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Sica C, Caudek C, Colpizzi I, Bottesi G, Iannattone S, Patrick CJ. Comparing the DSM-5 Dimensional Trait and Triarchic Model Conceptions of Psychopathy: An External Validity Analysis. J Pers Disord 2024; 38:368-400. [PMID: 39093631 DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2024.38.4.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
In the DSM-5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD), psychopathy is marked by the presence of attention seeking, low anxiousness, and lack of social withdrawal, along with traits from the domains of Antagonism and Disinhibition. The triarchic model of psychopathy (TriPM) posits three biobehaviorally based traits underlying it: disinhibition, meanness, and boldness. The current study directly compared relations for measures of the two models with the broad dimensions of externalizing, internalizing, and positive adjustment. Participants (1,678 adults) were surveyed regarding maladaptive personality traits, clinical symptoms, and positive adjustment features. The TriPM model explained more variance than the AMPD in substance use, positive adjustment, and empathy, whereas the AMPD model explained more variance in internalizing symptoms. In addition, AMPD Antagonism and the Psychopathy Specifier diverged from TriPM Meanness and Boldness in their associations with some specific outcomes. Overall, our study provides evidence for complementarity of the two models in characterizing the multifaceted nature of psychopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Sica
- Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Corrado Caudek
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, University of Florence
| | - Ilaria Colpizzi
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, University of Florence
| | - Gioia Bottesi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Sara Iannattone
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Rivard G, Le Corff Y, Lapalme M, Forget K. Measurement invariance of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 across sex. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1328937. [PMID: 38525253 PMCID: PMC10957747 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1328937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction There has been an international movement towards dimensional models of personality disorders (PDs) in the last decades, which culminated in the publication of the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD) in the Emerging Measures and Models section of the DSM-5. This model was accompanied by a APA-sanctioned Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) for the assessment of the AMPD pathological personality traits. One major issue with the assessment of personality disorders pertains to sex differences, and measurement invariance across sex in assessment instruments for PDs is necessary in order to ensure non-biased evaluations and to make valid comparisons between men and women. This study aimed to provide more information on measurement invariance across sex for the PID-5, using both the original scoring approach provided by the authors of the instrument and the scoring approach suggested by the APA in the published version of the PID-5. Methods This study was conducted with a sample of 2273 participants from the general Québec (Canada) adult population aged 18 to 90 years (M = 46.59; SD = 16.32; 51.8% women). Results The original scoring approach model showed good fit to data after freeing paths between certain traits and reached strict invariance. The APA scoring approach also showed good fit to data and reached strict invariance, but needed an adjustment (path freed between Emotional lability and Impulsivity in men) to reach scalar invariance. Discussion In line with previous research, the PID-5 is invariant across sex and the five-factor structure adjusts well to data. The APA scoring approach appears to attenuate the cross-loading problem observed with the original scoring approach. In light of these results, we recommend using the APA scoring approach to derive domain scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Rivard
- The Group for Research and Intervention on Children’s Social Adjustment (GRISE), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Département d’orientation Professionnelle, Faculté d’éducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Yann Le Corff
- The Group for Research and Intervention on Children’s Social Adjustment (GRISE), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Département d’orientation Professionnelle, Faculté d’éducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Département de Psychiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Lapalme
- The Group for Research and Intervention on Children’s Social Adjustment (GRISE), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Département de Psychoéducation, Faculté d’éducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Karine Forget
- The Group for Research and Intervention on Children’s Social Adjustment (GRISE), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Département de Psychiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Sveen CA, Pedersen G, Hummelen B, Kvarstein EH. Personality disorders: the impact of severity on societal costs. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023:10.1007/s00406-023-01715-6. [PMID: 37991536 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-023-01715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Personality disorders (PDs) are associated with high levels of societal costs. However, previous research has found limited or no evidence of unique contributions of individual PD categories on the overall level of societal costs. Recent research supports the validity of PD as a dimensional construct, and PD severity may be a better predictor of societal costs than specific PD categories. The aim of this study was to explore if PD severity could predict the level of societal costs among treatment-seeking patients with PDs, while controlling for the impact of comorbid mental health and substance use disorders. Four different severity indicators were explored: the number of PDs, the total number of PD criteria, the number of BPD criteria, and the Level of Personality Functioning Scale (LPFS) from the alternative model in DSM-5. Participants (n = 798/794) were retrieved from the quality register of the Norwegian Network for Personality Disorders for the period 2017-2020. Societal costs were assessed using a structured interview covering the six-month period prior to assessment. Diagnoses and diagnostic criteria were determined using a semi-structured diagnostic interview (SCID-5-PD and M.I.N.I), and the LPFS was assessed by the LPFS-Brief Form 2.0 (LPFS-BF 2.0) questionnaire. Statistics included multiple regression analyses. None of the severity indicators were significant predictors of overall societal costs among treatment-seeking patients, and effect sizes were small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Aksel Sveen
- Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Viken, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Geir Pedersen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Network for Personality Disorder, Section for Personality Psychiatry and Specialized Treatments, Department for National and Regional Functions, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Benjamin Hummelen
- Department of Research and Innovation, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elfrida Hartveit Kvarstein
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Personality Psychiatry and Specialized Treatments, Department for National and Regional Functions, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Martinez S, Jones JD. A pilot study examining the relationship between chronic heroin use and telomere length among individuals of African ancestry. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 231:173631. [PMID: 37689117 PMCID: PMC10545475 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior research has suggested a possible link between heroin use and shortened telomere length (TL), a marker of cellular aging and genomic stability. We sought to replicate these findings by examining the relationship between TL and heroin use among individuals of African ancestry. METHODS This cross-sectional study examined TL among 57 participants [17.5 % female; mean age 48.0 (±6.80) years] of African ancestry with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) and a mean heroin use duration of 18.2 (±10.7) years. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to calculate TL as the ratio between telomere repeat copy number (T) and a single-copy gene, copy number (S). The primary dependent variable was TL (T/S Ratio) measured in kilobase pairs. Covariates included heroin use years and personality traits. Using a hybrid approach, multiple linear regression and Bayesian linear regression examined the association of chronological age, heroin use years and personality traits with TL. RESULTS The multiple linear regression model fit the data well, R2 = 0.265, F(7,49) = 2.53, p < .026. Chronological age (β = -0.36, p = .017), neuroticism (β = 0.46, p = .044), and conscientiousness (β = 0.52, p = .040) were significant predictors of TL. Bayesian linear regression provided moderate support for the alternate hypothesis that chronological age and TL are associated, BF10 = 5.77, R2 = 0.120. The posterior summary of the coefficient was M = 0.719 (SD = 0.278, 95 % credible interval [-1.28, -0.163]). CONCLUSIONS Contrary to prior studies, these findings suggest that heroin use duration may not be significantly associated with TL among individuals of African ancestry, highlighting the need for more rigorous research to elucidate the complexity of this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suky Martinez
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Jermaine D Jones
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Aksin A. Five-factor personality traits as predictors of intercultural sensitivity among Turkish preservice teachers. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17867. [PMID: 37456056 PMCID: PMC10345351 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the relationships between the five-factor personality traits and intercultural sensitivity among Turkish preservice teachers. The participants of this study were 1218 college students enrolled at a university located in the central Black Sea Region of Türkiye. The participants were selected using a convenience sampling method. The preservice teachers responded to a survey comprising the Personal Information Form, Intercultural Sensitivity Scale, and Quick Big Five Personality Scale. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlation analysis, multiple linear regression analysis, and relative importance analysis. The results of this study showed that preservice teachers with stronger personality traits of agreeableness, extraversion, emotional stability, and openness to new experiences tend to have higher levels of intercultural sensitivity. Moreover, results of relative importance analyses revealed that agreeableness is the most important predictor of intercultural sensitivity among preservice teachers whereas emotional stability was found to be the least important predictor. The findings of this study can help to determine personality traits related to intercultural sensitivity among preservice teachers.
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Lau C, Bagby RM, Pollock BG, Quilty L. Five-Factor Model and DSM-5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorder Profile Construction: Associations with Cognitive Ability and Clinical Symptoms. J Intell 2023; 11:jintelligence11040071. [PMID: 37103256 PMCID: PMC10144161 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11040071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although numerous studies have explored latent profiles using the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of normative personality, no studies have investigated how broad personality traits (i.e., FFM) and pathological personality traits using the alternative model of personality disorder (AMPD) may combine for latent personality profiles. The present study recruited outpatients (N = 201) who completed the Big Five Aspects Scales (BFAS), Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I/P), gambling and alcohol use measures, and the Weschler Intelligence subtests. When FFM and AMPD measures were combined, latent profile analyses revealed four profiles, Internalizing-Thought disorder, Externalizing, Average-Detached, and Adaptive. Detachment and openness to experience were the most and least essential traits for profile distinction, respectively. No associations between group membership and cognitive ability measures were found. Internalizing-Thought disorder membership was linked with a current mood and anxiety disorder diagnosis. Externalizing profile membership was associated with younger age, problematic gambling, alcohol use, and a current substance use disorder diagnosis. The four FFM-AMPD profiles overlapped with the four FFM-only and three AMPD-only profiles. Overall, the FFM-AMPD profiles appeared to have better convergent and discriminant validity with DSM-relevant psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Lau
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - R Michael Bagby
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X6, Canada
| | - Bruce G Pollock
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada
| | - Lena Quilty
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X6, Canada
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Radetzki P, Wrath AJ, McWilliams L, Olson T, Adams S, De Souza D, Lau B, Adams GC. Exploring the Relationship Between Attachment and Pathological Personality Trait Domains in an Outpatient Psychiatric Sample. J Nerv Ment Dis 2023; 211:46-53. [PMID: 36044704 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The current study investigates the relationship between insecure attachment and pathological personality trait domains in a sample of psychiatric outpatients. Participants ( N = 150) completed measures for attachment and personality. Bivariate correlations and multiple regression analyses investigated the extent to which insecure attachment and personality pathology were associated. Insecure attachment positively correlated with overall personality pathology, with attachment anxiety having a stronger correlation than attachment avoidance. Distinct relationships emerged between attachment anxiety and negative affectivity and attachment avoidance and detachment. Insecure attachment and male sex predicted overall personality pathology, but only attachment anxiety predicted all five trait domains. Insecure attachment might be a risk factor for pathological personality traits. Assessing attachment in clinical contexts and offering attachment-based interventions could benefit interpersonal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Trevor Olson
- Kinetik Physical Rehabilitation Program, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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8
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Horváth-Labancz E, Sándor A, Balázs K, Molnár J, Kuritárné Szabó I. Pathological personality traits of maladaptive daydreamers measured by the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 in a psychiatric sample. Clin Psychol Psychother 2022. [PMID: 36541022 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate the frequency of maladaptive daydreaming and to explore the pathological personality traits of probable maladaptive daydreamers. Our sample consisted of 239 psychiatric patients. After screening, 42 persons were probable maladaptive, while 197 participants prove to be normal daydreamers. Two pathological domains and three facets measured by the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 showed a moderate significant correlation with the Maladaptive Daydreaming Scale. The score of nearly every domain and facet was slightly higher among probable maladaptive daydreamers. To quantify the difference between the groups, effect sizes were calculated: Significant difference was found on the domain level in Antagonism, while on the facet level in Hostility, Grandiosity, Attention Seeking, Unusual Beliefs and Experiences, Cognitive and Perceptual Dysregulation. The group of probable maladaptive daydreamers was further examined to identify potential subgroups. Cluster analysis revealed heterogeneity in the severeness and patterns of pathological personality domains. Cluster 1 showed higher mean scores on the PID domains and on the MDS compared to Cluster 2. Clusters 1 and 2 broke further down into two subclusters: Cluster 1a and Cluster 1b differed in their mean scores on the domains of Antagonism and Detachment; the mean scores of Cluster 2a were uniformly low on each domain, while the mean values of Cluster 2b were scattered in a mixed way on the domains. Our results suggest that maladaptive daydreaming might manifest with differently pathological personality profiles in the background. This aspect might worth considering in planning treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Horváth-Labancz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Behavioural Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Sándor
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Behavioural Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Balázs
- Faculty of Humanities, Institute of Psychology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Molnár
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Behavioural Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Kuritárné Szabó
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Behavioural Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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9
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Maladaptive Conscientiousness is Still Conscientiousness. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Miscioscia M, Poli M, Gubello A, Simonelli A, Gatta M, Gato J, Rigo P. Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Italian LGBT+ Young Adults' Mental Health: The Role of Neuroticism and Family Climate. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15795. [PMID: 36497870 PMCID: PMC9741300 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vulnerable populations have been among the most affected by the social consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic; among those, young people and sexual and gender minorities have seen their situation exacerbated by new specific regulations. The aim of the present study was twofold: first, to assess the role of family climate, concerning participants' LGBT+ status during lockdown restrictions, in mediating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on personal quality of life and mental health (stress, depression, and anxiety); second, to assess how individual stable traits can moderate the relationship between the individual impact of COVID-19 on mental health outcomes. A total of 407 young adults aged 18 to 35 (M age = 25.03 years; SD = 4.68) who self-identified as being part of a sexual or gender minority took part in this study. Results highlight the association between negative family climate and internalizing symptoms of psychological distress, and its role as a partial mediator of the relationship between the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic at the individual level and mental health outcomes. Additionally, low personality trait levels of neuroticism significantly decreased the strength of the relationship between LGBT+ status during blocking restrictions and internalizing symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Miscioscia
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Mikael Poli
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Alessio Gubello
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alessandra Simonelli
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Michela Gatta
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Jorge Gato
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences and Center for Psychology, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paola Rigo
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
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11
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Liu M, Cai J, Chen H, Shi L. Association of Personality Traits with Life and Work of Medical Students: An Integrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12376. [PMID: 36231679 PMCID: PMC9566667 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personality traits are the basic components of an individual's personality. Although there are many published articles about the impact of personality traits on medical students, there is a lack of integrative reviews of existing articles. To close this gap, this review aims to summarize the impact of personality traits on medical students from two perspectives: life and work. METHODS The search was performed using the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and EMBASE. All publications that assessed the impact of personality traits on life and work until February 2022 were selected. RESULTS Ninety-seven studies were included. The results suggest that personality traits could affect life performance, health outcomes, life satisfaction, the formation of doctor-patient relationships, mastery of knowledge, academic performance, and career planning. Different personality traits can have positive or negative impacts on these aspects. CONCLUSIONS The results of this review suggest that personality traits can affect medical students' lives and work. Therefore, based on the evaluation of the personality traits of medical students, it is necessary to design targeted courses and training for students to improve their personality traits, to bring about better results in their lives and work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichen Liu
- Modern Educational Technology Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Jinquan Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Health Management, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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12
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Hayne DP, Phillips W, Cosh SM, Price I. Examining personality trait patterns in transdiagnostic dimensions of psychopathology. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Boot K, Wiebenga JXM, Eikelenboom M, van Oppen P, Thomaes K, van Marle HJF, Heering HD. Associations between personality traits and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in patients with personality disorders. Compr Psychiatry 2022; 112:152284. [PMID: 34763292 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2021.152284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION People with personality disorders (PDs) have an elevated suicide risk. However, correlates of suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide attempts (SA) remain largely unknown in this population. A growing body of literature highlights the contribution of the Big Five personality traits in suicide-outcomes. Therefore, the present study investigates the association between the Big Five personality traits and SI and SA in people with PDs while applying the ideation-to-action framework. METHOD Data were obtained from 105 treatment-seeking individuals diagnosed with PDs participating in the Trauma tO Personality Spectrum Study (TOPSS). Multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the association between the NEO Five-Factor Inventory and the three category suicide-outcome: non-suicidal, SI, and SA. RESULTS After controlling for age, gender, a comorbid depressive disorder, the severity of borderline manifestations, and other personality traits from the Big Five taxonomy, significantly lower levels of extraversion were observed in participants with SI compared to non-suicidal participants (OR = 0.27, 95% CI 0.10-0.72) but not in SA participants. In contrast, higher levels of extraversion were associated with SA when compared to SI (OR = 3.52, 95% CI 1.33-9.32). Other Big Five traits were not independently associated with suicide-outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Of the Big Five traits, the introversion-extraversion dimension most clearly distinguishes individuals with SI from non-suicidal individuals, as well as those with a SA in the past from those with SI only. Prospective studies are required to investigate if this personality trait can predict the progression from being non-suicidal to having SI and from having SI to performing an attempt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Boot
- Department of Research and Innovation, GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HJ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jasper X M Wiebenga
- Department of Research and Innovation, GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HJ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Merijn Eikelenboom
- Department of Research and Innovation, GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HJ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Patricia van Oppen
- Department of Research and Innovation, GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HJ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Kathleen Thomaes
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Sinai Centrum / Arkin Institute for Mental Health, Klaprozenweg 111, 1033 NN Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Hein J F van Marle
- Department of Research and Innovation, GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HJ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Henriette D Heering
- Department of Research and Innovation, GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HJ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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14
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Barchi-Ferreira Bel AM, Osório FL. The Personality Inventory for DSM-5: Psychometric Evidence of Validity and Reliability-Updates. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2021; 28:225-237. [PMID: 32692087 DOI: 10.1097/hrp.0000000000000261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform a systematic review of the literature on the psychometric characteristics of different versions of the Personality Inventory for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (PID-5) and to integrate the current findings with those of previous reviews by Al Dajani and colleagues (2015) and Watters and Bagby (2018). METHODS This study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses protocol. PubMed, PsycINFO, SciELO, Web of Science, and LILACS were searched using two keywords: personality AND DSM-5. Studies published from 2015 to 2018 were included. RESULTS Sixty-four new studies were evaluated. The PID-5-self-report form (SRF) was concluded to have a factorial structure consisting of five factors and 25 facets, as well as excellent indicators of internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity with different personality instruments and with other clinical constructs. The form also has predictive and discriminative potential, warranting further exploration in studies with samples of personality disorders in relation to different parameters and not only the diagnostic algorithm of DSM-5 Section III. The brief and informant versions, although less studied, also showed good psychometric indicators, comparable to the original version. CONCLUSIONS The PID-5 showed psychometric suitability for use in different cultures and contexts. The form's use in clinical practice and as a means of operationalizing the diagnostic evaluation of the DSM-5 dimensional model is promising and should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Barchi-Ferreira Bel
- From the Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University; National Institute for Science and Technology (INCT-TM, CNPq), Brasília, Brazil (Dr. Osório)
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15
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Øie MG, Aarnes IE, Eilertsen LH, Söderström K, Ystrom E, Håkansson U. High levels of the openness trait are associated with better parental reflective functioning in mothers with substance use disorders. Addict Behav Rep 2020; 12:100318. [PMID: 33364326 PMCID: PMC7752705 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mothers with high levels of Openness had better parental reflective functioning. Mothers with low Openness need training in interpreting mental states in their children. It is important to assess the mothers personality before selecting form of treatment.
Aims Mothers with substance use disorders (SUD) often show impairments in parental reflective functioning (PRF), which may have adverse effects on their capacity for sensitive caregiving. Parenting personality is also associated with caregiving. However, no studies have investigated how these individual factors may contribute to variance in PRF in mothers with SUD. In this study PRF and personality were assessed in 43 mothers with SUD. Methods PRF was assessed by the Parent Development Interview. Personality traits were assessed by the Revised Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Personality Inventory. Results The results indicate that higher levels of the Openness trait are associated with better PRF. Conclusion Mothers low in Openness may need more specific and situational training in interpreting mental states in their children. Highly open mothers with SUD will likely need more help distinguishing the child’s mental states from their own, and might need help to maintain mutuality and regulating the intensity of their responses to the child’s behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merete Glenne Øie
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Eivind Ystrom
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Pharmacoepidemiology & Drug Safety Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ulrika Håkansson
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
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16
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Bastiaansen L, Rossi G, De Fruyt F. Comparing Five Sets of Five–Factor Model Personality Disorder Counts in a Heterogeneous Sample of Psychiatric Patients. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.1859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The research agenda for DSM–5 emphasizes the implementation of dimensional trait models into the classification of personality disorders (PDs). However, because assessment psychologists may still want to recover the traditional DSM–IV categories, researchers developed a count technique that uses sums of selected Five–Factor Model facets to assess the DSM–IV PDs. The presented study examined the convergent and divergent validity of different linear combinations of trait facets to describe specific DSM–IV PDs in a heterogeneous clinical sample (N = 155) with sufficient prevalence of all PDs, using semi–structured interviews to obtain all diagnostic information, and comparing alternative counts from five different sources for each PD. The results show that none of the schizotypal, antisocial, and dependent counts succeeded in combining good convergent with adequate divergent validity. However, the original counts could be optimized for five of the seven remaining PDs by using alternative Five–Factor Model prototypes. The diagnostic and taxonomic implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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17
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Krastins A, Francis AJP, Field AM, Carr SN. Childhood Predictors of Adulthood Antisocial Personality Disorder Symptomatology. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ap.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Krastins
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, RMIT University
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18
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DeYoung CG, Chmielewski M, Clark LA, Condon DM, Kotov R, Krueger RF, Lynam DR, Markon KE, Miller JD, Mullins-Sweatt SN, Samuel DB, Sellbom M, South SC, Thomas KM, Watson D, Watts AL, Widiger TA, Wright AGC. The distinction between symptoms and traits in the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP). J Pers 2020; 90:20-33. [PMID: 32978977 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) is an empirically and quantitatively derived dimensional classification system designed to describe the features of psychopathology and, ultimately, to replace categorical nosologies. Among the constructs that HiTOP organizes are "symptom components" and "maladaptive traits," but past HiTOP publications have not fully explicated the distinction between symptoms and traits. We propose working definitions of symptoms and traits and explore challenges, exceptions, and remaining questions. Specifically, we propose that the only systematic difference between symptoms and traits in HiTOP is one of time frame. Maladaptive traits are dispositional constructs that describe persistent tendencies to manifest features of psychopathology, whereas symptoms are features of psychopathology as they are manifest during any specific time period (from moments to days to months). This has the consequence that almost every HiTOP dimension, at any level of the hierarchy, can be assessed as either a trait or a symptom dimension, by adjusting the framing of the assessment. We discuss the implications of these definitions for causal models of the relations between symptoms and traits and for distinctions between psychopathology, normal personality variation, and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G DeYoung
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Lee Anna Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - David M Condon
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Robert F Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Donald R Lynam
- Department of Psychology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Joshua D Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Douglas B Samuel
- Department of Psychology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Martin Sellbom
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Susan C South
- Department of Psychology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - David Watson
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Ashley L Watts
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Thomas A Widiger
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Aidan G C Wright
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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19
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Galli G, Miniussi C, Pellicciari MC. Transcranial electric stimulation as a neural interface to gain insight on human brain functions: current knowledge and future perspective. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 17:4-14. [PMID: 32756871 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of brain-stimulation approaches in social and affective science has greatly increased over the last two decades. The interest in social factors has grown along with technological advances in brain research. Transcranial electric stimulation (tES) is a research tool that allows scientists to establish contributory causality between brain functioning and social behaviour, therefore deepening our understanding of the social mind. Preliminary evidence is also starting to demonstrate that tES, either alone or in combination with pharmacological or behavioural interventions, can alleviate the symptomatology of individuals with affective or social cognition disorders. This review offers an overview of the application of tES in the field of social and affective neuroscience. We discuss issues and challenges related to this application and suggest avenue for future basic and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Galli
- Department of Psychology, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston Upon Thames, KT1 2EE, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Miniussi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences - CIMeC, University of Trento, Corso Bettini, 31, 38068 Rovereto, TN Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Pellicciari
- UniCamillus - Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, via di Sant'Alessandro 8, 00131, Rome, Italy
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20
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Mullins-Sweatt SN, Hopwood CJ, Chmielewski M, Meyer NA, Min J, Helle AC, Walgren MD. Treatment of personality pathology through the lens of the hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology: Developing a research agenda. Personal Ment Health 2020; 14:123-141. [PMID: 31364820 PMCID: PMC7053295 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the emphasis on evidence-based treatment for psychological disorders, to date, there has been limited research examining treatment for nine of the 10 categorical personality disorders in DSM-5 Section 2. This is perhaps not surprising given the complex heterogeneity and co-morbidity within personality pathology. The hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology (HiTOP) was proposed to address limitations within the traditional categorical model of the diagnostic system. Within this system are five spectra: detachment, antagonistic externalizing, disinhibited externalizing, thought disorder and internalizing. These foundational personality traits potentially have direct and specific treatment implications. The purpose of this paper is to highlight potential psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatment recommendations within the personality spectra. Additionally, we outline the advantages of considering the personality science found within dimensional models of psychopathology in clinical assessment and intervention to aid in treatment planning. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Neil A Meyer
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Jiwon Min
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Ashley C Helle
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Maggie D Walgren
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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21
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WAKABAYASHI A. ARE PERSONALITY DISORDERS EXTREME VARIANTS OF NORMAL PERSONALITY?: QUERIES ABOUT THE VALIDITY OF THE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY TO DIAGNOSE PERSONALITY DISORDER. PSYCHOLOGIA 2020. [DOI: 10.2117/psysoc.2020-b002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Rosenström T, Gjerde LC, Krueger RF, Aggen SH, Czajkowski NO, Gillespie NA, Kendler KS, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Torvik FA, Ystrom E. Joint factorial structure of psychopathology and personality. Psychol Med 2019; 49:2158-2167. [PMID: 30392478 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718002982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normative and pathological personality traits have rarely been integrated into a joint large-scale structural analysis with psychiatric disorders, although a recent study suggested they entail a common individual differences continuum. METHODS We explored the joint factor structure of 11 psychiatric disorders, five personality-disorder trait domains (DSM-5 Section III), and five normative personality trait domains (the 'Big Five') in a population-based sample of 2796 Norwegian twins, aged 19‒46. RESULTS Three factors could be interpreted: (i) a general risk factor for all psychopathology, (ii) a risk factor specific to internalizing disorders and traits, and (iii) a risk factor specific to externalizing disorders and traits. Heritability estimates for the three risk factor scores were 48% (95% CI 41‒54%), 35% (CI 28‒42%), and 37% (CI 31‒44%), respectively. All 11 disorders had uniform loadings on the general factor (congruence coefficient of 0.991 with uniformity). Ignoring sign and excluding the openness trait, this uniformity of factor loadings held for all the personality trait domains and all disorders (congruence 0.983). CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings, future research should investigate joint etiologic and transdiagnostic models for normative and pathological personality and other psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Rosenström
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Line C Gjerde
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Robert F Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Steven H Aggen
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Nikolai Olavi Czajkowski
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nathan A Gillespie
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Deparment of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fartein Ask Torvik
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Ystrom
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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23
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Drislane LE, Sellbom M, Brislin SJ, Strickland CM, Christian E, Wygant DB, Krueger RF, Patrick CJ. Improving characterization of psychopathy within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), alternative model for personality disorders: Creation and validation of Personality Inventory for DSM-5 Triarchic scales. Personal Disord 2019; 10:511-523. [PMID: 31259604 DOI: 10.1037/per0000345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) bridges a significant gap in psychiatric nosology by providing trait-based characterizations of psychopathy along with antisocial personality disorder within the Section III alternative model for personality disorders (AMPD). However, the representation of psychopathy in the AMPD has met with some criticisms (Crego & Widiger, 2014; Few, Lynam, Maples, MacKillop, & Miller, 2015). The current study was undertaken to establish an improved means for characterizing psychopathy in DSM-5 Section III terms, by creating scale measures of triarchic psychopathy dimensions using items from the best-established assessment instrument for the AMPD, the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). Using data from a sample of community adults (N = 210), we employed a construct rating and psychometric refinement approach to develop item-based PID-5 Triarchic scales for measuring psychopathy dimensions of boldness, meanness, and disinhibition. The validity of the PID-5 Triarchic scales was then evaluated in relation to criteria including other scale measures of the triarchic constructs and psychopathy, self-reported antisocial behavior and substance use, empathy, internalizing and other clinical problems, and personality within the development sample and a separate independent sample of adults (N = 240) recruited to have elevated psychopathic traits. Results of this work provide a foundation for improved characterization of psychopathy in terms of the AMPD trait system and provide a mechanism for future research oriented toward clarifying the developmental interface between childhood conduct disorder and psychopathy, as well as identifying neurobiological correlates of dimensions of psychopathy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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24
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Suzuki T, South SC, Samuel DB, Wright AGC, Yalch MM, Hopwood CJ, Thomas KM. Measurement invariance of the DSM-5 Section III pathological personality trait model across sex. Personal Disord 2019; 10:114-122. [PMID: 29952589 PMCID: PMC6310673 DOI: 10.1037/per0000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The dimensional pathological personality trait model proposed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), Section III Criterion B, has shown promising results for its validity and utility in conceptualizing personality pathology. However, as its structural equivalence across sex is yet to be tested, the validity for the model across males and females remains uncertain. In the present article, we examined sex measurement invariance of the DSM-5 trait model in a large undergraduate sample using the Personality Inventory for DSM-5. A series of confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses suggested that, although the exact facet-domain relationships as specified in the DSM-5 were not observed, the facets generally organize into a model with five latent factors similar to those listed in the DSM-5 Section III Criterion B. Further, these five factors were fully measurement invariant across sex at the configural, metric, and scalar levels. Examination of the latent trait mean levels suggests that females tend to have higher scores on latent Negative Affectivity, whereas males tend to have higher scores on latent Antagonism, Detachment, Psychoticism, and Disinhibition. These results indicate that the DSM-5 Section III pathological personality trait model is fully structurally equivalent across sex, a property that is lacking in the traditional categorical model in Section II. This further validates the use of the dimensional DSM-5 trait model for personality disorder assessment and conceptualization in both research and clinical settings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan C South
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University
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25
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Berghuis H, Ingenhoven TJM, Heijden PTVD, Rossi GMP, Schotte CKW. Assessment of Pathological Traits in DSM-5 Personality Disorders By the DAPP-BQ: How Do These Traits Relate to the Six Personality Disorder Types of the Alternative Model? J Pers Disord 2019; 33:49-70. [PMID: 29120278 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2017_31_329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The six personality disorder (PD) types in DSM-5 section III are intended to resemble their DSM-IV/DSM-5 section II PD counterparts, but are now described by the level of personality functioning (criterion A) and an assigned trait profile (criterion B). However, concerns have been raised about the validity of these PD types. The present study examined the continuity between the DSM-IV/DSM-5 section II PDs and the corresponding trait profiles of the six DSM-5 section III PDs in a sample of 350 Dutch psychiatric patients. Facets of the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology-Basic Questionnaire (DAPP-BQ) were presumed as representations (proxies) of the DSM-5 section III traits. Correlational patterns between the DAPP-BQ and the six PDs were consistent with previous research between DAPP-BQ and DSM-IV PDs. Moreover, DAPP-BQ proxies were able to predict the six selected PDs. However, the assigned trait profile for each PD didn't fully match the corresponding PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Berghuis
- Centre for Psychotherapy, Pro Persona, Lunteren, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul T van der Heijden
- Centre for Adolescent Psychiatry, Reinier van Arkel, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands and Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Chris K W Schotte
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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26
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Meehan KB, Clarkin JF, Lenzenweger MF. Conceptual Models of Borderline Personality Disorder, Part 1: Overview of Prevailing and Emergent Models. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2018; 41:535-548. [PMID: 30447722 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a debilitating condition with significant personal and societal costs. Throughout the history of the conceptualization of borderline pathology as a form of psychopathology, there has been debate concerning the essential attributes of this disorder, which has significant implications for its assessment and treatment. The first of this 2-part review evaluates the major approaches to conceptualizing BPD, from the traditional DSM diagnosis through the more recent Alternative Model in DSM-5, Section III, and the research domain criteria initiative of the National Institute of Mental Health that was articulated largely in response to limitations of the DSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Meehan
- Long Island University, Brooklyn Campus, 1 University Plaza, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, 21 Bloomingdale Road, White Plains, NY 10065, USA.
| | - John F Clarkin
- Weill Cornell Medical College, 21 Bloomingdale Road, White Plains, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mark F Lenzenweger
- Weill Cornell Medical College, 21 Bloomingdale Road, White Plains, NY 10065, USA; State University of New York at Binghamton, Science IV, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
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27
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Leising D, Scherbaum S, Packmohr P, Zimmermann J. Substance and Evaluation in Personality Disorder Diagnoses. J Pers Disord 2018; 32:766-783. [PMID: 28910217 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2017_31_324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Like person judgments in everyday life, diagnoses of personality disorders (PDs) reflect at least two influences: first, the actual characteristics of the target person (substance), and second, the more positive or negative view that the perceiver has of the target person (evaluation). In this article, we present a systematic account of substance and evaluation in PD diagnoses, using a modified version of Brunswik's (1956) lens model. An empirical study shows that the items of the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders (AMPD) are in fact saturated with evaluation, that this evaluation is largely the same as "social desirability," and that the two mandatory components of the AMPD (criterion A and B) are not easily distinguishable from one another in that regard. We provide concrete recommendations as to how the conceptual clarity of PD diagnostics may be improved, by distinguishing people's personality dispositions from their (likely) long-term consequences.
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28
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Zimmerman M, Morgan TA, Stanton K. The severity of psychiatric disorders. World Psychiatry 2018; 17:258-275. [PMID: 30192110 PMCID: PMC6127765 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The issue of the severity of psychiatric disorders has great clinical importance. For example, severity influences decisions about level of care, and affects decisions to seek government assistance due to psychiatric disability. Controversy exists as to the efficacy of antidepressants across the spectrum of depression severity, and whether patients with severe depression should be preferentially treated with medication rather than psychotherapy. Measures of severity are used to evaluate outcome in treatment studies and may be used as meaningful endpoints in clinical practice. But, what does it mean to say that someone has a severe illness? Does severity refer to the number of symptoms a patient is experiencing? To the intensity of the symptoms? To symptom frequency or persistence? To the impact of symptoms on functioning or on quality of life? To the likelihood of the illness resulting in permanent disability or death? Putting aside the issue of how severity should be operationalized, another consideration is whether severity should be conceptualized similarly for all illnesses or be disorder specific. In this paper, we examine how severity is characterized in research and contemporary psychiatric diagnostic systems, with a special focus on depression and personality disorders. Our review shows that the DSM-5 has defined the severity of various disorders in different ways, and that researchers have adopted a myriad of ways of defining severity for both depression and personality disorders, although the severity of the former was predominantly defined according to scores on symptom rating scales, whereas the severity of the latter was often linked with impairments in functioning. Because the functional impact of symptom-defined disorders depends on factors extrinsic to those disorders, such as self-efficacy, resilience, coping ability, social support, cultural and social expectations, as well as the responsibilities related to one's primary role function and the availability of others to assume those responsibilities, we argue that the severity of such disorders should be defined independently from functional impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Zimmerman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorBrown University School of Medicine, Rhode Island HospitalProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Theresa A. Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorBrown University School of Medicine, Rhode Island HospitalProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Kasey Stanton
- Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorBrown University School of Medicine, Rhode Island HospitalProvidenceRIUSA
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29
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Widiger TA, Crego C, Rojas SL, Oltmanns JR. Basic personality model. Curr Opin Psychol 2018; 21:18-22. [PMID: 28957742 PMCID: PMC6029719 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The personality structure of persons within clinical populations may not be fundamentally different from the personality structure of persons who have not sought treatment for their maladaptive personality traits. Indeed, there has long been an interest in understanding personality disorders as maladaptive variants of general personality structure. Presented herein is an understanding of personality disorder from the perspective of basic personality research; more specifically, the five factor model (FFM) of general personality structure. Potential advantages of understanding personality disorders from the perspective of the FFM are provided.
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30
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Abstract
The Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ, Young, 1994) was developed to assess Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS), which account for the dysfunctional beliefs in individuals with personality disorders or maladaptive personality traits. This study aims to investigate the factor structure, the reliability and the validity of the original YSQ - Short Form (Young & Brown, 1998; YSQ-SF, 15 EMS) as well as an extension including 16 EMS, based on the 16 factor structure of the YSQL2 (Young & Brown, 1998) in a community sample. The sample consisted of 672 participants (51% females; M age-total = 44.34; SD age-total = 16.24). Results show evidence for both the 15 and 16 factor solution of the YSQ-SF with good internal consistency coefficients for the different scales. Significant gender differences were observed for Self-Sacrifice (females higher) and Entitlement (men higher), along with different patterns of correlations between age and Insufficient Self-Control (r = -.19), Enmeshment (r = -0.16) and Self-Sacrifice (r = .13). Furthermore, Big Five personality traits were significantly associated with several schema scales. In sum, we can conclude that both the YSQ-SF15 and 16 are valid instruments to assess EMS among a Flemish community sample. However, given the unique additive value of the 16th EMS (Social Undesirability) in predicting lower scores on Extraversion and Openness, the use of the YSQ-SF16 could be favored.
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Samuel DB, Tay L. Aristotle's golden mean and the importance of bipolarity for personality models: A commentary on "Personality traits and maladaptivity: Unipolarity versus bipolarity". J Pers 2018; 87:1097-1102. [PMID: 29577297 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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32
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Curvilinear effects of personality on safety performance: The moderating role of supervisor support. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dimensional personality trait models have gained favor as an alternative to categorical personality disorder (PD) diagnosis; however, debate persists regarding whether these traits should be conceptualized as maladaptive at both extremes (i.e., maladaptively bipolar) or just one trait pole (i.e., unipolar). METHOD To inform the debate on maladaptive bipolarity, linear and nonlinear relations between personality traits and dysfunction were examined in a large psychiatric patient sample (N = 365). Participants self-reported on normal-range and pathological personality domains, life satisfaction, specific interpersonal problems, and broad psychosocial functioning. In addition, participants were interviewed regarding specific psychiatric symptoms and broad psychosocial functioning. RESULTS All traits related moderately to strongly with at least one dysfunction variable. All traits were predominantly correlated with dysfunction at one pole; however, several small linear relations provided some evidence for maladaptively high Extraversion and Agreeableness. None of the significant nonlinear effects provided clear evidence for maladaptivity at both ends of any trait. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that broad personality traits are predominantly maladaptive at one extreme; however, in limited cases, the opposite extreme may also be maladaptive.
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Abstract
Many argue that current categorical personality disorder (PD) classification systems should be more dimensional and consider personality traits. The present study examined whether a brief PD screening tool, the Standardized Assessment of Personality: Abbreviated Scale (SAPAS) primarily screened for traits of low emotional stability, low extraversion, and low agreeableness, rather than PD per se. A general community sample (n = 237) completed the SAPAS, a personality trait measure, and the International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE) screening questionnaire. Regressions showed that the SAPAS provided substantial incremental validity over personality trait scores in predicting total IPDE scores, indicating that the SAPAS captures variance unique to PD, rather than just extremes of general disposition. The SAPAS is an empirically valid rapid PD screen for nonclinical populations, correctly identifying 78% of individuals who screen positively for PD on the IPDE. However, the SAPAS was not effective for screening antisocial PD, limiting its utility in forensic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vincent Egan
- Centre for Forensic and Family Psychology, University of Nottingham
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Ferguson E, Lievens F. Future directions in personality, occupational and medical selection: myths, misunderstandings, measurement, and suggestions. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2017; 22:387-399. [PMID: 28220334 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-016-9751-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper has two objectives: (1) presenting recent advances in personality theory whereby personality traits are conceptualized within a framework that focuses on the dynamic interactions of behaviour, biology, context, and states, and (2) discussing the implications of these developments for measurement and medical selection. We start by presenting evidence that traits are no longer regarded as stable deterministic predictors of behaviour. Instead, traits are found to change across generations, the life span, and in response to environmental contingencies. Thus, there is an urgent need to explore how traits change as function of medical education. Second, drawing on recent theory and research (behavioural reaction norms and the density distribution model) we highlight evidence to show how the expression of trait relevant behaviour is dependent on context, and is distributed with an average (typical behaviour or personality) and a variance (plasticity or adaptability), with traditional personality measure associated with typical responding. Third, we demystify that some traits are better than others showing that so-called "good" traits have a dark-side. Fourth, we show how these developments impact on how personality might be assessed, thereby presenting recent evidence on the use of contextualized personality measures, situational judgment tests, other reports, and implicit measures. Throughout the paper, we outline the key implications of these developments for medical selection practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Filip Lievens
- Department of Personnel Management and Work and Organizational Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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36
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Abstract
An existing relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and personality disorder (PD) has been well documented, yet research has been limited by possible selection and self-report biases as well as PD models of questionable validity. This study examined the relationship of ADHD with adult personality traits and disorders in a sample that included individuals prescreened for elevated childhood ADHD symptoms. Four hundred thirty-nine undergraduates completed retrospective reports of childhood ADHD symptoms as well as current ratings of ADHD symptoms, traditional PD categories, and the DSM-5 alternative PD trait model. To overcome potential biases in self-report, 161 parents of the participants provided ratings of childhood and current functioning. Results suggest that while self-report of ADHD was significantly correlated with several PDs, parent reports obtained somewhat more specific links with adult dependent, borderline, and paranoid PDs. Most importantly, the DSM-5 Section III dimensional trait model provided greater specificity, as the trait of distractibility consistently emerged as a unique predictor, and thus appeared more useful for understanding the developmental pathways of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas B Samuel
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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37
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Moderation effects of perceived organisational support on curvilinear relationship between neuroticism and job performance. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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38
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Ferron A, Lussier Y, Sabourin S, Brassard A. The Role of Internet Pornography Use and Cyber Infidelity in the Associations between Personality, Attachment, and Couple and Sexual Satisfaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/sn.2017.61001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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Ibáñez MI, Sabater-Grande G, Barreda-Tarrazona I, Mezquita L, López-Ovejero S, Villa H, Perakakis P, Ortet G, García-Gallego A, Georgantzís N. Take the Money and Run: Psychopathic Behavior in the Trust Game. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1866. [PMID: 27965606 PMCID: PMC5125304 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the association among different sources of individual differences such as personality, cognitive ability and risk attitudes with trust and reciprocate behavior in an incentivized experimental binary trust game in a sample of 220 (138 females) undergraduate students. The game involves two players, player 1 (P1) and player 2 (P2). In the first stage, P1 decides whether to trust and let P2 decide, or to secure an egalitarian payoff for both players. If P1 trusts P2, the latter can choose between a symmetric payoff that is double than the secure alternative discarded by P1, and an asymmetric payoff in which P2 earns more than in any other case but makes P1 worse off. Before the main experiment, we obtained participants' scores for Abstract Reasoning (AR), risk attitudes, basic personality characteristics, and specific traits such as psychopathy and impulsivity. During the main experiment, we measured Heart Rate (HR) and ElectroDermal Activity (EDA) variation to account for emotional arousal caused by the decision and feedback processes. Our main findings indicate that, on one hand, P1 trust behavior associates to positive emotionality and, specifically, to the extraversion's warmth facet. In addition, the impulsivity facet of positive urgency also favors trust behavior. No relation to trusting behavior was found for either other major personality aspects or risk attitudes. The physiological results show that participants scoring high in psychopathy exhibit increased EDA and reduced evoked HR deceleration at the moment in which they are asked to decide whether or not to trust. Regarding P2, we find that AR ability and mainly low disagreeable disinhibition favor reciprocal behavior. Specifically, lack of reciprocity significantly relates with a psychopathic, highly disinhibited and impulsive personality. Thus, the present study suggests that personality characteristics would play a significant role in different behaviors underlying cooperation, with extraversion/positive emotionality being more relevant for initiating cooperation, and low disagreeable disinhibition for maintaining it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel I Ibáñez
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology, Universitat Jaume ICastelló, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Gerardo Sabater-Grande
- Laboratory of Experimental Economics and Economics Department, Universitat Jaume I Castellón, Spain
| | - Iván Barreda-Tarrazona
- Laboratory of Experimental Economics and Economics Department, Universitat Jaume I Castellón, Spain
| | - Laura Mezquita
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology, Universitat Jaume I Castelló, Spain
| | - Sandra López-Ovejero
- Laboratory of Experimental Economics and Economics Department, Universitat Jaume I Castellón, Spain
| | - Helena Villa
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology, Universitat Jaume I Castelló, Spain
| | - Pandelis Perakakis
- Laboratory of Experimental Economics and Economics Department, Universitat Jaume ICastellón, Spain; Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento, Universidad de GranadaGranada, Spain
| | - Generós Ortet
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology, Universitat Jaume ICastelló, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Aurora García-Gallego
- Laboratory of Experimental Economics and Economics Department, Universitat Jaume I Castellón, Spain
| | - Nikolaos Georgantzís
- Laboratory of Experimental Economics and Economics Department, Universitat Jaume ICastellón, Spain; School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of ReadingReading, UK
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40
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Timoney LR, Walsh Z, Shea MT, Yen S, Ansell EB, Grilo CM, McGlashan TH, Stout RL, Bender DS, Skodol AE, Sanislow CA, Morey LC, Gunderson JG. Personality and life events in a personality disorder sample. Personal Disord 2016; 8:376-382. [PMID: 27797543 DOI: 10.1037/per0000214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with a personality disorder (PD) tend to experience more negative life events (NLEs) than positive life events (PLEs). In community samples, the Five Factor Model of personality (FFM) predicts both positive and negative life events. The present research examined whether FFM normal personality traits were associated with positive and negative life events among individuals with 1 of 4 PDs: avoidant, borderline, schizotypal, and obsessive-compulsive, and tested whether associations between the FFM of personality and PLEs and NLEs were similar across the 4 PD groups and a control group. Among aggregated PDs, neuroticism was positively associated with NLEs, whereas extraversion, openness to experience, and conscientiousness were positively associated with PLEs. Comparisons of each PD group to a control group of individuals with a major depressive disorder indicated that the FFM traits operated similarly across clinical samples with and without PD. Our findings indicate that normal personality traits can be used to help understand the lives of individuals with PD. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zach Walsh
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia
| | - M Tracie Shea
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University Alpert Medical School
| | - Shirley Yen
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University Alpert Medical School
| | - Emily B Ansell
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Carlos M Grilo
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Psychology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | | | - Robert L Stout
- Decision Sciences Institute, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation
| | | | - Andrew E Skodol
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine
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41
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Lengel GJ, Helle AC, DeShong HL, Meyer NA, Mullins-Sweatt SN. Translational applications of personality science for the conceptualization and treatment of psychopathology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Widiger
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 115 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Joshua R Oltmanns
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 115 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.
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43
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Mullins-Sweatt SN, Lengel GJ, DeShong HL. The Importance of Considering Clinical Utility in the Construction of a Diagnostic Manual. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2016; 12:133-55. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-092954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The development of major diagnostic manuals primarily has been guided by construct validity rather than clinical utility. The purpose of this article is to summarize recent research and theory examining the importance of clinical utility when constructing and evaluating a diagnostic manual. We suggest that construct validity is a necessary but not sufficient criterion for diagnostic constructs. This article discusses components of clinical utility and how these have applied to the current and forthcoming diagnostic manuals. Implications and suggestions for future research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory J. Lengel
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078
| | - Hilary L. DeShong
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078
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44
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Suzuki T, Griffin SA, Samuel DB. Capturing the DSM-5 Alternative Personality Disorder Model Traits in the Five-Factor Model's Nomological Net. J Pers 2016; 85:220-231. [PMID: 26691245 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown structural and statistical similarities between the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5) alternative personality disorder model and the Five-Factor Model (FFM). However, no study to date has evaluated the nomological network similarities between the two models. The relations of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) with relevant criterion variables were examined in a sample of 336 undergraduate students (Mage = 19.4; 59.8% female). The resulting profiles for each instrument were statistically compared for similarity. Four of the five domains of the two models have highly similar nomological networks, with the exception being FFM Openness to Experience and PID-5 Psychoticism. Further probing of that pair suggested that the NEO PI-R domain scores obscured meaningful similarity between PID-5 Psychoticism and specific aspects and lower-order facets of Openness. The results support the notion that the DSM-5 alternative personality disorder model trait domains represent variants of the FFM domains. Similarities of Openness and Psychoticism domains were supported when the lower-order aspects and facets of Openness domain were considered. The findings support the view that the DSM-5 trait model represents an instantiation of the FFM.
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45
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Aluja A, Martí-Guiu M, Blanco E, Blanch A. Dimensional assessment of normal and abnormal personality in adults of the general population: Comparison of “five” and “alternative five” personality models. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Uliaszek AA, Al-Dajani N, Bagby RM. The Relationship Between Psychopathology and a Hierarchical Model of Normal Personality Traits: Evidence From a Psychiatric Patient Sample. J Pers Disord 2015; 29:719-34. [PMID: 25562540 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2014_28_170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Shifts in the conceptualization of psychopathology have favored a dimensional approach, with the five-factor model (FFM) playing a prominent role in this research. However, reservations about the utility of the FFM in differentiating disorders have risen. In the current investigation, a "bottom-up" analytical method was used to ascertain the hierarchical structure of personality, with investigation of the specificity of the traits in categorizing diagnostic categories across an expanded array of psychiatric disorders. Following earlier investigations, which used a hierarchical structural approach, this study presents new results relating to the differentiation of several forms of psychopathology not included in these earlier analyses--bipolar disorder, psychotic disorders, problem gambling, posttraumatic stress disorder, and somatoform disorders--across distinct levels of a personality hierarchy based on the FFM. These results bolster the argument for the use of FFM personality traits in characterizing and differentiating psychiatric diagnostic groups.
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47
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48
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Hengartner MP, Cohen LJ, Rodgers S, Müller M, Rössler W, Ajdacic-Gross V. Association between childhood maltreatment and normal adult personality traits: exploration of an understudied field. J Pers Disord 2015; 29:1-14. [PMID: 24932873 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2014_28_143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We assessed normal personality traits and childhood trauma in approximately 1170 subjects from a general population-based community sample. In bivariate analyses emotional abuse was most pervasively related to personality, showing significant detrimental associations with neuroticism, extraversion, openness, conscientiousness, and agreeableness. Neuroticism was significantly related to emotional abuse and neglect, physical abuse and neglect, and sexual abuse. Emotional abuse was related to neuroticism in men more profoundly than in women (β = 0.095). Adjusting for the covariance between childhood maltreatment variables, neuroticism was mainly related to emotional abuse (β = 0.193), extraversion to emotional neglect (β = -0.259), openness to emotional abuse (β = 0.175), conscientiousness to emotional abuse (β = -0.110), and agreeableness to emotional neglect (β = -0.153). The proportion of variance explained was highest in neuroticism (5.6%) and lowest in openness (1.9%) and conscientiousness (1.8%). These findings help to understand the complex association between childhood maltreatment and both normal and pathological personality.
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49
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Wright AGC, Simms LJ. On the structure of personality disorder traits: conjoint analyses of the CAT-PD, PID-5, and NEO-PI-3 trait models. Personal Disord 2014; 5:43-54. [PMID: 24588061 DOI: 10.1037/per0000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The current study examines the relations among contemporary models of pathological and normal range personality traits. Specifically, we report on (a) conjoint exploratory factor analyses of the Computerized Adaptive Test of Personality Disorder static form (CAT-PD-SF) with the Personality Inventory for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition and NEO Personality Inventory-3 First Half, and (b) unfolding hierarchical analyses of the three measures in a large general psychiatric outpatient sample (n = 628; 64% Female). A five-factor solution provided conceptually coherent alignment among the CAT-PD-SF, PID-5, and NEO-PI-3FH scales. Hierarchical solutions suggested that higher-order factors bear strong resemblance to dimensions that emerge from structural models of psychopathology (e.g., Internalizing and Externalizing spectra). These results demonstrate that the CAT-PD-SF adheres to the consensual structure of broad trait domains at the five-factor level. Additionally, patterns of scale loadings further inform questions of structure and bipolarity of facet and domain level constructs. Finally, hierarchical analyses strengthen the argument for using broad dimensions that span normative and pathological functioning to scaffold a quantitatively derived phenotypic structure of psychopathology to orient future research on explanatory, etiological, and maintenance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan G C Wright
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
| | - Leonard J Simms
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
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50
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Hengartner MP, De Fruyt F, Rodgers S, Müller M, Rössler W, Ajdacic-Gross V. An integrative examination of general personality dysfunction in a large community sample. Personal Ment Health 2014; 8:276-89. [PMID: 25044701 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the severity of general personality dysfunction has gained broad interest in personality disorder (PD) research. We analysed data of 511 participants aged 20-41 years from a comprehensive psychiatric survey in the general population of Zurich, Switzerland. We added the trait-scores from all DSM-IV PDs, as assessed by a self-report questionnaire, to provide a measure of general personality dysfunction. Adjusting for the Big Five personality domains as a proxy for stylistic PD elements, this composite PD score exhibited strong associations with neuroticism and schizotypy. General personality dysfunction additionally revealed a moderate detrimental association with psychosocial functioning and a strong effect on coping resources, on heavy drinking and drug use and on most psychopathological syndromes. Of particular interest is the strong association with total psychopathological distress and co-occurrence of multiple disorders, suggesting that increasing PD severity relates to the degree of global impairment independent of specific PD traits. Discussed herein are implications for public mental health policies, classification, conceptualization and treatment of PDs.
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