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Sharafutdinov I, Friedrich B, Rottner K, Backert S, Tegtmeyer N. Cortactin: A major cellular target of viral, protozoal, and fungal pathogens. Mol Microbiol 2024. [PMID: 38868928 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Many viral, protozoal, and fungal pathogens represent major human and animal health problems due to their great potential of causing infectious diseases. Research on these pathogens has contributed substantially to our current understanding of both microbial virulence determinants and host key factors during infection. Countless studies have also shed light on the molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions that are employed by these microbes. For example, actin cytoskeletal dynamics play critical roles in effective adhesion, host cell entry, and intracellular movements of intruding pathogens. Cortactin is an eminent host cell protein that stimulates actin polymerization and signal transduction, and recently emerged as fundamental player during host-pathogen crosstalk. Here we review the important role of cortactin as major target for various prominent viral, protozoal and fungal pathogens in humans, and its role in human disease development and cancer progression. Most if not all of these important classes of pathogens have been reported to hijack cortactin during infection through mediating up- or downregulation of cortactin mRNA and protein expression as well as signaling. In particular, pathogen-induced changes in tyrosine and serine phosphorylation status of cortactin at its major phospho-sites (Y-421, Y-470, Y-486, S-113, S-298, S-405, and S-418) are addressed. As has been reported for various Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, many pathogenic viruses, protozoa, and fungi also control these regulatory phospho-sites, for example, by activating kinases such as Src, PAK, ERK1/2, and PKD, which are known to phosphorylate cortactin. In addition, the recruitment of cortactin and its interaction partners, like the Arp2/3 complex and F-actin, to the contact sites between pathogens and host cells is highlighted, as this plays an important role in the infection process and internalization of several pathogens. However, there are also other ways in which the pathogens can exploit the function of cortactin for their needs, as the cortactin-mediated regulation of cellular processes is complex and involves numerous different interaction partners. Here, the current state of knowledge is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Sharafutdinov
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Friedrich
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Deng J, Minev D, Ershova A, Shih WM. Branching Crisscross Polymerization of Single-Stranded DNA Slats. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9216-9223. [PMID: 38529625 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Controlling where and when self-assembly happens is crucial in both biological and synthetic systems as it optimizes the utilization of available resources. We previously reported strictly seed-initiated linear crisscross polymerization with alternating recruitment of single-stranded DNA slats that are aligned in a parallel versus perpendicular orientation with respect to the double-helical axes. However, for some applications, it would be advantageous to produce growth that is faster than what a linear assembly can provide. Here, we implement crisscross polymerization with alternating sets of six parallel slats versus six perpendicular slats and use this framework to explore branching behavior. We present architectures that, respectively, are designed to exhibit primary, secondary, and hyperbranching growth. Thus, amplification via nonlinear crisscross polymerization can provide a route for applications such as low-cost, enzyme-free, and ultrasensitive detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Deng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Dionis Minev
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Anastasia Ershova
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - William M Shih
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Raps S, Bahr L, Karkossa I, Rossol M, von Bergen M, Schubert K. Triclosan and its alternatives, especially chlorhexidine, modulate macrophage immune response with distinct modes of action. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169650. [PMID: 38159774 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Since European regulators restricted the use of bacteriocidic triclosan (TCS), alternatives for TCS are emerging. Recently, TCS has been shown to reprogram immune metabolism, trigger the NLRP3 inflammasome, and subsequently the release of IL-1β in human macrophages, but data on substitutes is scarce. Hence, we aimed to examine the effects of TCS compared to its alternatives at the molecular level in human macrophages. LPS-stimulated THP-1 macrophages were exposed to TCS or its substitutes, including benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, chloroxylenol, chlorhexidine (CHX) and cetylpyridinium chloride, with the inhibitory concentration (IC10-value) of cell viability to decipher their mode of action. TCS induced the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF and high level of IL-1β, suggesting the activation of the NLRP3-inflammasome, which was confirmed by non-apparent IL-1β under the NLRP3-inhibitor MCC950 treatment d. While IL-6 release was reduced in all treatments, the alternative CHX completely abolished the release of all investigated cytokines. To unravel the underlying molecular mechanisms, we used untargeted LC-MS/MS-based proteomics. TCS and CHX showed the strongest cellular response at the protein and signalling pathway level, whereby pathways related to metabolism, translation, cellular stress and migration were mainly affected but to different proposed modes of action. TCS inhibited mitochondrial electron transfer and affected phagocytosis. In contrast, in CHX-treated cells, the translation was arrested due to stress conditions, resulting in the formation of stress granules. Mitochondrial (e.g. ATP5F1D, ATP5PB, UQCRQ) and ribosomal (e.g. RPL10, RPL35, RPS23) proteins were revealed as putative key drivers. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the formation of podosomes by CHX, potentially involved in ECM degradation. Our results exhibit modulation of the immune response in macrophages by TCS and its substitutes and illuminated underlying molecular effects. These results illustrate critical processes involved in the modulation of macrophages' immune response by TCS and its alternatives, providing information essential for hazard assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Raps
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Laura Bahr
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Isabel Karkossa
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manuela Rossol
- Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Schubert
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
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Lu T, Javed S, Bonfio C, Spruijt E. Interfacing Coacervates with Membranes: From Artificial Organelles and Hybrid Protocells to Intracellular Delivery. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300294. [PMID: 37354057 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Compartmentalization is crucial for the functioning of cells. Membranes enclose and protect the cell, regulate the transport of molecules entering and exiting the cell, and organize cellular machinery in subcompartments. In addition, membraneless condensates, or coacervates, offer dynamic compartments that act as biomolecular storage centers, organizational hubs, or reaction crucibles. Emerging evidence shows that phase-separated membraneless bodies in the cell are involved in a wide range of functional interactions with cellular membranes, leading to transmembrane signaling, membrane remodeling, intracellular transport, and vesicle formation. Such functional and dynamic interplay between phase-separated droplets and membranes also offers many potential benefits to artificial cells, as shown by recent studies involving coacervates and liposomes. Depending on the relative sizes and interaction strength between coacervates and membranes, coacervates can serve as artificial membraneless organelles inside liposomes, as templates for membrane assembly and hybrid artificial cell formation, as membrane remodelers for tubulation and possibly division, and finally, as cargo containers for transport and delivery of biomolecules across membranes by endocytosis or direct membrane crossing. Here, recent experimental examples of each of these functions are reviewed and the underlying physicochemical principles and possible future applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiemei Lu
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Sadaf Javed
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Bonfio
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), CNRS UMR 7006, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67083, France
| | - Evan Spruijt
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
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Sasivimolrattana T, Bhattarakosol P. Impact of actin polymerization and filopodia formation on herpes simplex virus entry in epithelial, neuronal, and T lymphocyte cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1301859. [PMID: 38076455 PMCID: PMC10704452 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1301859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has been known as a common viral pathogen that can infect several parts of the body, leading to various clinical manifestations. According to this diverse manifestation, HSV-1 infection in many cell types was demonstrated. Besides the HSV-1 cell tropism, e.g., fibroblast, epithelial, mucosal cells, and neurons, HSV-1 infections can occur in human T lymphocyte cells, especially in activated T cells. In addition, several studies found that actin polymerization and filopodia formation support HSV-1 infection in diverse cell types. Hence, the goal of this review is to explore the mechanism of HSV-1 infection in various types of cells involving filopodia formation and highlight potential future directions for HSV-1 entry-related research. Moreover, this review covers several strategies for possible anti-HSV drugs focused on the entry step, offering insights into potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parvapan Bhattarakosol
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Carter-Su C, Argetsinger LS, Svezhova N. 2022 Cannon lecture: an ode to signal transduction: how the growth hormone pathway revealed insight into height, malignancy, and obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E425-E437. [PMID: 37672248 PMCID: PMC10874654 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00265.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Walter Cannon was a highly regarded American neurologist and physiologist with extremely broad interests. In the tradition of Cannon and his broad interests, we discuss our laboratory's multifaceted work in signal transduction over the past 40+ years. We show how our questioning of how growth hormone (GH) in the blood communicates with cells throughout the body to promote body growth and regulate body metabolism led to insight into not only body height but also important regulators of malignancy and body weight. Highlights include finding that 1) A critical initiating step in GH signal transduction is GH activating the GH receptor-associated tyrosine kinase JAK2; 2) GH activation of JAK2 leads to activation of a number of signaling proteins, including STAT transcription factors; 3) JAK2 is autophosphorylated on multiple tyrosines that regulate the activity of JAK2 and recruit signaling proteins to GH/GH receptor/JAK2 complexes; 4) Constitutively activated STAT proteins are associated with cancer; 5) GH activation of JAK2 recruits the adapter protein SH2B1 to GH/GH receptor/JAK2 complexes where it facilitates GH regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and motility; and 6) SH2B1 is recruited to other receptors in the brain, where it enhances satiety, most likely in part by regulating leptin action and neuronal connections of appetite-regulating neurons. These findings have led to increased understanding of how GH functions, as well as therapeutic interventions for certain cancer and obese individuals, thereby reinforcing the great importance of supporting basic research since one never knows ahead of time what important insight it can provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Carter-Su
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | | | - Nadezhda Svezhova
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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Ghuloum FI, Stevens LA, Johnson CA, Riobo-Del Galdo NA, Amer MH. Towards modular engineering of cell signalling: Topographically-textured microparticles induce osteogenesis via activation of canonical hedgehog signalling. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 154:213652. [PMID: 37837904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Polymer microparticles possess great potential as functional building blocks for advanced bottom-up engineering of complex tissues. Tailoring the three-dimensional architectural features of culture substrates has been shown to induce osteogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells in vitro, but the molecular mechanisms underpinning this remain unclear. This study proposes a mechanism linking the activation of Hedgehog signalling to the osteoinductive effect of surface-engineered, topographically-textured polymeric microparticles. In this study, mesenchymal progenitor C3H10T1/2 cells were cultured on smooth and dimpled poly(D,l-lactide) microparticles to assess differences in viability, cellular morphology, proliferation, and expression of a range of Hedgehog signalling components and osteogenesis-related genes. Dimpled microparticles induced osteogenesis and activated the Hedgehog signalling pathway relative to smooth microparticles and 2D-cultured controls without the addition of exogenous biochemical factors. We observed upregulation of the osteogenesis markers Runt-related transcription factor2 (Runx2) and bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein 2 (Bglap2), as well as the Hedgehog signalling components, glioma associated oncogene homolog 1 (Gli1), Patched1 (Ptch1), and Smoothened (Smo). Treatment with the Smo antagonist KAAD-cyclopamine confirmed the involvement of Smo in Gli1 target gene activation, with a significant reduction in the expression of Gli1, Runx2 and Bglap2 (p ≤ 0.001) following KAAD-cyclopamine treatment. Overall, our study demonstrates the role of the topographical microenvironment in the modulation of Hedgehog signalling, highlighting the potential for tailoring substrate topographical design to offer cell-instructive 3D microenvironments. Topographically-textured microparticles allow the modulation of Hedgehog signalling in vitro without adding exogenous biochemical agonists, thereby eliminating potential confounding artefacts in high-throughput drug screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatmah I Ghuloum
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Lee A Stevens
- Low Carbon Energy and Resources Technologies Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Colin A Johnson
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Natalia A Riobo-Del Galdo
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Mahetab H Amer
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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Carney KR, Khan AM, Stam S, Samson SC, Mittal N, Han SJ, Bidone TC, Mendoza MC. Nascent adhesions shorten the period of lamellipodium protrusion through the Brownian ratchet mechanism. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar115. [PMID: 37672339 PMCID: PMC10846621 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-08-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Directional cell migration is driven by the conversion of oscillating edge motion into lasting periods of leading edge protrusion. Actin polymerization against the membrane and adhesions control edge motion, but the exact mechanisms that determine protrusion period remain elusive. We addressed this by developing a computational model in which polymerization of actin filaments against a deformable membrane and variable adhesion dynamics support edge motion. Consistent with previous reports, our model showed that actin polymerization and adhesion lifetime power protrusion velocity. However, increasing adhesion lifetime decreased the protrusion period. Measurements of adhesion lifetime and edge motion in migrating cells confirmed that adhesion lifetime is associated with and promotes protrusion velocity, but decreased duration. Our model showed that adhesions' control of protrusion persistence originates from the Brownian ratchet mechanism for actin filament polymerization. With longer adhesion lifetime or increased-adhesion density, the proportion of actin filaments tethered to the substrate increased, maintaining filaments against the cell membrane. The reduced filament-membrane distance generated pushing force for high edge velocity, but limited further polymerization needed for protrusion duration. We propose a mechanism for cell edge protrusion in which adhesion strength regulates actin filament polymerization to control the periods of leading edge protrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith R. Carney
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Akib M. Khan
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Samantha Stam
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Shiela C. Samson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Nikhil Mittal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Sangyoon J. Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Tamara C. Bidone
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Michelle C. Mendoza
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
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Fregoso FE, Boczkowska M, Rebowski G, Carman PJ, van Eeuwen T, Dominguez R. Mechanism of synergistic activation of Arp2/3 complex by cortactin and WASP-family proteins. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6894. [PMID: 37898612 PMCID: PMC10613254 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortactin coactivates Arp2/3 complex synergistically with WASP-family nucleation-promoting factors (NPFs) and stabilizes branched networks by linking Arp2/3 complex to F-actin. It is poorly understood how cortactin performs these functions. We describe the 2.89 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of cortactin's N-terminal domain (Cort1-76) bound to Arp2/3 complex. Cortactin binds Arp2/3 complex through an inverted Acidic domain (D20-V29), which targets the same site on Arp3 as the Acidic domain of NPFs but with opposite polarity. Sequences N- and C-terminal to cortactin's Acidic domain do not increase its affinity for Arp2/3 complex but contribute toward coactivation with NPFs. Coactivation further increases with NPF dimerization and for longer cortactin constructs with stronger binding to F-actin. The results suggest that cortactin contributes to Arp2/3 complex coactivation with NPFs in two ways, by helping recruit the complex to F-actin and by stabilizing the short-pitch (active) conformation, which are both byproducts of cortactin's core function in branch stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred E Fregoso
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Malgorzata Boczkowska
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Grzegorz Rebowski
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter J Carman
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Trevor van Eeuwen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Roberto Dominguez
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Guo S, Hoeprich GJ, Magliozzi JO, Gelles J, Goode BL. Dynamic remodeling of actin networks by cyclase-associated protein and CAP-Abp1 complexes. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4484-4495.e5. [PMID: 37797614 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
How actin filaments are spatially organized and remodeled into diverse higher-order networks in vivo is still not well understood. Here, we report an unexpected F-actin "coalescence" activity driven by cyclase-associated protein (CAP) and enhanced by its interactions with actin-binding protein 1 (Abp1). We directly observe S. cerevisiae CAP and Abp1 rapidly transforming branched or linear actin networks by bundling and sliding filaments past each other, maximizing filament overlap, and promoting compaction into bundles. This activity does not require ATP and is conserved, as similar behaviors are observed for the mammalian homologs of CAP and Abp1. Coalescence depends on the CAP oligomerization domain but not the helical folded domain (HFD) that mediates its functions in F-actin severing and depolymerization. Coalescence by CAP-Abp1 further depends on interactions between CAP and Abp1 and interactions between Abp1 and F-actin. Our results are consistent with a mechanism in which the formation of energetically favorable sliding CAP and CAP-Abp1 crosslinks drives F-actin bundle compaction. Roles for CAP and CAP-Abp1 in actin remodeling in vivo are supported by strong phenotypes arising from deletion of the CAP oligomerization domain and by genetic interactions between sac6Δ and an srv2-301 mutant that does not bind Abp1. Together, these observations identify a new actin filament remodeling function for CAP, which is further enhanced by its direct interactions with Abp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Guo
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Gregory J Hoeprich
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Joseph O Magliozzi
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Jeff Gelles
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
| | - Bruce L Goode
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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11
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Štepihar D, Florke Gee RR, Hoyos Sanchez MC, Fon Tacer K. Cell-specific secretory granule sorting mechanisms: the role of MAGEL2 and retromer in hypothalamic regulated secretion. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1243038. [PMID: 37799273 PMCID: PMC10548473 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1243038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular protein trafficking and sorting are extremely arduous in endocrine and neuroendocrine cells, which synthesize and secrete on-demand substantial quantities of proteins. To ensure that neuroendocrine secretion operates correctly, each step in the secretion pathways is tightly regulated and coordinated both spatially and temporally. At the trans-Golgi network (TGN), intrinsic structural features of proteins and several sorting mechanisms and distinct signals direct newly synthesized proteins into proper membrane vesicles that enter either constitutive or regulated secretion pathways. Furthermore, this anterograde transport is counterbalanced by retrograde transport, which not only maintains membrane homeostasis but also recycles various proteins that function in the sorting of secretory cargo, formation of transport intermediates, or retrieval of resident proteins of secretory organelles. The retromer complex recycles proteins from the endocytic pathway back to the plasma membrane or TGN and was recently identified as a critical player in regulated secretion in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, melanoma antigen protein L2 (MAGEL2) was discovered to act as a tissue-specific regulator of the retromer-dependent endosomal protein recycling pathway and, by doing so, ensures proper secretory granule formation and maturation. MAGEL2 is a mammalian-specific and maternally imprinted gene implicated in Prader-Willi and Schaaf-Yang neurodevelopmental syndromes. In this review, we will briefly discuss the current understanding of the regulated secretion pathway, encompassing anterograde and retrograde traffic. Although our understanding of the retrograde trafficking and sorting in regulated secretion is not yet complete, we will review recent insights into the molecular role of MAGEL2 in hypothalamic neuroendocrine secretion and how its dysregulation contributes to the symptoms of Prader-Willi and Schaaf-Yang patients. Given that the activation of many secreted proteins occurs after they enter secretory granules, modulation of the sorting efficiency in a tissue-specific manner may represent an evolutionary adaptation to environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Štepihar
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, United States
- Texas Center for Comparative Cancer Research (TC3R), Amarillo, TX, United States
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rebecca R. Florke Gee
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, United States
- Texas Center for Comparative Cancer Research (TC3R), Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Maria Camila Hoyos Sanchez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, United States
- Texas Center for Comparative Cancer Research (TC3R), Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Klementina Fon Tacer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, United States
- Texas Center for Comparative Cancer Research (TC3R), Amarillo, TX, United States
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12
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Sadhu RK, Iglič A, Gov NS. A minimal cell model for lamellipodia-based cellular dynamics and migration. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260744. [PMID: 37497740 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
One ubiquitous cellular structure for performing various tasks, such as spreading and migration over external surfaces, is the sheet-like protrusion called a lamellipodium, which propels the leading edge of the cell. Despite the detailed knowledge about the many components of this cellular structure, it is not yet fully understood how these components self-organize spatiotemporally to form lamellipodia. We review here recent theoretical works where we have demonstrated that membrane-bound protein complexes that have intrinsic curvature and recruit the protrusive forces of the cytoskeleton result in a simple, yet highly robust, organizing feedback mechanism that organizes the cytoskeleton and the membrane. This self-organization mechanism accounts for the formation of flat lamellipodia at the leading edge of cells spreading over adhesive substrates, allowing for the emergence of a polarized, motile 'minimal cell' model. The same mechanism describes how lamellipodia organize to drive robust engulfment of particles during phagocytosis and explains in simple physical terms the spreading and migration of cells over fibers and other curved surfaces. This Review highlights that despite the complexity of cellular composition, there might be simple general physical principles that are utilized by the cell to drive cellular shape dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Sadhu
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 168, Paris 75005, France
| | - Aleš Iglič
- Laboratory of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nir S Gov
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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13
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Beta C, Edelstein-Keshet L, Gov N, Yochelis A. From actin waves to mechanism and back: How theory aids biological understanding. eLife 2023; 12:e87181. [PMID: 37428017 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin dynamics in cell motility, division, and phagocytosis is regulated by complex factors with multiple feedback loops, often leading to emergent dynamic patterns in the form of propagating waves of actin polymerization activity that are poorly understood. Many in the actin wave community have attempted to discern the underlying mechanisms using experiments and/or mathematical models and theory. Here, we survey methods and hypotheses for actin waves based on signaling networks, mechano-chemical effects, and transport characteristics, with examples drawn from Dictyostelium discoideum, human neutrophils, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Xenopus laevis oocytes. While experimentalists focus on the details of molecular components, theorists pose a central question of universality: Are there generic, model-independent, underlying principles, or just boundless cell-specific details? We argue that mathematical methods are equally important for understanding the emergence, evolution, and persistence of actin waves and conclude with a few challenges for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Beta
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Nir Gov
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Arik Yochelis
- Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
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14
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Zhao Y, Hu F, Wang Q. Cortactin contributes to the tumorigenesis of gastric cancer by activating ERK/MMP pathway. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18289. [PMID: 37539204 PMCID: PMC10395536 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a malignant tumor with high mortality and high incidence. This study aims to explore the function and molecular mechanism of Cortactin on gastric cancer progression in vitro and in vivo. A bioinformatics analysis from TCGA displayed that Cortactin was highly expressed in gastric cancer samples, and patients with a high Cortactin level had a worse survival rate. Subsequently, we investigated the specific mechanism of action of A in gastric cancer by collecting patient samples for immunohistochemistry, WB, qRT-PCR, cell transfection, cell invasion and metastasis, and constructing tumor xenografts in nude mice. Overexpression of Cortactin inhibited apoptosis and enhanced cellular proliferation and mobility in AGS cells, while those activities were reversed by the knockdown of MMP2 or MMP9. Conversely, the deletion of Cortactin induced apoptosis and suppressed cell growth and metastasis in SGC7901 cells, whereas those behaviors were inhibited by overexpression of MMP2 or MMP9. Additionally, the ERK pathway was activated by Cortactin upregulation. In vivo studies presented that overexpression of Cortactin promoted tumor growth, increased Ki67 expression, and reduced caspase 3 expression, which was reversed by ERK inhibitor treatment. In conclusion, Cortactin acted as an oncogene in gastric cancer and exerted its function by ERK/MMP2/MMP9 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Anhui 233004, China
| | - Fang Hu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Anhui 233004, China
| | - Qizhi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Anhui 233004, China
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15
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Würthner L, Goychuk A, Frey E. Geometry-induced patterns through mechanochemical coupling. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:014404. [PMID: 37583206 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.014404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular protein patterns regulate a variety of vital cellular processes such as cell division and motility, which often involve dynamic cell-shape changes. These changes in cell shape may in turn affect the dynamics of pattern-forming proteins, hence leading to an intricate feedback loop between cell shape and chemical dynamics. While several computational studies have examined the rich resulting dynamics, the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. To elucidate some of these mechanisms, we explore a conceptual model for cell polarity on a dynamic one-dimensional manifold. Using concepts from differential geometry, we derive the equations governing mass-conserving reaction-diffusion systems on time-evolving manifolds. Analyzing these equations mathematically, we show that dynamic shape changes of the membrane can induce pattern-forming instabilities in parts of the membrane, which we refer to as regional instabilities. Deformations of the local membrane geometry can also (regionally) suppress pattern formation and spatially shift already existing patterns. We explain our findings by applying and generalizing the local equilibria theory of mass-conserving reaction-diffusion systems. This allows us to determine a simple onset criterion for geometry-induced pattern-forming instabilities, which is linked to the phase-space structure of the reaction-diffusion system. The feedback loop between membrane shape deformations and reaction-diffusion dynamics then leads to a surprisingly rich phenomenology of patterns, including oscillations, traveling waves, and standing waves, even if these patterns do not occur in systems with a fixed membrane shape. Our paper reveals that the local conformation of the membrane geometry acts as an important dynamical control parameter for pattern formation in mass-conserving reaction-diffusion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laeschkir Würthner
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics (ASC) and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 37, D-80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Andriy Goychuk
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics (ASC) and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 37, D-80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Erwin Frey
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics (ASC) and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 37, D-80333 Munich, Germany
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Hofgartenstraße 8, D-80539 Munich, Germany
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16
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Ravid Y, Penič S, Mimori-Kiyosue Y, Suetsugu S, Iglič A, Gov NS. Theoretical model of membrane protrusions driven by curved active proteins. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1153420. [PMID: 37228585 PMCID: PMC10203436 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1153420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells intrinsically change their shape, by changing the composition of their membrane and by restructuring their underlying cytoskeleton. We present here further studies and extensions of a minimal physical model, describing a closed vesicle with mobile curved membrane protein complexes. The cytoskeletal forces describe the protrusive force due to actin polymerization which is recruited to the membrane by the curved protein complexes. We characterize the phase diagrams of this model, as function of the magnitude of the active forces, nearest-neighbor protein interactions and the proteins' spontaneous curvature. It was previously shown that this model can explain the formation of lamellipodia-like flat protrusions, and here we explore the regimes where the model can also give rise to filopodia-like tubular protrusions. We extend the simulation with curved components of both convex and concave species, where we find the formation of complex ruffled clusters, as well as internalized invaginations that resemble the process of endocytosis and macropinocytosis. We alter the force model representing the cytoskeleton to simulate the effects of bundled instead of branched structure, resulting in shapes which resemble filopodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Ravid
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Samo Penič
- Laboratory of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Yuko Mimori-Kiyosue
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Minatojima-minaminachi, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shiro Suetsugu
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
- Data Science Center, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- Center for Digital Green-innovation, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Aleš Iglič
- Laboratory of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nir S. Gov
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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17
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Ostalé CM, Vega-Cuesta P, González T, López-Varea A, de Celis JF. RNAi screen in the Drosophila wing of genes encoding proteins related to cytoskeleton organization and cell division. Dev Biol 2023; 498:61-76. [PMID: 37015290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell division and cytoskeleton organization are fundamental processes participating in the development of Drosophila imaginal discs. In this manuscript we describe the phenotypes in the adult fly wing generated by knockdowns of 85% of Drosophila genes encoding proteins likely related to the regulation of cell division and cytoskeleton organization. We also compile a molecular classification of these proteins into classes that describe their expected or known main biochemical characteristics, as well as mRNA expression in the wing disc and likely protein subcellular localization for a subset of these genes. Finally, we analyze in more detail one protein family of cytoskeleton genes (Arp2/3 complex), and define the consequences of interfering with cell division for wing growth and patterning.
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18
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Wang X, Shao L, Richardson KK, Ling W, Warren A, Krager K, Aykin-Burns N, Hromas R, Zhou D, Almeida M, Kim HN. Hematopoietic cytoplasmic adaptor protein Hem1 promotes osteoclast fusion and bone resorption in mice. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102841. [PMID: 36574841 PMCID: PMC9867982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hem1 (hematopoietic protein 1), a hematopoietic cell-specific member of the Hem family of cytoplasmic adaptor proteins, is essential for lymphopoiesis and innate immunity as well as for the transition of hematopoiesis from the fetal liver to the bone marrow. However, the role of Hem1 in bone cell differentiation and bone remodeling is unknown. Here, we show that deletion of Hem1 resulted in a markedly increase in bone mass because of defective bone resorption in mice of both sexes. Hem1-deficient osteoclast progenitors were able to differentiate into osteoclasts, but the osteoclasts exhibited impaired osteoclast fusion and decreased bone-resorption activity, potentially because of decreased mitogen-activated protein kinase and tyrosine kinase c-Abl activity. Transplantation of bone marrow hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from wildtype into Hem1 knockout mice increased bone resorption and normalized bone mass. These findings indicate that Hem1 plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of normal bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Lijian Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kimberly K Richardson
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Musculoskeletal Disease Research and Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Wen Ling
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Musculoskeletal Disease Research and Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Aaron Warren
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Musculoskeletal Disease Research and Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kimberly Krager
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Nukhet Aykin-Burns
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Robert Hromas
- Department of Medicine, The Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Daohong Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Maria Almeida
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Musculoskeletal Disease Research and Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
| | - Ha-Neui Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Musculoskeletal Disease Research and Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
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19
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Dandamudi A, Akbar H, Cancelas J, Zheng Y. Rho GTPase Signaling in Platelet Regulation and Implication for Antiplatelet Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032519. [PMID: 36768837 PMCID: PMC9917354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets play a vital role in regulating hemostasis and thrombosis. Rho GTPases are well known as molecular switches that control various cellular functions via a balanced GTP-binding/GTP-hydrolysis cycle and signaling cascade through downstream effectors. In platelets, Rho GTPases function as critical regulators by mediating signal transduction that drives platelet activation and aggregation. Mostly by gene targeting and pharmacological inhibition approaches, Rho GTPase family members RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 have been shown to be indispensable in regulating the actin cytoskeleton dynamics in platelets, affecting platelet shape change, spreading, secretion, and aggregation, leading to thrombus formation. Additionally, studies of Rho GTPase function using platelets as a non-transformed model due to their anucleated nature have revealed valuable information on cell signaling principles. This review provides an updated summary of recent advances in Rho GTPase signaling in platelet regulation. We also highlight pharmacological approaches that effectively inhibited platelet activation to explore their possible development into future antiplatelet therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhila Dandamudi
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati Graduate School, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Huzoor Akbar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Jose Cancelas
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Hoxworth Blood Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati Graduate School, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-513-636-0595
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20
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Lu P, Lin D, Chen N, Wang L, Zhang X, Chen H, Ma P. CNN-assisted SERS enables ultra-sensitive and simultaneous detection of Scr and BUN for rapid kidney function assessment. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:322-332. [PMID: 36594673 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01573k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Kidney disease is highly prevalent and may result in severe clinical outcomes. Serum creatinine (Scr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) are the most widely used biomarkers for kidney function assessment, yet when measured alone, the result can be affected by a variety of parameters such as age, gender, protein consumption, etc. Measuring Scr and BUN simultaneously can eliminate most of the external influences and greatly improve the assessment of kidney function. In this study, a real-time kidney function assessment system based on dual biomarker detection was proposed. Scr and BUN were determined using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) within the concentration range of 10-1 to 10-6 M and 0.28 to 100 mg dl-1, respectively. A one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) model was employed to quantitatively analyze the concentration of biomarkers from the SERS spectral measurements. Moreover, we simulated a variety of kidney health conditions with 16 groups of mixed Scr and BUN in serum. The proposed CNN-assisted SERS method was used to quantify both biomarkers and provide diagnostic results. The Au core-Ag shell nanoprobes provided ultra-sensitive SERS detection and the CNN model achieved excellent regression results with an R2 of 0.9871 in the testing dataset. The system demonstrated a rapid and robust evaluation for the assessment of kidney function, providing a promising idea for medical diagnosis with the help of spectroscopy and deep learning methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Dajun Lin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ning Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Luyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Xuedian Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Pei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
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21
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Sharafutdinov I, Knorr J, Rottner K, Backert S, Tegtmeyer N. Cortactin: A universal host cytoskeletal target of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial pathogens. Mol Microbiol 2022; 118:623-636. [PMID: 36396951 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria possess a great potential of causing infectious diseases and represent a serious threat to human and animal health. Understanding the molecular basis of infection development can provide new valuable strategies for disease prevention and better control. In host-pathogen interactions, actin-cytoskeletal dynamics play a crucial role in the successful adherence, invasion, and intracellular motility of many intruding microbial pathogens. Cortactin, a major cellular factor that promotes actin polymerization and other functions, appears as a central regulator of host-pathogen interactions and different human diseases including cancer development. Various important microbes have been reported to hijack cortactin signaling during infection. The primary regulation of cortactin appears to proceed via serine and/or tyrosine phosphorylation events by upstream kinases, acetylation, and interaction with various other host proteins, including the Arp2/3 complex, filamentous actin, the actin nucleation promoting factor N-WASP, focal adhesion kinase FAK, the large GTPase dynamin-2, the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav2, and the actin-stabilizing protein CD2AP. Given that many signaling factors can affect cortactin activities, several microbes target certain unique pathways, while also sharing some common features. Here we review our current knowledge of the hallmarks of cortactin as a major target for eminent Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial pathogens in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Sharafutdinov
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jakob Knorr
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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22
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Chen F, Wang Y, He J, Chen L, Xue G, Zhao Y, Peng Y, Smith C, Zhang J, Chen J, Xie P. Molecular Mechanisms of Spawning Habits for the Adaptive Radiation of Endemic East Asian Cyprinid Fishes. Research (Wash D C) 2022; 2022:9827986. [PMID: 36204246 PMCID: PMC9513835 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9827986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread recognition of adaptive radiation as a driver of speciation, the mechanisms by which natural selection generates new species are incompletely understood. The evolutionary radiation of endemic East Asian cyprinids has been proposed as evolving through a change in spawning habits, involving a transition from semibuoyant eggs to adhesive eggs in response to crosslinked river-lake system formation. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms that underpin this radiation, associated with egg hydration and adhesiveness. We demonstrated that semibuoyant eggs enhance hydration by increasing the degradation of yolk protein and accumulation of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions, while adhesive eggs improve adhesiveness and hardness of the egg envelope by producing an adhesive layer and a unique 4th layer to the egg envelope. Based on multiomics analyses and verification tests, we showed that during the process of adaptive radiation, adhesive eggs downregulated the “vitellogenin degradation pathway,” “zinc metalloprotease pathway,” and “ubiquitin-proteasome pathway” and the pathways of Ca2+ and Mg2+ active transport to reduce their hydration. At the same time, adhesive eggs upregulated the crosslinks of microfilament-associated proteins and adhesive-related proteins, the hardening-related proteins of the egg envelope, and the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycan in the ovary to generate adhesiveness. These findings illustrate the novel molecular mechanisms associated with hydration and adhesiveness of freshwater fish eggs and identify critical molecular mechanisms involved in the adaptive radiation of endemic East Asian cyprinids. We propose that these key egg attributes may function as “magic traits” in this adaptive radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yeke Wang
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun He
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ge Xue
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanghui Peng
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Carl Smith
- Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jia Zhang
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- Institute of Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environment, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
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23
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Zhang S, Wang Y, Jiang X, Wang Z. GFP fusion promotes the soluble and active expression of a pea actin isoform ( PEAc1) in Escherichia coli. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 53:557-564. [PMID: 36036389 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2114011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we report that a GFP fusion tag facilitated the soluble expression of a pea actin isoform (PEAc1) in E. coli. To investigate the influence of a GFP fusion tag on PEAc1 structure and activity, PEAc1, His-tagged PEAc1 (His-PEAc1), His-tagged GFP (His-GFP), and His-tagged PEAc1 fusion with GFP (His-PEAc1-GFP) were expressed in E. coli. SDS-PAGE and western blot analyses reveal that the solubility of His-PEAc1-GFP was higher than that of PEAc1 and His-PEAc1. The His-PEAc1-GFP and His-GFP fusion proteins were purified from the supernatant of cell homogenate on a Ni-affinity column, and PEAc1 and His-PEAc1 were purified from inclusion bodies. CD spectrum analysis of the four purified proteins indicated that the proportion of α-helix and β-sheet in PEAc1 was closest to the predicted data in His-PEAc1-GFP (compared with His-PEAc1 or PEAc1). In addition, the actin-associated activities of His-PEAc1-GFP, including polymerization to microfilaments under specific ionic conditions and DNase I inhibition by monomers, were more similar to those of muscle actin (compared with PEAc1 and His-PEAc1). These improvements in PEAc1 solubility and activity are likely the result of correct PEAc1 folding mediated by GFP fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobin Zhang
- College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yiqing Wang
- College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhanyong Wang
- College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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24
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Li TD, Bieling P, Weichsel J, Mullins RD, Fletcher DA. The molecular mechanism of load adaptation by branched actin networks. eLife 2022; 11:e73145. [PMID: 35748355 PMCID: PMC9328761 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched actin networks are self-assembling molecular motors that move biological membranes and drive many important cellular processes, including phagocytosis, endocytosis, and pseudopod protrusion. When confronted with opposing forces, the growth rate of these networks slows and their density increases, but the stoichiometry of key components does not change. The molecular mechanisms governing this force response are not well understood, so we used single-molecule imaging and AFM cantilever deflection to measure how applied forces affect each step in branched actin network assembly. Although load forces are observed to increase the density of growing filaments, we find that they actually decrease the rate of filament nucleation due to inhibitory interactions between actin filament ends and nucleation promoting factors. The force-induced increase in network density turns out to result from an exponential drop in the rate constant that governs filament capping. The force dependence of filament capping matches that of filament elongation and can be explained by expanding Brownian Ratchet theory to cover both processes. We tested a key prediction of this expanded theory by measuring the force-dependent activity of engineered capping protein variants and found that increasing the size of the capping protein increases its sensitivity to applied forces. In summary, we find that Brownian Ratchets underlie not only the ability of growing actin filaments to generate force but also the ability of branched actin networks to adapt their architecture to changing loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-De Li
- Department of Bioengineering & Biophysics Program, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Division of Biological Systems & Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyUnited States
- Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New YorkNew YorkUnited States
| | - Peter Bieling
- Division of Biological Systems & Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyUnited States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Julian Weichsel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - R Dyche Mullins
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Daniel A Fletcher
- Department of Bioengineering & Biophysics Program, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Division of Biological Systems & Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyUnited States
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoUnited States
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25
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Kamasaki T, Uehara R, Fujita Y. Ultrastructural Characteristics of Finger-Like Membrane Protrusions in Cell Competition. Microscopy (Oxf) 2022; 71:195-205. [PMID: 35394538 PMCID: PMC9340795 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A small number of oncogenic mutated cells sporadically arise within the epithelial monolayer. Newly emerging Ras- or Src-transformed epithelial cells are often apically eliminated during competitive interactions between normal and transformed cells. Our recent electron microscopy (EM) analyses revealed that characteristic finger-like membrane protrusions are formed at the interface between normal and RasV12-transformed cells via the cdc42–formin-binding protein 17 (FBP17) pathway, potentially playing a positive role in intercellular recognition during apical extrusion. However, the spatial distribution and ultrastructural characteristics of finger-like protrusions remain unknown. In this study, we performed both X–Y and X–Z EM analyses of finger-like protrusions during the apical extrusion of RasV12-transformed cells. Quantification of the distribution and widths of the protrusions showed comparable results between the X–Y and X–Z sections. Finger-like protrusions were observed throughout the cell boundary between normal and RasV12 cells, except for apicalmost tight junctions. In addition, a non-cell-autonomous reduction in protrusion widths was observed between RasV12 cells and surrounding normal cells under the mix culture condition. In the finger-like protrusions, intercellular adhesions via thin electron-dense plaques were observed, implying that immature and transient forms of desmosomes, adherens junctions or unknown weak adhesions were distributed. Interestingly, unlike RasV12-transformed cells, Src-transformed cells form fewer evident protrusions, and FBP17 in Src cells is dispensable for apical extrusion. Collectively, these results suggest that the dynamic reorganization of intercellular adhesions via finger-like protrusions may positively control cell competition between normal and RasV12-transformed cells. Furthermore, our data indicate a cell context–dependent diversity in the modes of apical extrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kamasaki
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0815, Japan.,Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Ryota Uehara
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujita
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0815, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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26
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Grinshtain E, Shpungin S, Baum M, Nir U, Breitbart H. The Fer tyrosine kinase protects sperm from spontaneous acrosome reaction. Dev Biol 2022; 487:24-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Hunziker A, Glas I, Pohl MO, Stertz S. Phosphoproteomic profiling of influenza virus entry reveals infection-triggered filopodia induction counteracted by dynamic cortactin phosphorylation. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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28
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Kamasaki T, Miyazaki Y, Ishikawa S, Hoshiba K, Kuromiya K, Tanimura N, Mori Y, Tsutsumi M, Nemoto T, Uehara R, Suetsugu S, Itoh T, Fujita Y. FBP17-mediated finger-like membrane protrusions in cell competition between normal and RasV12-transformed cells. iScience 2021; 24:102994. [PMID: 34485872 PMCID: PMC8405961 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
At the initial stage of carcinogenesis, cell competition often occurs between newly emerging transformed cells and the neighboring normal cells, leading to the elimination of transformed cells from the epithelial layer. For instance, when RasV12-transformed cells are surrounded by normal cells, RasV12 cells are apically extruded from the epithelium. However, the underlying mechanisms of this tumor-suppressive process still remain enigmatic. We first show by electron microscopic analysis that characteristic finger-like membrane protrusions are projected from both normal and RasV12 cells at their interface. In addition, FBP17, a member of the F-BAR proteins, accumulates in RasV12 cells, as well as surrounding normal cells, which plays a positive role in the formation of finger-like protrusions and apical elimination of RasV12 cells. Furthermore, cdc42 acts upstream of these processes. These results suggest that the cdc42/FBP17 pathway is a crucial trigger of cell competition, inducing “protrusion to protrusion response” between normal and RasV12-transformed cells. EM analysis shows finger-like membrane protrusions between normal and RasV12 cells Cdc42/FBP17 regulate the formation of the finger-like membrane protrusions Cdc42/FBP17-mediated finger-like protrusions promote elimination of RasV12 cells ‘Protrusion to protrusion response’ triggers cell competition
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kamasaki
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan.,Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yumi Miyazaki
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Susumu Ishikawa
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Kazuya Hoshiba
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kuromiya
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tanimura
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mori
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Motosuke Tsutsumi
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.,Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) & National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nemoto
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.,Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) & National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Ryota Uehara
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Shiro Suetsugu
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Toshiki Itoh
- Division of Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan.,Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujita
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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29
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The Role of WAVE2 Signaling in Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091217. [PMID: 34572403 PMCID: PMC8464821 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) and WASP family verprolin-homologous protein (WAVE)—WAVE1, WAVE2 and WAVE3 regulate rapid reorganization of cortical actin filaments and have been shown to form a key link between small GTPases and the actin cytoskeleton. Upon receiving upstream signals from Rho-family GTPases, the WASP and WAVE family proteins play a significant role in polymerization of actin cytoskeleton through activation of actin-related protein 2/3 complex (Arp2/3). The Arp2/3 complex, once activated, forms actin-based membrane protrusions essential for cell migration and cancer cell invasion. Thus, by activation of Arp2/3 complex, the WAVE and WASP family proteins, as part of the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC), have been shown to play a critical role in cancer cell invasion and metastasis, drawing significant research interest over recent years. Several studies have highlighted the potential for targeting the genes encoding either part of or a complete protein from the WASP/WAVE family as therapeutic strategies for preventing the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. WAVE2 is well documented to be associated with the pathogenesis of several human cancers, including lung, liver, pancreatic, prostate, colorectal and breast cancer, as well as other hematologic malignancies. This review focuses mainly on the role of WAVE2 in the development, invasion and metastasis of different types of cancer. This review also summarizes the molecular mechanisms that regulate the activity of WAVE2, as well as those oncogenic pathways that are regulated by WAVE2 to promote the cancer phenotype. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies that target WAVE2 or the WAVE regulatory complex, aimed at preventing or inhibiting cancer invasion and metastasis.
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30
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Huang D, Ding Q, Chen S, Lü S, Zhang Y, Long M. E-selectin negatively regulates polymorphonuclear neutrophil transmigration through altered endothelial junction integrity. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21521. [PMID: 33811691 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000662rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Transendothelial migration (TEM) of neutrophils under blood flow is critical in the inflammatory cascade. However, the role of endothelial plasticity in this process is not fully understood. Therefore, we used an in vitro model to test the dynamics of human polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) TEM across lipopolysaccharide-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers. Interestingly, shRNA-E-selectin knockdown in HUVECs destabilized endothelial junctional integrity by reducing actin branching and increasing stress fiber at cell-cell junctions. This process is accomplished by downregulating the activation of cortactin and Arp2/3, which in turn alters the adhesive function of VE-cadherin, enhancing PMN transmigration. Meanwhile, redundant P-selectins possess overlapping functions in E-selectin-mediated neutrophil adhesion, and transmigration. These results demonstrate, to our knowledge, for the first time, that E-selectins negatively regulate neutrophil transmigration through alterations in endothelial plasticity. Furthermore, it improves our understanding of the mechanisms underlying actin remodeling, and junctional integrity, in endothelial cells mediating leukocyte TEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Huang
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qihan Ding
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shenbao Chen
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shouqin Lü
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mian Long
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Lead Contact, Beijing, China
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31
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Cornelius J, Rottner K, Korte M, Michaelsen-Preusse K. Cortactin Contributes to Activity-Dependent Modulation of Spine Actin Dynamics and Spatial Memory Formation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071835. [PMID: 34360003 PMCID: PMC8303107 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Postsynaptic structures on excitatory neurons, dendritic spines, are actin-rich. It is well known that actin-binding proteins regulate actin dynamics and by this means orchestrate structural plasticity during the development of the brain, as well as synaptic plasticity mediating learning and memory processes. The actin-binding protein cortactin is localized to pre- and postsynaptic structures and translocates in a stimulus-dependent manner between spines and the dendritic compartment, thereby indicating a crucial role for synaptic plasticity and neuronal function. While it is known that cortactin directly binds F-actin, the Arp2/3 complex important for actin nucleation and branching as well as other factors involved in synaptic plasticity processes, its precise role in modulating actin remodeling in neurons needs to be deciphered. In this study, we characterized the general neuronal function of cortactin in knockout mice. Interestingly, we found that the loss of cortactin leads to deficits in hippocampus-dependent spatial memory formation. This impairment is correlated with a prominent dysregulation of functional and structural plasticity. Additional evidence shows impaired long-term potentiation in cortactin knockout mice together with a complete absence of structural spine plasticity. These phenotypes might at least in part be explained by alterations in the activity-dependent modulation of synaptic actin in cortactin-deficient neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Cornelius
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (J.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Research Group Molecular Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Korte
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (J.C.); (M.K.)
- Research Group Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kristin Michaelsen-Preusse
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (J.C.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence:
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32
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The multiple roles of actin-binding proteins at invadopodia. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33962752 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Invadopodia are actin-rich membrane protrusions that facilitate cancer cell dissemination by focusing on proteolytic activity and clearing paths for migration through physical barriers, such as basement membranes, dense extracellular matrices, and endothelial cell junctions. Invadopodium formation and activity require spatially and temporally regulated changes in actin filament organization and dynamics. About three decades of research have led to a remarkable understanding of how these changes are orchestrated by sequential recruitment and coordinated activity of different sets of actin-binding proteins. In this chapter, we provide an update on the roles of the actin cytoskeleton during the main stages of invadopodium development with a particular focus on actin polymerization machineries and production of pushing forces driving extracellular matrix remodeling.
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33
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Wang X, Jiang W, Luo S, Yang X, Wang C, Wang B, Dang Y, Shen Y, Ma DK. The C. elegans homolog of human panic-disorder risk gene TMEM132D orchestrates neuronal morphogenesis through the WAVE-regulatory complex. Mol Brain 2021; 14:54. [PMID: 33726789 PMCID: PMC7962252 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00767-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
TMEM132D is a human gene identified with multiple risk alleles for panic disorders, anxiety and major depressive disorders. Defining a conserved family of transmembrane proteins, TMEM132D and its homologs are still of unknown molecular functions. By generating loss-of-function mutants of the sole TMEM132 ortholog in C. elegans, we identify abnormal morphologic phenotypes in the dopaminergic PDE neurons. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we find that NAP1 directly interacts with the cytoplasmic domain of human TMEM132D, and mutations in C. elegans tmem-132 that disrupt interaction with NAP1 cause similar morphologic defects in the PDE neurons. NAP1 is a component of the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) that controls F-actin cytoskeletal dynamics. Decreasing activity of WRC rescues the PDE defects in tmem-132 mutants, whereas gain-of-function of TMEM132D in mammalian cells inhibits WRC, leading to decreased abundance of select WRC components, impaired actin nucleation and cell motility. We propose that metazoan TMEM132 family proteins play evolutionarily conserved roles in regulating NAP1 protein homologs to restrict inappropriate WRC activity, cytoskeletal and morphologic changes in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shuo Luo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Changnan Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Bingying Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Yongjun Dang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yin Shen
- Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Dengke K Ma
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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34
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Wang C, Sample KM, Gajendran B, Kapranov P, Liu W, Hu A, Zacksenhaus E, Li Y, Hao X, Ben-David Y. FLI1 Induces Megakaryopoiesis Gene Expression Through WAS/WIP-Dependent and Independent Mechanisms; Implications for Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome. Front Immunol 2021; 12:607836. [PMID: 33717090 PMCID: PMC7953068 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.607836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome, WAS/WAVE, is a rare, X-linked immune-deficiency disease caused by mutations in the WAS gene, which together with its homolog, N-WASP, regulates actin cytoskeleton remodeling and cell motility. WAS patients suffer from microthrombocytopenia, characterized by a diminished number and size of platelets, though the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we identified FLI1 as a direct transcriptional regulator of WAS and its binding partner WIP. Depletion of either WAS or WIP in human erythroleukemic cells accelerated cell proliferation, suggesting tumor suppressor function of both genes in leukemia. Depletion of WAS/WIP also led to a significant reduction in the percentage of CD41 and CD61 positive cells, which mark committed megakaryocytes. RNAseq analysis revealed common changes in megakaryocytic gene expression following FLI1 or WASP knockdown. However, in contrast to FLI1, WASP depletion did not alter expression of late-stage platelet-inducing genes. N-WASP was not regulated by FLI1, yet its silencing also reduced the percentage of CD41+ and CD61+ megakaryocytes. Moreover, combined knockdown of WASP and N-WASP further suppressed megakaryocyte differentiation, indicating a major cooperation of these related genes in controlling megakaryocytic cell fate. However, unlike WASP/WIP, N-WASP loss suppressed leukemic cell proliferation. WASP, WIP and N-WASP depletion led to induction of FLI1 expression, mediated by GATA1, and this may mitigate the severity of platelet deficiency in WAS patients. Together, these results uncover a crucial role for FLI1 in megakaryocyte differentiation, implicating this transcription factor in regulating microthrombocytopenia associated with Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Klarke M Sample
- The National Health Commission's Key Laboratory of Immunological Pulmonary Disease, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Babu Gajendran
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Philipp Kapranov
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Genomics, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wuling Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Anling Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Eldad Zacksenhaus
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute-University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yanmei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaojiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Yaacov Ben-David
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, China
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35
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Gunasinghe SD, Peres NG, Goyette J, Gaus K. Biomechanics of T Cell Dysfunctions in Chronic Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:600829. [PMID: 33717081 PMCID: PMC7948521 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.600829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms behind T cell dysfunctions during chronic diseases is critical in developing effective immunotherapies. As demonstrated by several animal models and human studies, T cell dysfunctions are induced during chronic diseases, spanning from infections to cancer. Although factors governing the onset and the extent of the functional impairment of T cells can differ during infections and cancer, most dysfunctional phenotypes share common phenotypic traits in their immune receptor and biophysical landscape. Through the latest developments in biophysical techniques applied to explore cell membrane and receptor-ligand dynamics, we are able to dissect and gain further insights into the driving mechanisms behind T cell dysfunctions. These insights may prove useful in developing immunotherapies aimed at reinvigorating our immune system to fight off infections and malignancies more effectively. The recent success with checkpoint inhibitors in treating cancer opens new avenues to develop more effective, targeted immunotherapies. Here, we highlight the studies focused on the transformation of the biophysical landscape during infections and cancer, and how T cell biomechanics shaped the immunopathology associated with chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachith D Gunasinghe
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Newton G Peres
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jesse Goyette
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katharina Gaus
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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36
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Katoh K. Regulation of Fibroblast Cell Polarity by Src Tyrosine Kinase. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020135. [PMID: 33535441 PMCID: PMC7912711 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Src protein tyrosine kinases (SFKs) are a family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases that are localized beneath the plasma membrane and are activated during cell adhesion, migration, and elongation. Due to their involvement in the activation of signal transduction cascades, SFKs have been suggested to play important roles in the determination of cell polarity during cell extension and elongation. However, the mechanism underlying Src-mediated polarity formation remains unclear. The present study was performed to investigate the mechanisms underlying Src-induced cell polarity formation and cell elongation using Src knockout fibroblasts (SYFs) together with an inhibitor of Src. Normal and Src knockout fibroblasts were also transfected with a wild-type c-Src, dominant negative c-Src, or constitutively active c-Src gene to analyze the changes in cell morphology. SYF cells cultured on a glass substrate elongated symmetrically into spindle-shaped cells, with the formation of focal adhesions at both ends of the cells. When normal fibroblasts were treated with Src Inhibitor No. 5, a selective inhibitor of Src tyrosine kinases, they elongated into symmetrical spindle-shaped cells, similar to SYF cells. These results suggest that cell polarity during extension and elongation may be regulated by SFKs and that the expression and regulation of Src are important for the formation of polarity during cell elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Katoh
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tsukuba University of Technology, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki 305-8521, Japan
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37
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Fan YJ, Hsieh HY, Tsai SF, Wu CH, Lee CM, Liu YT, Lu CH, Chang SW, Chen BC. Microfluidic channel integrated with a lattice lightsheet microscopic system for continuous cell imaging. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:344-354. [PMID: 33295931 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01009j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a continuous cell-imaging system with subcellular resolution was developed by integrating a microfluidic platform with lattice lightsheet microscopy (LLSM). To reduce aberrations of the lightsheet propagating into the device, a microfluidic channel sealed with a water refractive index-matched thin film was fabricated. When the lightsheet emerged from the water-immersed objectives and penetrated through the water refractive-matched thin film into the microfluidic channel at an incident angle, less light scattering and fewer aberrations were found. Suspended cells flowed across the lattice lightsheet, and an imaging system with the image plane perpendicular to the lightsheet was used to sequentially acquire cell images. By applying a thinner lattice lightsheet, higher-resolution, higher-contrast images were obtained. Furthermore, three-dimensional cell images could be achieved by reconstructing sequential two-dimensional cell images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jui Fan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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38
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Wang Y, Chen F, He J, Xue G, Chen J, Xie P. Cellular and molecular modification of egg envelope hardening in fertilization. Biochimie 2020; 181:134-144. [PMID: 33333173 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fertilization is an essential process that fundamentally impacts fitness. An egg changes dramatically after fertilization mediating the beginning of life, which mainly includes the transformation of the egg envelope via hardening, which is thought to be due to complex reactions involved in the conversion of cellular and molecular. This review highlights the mechanisms of egg envelope hardening in teleost fish. We conclude that the egg envelope hardening might be carried out in two steps. (a) A metalloprotease (alveolin) hydrolyzes the N-terminal proline-glutamine (Pro-Gln) region of zona pellucida (ZP) 1 and (b) triggers intermolecular cross-linking to ZP3 catalyzed by transglutaminase (TGase). The post-fertilization hardening of the egg envelope is an evolutionarily conserved phenomenon across species. We discuss the biochemical function and interaction of some factors reported to be essential to egg envelope hardening in mammalian and nonmammalian species, including metalloprotease, TGase, peroxidase/ovoperoxidase, and other factors (carbohydrate moieties, zinc and Larp6 proteins), and the relevant data suggest that egg envelope hardening is crucial to block polyspermy in internal fertilization, in addition to protecting the developing embryo from mechanical shock and preventing bacterial infection in external fertilization. Increased knowledge of the processes of egg envelope hardening and fertilization is likely to make a remarkable contribution to reproduction and aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeke Wang
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun He
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ge Xue
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; Institute of Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environment, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, PR China.
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39
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Ferreira-Silva J, Aires ID, Boia R, Ambrósio AF, Santiago AR. Activation of Adenosine A 3 Receptor Inhibits Microglia Reactivity Elicited by Elevated Pressure. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197218. [PMID: 33007835 PMCID: PMC7582754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a progressive chronic retinal degenerative disease and a leading cause of global irreversible blindness, characterized by optic nerve damage and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a main risk factor of glaucoma. Neuroinflammation plays an important role in glaucoma. We have been demonstrating that elevated pressure triggers microglia reactivity that contribute to the loss of RGCs. Adenosine, acting on adenosine receptors, is a crucial modulator of microglia phenotype. Microglia express all adenosine receptors. Previously, we demonstrated that the activation of adenosine A3 receptor (A3R) affords protection to the retina, including RGCs, unveiling the possibility for a new strategy for glaucoma treatment. Since microglial cells express A3R, we now studied the ability of a selective A3R agonist (2-Cl-IB-MECA) in controlling microglia reactivity induced by elevated hydrostatic pressure (EHP), used to mimic elevated IOP. The activation of A3R reduced EHP-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, microglia migration and phagocytosis in BV-2 cells. In retinal microglia, proliferation and phagocytosis elicited by EHP were also decreased by A3R activation. This work demonstrates that 2-Cl-IB-MECA, the selective agonist of A3R, is able to hinder microglia reactivity, suggesting that A3R agonists could afford protection against glaucomatous degeneration through the control of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Ferreira-Silva
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (ICBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.F.-S.); (I.D.A.); (R.B.); (A.F.A.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês D. Aires
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (ICBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.F.-S.); (I.D.A.); (R.B.); (A.F.A.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Boia
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (ICBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.F.-S.); (I.D.A.); (R.B.); (A.F.A.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (ICBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.F.-S.); (I.D.A.); (R.B.); (A.F.A.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Raquel Santiago
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (ICBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.F.-S.); (I.D.A.); (R.B.); (A.F.A.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-239480226
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40
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Tang Q, Schaks M, Koundinya N, Yang C, Pollard LW, Svitkina TM, Rottner K, Goode BL. WAVE1 and WAVE2 have distinct and overlapping roles in controlling actin assembly at the leading edge. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2168-2178. [PMID: 32697617 PMCID: PMC7550694 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-12-0705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SCAR/WAVE proteins and Arp2/3 complex assemble branched actin networks at the leading edge. Two isoforms of SCAR/WAVE, WAVE1 and WAVE2, reside at the leading edge, yet it has remained unclear whether they perform similar or distinct roles. Further, there have been conflicting reports about the Arp2/3-independent biochemical activities of WAVE1 on actin filament elongation. To investigate this in vivo, we knocked out WAVE1 and WAVE2 genes, individually and together, in B16-F1 melanoma cells. We demonstrate that WAVE1 and WAVE2 are redundant for lamellipodia formation and motility. However, there is a significant decrease in the rate of leading edge actin extension in WAVE2 KO cells, and an increase in WAVE1 KO cells. The faster rates of actin extension in WAVE1 KO cells are offset by faster retrograde flow, and therefore do not translate into faster lamellipodium protrusion. Thus, WAVE1 restricts the rate of actin extension at the leading edge, and appears to couple actin networks to the membrane to drive protrusion. Overall, these results suggest that WAVE1 and WAVE2 have redundant roles in promoting Arp2/3-dependent actin nucleation and lamellipodia formation, but distinct roles in controlling actin network extension and harnessing network growth to cell protrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Tang
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
| | - Matthias Schaks
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Neha Koundinya
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
| | - Changsong Yang
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Tatyana M Svitkina
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bruce L Goode
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
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41
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Rocchetti MT, Rascio F, Castellano G, Fiorentino M, Netti GS, Spadaccino F, Ranieri E, Gallone A, Gesualdo L, Stallone G, Pontrelli P, Grandaliano G. Altered Phosphorylation of Cytoskeleton Proteins in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Characterizes Chronic Antibody-Mediated Rejection in Kidney Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186509. [PMID: 32899575 PMCID: PMC7556000 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic antibody-mediated rejection (CAMR) is the major cause of kidney transplant failure. The molecular mechanisms underlying this event are still poorly defined and this lack of knowledge deeply influences the potential therapeutic strategies. The aim of our study was to analyze the phosphoproteome of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), to identify cellular signaling networks differentially activated in CAMR. Phosphoproteins isolated from PBMCs of biopsy proven CAMR, kidney transplant recipients with normal graft function and histology and healthy immunocompetent individuals, have been investigated by proteomic analysis. Phosphoproteomic results were confirmed by Western blot and PBMCs’ confocal microscopy analyses. Overall, 38 PBMCs samples were analyzed. A differential analysis of PBMCs’ phosphoproteomes revealed an increase of lactotransferrin, actin-related protein 2 (ARPC2) and calgranulin-B in antibody-mediated rejection patients, compared to controls. Increased expression of phosphorylated ARPC2 and its correlation to F-actin filaments were confirmed in CAMR patients. Our results are the first evidence of altered cytoskeleton organization in circulating immune cells of CAMR patients. The increased expression of phosphorylated ARPC2 found in the PBMCs of our patients, and its association with derangement of F-actin filaments, might suggest that proteins regulating actin dynamics in immune cells could be involved in the mechanism of CAMR of kidney grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Rocchetti
- Clinical Pathology Unit and Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.T.R.); (F.R.); (G.S.N.); (F.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Federica Rascio
- Clinical Pathology Unit and Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.T.R.); (F.R.); (G.S.N.); (F.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Marco Fiorentino
- Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.F.); (L.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Stefano Netti
- Clinical Pathology Unit and Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.T.R.); (F.R.); (G.S.N.); (F.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Federica Spadaccino
- Clinical Pathology Unit and Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.T.R.); (F.R.); (G.S.N.); (F.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Elena Ranieri
- Clinical Pathology Unit and Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.T.R.); (F.R.); (G.S.N.); (F.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Anna Gallone
- Experimental Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.F.); (L.G.)
| | - Giovanni Stallone
- Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Paola Pontrelli
- Experimental Biology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-08-05-478-868
| | - Giuseppe Grandaliano
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
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42
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Cheng KW, Mullins RD. Initiation and disassembly of filopodia tip complexes containing VASP and lamellipodin. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2021-2034. [PMID: 32579429 PMCID: PMC7543071 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-04-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The shapes of many eukaryotic cells depends on the actin cytoskeleton, and changes in actin assembly dynamics underlie many changes in cell shape. Ena/VASP-family actin polymerases, for example, modulate cell shape by accelerating actin filament assembly locally and slowing filament capping. When concentrated into discrete foci at the leading edge, VASP promotes filopodia assembly and forms part of a poorly understood molecular complex that remains associated with growing filopodia tips. Here we identify precursors of this filopodia tip complex in migrating B16F1 cells: small leading-edge clusters of the adaptor protein lamellipodin (Lpd) that subsequently recruit VASP and initiate filopodia formation. Dimerization, membrane association, and VASP binding are all required for lamellipodin to incorporate into filopodia tip complexes, and overexpression of monomeric, membrane-targeted lamellipodin mutants disrupts tip complex assembly. Once formed, tip complexes containing VASP and lamellipodin grow by fusing with each other, but their growth is limited by a size-dependent dynamic instability. Our results demonstrate that assembly and disassembly dynamics of filopodia tip complexes are determined, in part, by a network of multivalent interactions between Ena/VASP proteins, EVH1 ligands, and actin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen W Cheng
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - R Dyche Mullins
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
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43
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Kłopocka W, Korczyński J, Pomorski P. Cytoskeleton and Nucleotide Signaling in Glioma C6 Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1202:109-128. [PMID: 32034711 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30651-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This chapter describes signaling pathways, stimulated by the P2Y2 nucleotide receptor (P2Y2R), that regulate cellular processes dependent on actin cytoskeleton dynamics in glioma C6 cells. P2Y2R coupled with G-proteins, in response to ATP or UTP, regulates the level of iphosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) which modulates a variety of actin binding proteins and is involved in calcium response and activates Rac1 and RhoA proteins. The RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway plays an important role in contractile force generation needed for the assembly of stress fibers, focal adhesions and for tail retraction during cell migration. Blocking of this pathway by a specific Rho-kinase inhibitor induces changes in F-actin organization and cell shape and decreases the level of phosphorylated myosin II and cofilin. In glioma C6 cells these changes are reversed after UTP stimulation of P2Y2R. Signaling pathways responsible for this compensation are calcium signaling which regulates MLC kinase activation via calmodulin, and the Rac1/PAK/LIMK cascade. Stimulation of the Rac1 mediated pathway via Go proteins needs additional interaction between αvβ5 integrins and P2Y2Rs. Calcium free medium, or growing of the cells in suspension, prevents Gαo activation by P2Y2 receptors. Rac1 activation is necessary for cofilin phosphorylation as well as integrin activation needed for focal complexes formation and stabilization of lamellipodium. Inhibition of positive Rac1 regulation prevents glioma C6 cells from recovery of control cell like morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Kłopocka
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Korczyński
- M. Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Pomorski
- M. Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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44
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Katoh K. FAK-Dependent Cell Motility and Cell Elongation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010192. [PMID: 31940873 PMCID: PMC7017285 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblastic cells show specific substrate selectivity for typical cell–substrate adhesion. However, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) contributes to controlling the regulation of orientation and polarity. When fibroblasts attach to micropatterns, tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins and FAK are both detected along the inner border between the adhesive micropatterns and the nonadhesive glass surface. FAK likely plays important roles in regulation of cell adhesion to the substrate, as FAK is a tyrosine-phosphorylated protein that acts as a signal transduction molecule at sites of cell–substrate attachment, called focal adhesions. FAK has been suggested to play a role in the attachment of cells at adhesive micropatterns by affecting cell polarity. Therefore, the localization of FAK might play a key role in recognition of the border of the cell with the adhesive micropattern, thus regulating cell polarity and the cell axis. This review discusses the regulation and molecular mechanism of cell proliferation and cell elongation by FAK and its associated signal transduction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Katoh
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tsukuba University of Technology Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki, Japan
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45
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Callens SJP, Uyttendaele RJC, Fratila-Apachitei LE, Zadpoor AA. Substrate curvature as a cue to guide spatiotemporal cell and tissue organization. Biomaterials 2019; 232:119739. [PMID: 31911284 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence clearly shows that cells respond to various physical cues in their environments, guiding many cellular processes and tissue morphogenesis, pathology, and repair. One aspect that is gaining significant traction is the role of local geometry as an extracellular cue. Elucidating how geometry affects cell and tissue behavior is, indeed, crucial to design artificial scaffolds and understand tissue growth and remodeling. Perhaps the most fundamental descriptor of local geometry is surface curvature, and a growing body of evidence confirms that surface curvature affects the spatiotemporal organization of cells and tissues. While well-defined in differential geometry, curvature remains somewhat ambiguously treated in biological studies. Here, we provide a more formal curvature framework, based on the notions of mean and Gaussian curvature, and summarize the available evidence on curvature guidance at the cell and tissue levels. We discuss the involved mechanisms, highlighting the interplay between tensile forces and substrate curvature that forms the foundation of curvature guidance. Moreover, we show that relatively simple computational models, based on some application of curvature flow, are able to capture experimental tissue growth remarkably well. Since curvature guidance principles could be leveraged for tissue regeneration, the implications for geometrical scaffold design are also discussed. Finally, perspectives on future research opportunities are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien J P Callens
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, the Netherlands.
| | - Rafael J C Uyttendaele
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, the Netherlands
| | - Lidy E Fratila-Apachitei
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, the Netherlands
| | - Amir A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, the Netherlands
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Bradley AO, Vizcarra CL, Bailey HM, Quinlan ME. Spire stimulates nucleation by Cappuccino and binds both ends of actin filaments. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 31:273-286. [PMID: 31877067 PMCID: PMC7183766 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-09-0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin nucleators Spire and Cappuccino synergize to promote actin assembly, but the mechanism of their synergy is controversial. Together these proteins promote the formation of actin meshes, which are conserved structures that regulate the establishment of oocyte polarity. Direct interaction between Spire and Cappuccino is required for oogenesis and for in vitro synergistic actin assembly. This synergy is proposed to be driven by elongation and the formation of a ternary complex at filament barbed ends, or by nucleation and interaction at filament pointed ends. To mimic the geometry of Spire and Cappuccino in vivo, we immobilized Spire on beads and added Cappuccino and actin. Barbed ends, protected by Cappuccino, grow away from the beads while pointed ends are retained, as expected for nucleation-driven synergy. We found that Spire is sufficient to bind barbed ends and retain pointed ends of actin filaments near beads and we identified Spire’s barbed-end binding domain. Loss of barbed-end binding increases nucleation by Spire and synergy with Cappuccino in bulk pyrene assays and on beads. Importantly, genetic rescue by the loss-of-function mutant indicates that barbed-end binding is not necessary for oogenesis. Thus, increased nucleation is a critical element of synergy both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Bradley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Christina L Vizcarra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Hannah M Bailey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Margot E Quinlan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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The role of actin and myosin in antigen extraction by B lymphocytes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 102:90-104. [PMID: 31862219 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
B cells must extract antigens attached to the surface of antigen presenting cells to generate high-affinity antibodies. Antigen extraction requires force, and recent studies have implicated actomyosin-dependent pulling forces generated within the B cell as the major driver of antigen extraction. These actomyosin-dependent pulling forces also serve to test the affinity of the B cell antigen receptor for antigen prior to antigen extraction. Such affinity discrimination is central to the process of antibody affinity maturation. Here we review the evidence that actomyosin-dependent pulling forces generated within the B cell promote affinity discrimination and power antigen extraction. Our take on these critical B cell functions is influenced significantly by the recent identification of formin-generated, myosin-rich, concentric actin arcs in the medial portion of the T cell immune synapse, as B cells appear to contain a similar contractile actomyosin structure.
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Merino F, Pospich S, Raunser S. Towards a structural understanding of the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 102:51-64. [PMID: 31836290 PMCID: PMC7221352 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Actin filaments (F-actin) are a key component of eukaryotic cells. Whether serving as a scaffold for myosin or using their polymerization to push onto cellular components, their function is always related to force generation. To control and fine-tune force production, cells have a large array of actin-binding proteins (ABPs) dedicated to control every aspect of actin polymerization, filament localization, and their overall mechanical properties. Although great advances have been made in our biochemical understanding of the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton, the structural basis of this process is still being deciphered. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of this process. We outline how ABPs control the nucleation and disassembly, and how these processes are affected by the nucleotide state of the filaments. In addition, we highlight recent advances in the understanding of actomyosin force generation, and describe recent advances brought forward by the developments of electron cryomicroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Merino
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sabrina Pospich
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Raunser
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany.
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Long-term memory is maintained by continuous activity of Arp2/3 in lateral amygdala. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 167:107115. [PMID: 31733301 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that long-term memory formation involves alterations in synaptic efficacy produced by modifications in neural transmission and morphology. However, it is not clear how such changes induced by learning, that encode memory, are maintained over long period of time to preserve long-term memory. It has been shown that the actin nucleating protein Arp2/3 is essential for supporting neuronal morphology and synaptic transmission. We therefore hypothesized that continuous Arp2/3 activity is needed to maintain long-term memory over time. To test this hypothesis we microinjected into lateral amygdala (LA) of rats CK-666, a specific inhibitor of Arp2/3, two days after fear conditioning and tested the effect on long-term fear memory maintenance a day afterward. We found that injection of CK-666 two days after training abolished fear conditioning memory. Fear conditioning could be formed when a control compound CK-689 was applied two days after training. Microinjection of CK-666 a day before fear conditioning training had no effect on fear conditioning learning and long-term memory formation. We revealed that Arp2/3 is also needed to maintain long-term conditioned taste aversion (CTA) memory in LA. Microinjection of CK-666 two days after CTA training impaired long-term memory tested a day afterwards. We conclude that continuous activity of Arp2/3 in LA is essential for the maintenance of long-term memory.
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Sukumar UK, Packirisamy G. Fabrication of Nanofibrous Scaffold Grafted with Gelatin Functionalized Polystyrene Microspheres for Manifesting Nanomechanical Cues of Stretch Stimulated Fibroblast. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:5323-5339. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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