complex in California and South Africa. Host types (non-competent, competent and killed-competent) are based on nested types of outcomes of interactions between host plants, the beetles and the fungal pathogens. Phylogenetic dispersion analysis of each host type revealed that the phylogenetic preferences of beetle attack and fungal growth were a nonrandom subset of all available tree and shrub species. Competent hosts were phylogenetically narrower by 62 Myr than the set of all potential hosts, and those with devastating impacts were the most constrained by 107 Myr. Our results show a strong phylogenetic signal in the relative effects of a generalist pest-pathogen complex on host species, demonstrating that the strength of multi-host pest impacts in plants can be predicted by host evolutionary relationships. This study presents a unifying theoretical approach to identifying likely disease outcomes across multiple host-pest combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Colleen Lynch
- Department of Environmental StudiesUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Akif Eskalen
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Gregory S. Gilbert
- Department of Environmental StudiesUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzCaliforniaUSA
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24
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Host plant environmental filtering drives foliar fungal community assembly in symptomatic leaves. Oecologia 2021; 195:737-749. [PMID: 33582871 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Foliar fungi (defined as all fungal species in leaves after surface sterilization; hereafter, 'FF') are of great importance to host plant growth and health, and can also affect ecosystem functioning. Despite this importance, few studies have explicitly examined the role of host filtering in shaping local FF communities, and we know little about the differences of FF community assembly between symptomatic (caused by fungal pathogens) and asymptomatic leaves, and whether there is phylogenetic congruence between host plants and FF. We examined FF communities from 25 host plant species (for each species, symptomatic and asymptomatic leaves, respectively) in an alpine meadow of the Tibetan Plateau using MiSeq sequencing of ITS1 gene biomarkers. We evaluated the phylogenetic congruence of FF-plant interactions based on cophylogenetic analysis, and examined α- and β-phylogenetic diversity indices of the FF communities. We found strong support for phylogenetic congruence between host plants and FF for both asymptomatic and symptomatic leaves, and a host-caused filter appears to play a major role in shaping FF communities. Most importantly, we provided independent lines of evidence that host environmental filtering (caused by fungal infections) outweighs competitive exclusion in driving FF community assembly in symptomatic leaves. Our results help strengthen the foundation of FF community assembly by demonstrating the importance of host environmental filtering in driving FF community assembly.
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25
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Bradshaw M, Goolsby E, Mason C, Tobin PC. Evolution of Disease Severity and Susceptibility in the Asteraceae to the Powdery Mildew Golovinomyces latisporus: Major Phylogenetic Structure Coupled With Highly Variable Disease Severity at Fine Scales. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:268-275. [PMID: 32787655 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-20-1375-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen host range and pathogen severity are dependent on interactions with their hosts and are hypothesized to have evolved as products of a coevolutionary arms race. An understanding of the factors that affect host range and pathogen severity is especially crucial in introduced pathogens that infect evolutionarily naïve hosts and cause substantial damage to ecosystems. Powdery mildews are detrimental pathogens found worldwide in managed and natural systems. Golovinomyces latisporus is a powdery mildew species that is especially damaging to plants within Asteraceae and to plants within the genus Helianthus in particular. In this study, we evaluated 126 species within Asteraceae to measure the role of host plant morphophysiological traits and evolutionary history on susceptibility to G. latisporus and disease severity. We observed phylogenetic signal in both susceptibility and severity within and among major clades of the Asteraceae. In general, there was a major phylogenetic structure of host severity to G. latisporus; however, there was some fine-scale phylogenetic variability. Phylogenetic statistical methods showed that chlorophyll content, biomass, stomatal index, and trichome density were not associated with disease severity, thus providing evidence that phylogenetic structure, rather than observed plant morphophysiological traits, is the most reliable predictor of pathogen severity. This work sheds light on the role that evolutionary history plays in plant susceptibility and severity to disease and underscores the relative unimportance of commonly assessed host plant traits in powdery mildew severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bradshaw
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Eric Goolsby
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816
| | - Chase Mason
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816
| | - Patrick C Tobin
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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26
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Francioli D, van Ruijven J, Bakker L, Mommer L. Drivers of total and pathogenic soil-borne fungal communities in grassland plant species. FUNGAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Pest pressure relates to similarity of crops and native plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:29260-29262. [PMID: 33168707 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020945117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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28
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Zhang Y, Nan Z, Xin X. Response of Plant Fungal Diseases to Beef Cattle Grazing Intensity in Hulunber Grassland. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:2905-2913. [PMID: 32915707 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-20-0683-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effects of grazing by large herbivores on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning have been extensively studied, whereas how grazing influence plant diseases, especially in natural grasslands, remains poorly understood. Therefore, we undertook a field study regarding a grazing trial in a temperate meadow steppe grassland to investigate mechanisms underlying grazing-host-pathogen interactions. The effects of cattle grazing at different grazing intensities of 0, 0.23, 0.34, 0.46, 0.69, and 0.92 AU/ha (where 1 AU= 500 kg of adult cattle) on the microenvironment, vegetation characteristics, and occurrence of diseases were evaluated. At the population level, the effects of grazing on grassland vegetation characteristics and disease varied with grassland plant species. Compared with nongrazing, grazing directly decreased the average density, coverage, and disease incidence of palatable and edible forages by 51.4, 62.4, and 82.4% in the 0.92 AU/ha treatment but increased the occurrence and prevalence of disease in remaining small herbs by 752.1%. At the community level, with the increase of grazing intensity, the pathogen load of the whole community in grassland was positively related to host coverage. In addition, there was a trend toward increased microtemperature and decreased microhumidity with increased grazing. Although occurrence of plant diseases in natural grasslands is influenced by a range of factors, comprehensive analysis highlighted the major role that cattle grazing intensity plays in the occurrence of plant diseases in natural grasslands. In addition to its direct effect, grazing also indirectly affects disease occurrence by shifting plant community structure and the microenvironment. However, direct effects of grazing intensity affected disease occurrence more than indirect effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, P.R. China
| | - Zhibiao Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Xin
- National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 10081, P.R. China
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29
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Wandrag EM, Bates SE, Barrett LG, Catford JA, Thrall PH, van der Putten WH, Duncan RP. Phylogenetic signals and predictability in plant-soil feedbacks. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1440-1449. [PMID: 32619298 PMCID: PMC7689780 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
There is strong evidence for a phylogenetic signal in the degree to which species share co-evolved biotic partners and in the outcomes of biotic interactions. This implies there should be a phylogenetic signal in the outcome of feedbacks between plants and the soil microbiota they cultivate. However, attempts to identify a phylogenetic signal in plant-soil feedbacks have produced mixed results. Here we clarify how phylogenetic signals could arise in plant-soil feedbacks and use a recent compilation of data from feedback experiments to identify: whether there is a phylogenetic signal in the outcome of plant-soil feedbacks; and whether any signal arises through directional or divergent changes in feedback outcomes with evolutionary time. We find strong evidence for a divergent phylogenetic signal in feedback outcomes. Distantly related plant species show more divergent responses to each other's soil microbiota compared with closely related plant species. The pattern of divergence implies occasional co-evolutionary shifts in how plants interact with soil microbiota, with strongly contrasting feedback responses among some plant lineages. Our results highlight that it is difficult to predict feedback outcomes from phylogeny alone, other than to say that more closely related species tend to have more similar responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Wandrag
- Institute for Applied EcologyUniversity of CanberraCanberraACT2617Australia
- School of Environmental and Rural ScienceUniversity of New EnglandArmidaleNSW2350Australia
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)PO Box 50Wageningen6700 ABthe Netherlands
| | - Sarah E. Bates
- Institute for Applied EcologyUniversity of CanberraCanberraACT2617Australia
| | | | - Jane A. Catford
- Department of GeographyKing’s College LondonLondonWC2B 4BGUK
- School of BioSciencesUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.3010Australia
| | | | - Wim H. van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)PO Box 50Wageningen6700 ABthe Netherlands
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityPO Box 8123Wageningen6700 ESthe Netherlands
| | - Richard P. Duncan
- Institute for Applied EcologyUniversity of CanberraCanberraACT2617Australia
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30
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O'Keeffe KR, Oppler ZJ, Brisson D. Evolutionary ecology of Lyme Borrelia. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 85:104570. [PMID: 32998077 PMCID: PMC8349510 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial genus, Borrelia, is comprised of vector-borne spirochete species that infect and are transmitted from multiple host species. Some Borrelia species cause highly-prevalent diseases in humans and domestic animals. Evolutionary, ecological, and molecular research on many Borrelia species have resulted in tremendous progress toward understanding the biology and natural history of these species. Yet, many outstanding questions, such as how Borrelia populations will be impacted by climate and land-use change, will require an interdisciplinary approach. The evolutionary ecology research framework incorporates theory and data from evolutionary, ecological, and molecular studies while overcoming common assumptions within each field that can hinder integration across these disciplines. Evolutionary ecology offers a framework to evaluate the ecological consequences of evolved traits and to predict how present-day ecological processes may result in further evolutionary change. Studies of microbes with complex transmission cycles, like Borrelia, which interact with multiple vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors, are poised to leverage the power of the evolutionary ecology framework to identify the molecular interactions involved in ecological processes that result in evolutionary change. Using existing data, we outline how evolutionary ecology theory can delineate how interactions with other species and the physical environment create selective forces or impact migration of Borrelia populations and result in micro-evolutionary changes. We further discuss the ecological and molecular consequences of those micro-evolutionary changes. While many of the currently outstanding questions will necessitate new experimental designs and additional empirical data, many others can be addressed immediately by integrating existing molecular and ecological data within an evolutionary ecology framework.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachary J Oppler
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dustin Brisson
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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31
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Phylogenetic escape from pests reduces pesticides on some crop plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:26849-26853. [PMID: 33046649 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013751117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are a ubiquitous component of conventional crop production but come with considerable economic and ecological costs. We tested the hypothesis that variation in pesticide use among crop species is a function of crop economics and the phylogenetic relationship of a crop to native plants because unrelated crops accrue fewer herbivores and pathogens. Comparative analyses of a dataset of 93 Californian crops showed that more valuable crops and crops with close relatives in the native plant flora received greater pesticide use, explaining roughly half of the variance in pesticide use among crops against pathogens and herbivores. Phylogenetic escape from arthropod and pathogen pests results in lower pesticides, suggesting that the introduced status of some crops can be leveraged to reduce pesticides.
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32
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Liu Y, Medeiros JS, Burns JH. The soil biotic community protects Rhododendron spp. across multiple clades from the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi at a cost to plant growth. Oecologia 2020; 195:1-12. [PMID: 33025264 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04762-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of whole soil biotic communities on plants is a result of positive and negative interactions from a complex suite of mutualists and pathogens. However, few experiments have evaluated the composite effects of whole soil biotic communities on plant growth and disease resistance. We conducted a factorial greenhouse experiment with 14 Rhododendron species grown with and without live conspecific soil biota and with and without the disease, Phytophthora cinnamomi. We tested the prediction that the presence of whole soil biotic communities influences survival in the presence of disease. We also explored functional trait correlations with disease susceptibility across the phylogeny. The presence of live soil biota led to higher survival in the presence of disease compared with sterilized soils, and the direction of this effect was consistent for seven species across four clades. The presence of live soil biota also significantly reduced plant growth rate and decreased shoot biomass, relative to plants grown in sterilized soil, indicating that live soil biota might influence plant allocation strategies. We found that Rhododendron species with higher Root Shoot Ratios were less susceptible to Phytophthora, suggesting that water relations influence disease susceptibility. Our findings that disease resistance and susceptibility occur independently across multiple clades and that whole soil biotic communities consistently enhance disease resistance across clades, suggest that soil biota may play an important role in disease resistance and can moderate disease-induced mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7080, USA.
| | | | - Jean H Burns
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7080, USA
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33
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Song X, Zhang W, Johnson DJ, Yang J, Asefa M, Deng X, Yang X, Cao M. Conspecific negative density dependence in rainy season enhanced seedling diversity across habitats in a tropical forest. Oecologia 2020; 193:949-957. [PMID: 32851493 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04729-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD) could be one of the most important local-scale mechanisms shaping plant species coexistence. However, the spatial and temporal changes in the strength CNDD and the implications for the plant diversity remain unknown. We used 10 years of seedling data, in a seasonal tropical rainforest, to discover how CNDD influences tree seedling survival across habitats and seasons. We also evaluated the relation between CNDD and species diversity. We found the strength of CNDD in the valley habitat was significantly stronger than in ridge habitat in rainy season, but not significantly different in dry season. Corresponding to expectations of CNDD as mechanism of diversity maintenance, seedling species diversity was significantly higher in valley habitat than in ridge habitat and significantly correlated with CNDD. Additionally, conspecific and heterospecific seedling neighbour densities positively affected the survival of tree seedlings, but heterospecific adult neighbour density had a weak effect. Our study finds that CNDD varied significantly across habitats and was correlated with local seedling diversity. Our results highlight the importance of CNDD in driving species diversity at the local scale. Recognizing the spatial and temporal variation in the strength of CNDD will aid efforts to model and understand species coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
| | - Wenfu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
| | - Daniel J Johnson
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jie Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China.
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China.
| | - Mengesha Asefa
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaobao Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaofei Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
| | - Min Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
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34
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Chaloner TM, Gurr SJ, Bebber DP. Geometry and evolution of the ecological niche in plant-associated microbes. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2955. [PMID: 32528123 PMCID: PMC7289842 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16778-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecological niche can be thought of as a volume in multidimensional space, where each dimension describes an abiotic condition or biotic resource required by a species. The shape, size, and evolution of this volume strongly determine interactions among species and influence their current and potential geographical distributions, but the geometry of niches is poorly understood. Here, we analyse temperature response functions and host plant ranges for hundreds of potentially destructive plant-associated fungi and oomycetes. We demonstrate that niche specialization is uncorrelated on abiotic (i.e. temperature response) and biotic (i.e. host range) axes, that host interactions restrict fundamental niche breadth to form the realized niche, and that both abiotic and biotic niches show limited phylogenetic constraint. The ecological terms ‘generalist’ and ‘specialist’ therefore do not apply to these microbes, as specialization evolves independently on different niche axes. This adaptability makes plant pathogens a formidable threat to agriculture and forestry. The ecological niche of host-associated microbes is defined by both abiotic and biotic dimensions. Here the authors analyse published data on fungal and oomycete pathogens of plants, demonstrating that specialization can evolve independently on abiotic and biotic axes and that interactions with host plants reduce thermal niche breadth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Chaloner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QJ, UK
| | - Sarah J Gurr
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QJ, UK.,Department of Biosciences, Utrecht University, Paduallaan, 8, Netherlands
| | - Daniel P Bebber
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QJ, UK.
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35
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36
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Collins CD, Bever JD, Hersh MH. Community context for mechanisms of disease dilution: insights from linking epidemiology and plant-soil feedback theory. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1469:65-85. [PMID: 32170775 PMCID: PMC7317922 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In many natural systems, diverse host communities can reduce disease risk, though less is known about the mechanisms driving this "dilution effect." We relate feedback theory, which focuses on pathogen-mediated coexistence, to mechanisms of dilution derived from epidemiological models, with the central goal of gaining insights into host-pathogen interactions in a community context. We first compare the origin, structure, and application of epidemiological and feedback models. We then explore the mechanisms of dilution, which are grounded in single-pathogen, single-host epidemiological models, from the perspective of feedback theory. We also draw on feedback theory to examine how coinfecting pathogens, and pathogens that vary along a host specialist-generalist continuum, apply to dilution theory. By identifying synergies among the feedback and epidemiological approaches, we reveal ways in which organisms occupying different trophic levels contribute to diversity-disease relationships. Additionally, using feedbacks to distinguish dilution in disease incidence from dilution in the net effect of disease on host fitness allows us to articulate conditions under which definitions of dilution may not align. After ascribing dilution mechanisms to macro- or microorganisms, we propose ways in which each contributes to diversity-disease and productivity-diversity relationships. Our analyses lead to predictions that can guide future research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James D. Bever
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of KansasLawrenceKansas
- Kansas Biological SurveyUniversity of KansasLawrenceKansas
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37
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Aldorfová A, Knobová P, Münzbergová Z. Plant–soil feedback contributes to predicting plant invasiveness of 68 alien plant species differing in invasive status. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Aldorfová
- Dept of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles Univ Benátská 2 CZ‐128 01 Prague 2 Czech Republic
- Inst. of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Knobová
- Dept of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles Univ Benátská 2 CZ‐128 01 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Münzbergová
- Dept of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles Univ Benátská 2 CZ‐128 01 Prague 2 Czech Republic
- Inst. of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
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38
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Bartholomé J, Brachi B, Marçais B, Mougou-Hamdane A, Bodénès C, Plomion C, Robin C, Desprez-Loustau ML. The genetics of exapted resistance to two exotic pathogens in pedunculate oak. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1088-1103. [PMID: 31711257 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Exotic pathogens cause severe damage in natural populations in the absence of coevolutionary dynamics with their hosts. However, some resistance to such pathogens may occur in naive populations. The objective of this study was to investigate the genetics of this so-called 'exapted' resistance to two pathogens of Asian origin (Erysiphe alphitoides and Phytophthora cinnamomi) in European oak. Host-pathogen compatibility was assessed by recording infection success and pathogen growth in a full-sib family of Quercus robur under controlled and natural conditions. Two high-resolution genetic maps anchored on the reference genome were used to study the genetic architecture of resistance and to identify positional candidate genes. Two genomic regions, each containing six strong and stable quantitative trait loci (QTLs) accounting for 12-19% of the phenotypic variation, were mainly associated with E. alphitoides infection. Candidate genes, especially genes encoding receptor-like-kinases and galactinol synthases, were identified in these regions. The three QTLs associated with P. cinnamomi infection did not colocate with QTLs found for E. alphitoides. These findings provide evidence that exapted resistance to E. alphitoides and P. cinnamomi is present in Q. robur and suggest that the underlying molecular mechanisms involve genes encoding proteins with extracellular signaling functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Bartholomé
- BIOGECO, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 69 route d'Arcachon, Cestas, 33610, France
- AGAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, 34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, TA A-108 / 03 - Avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, 34398, France
| | - Benjamin Brachi
- BIOGECO, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 69 route d'Arcachon, Cestas, 33610, France
| | - Benoit Marçais
- IAM, INRA, Université de Lorraine, Champenoux, Nancy, 54000, France
| | - Amira Mougou-Hamdane
- BIOGECO, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 69 route d'Arcachon, Cestas, 33610, France
- Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, Université de Carthage, 43 avenue Charles Nicolle Cité el Mahrajène, Tunis, 1082, Tunisia
| | - Catherine Bodénès
- BIOGECO, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 69 route d'Arcachon, Cestas, 33610, France
| | - Christophe Plomion
- BIOGECO, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 69 route d'Arcachon, Cestas, 33610, France
| | - Cécile Robin
- BIOGECO, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 69 route d'Arcachon, Cestas, 33610, France
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39
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Harris MO, Pitzschke A. Plants make galls to accommodate foreigners: some are friends, most are foes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1852-1872. [PMID: 31774564 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
At the colonization site of a foreign entity, plant cells alter their trajectory of growth and development. The resulting structure - a plant gall - accommodates various needs of the foreigner, which are phylogenetically diverse: viruses, bacteria, protozoa, oomycetes, true fungi, parasitic plants, and many types of animals, including rotifers, nematodes, insects, and mites. The plant species that make galls also are diverse. We assume gall production costs the plant. All is well if the foreigner provides a gift that makes up for the cost. Nitrogen-fixing nodule-inducing bacteria provide nutritional services. Gall wasps pollinate fig trees. Unfortunately for plants, most galls are made for foes, some of which are deeply studied pathogens and pests: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Rhodococcus fascians, Xanthomonas citri, Pseudomonas savastanoi, Pantoea agglomerans, 'Candidatus' phytoplasma, rust fungi, Ustilago smuts, root knot and cyst nematodes, and gall midges. Galls are an understudied phenomenon in plant developmental biology. We propose gall inception for discovering unifying features of the galls that plants make for friends and foes, talk about molecules that plants and gall-inducers use to get what they want from each other, raise the question of whether plants colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi respond in a gall-like manner, and present a research agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion O Harris
- Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58014, USA
| | - Andrea Pitzschke
- Department of Biosciences, Salzburg University, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
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40
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Nanomaterials: new weapons in a crusade against phytopathogens. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:1437-1461. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Coelho de Souza F, Dexter KG, Phillips OL, Pennington RT, Neves D, Sullivan MJP, Alvarez-Davila E, Alves Á, Amaral I, Andrade A, Aragao LEOC, Araujo-Murakami A, Arets EJMM, Arroyo L, Aymard C GA, Bánki O, Baraloto C, Barroso JG, Boot RGA, Brienen RJW, Brown F, Camargo JLC, Castro W, Chave J, Cogollo A, Comiskey JA, Cornejo-Valverde F, da Costa AL, de Camargo PB, Di Fiore A, Feldpausch TR, Galbraith DR, Gloor E, Goodman RC, Gilpin M, Herrera R, Higuchi N, Honorio Coronado EN, Jimenez-Rojas E, Killeen TJ, Laurance S, Laurance WF, Lopez-Gonzalez G, Lovejoy TE, Malhi Y, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Mendoza C, Monteagudo-Mendoza A, Neill DA, Vargas PN, Peñuela Mora MC, Pickavance GC, Pipoly JJ, Pitman NCA, Poorter L, Prieto A, Ramirez F, Roopsind A, Rudas A, Salomão RP, Silva N, Silveira M, Singh J, Stropp J, Ter Steege H, Terborgh J, Thomas-Caesar R, Umetsu RK, Vasquez RV, Célia-Vieira I, Vieira SA, Vos VA, Zagt RJ, Baker TR. Evolutionary diversity is associated with wood productivity in Amazonian forests. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:1754-1761. [PMID: 31712699 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-1007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Higher levels of taxonomic and evolutionary diversity are expected to maximize ecosystem function, yet their relative importance in driving variation in ecosystem function at large scales in diverse forests is unknown. Using 90 inventory plots across intact, lowland, terra firme, Amazonian forests and a new phylogeny including 526 angiosperm genera, we investigated the association between taxonomic and evolutionary metrics of diversity and two key measures of ecosystem function: aboveground wood productivity and biomass storage. While taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity were not important predictors of variation in biomass, both emerged as independent predictors of wood productivity. Amazon forests that contain greater evolutionary diversity and a higher proportion of rare species have higher productivity. While climatic and edaphic variables are together the strongest predictors of productivity, our results show that the evolutionary diversity of tree species in diverse forest stands also influences productivity. As our models accounted for wood density and tree size, they also suggest that additional, unstudied, evolutionarily correlated traits have significant effects on ecosystem function in tropical forests. Overall, our pan-Amazonian analysis shows that greater phylogenetic diversity translates into higher levels of ecosystem function: tropical forest communities with more distantly related taxa have greater wood productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle G Dexter
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - R Toby Pennington
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Geography Department, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Danilo Neves
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Esteban Alvarez-Davila
- Escuela de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Ambientales, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, Sede José Celestino Mutis, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Átila Alves
- Projeto TEAM-Manaus, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ieda Amaral
- Projeto TEAM-Manaus, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ana Andrade
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragment Project, INPA and STRI, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Luis E O C Aragao
- Geography Department, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Araujo-Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Eric J M M Arets
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Luzmilla Arroyo
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Gerardo A Aymard C
- UNELLEZ-Guanare, Programa del Agro y del Mar, Herbario Universitario PORT, Mesa de Cavacas, Venezuela
| | - Olaf Bánki
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Rene G A Boot
- Tropenbos International, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - José Luís C Camargo
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragment Project, INPA and STRI, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Wendeson Castro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Manejo de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
| | - Jerome Chave
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Alvaro Cogollo
- Jardín Botánico de Medellín Joaquín Antonio Uribe, Medellin, Colombia
| | - James A Comiskey
- National Park Service, Fredericksburg, VA, USA.,Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA
| | | | | | - Plínio B de Camargo
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ted R Feldpausch
- Geography Department, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | | | - Rosa C Goodman
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Rafael Herrera
- Centro de Ecología, IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela.,Institut für Geographie und Regionalforschung, Univerity of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Niro Higuchi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Susan Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - William F Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Thomas E Lovejoy
- Environmental Science and Policy Department, George Mason University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Casimiro Mendoza
- Unidad Académica del Trópico, Escuela de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Sacta, Bolivia
| | | | - David A Neill
- Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Ecuador
| | | | | | | | - John J Pipoly
- Broward County Parks and Recreation Division, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Nigel C A Pitman
- Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Adriana Prieto
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Freddy Ramirez
- Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Anand Roopsind
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Agustin Rudas
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Rafael P Salomão
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil.,Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, Brasil
| | | | - Marcos Silveira
- Museu Universitário, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
| | - James Singh
- Guyana Forestry Commission, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Juliana Stropp
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas Maceio, Maceio, Brazil
| | - Hans Ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Systems Ecology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John Terborgh
- Department of Biology and Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,School of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Raquel Thomas-Caesar
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, Georgetown, Guyana
| | | | | | | | - Simone A Vieira
- Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Vincent A Vos
- Centro de Investigación y Promoción del Campesinado-Regional Norte Amazónico, Riberalta, Bolivia.,Universidad Autónoma del Beni, Riberalta, Bolivia
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42
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Liu X, Lu Y, Zhang Z, Zhou S. Foliar fungal diseases respond differently to nitrogen and phosphorus additions in Tibetan alpine meadows. Ecol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University Xining PR China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Lanzhou University Lanzhou PR China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai PR China
| | - Yawen Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai PR China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Xining PR China
| | - Shurong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University Xining PR China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai PR China
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43
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Liu K, Cai M, Hu C, Sun X, Cheng Q, Jia W, Yang T, Nie M, Zhao X. Selenium (Se) reduces Sclerotinia stem rot disease incidence of oilseed rape by increasing plant Se concentration and shifting soil microbial community and functional profiles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113051. [PMID: 31450117 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR), a soil-borne plant disease, cause the yield loss of oilseed rape. Selenium (Se), a beneficial element of plant, improves plant resistance to pathogens, and regulates microbial communities in soil. Soil microbial communities has been identified to play an important role in plant health. We studied whether the changes in soil microbiome under influence of Se associated with oilseed rape health. SSR disease incidence of oilseed rape and soil biochemical properties were investigated in Enshi district, "The World Capital of Selenium", and soil bacterial and fungal communities were analyzed by 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing, respectively. Results showed that Se had a strong effect on SSR incidence, and disease incidence inversely related with plant Se concentration. Besides, soil Se enhanced the microbiome diversities and the relative abundance of PGPR (plant growth promoting rhizobacteria), such as Bryobacter, Nitrospirae, Rhizobiales, Xanthobacteraceae, Nitrosomonadaceae and Basidiomycota. Furthermore, Soil Se decreased the relative abundance of pathogenic fungi, such as Olpidium, Armillaria, Coniosporium, Microbotryomycetes and Chytridiomycetes. Additionally, Se increased nitrogen metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and cell processes related functional profiles in soil. The enrichment of Se in plants and improvement of soil microbial community were related to increased plant resistance to pathogen infection. These findings suggested that Se has potential to be developed as an ecological fungicide for biological control of SSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Research Center of Trace Elements, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Miaomiao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Research Center of Trace Elements, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengxiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Research Center of Trace Elements, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xuecheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Research Center of Trace Elements, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Research Center of Trace Elements, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Research Center of Trace Elements, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Research Center of Trace Elements, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Min Nie
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Research Center of Trace Elements, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Research Center of Trace Elements, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Abstract
Strategies to manage plant disease-from use of resistant varieties to crop rotation, elimination of reservoirs, landscape planning, surveillance, quarantine, risk modeling, and anticipation of disease emergences-all rely on knowledge of pathogen host range. However, awareness of the multitude of factors that influence the outcome of plant-microorganism interactions, the spatial and temporal dynamics of these factors, and the diversity of any given pathogen makes it increasingly challenging to define simple, all-purpose rules to circumscribe the host range of a pathogen. For bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, and viruses, we illustrate that host range is often an overlapping continuum-more so than the separation of discrete pathotypes-and that host jumps are common. By setting the mechanisms of plant-pathogen interactions into the scales of contemporary land use and Earth history, we propose a framework to assess the frontiers of host range for practical applications and research on pathogen evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benoît Moury
- Pathologie Végétale, INRA, 84140, Montfavet, France;
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45
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Using biased sampling data to model the distribution of invasive shot-hole borers in California. Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-02010-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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46
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Crawford KM, Bauer JT, Comita LS, Eppinga MB, Johnson DJ, Mangan SA, Queenborough SA, Strand AE, Suding KN, Umbanhowar J, Bever JD. When and where plant-soil feedback may promote plant coexistence: a meta-analysis. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1274-1284. [PMID: 31149765 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant-soil feedback (PSF) theory provides a powerful framework for understanding plant dynamics by integrating growth assays into predictions of whether soil communities stabilise plant-plant interactions. However, we lack a comprehensive view of the likelihood of feedback-driven coexistence, partly because of a failure to analyse pairwise PSF, the metric directly linked to plant species coexistence. Here, we determine the relative importance of plant evolutionary history, traits, and environmental factors for coexistence through PSF using a meta-analysis of 1038 pairwise PSF measures. Consistent with eco-evolutionary predictions, feedback is more likely to mediate coexistence for pairs of plant species (1) associating with similar guilds of mycorrhizal fungi, (2) of increasing phylogenetic distance, and (3) interacting with native microbes. We also found evidence for a primary role of pathogens in feedback-mediated coexistence. By combining results over several independent studies, our results confirm that PSF may play a key role in plant species coexistence, species invasion, and the phylogenetic diversification of plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri M Crawford
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan T Bauer
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA.,Institute for the Environment and Sustainability, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Liza S Comita
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maarten B Eppinga
- Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Environmental Science, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Daniel J Johnson
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Scott A Mangan
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Allan E Strand
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Katharine N Suding
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James Umbanhowar
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - James D Bever
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and The Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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47
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Waterman JM, Cazzonelli CI, Hartley SE, Johnson SN. Simulated Herbivory: The Key to Disentangling Plant Defence Responses. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:447-458. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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48
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Wilschut RA, van der Putten WH, Garbeva P, Harkes P, Konings W, Kulkarni P, Martens H, Geisen S. Root traits and belowground herbivores relate to plant-soil feedback variation among congeners. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1564. [PMID: 30952863 PMCID: PMC6450911 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09615-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant–soil feedbacks contribute to vegetation dynamics by species-specific interactions between plants and soil biota. Variation in plant–soil feedbacks can be predicted by root traits, successional position, and plant nativeness. However, it is unknown whether closely related plant species develop more similar plant–soil feedbacks than more distantly related species. Where previous comparisons included plant species from distant phylogenetic positions, we studied plant–soil feedbacks of congeneric species. Using eight intra-continentally range-expanding and native Geranium species, we tested relations between phylogenetic distances, chemical and structural root traits, root microbiomes, and plant–soil feedbacks. We show that root chemistry and specific root length better predict bacterial and fungal community composition than phylogenetic distance. Negative plant–soil feedback strength correlates with root-feeding nematode numbers, whereas microbiome dissimilarity, nativeness, or phylogeny does not predict plant–soil feedbacks. We conclude that root microbiome variation among congeners is best explained by root traits, and that root-feeding nematode abundances predict plant–soil feedbacks. Most studies of plant–soil feedbacks and associated traits look at remotely-related species. Here the authors look at congeners, and show that nematode-driven plant–soil feedbacks depend on root chemical and morphological traits, independent of phylogenetic distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutger A Wilschut
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8123, Droevendaalsesteeg, 16700 ES, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, PO Box 50, Droevendaalsesteeg, 106700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim H van der Putten
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8123, Droevendaalsesteeg, 16700 ES, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, PO Box 50, Droevendaalsesteeg, 106700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paolina Garbeva
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, PO Box 50, Droevendaalsesteeg, 106700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paula Harkes
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, PO Box 50, Droevendaalsesteeg, 106700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Konings
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8123, Droevendaalsesteeg, 16700 ES, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Purva Kulkarni
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, PO Box 50, Droevendaalsesteeg, 106700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Martens
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8123, Droevendaalsesteeg, 16700 ES, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Geisen
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8123, Droevendaalsesteeg, 16700 ES, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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49
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Castillo AG, Puig CG, Cumagun CJR. Non-Synergistic Effect of Trichoderma harzianum and Glomus spp. in Reducing Infection of Fusarium Wilt in Banana. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8020043. [PMID: 30935146 PMCID: PMC6630906 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Philippine banana is currently threatened by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (FocR4). This study investigated the use of Trichoderma harzianum pre-treated with Glomus spp, as a means of managing Fusarium wilt on young ‘Lakatan’ banana seedlings. Results showed that Glomus applied basally significantly improved banana seedling growth with increased increment in plant height and pseudostem diameter and heavier root weight. The application of Glomus spp. alone offered 100% protection to the ‘Lakatan’ seedlings against FocR4 as indicated by the absence of the wilting symptom. A combination of T. harzianum and Glomus spp. also gave significant effect against Fusarium wilt through delayed disease progression in the seedlings but was not synergistic. Competitive effects were suspected when application of the two biological control agents on banana roots was done simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arfe G Castillo
- Institute of Weed Science, Entomology and Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines.
| | - Cecirly G Puig
- Institute of Weed Science, Entomology and Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines.
- College of Agriculture and Related Sciences, University of Southeastern Philippines (USeP), Tagum City, Davao del Norte 8100, Philippines.
| | - Christian Joseph R Cumagun
- Institute of Weed Science, Entomology and Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines.
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 637077 Göttingen, Germany.
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50
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Barrow LN, McNew SM, Mitchell N, Galen SC, Lutz HL, Skeen H, Valqui T, Weckstein JD, Witt CC. Deeply conserved susceptibility in a multi-host, multi-parasite system. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:987-998. [PMID: 30912262 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Variation in susceptibility is ubiquitous in multi-host, multi-parasite assemblages, and can have profound implications for ecology and evolution in these systems. The extent to which susceptibility to parasites is phylogenetically conserved among hosts can be revealed by analysing diverse regional communities. We screened for haemosporidian parasites in 3983 birds representing 40 families and 523 species, spanning ~ 4500 m elevation in the tropical Andes. To quantify the influence of host phylogeny on infection status, we applied Bayesian phylogenetic multilevel models that included a suite of environmental, spatial, temporal, life history and ecological predictors. We found evidence of deeply conserved susceptibility across the avian tree; host phylogeny explained substantial variation in infection status, and results were robust to phylogenetic uncertainty. Our study suggests that susceptibility is governed, in part, by conserved, latent aspects of anti-parasite defence. This demonstrates the importance of deep phylogeny for understanding present-day ecological interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa N Barrow
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.,Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Sabrina M McNew
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.,Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.,Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Nora Mitchell
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Spencer C Galen
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.,Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics & Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, 10024, USA.,Department of Ornithology, Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA.,Department of Biodiversity, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA
| | - Holly L Lutz
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Integrative Research Center, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Heather Skeen
- Integrative Research Center, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA.,Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Thomas Valqui
- Centro de Ornitología y Biodiversidad (CORBIDI), Lima, Perú
| | - Jason D Weckstein
- Department of Ornithology, Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA.,Department of Biodiversity, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA.,Integrative Research Center, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Christopher C Witt
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.,Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
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