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Peng Y, Xiang X, Liu W, Zeng Z. Transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles of Pirata subpiraticus in response to copper exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 279:116498. [PMID: 38805829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) contamination represents a persistent and significant form of heavy metal pollution in agricultural ecosystems, posing serious threats to organisms in current society. Spiders serve as crucial biological indicators for assessing the impact of heavy metals-induced toxicity. However, the specific molecular responses of spiders to Cu exposure and the mechanisms involved are not well understood. In our study, the wolf pond spiders, Pirata subpiraticus, were exposed to Cu for 21 d, resulting in a notable decline in survival rates compared with the control (n = 50, p < 0.05). We observed an increased expression of enzymes like glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase (p < 0.05), signaling a strong oxidative stress response crucial for counteracting the harmful effects of reactive oxygen species. This response was corroborated by a rise in malondialdehyde levels (p < 0.05), a marker of lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed 2004 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 220 metabolites (DEMs). A significant number of these DEGs were involved in the glutathione biosynthetic process and antioxidant activity. A conjoint analysis revealed that under the Cu stress, several important enzymes and metabolites were altered (e.g., cathepsin A, legumain, and lysosomal acid lipase), affecting the activities of key biological processes and components, such as lysosome and insect hormone biosynthesis. Additionally, the protein interaction network analysis showed an up-regulation of processes like the apoptotic process, glutamate synthase activity, and peroxisome, suggesting that spiders activate cellular protective strategies to cope with stress and maintain homeostasis. This study not only deepens our understanding of spider biology in the context of environmental stress but also makes a significant contribution to the field of environmental stress biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Peng
- Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China.
| | - Xinglong Xiang
- Hunan Qingyang Lake Forestry Technology Co., LTD, Ningxiang 410600, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Urban and Environment Sciences, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China
| | - Zengri Zeng
- Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China
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Pinheiro RA, Duque TS, Barroso GM, Soares MA, Cabral CM, Zanuncio JC, Dos Santos JB. Herbicides may threaten advances in biological control of diseases and pests. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:111850-111870. [PMID: 37848791 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Advances in agriculture include integrated methods of controlling pests, diseases, and weeds with biocontrollers, which are constantly increasing, along with herbicides. The objective is to present a systematic review of the main reports of herbicide effects on non-target organisms used in applied biological control and those naturally occurring in the ecosystems controlling pests. The categories were divided into predatory and parasitoid arthropods. Three hundred and fifty reports were analyzed, being 58.3% with parasitoids and 41.7% with predators. Lethal or sublethal effects of herbicides on reproduction, predation, genotoxicity, and abundance of biological control organisms have been reported. Two hundred and four reports of the impact of herbicides on parasitoids were analyzed. The largest number of reports was with parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma, with wide use in managing pests of the herbicide-tolerant transgenic plants. Most tests evaluating effects on parasitism, emergence, and mortality of natural enemies subjected to herbicides are with parasitoids of Lepidoptera eggs with a high diversity and use in managing these pests in different crops. Additive and synergistic effects of molecules increase the risks of herbicide mixtures. Herbicide use for weed management must integrate other control methods, as the chemical can impact natural enemies, reducing the biological control of pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Almeida Pinheiro
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 39100-000, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Tayna Sousa Duque
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 39100-000, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Gabriela Madureira Barroso
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 39100-000, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | - Marcus Alvarenga Soares
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 39100-000, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Cassia Michelle Cabral
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 39100-000, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - José Cola Zanuncio
- Departamento de Entomologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - José Barbosa Dos Santos
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 39100-000, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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Zilnik G, Bergeron PE, Chuang A, Diepenbrock L, Hanel A, Middleton E, Moretti E, Schmidt-Jeffris R. Meta-Analysis of Herbicide Non-Target Effects on Pest Natural Enemies. INSECTS 2023; 14:787. [PMID: 37887799 PMCID: PMC10607068 DOI: 10.3390/insects14100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
A critical component of integrated pest management is minimizing disruption of biological control by reducing the use of pesticides with significant non-target effects on natural enemies. Insecticide non-target effects testing for natural enemies has become increasingly common, but research examining the non-target effects of herbicides on natural enemies is scarce, and recommendations regarding herbicide selectivity are non-existent. We used meta-analysis to summarize laboratory bioassays testing non-target effects of herbicides on arthropod natural enemies and identify patterns in taxon susceptibility and active ingredient toxicity. Data were extracted from 78 papers representing 801 total observations. Herbicides increased natural enemy mortality and decreased longevity, reproduction, and predation. Mesostigmatan mites and hemipterans were the most sensitive to herbicides, and spiders, neuropterans, and hymenopterans were the least sensitive. Mortality was higher in juvenile predators versus parasitoids but did not differ between adults; parasitoid juveniles are likely better protected within the host. In terms of acute mortality, metribuzin, glufosinate, and oxyfluorfen were the most harmful herbicides. Only nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, pendimethalin, phenmedipham, atrazine, and urea did not increase natural enemy mortality. The large effect size of glufosinate is particularly concerning, as it is the most likely replacement herbicide for glyphosate in many crops. Many active ingredients remain under-studied. Our analysis indicates that herbicides have a strong potential to disrupt biological control in cropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Zilnik
- Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Crop Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA; (E.M.); (R.S.-J.)
| | - Paul E. Bergeron
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, 166 FSHN 100 Dairy Road, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (P.E.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Angela Chuang
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (A.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Lauren Diepenbrock
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (A.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Aldo Hanel
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, 166 FSHN 100 Dairy Road, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (P.E.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Eric Middleton
- Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, 9335 Hazard Way Suite 201, San Diego, CA 92123, USA;
| | - Erica Moretti
- Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Crop Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA; (E.M.); (R.S.-J.)
| | - Rebecca Schmidt-Jeffris
- Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Crop Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA; (E.M.); (R.S.-J.)
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Grant TJ, Fisher KE, Krishnan N, Mullins AN, Hellmich RL, Sappington TW, Adelman JS, Coats JR, Hartzler RG, Pleasants JM, Bradbury SP. Monarch Butterfly Ecology, Behavior, and Vulnerabilities in North Central United States Agricultural Landscapes. Bioscience 2022; 72:1176-1203. [PMID: 36451972 PMCID: PMC9699720 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biac094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The North American monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) is a candidate species for listing under the Endangered Species Act. Multiple factors are associated with the decline in the eastern population, including the loss of breeding and foraging habitat and pesticide use. Establishing habitat in agricultural landscapes of the North Central region of the United States is critical to increasing reproduction during the summer. We integrated spatially explicit modeling with empirical movement ecology and pesticide toxicology studies to simulate population outcomes for different habitat establishment scenarios. Because of their mobility, we conclude that breeding monarchs in the North Central states should be resilient to pesticide use and habitat fragmentation. Consequently, we predict that adult monarch recruitment can be enhanced even if new habitat is established near pesticide-treated crop fields. Our research has improved the understanding of monarch population dynamics at the landscape scale by examining the interactions among monarch movement ecology, habitat fragmentation, and pesticide use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Grant
- Research scientist, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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Morente M, Ramírez M, Lago C, de Las Heras-Bravo D, Benito A, Moreno A, Fereres A. Habitat manipulation for sustainable management of Philaenus spumarius, the main vector of Xylella fastidiosa in Europe. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:4183-4194. [PMID: 35690910 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The unexpected Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) outbreak in Europe has led to aggressive management of the disease in recent years. As there is no cure for infected plants, management of vector populations is mandatory to contain the spread of Xf in infected areas. We aimed to assess the suitability of plant species commonly used as cover crops for the population growth of Philaenus spumarius L. (Aphrophoridae). Thus, we conducted a series of no-choice and multiple-choice assays to assess the oviposition preference of P. spumarius adults as well as the development and mortality rate of nymphs on 10 candidate plant species under laboratory and semi-field conditions. Our results will help to design ecological infrastructures, including a pull-push strategy for effective management of Xf vectors in olive groves. RESULTS Results showed that Anthriscus cerefolium is a suitable plant to enhance oviposition but has a lethal effect on the first nymphal instars of P. spumarius. Moreover, Diplotaxis tenuifolia is not suitable for oviposition or nymphal development. Sinapis alba does not enhance oviposition but is suitable for nymphal development with a medium-high cumulative mortality of the nymphs. Conversely, adults and nymphs had a high preference and low mortality on Taraxacum officinale, and nymphs showed a medium-high preference on Lavandula angustifolia, suggesting that these two species should be avoided as ground cover plants on Xf-susceptible crops. CONCLUSION The results obtained in our study open new ways to manage the vectors of Xf by using specific plant species as ground cover, which in turn will reduce the spread and prevalence of Xf. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Morente
- Departamento de Investigación Aplicada y Extensión Agraria, Instituto Madrileño de Investigación y Desarrollo Rural, Agrario y Alimentario, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Ramírez
- Departamento de Investigación Aplicada y Extensión Agraria, Instituto Madrileño de Investigación y Desarrollo Rural, Agrario y Alimentario, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Lago
- Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel de Las Heras-Bravo
- Departamento de Investigación Aplicada y Extensión Agraria, Instituto Madrileño de Investigación y Desarrollo Rural, Agrario y Alimentario, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Benito
- Departamento de Investigación Aplicada y Extensión Agraria, Instituto Madrileño de Investigación y Desarrollo Rural, Agrario y Alimentario, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Moreno
- Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Fereres
- Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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Balfour NJ, Ratnieks FLW. The disproportionate value of ‘weeds’ to pollinators and biodiversity. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Balfour
- Laboratory of Apiculture & Social Insects, School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Brighton UK
| | - Francis L. W. Ratnieks
- Laboratory of Apiculture & Social Insects, School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Brighton UK
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García-Ruiz E, Cobos G, Sánchez-Ramos I, Pascual S, Chueca MC, Escorial MC, Santín-Montanyá I, Loureiro Í, González-Núñez M. Dynamics of canopy-dwelling arthropods under different weed management options, including glyphosate, in conventional and genetically modified insect-resistant maize. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1121-1138. [PMID: 32458593 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of genetically modified varieties tolerant to herbicides (HT varieties) and resistant to insects (Bt varieties) in combination with application of a broad-spectrum herbicide such as glyphosate could be an effective option for the simultaneous control of weeds and pests in maize. Nevertheless, the possible impact of these tools on nontarget arthropods still needs to be evaluated. In a field study in central Spain, potential changes in populations of canopy-dwelling arthropods in Bt maize under different weed management options, including glyphosate application, were investigated. Canopy-dwelling arthropods were sampled by visual inspection and yellow sticky traps. The Bt variety had no effect on any group of studied arthropods, except for the expected case of corn borers-the target pests of Bt maize. Regarding the effects of herbicide regimes, the only observed difference was a lower abundance of Cicadellidae and Mymaridae on yellow sticky traps in plots not treated with pre-emergence herbicides. This effect was especially pronounced in a treatment involving two glyphosate applications. The decrease in Cicadellidae and Mymaridae populations was associated with a higher density of weeds in plots, which may have hindered colonization of the crop by leafhoppers. These differences, however, were only significant in the last year of the study. The low likelihood of the use of glyphosate- and herbicide-tolerant varieties for weed control triggering important effects on the nontarget arthropod fauna of the maize canopy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban García-Ruiz
- Plant Protection Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Cobos
- Plant Protection Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismael Sánchez-Ramos
- Plant Protection Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Pascual
- Plant Protection Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Cristina Chueca
- Plant Protection Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Concepción Escorial
- Plant Protection Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Santín-Montanyá
- Plant Protection Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Íñigo Loureiro
- Plant Protection Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel González-Núñez
- Plant Protection Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
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Madden MK, Widick IV, Blubaugh CK. Weeds Impose Unique Outcomes for Pests, Natural Enemies, and Yield in Two Vegetable Crops. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:330-336. [PMID: 33480401 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Weed management requires enormous labor investments from vegetable farmers, yet crops vary in how much weed pressure they can tolerate without yield loss. Moreover, until weeds reach a point where they threaten yield or approach seed production, they can increase biodiversity and provision food and habitat to attract predatory insects. In two related field experiments, we quantified impacts of weed presence and diversity on pests, predators, and biocontrol of both weed seeds and insect prey. We also measured yields of two vegetables that vary in competitiveness (eggplants and turnips) across two weed management treatments (weedy and weed-free), to determine productivity costs of tolerating weeds. Allowing weeds to grow adjacent to rows of eggplants increased abundances of predators and reduced pests. Surprisingly, relaxing weed management came at no cost to eggplant yield. In contrast, tolerating weeds in turnips had strong yield costs, and did not benefit predators or decrease pest pressure. On both crops, pests declined as weed diversity increased. Yet, weed treatments had no impact on consumption of weed seeds or sentinel prey by soil-surface insects, which were dominated by red imported fire ants. Our results suggest that highly competitive crops might benefit from stronger natural pest control when weeds are less-aggressively managed. However, herbivores and predators had unique responses to weeds that were crop-specific. To help farmers allocate limited weed management labor resources, future work should examine the relative competitiveness of a wider variety of vegetables over a gradient of weed pressure while measuring corresponding impacts on pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina K Madden
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - Ivy V Widick
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Carmen K Blubaugh
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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How Effective Is Conservation Biological Control in Regulating Insect Pest Populations in Organic Crop Production Systems? INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11110744. [PMID: 33138249 PMCID: PMC7692856 DOI: 10.3390/insects11110744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Organic crop production systems typically rely on conservation biological control to increase and sustain natural enemies including parasitoids and predators that will regulate insect pest populations below damaging levels. The use of flowering plants or floral resources to attract and retain natural enemies in organic crop production systems has not been consistent, based on the scientific literature, and most importantly, many studies do not correlate an increase in natural enemies with a reduction in plant damage. This may be associated with the effects of intraguild predation or the negative effects that can occur when multiple natural enemies are present in an ecosystem. Consequently, although incorporating flowering plants into organic crop production systems may increase the natural enemy assemblages, more robust scientific studies are warranted to determine the actual effects of natural enemies in reducing plant damage associated with insect pest populations. Abstract Organic crop production systems are designed to enhance or preserve the presence of natural enemies, including parasitoids and predators, by means of conservation biological control, which involves providing environments and habitats that sustain natural enemy assemblages. Conservation biological control can be accomplished by providing flowering plants (floral resources) that will attract and retain natural enemies. Natural enemies, in turn, will regulate existing insect pest populations to levels that minimize plant damage. However, evidence is not consistent, based on the scientific literature, that providing natural enemies with flowering plants will result in an abundance of natural enemies sufficient to regulate insect pest populations below economically damaging levels. The reason that conservation biological control has not been found to sufficiently regulate insect pest populations in organic crop production systems across the scientific literature is associated with complex interactions related to intraguild predation, the emission of plant volatiles, weed diversity, and climate and ecosystem resources across locations where studies have been conducted.
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Idriss GEA, du Plessis H, Khamis FM, Ekesi S, Tanga CM, Mohamed SA. Host Range and Effects of Plant Species on Preference and Fitness of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:1279-1289. [PMID: 32016416 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is one of the most devastating pests of tomato in both open field and greenhouse production settings that significantly reduce yield and quality of the fruit. Being a new invasive pest, information on the pest bio-ecology, including host-rage and effects of plant species on its various fitness traits are virtually lacking. This study involved a field survey to establish the realized host range and laboratory experiments to evaluate the preference for, and fitness effects of T. absoluta on different plant species. In the field, T. absoluta was recovered from only four solanaceous plant species: tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), eggplant (S. melongena L.), black nightshade (S. nigrum L.), and gubbain (S. dubium Fr.). In choice and no-choice tests, tomato was the most preferred host of T. absoluta having the highest number of eggs deposited, followed by black nightshade, French bean Phaseolus vulgaris L., and chilli pepper Capsicum frutescens. Larvae developed quickest on tomato followed by black nightshade and French bean. The percentage survival to adulthood was significantly higher on tomato, compared to survival on black nightshade and French bean. Rearing of T. absoluta on tomato or black nightshade had no significant effect on pupal mass and length as well as adult size for both sexes. Fecundity and longevity, as well as oviposition preference of T. absoluta, were not affected by rearing on different plants. These findings confirm the oligophagous nature of the pest with high preference to tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal E A Idriss
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Hannalene du Plessis
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Samira A Mohamed
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
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Jaraleño-Teniente J, Lomeli-Flores JR, Rodríguez-Leyva E, Bujanos-Muñiz R, Rodríguez-Rodríguez SE. Egg Parasitoids Survey of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Maize and Sorghum in Central Mexico. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11030157. [PMID: 32121538 PMCID: PMC7143600 DOI: 10.3390/insects11030157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) is the main maize pest in America and was recently detected as an invasive pest in some countries in Asia and Africa. Among its natural enemies presented in Mexico, Trichogramma pretiosum Riley is the only egg parasitoid used in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs regardless of its effectiveness. A search for natural enemies of S. frugiperda was then carried out to determine whether this parasitoid has been established, and to detect native egg parasitoids or predators associated with this pest. The sentinel technique (egg masses) was used, and then placed in maize and sorghum fields in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico. Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman and Platner, an egg parasitoid, and Chelonus insularis Cresson egg-larva parasitoid were recovered from field surveys. Among the natural enemies that preyed on eggs of S. frugiperda, we found mites of the genus Balaustium, and Dermaptera of the genus Doru, both species in great abundance. Laboratory tests were performed to compare the potential parasitism of T. atopovirilia against T. pretiosum. T. atopovirilia obtained 70.14% parasitism while T. pretiosum, 29.23%. In field cages, three doses of the parasitoids were tested. Total parasitism did not exceed 8% in any of the two species, but T. atopovirilia parasitized a greater number of hosts using two and three parasitoids per pest egg. Then, the use of Trichogramma species needs to be reevaluated in biological control programs against S. frugiperda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannet Jaraleño-Teniente
- Posgrado en Fitosanidad-Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Estado de México, 56230 Texcoco, Mexico; (J.J.-T.); (E.R.-L.); (S.E.R.-R.)
| | - J. Refugio Lomeli-Flores
- Posgrado en Fitosanidad-Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Estado de México, 56230 Texcoco, Mexico; (J.J.-T.); (E.R.-L.); (S.E.R.-R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-5527-276-196
| | - Esteban Rodríguez-Leyva
- Posgrado en Fitosanidad-Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Estado de México, 56230 Texcoco, Mexico; (J.J.-T.); (E.R.-L.); (S.E.R.-R.)
| | - Rafael Bujanos-Muñiz
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Campo Experimental Bajío, Guanajuato, 38010 Celaya, Mexico;
| | - Susana E. Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Posgrado en Fitosanidad-Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Estado de México, 56230 Texcoco, Mexico; (J.J.-T.); (E.R.-L.); (S.E.R.-R.)
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Smith BM, Aebischer NJ, Ewald J, Moreby S, Potter C, Holland JM. The Potential of Arable Weeds to Reverse Invertebrate Declines and Associated Ecosystem Services in Cereal Crops. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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13
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Tooker JF, O'Neal ME, Rodriguez-Saona C. Balancing Disturbance and Conservation in Agroecosystems to Improve Biological Control. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 65:81-100. [PMID: 31923378 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Disturbances associated with agricultural intensification reduce our ability to achieve sustainable crop production. These disturbances stem from crop-management tactics and can leave crop fields more vulnerable to insect outbreaks, in part because natural-enemy communities often tend to be more susceptible to disturbance than herbivorous pests. Recent research has explored practices that conserve natural-enemy communities and reduce pest outbreaks, revealing that different components of agroecosystems can influence natural-enemy populations. In this review, we consider a range of disturbances that influence pest control provided by natural enemies and how conservation practices can mitigate or counteract disturbance. We use four case studies to illustrate how conservation and disturbance mitigation increase the potential for biological control and provide co-benefits for the broader agroecosystem. To facilitate the adoption of conservation practices that improve top-down control across significant areas of the landscape, these practices will need to provide multifunctional benefits, but should be implemented with natural enemies explicitly in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Tooker
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA;
| | - Matthew E O'Neal
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA;
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14
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Harrison RD, Thierfelder C, Baudron F, Chinwada P, Midega C, Schaffner U, van den Berg J. Agro-ecological options for fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda JE Smith) management: Providing low-cost, smallholder friendly solutions to an invasive pest. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 243:318-330. [PMID: 31102899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fall armyworm (FAW), a voracious agricultural pest native to North and South America, was first detected on the African continent in 2016 and has subsequently spread throughout the continent and across Asia. It has been predicted that FAW could cause up to $US13 billion per annum in crop losses throughout sub-Saharan Africa, thereby threatening the livelihoods of millions of poor farmers. In their haste to respond to FAW governments may promote indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides which, aside from human health and environmental risks, could undermine smallholder pest management strategies that depend to a large degree on natural enemies. Agro-ecological approaches offer culturally appropriate low-cost pest control strategies that can be readily integrated into existing efforts to improve smallholder incomes and resilience through sustainable intensification. Such approaches should therefore be promoted as a core component of integrated pest management (IPM) programmes for FAW in combination with crop breeding for pest resistance, classical biological control and selective use of safe pesticides. Nonetheless, the suitability of agro-ecological measures for reducing FAW densities and impact need to be carefully assessed across varied environmental and socio-economic conditions before they can be proposed for wide-scale implementation. To support this process, we review evidence for the efficacy of potential agro-ecological measures for controlling FAW and other pests, consider the associated risks, and draw attention to critical knowledge gaps. The evidence indicates that several measures can be adopted immediately. These include (i) sustainable soil fertility management, especially measures that maintain or restore soil organic carbon; (ii) intercropping with appropriately selected companion plants; and (iii) diversifying the farm environment through management of (semi)natural habitats at multiple spatial scales. Nevertheless, we recommend embedding trials into upscaling programmes so that the costs and benefits of these interventions may be determined across the diverse biophysical and socio-economic contexts that are found in the invaded range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhett D Harrison
- World Agroforestry Centre, 13 Elm Road, Woodlands, Lusaka, Zambia.
| | - Christian Thierfelder
- CIMMYT- Southern Africa Regional Office, P.O. Box MP 163, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - Frédéric Baudron
- CIMMYT-Southern Africa Regional Office, P.O Box MP 163, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - Peter Chinwada
- University of Zimbabwe, Department of Biological Sciences, PO Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - Charles Midega
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Urs Schaffner
- CABI, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800, Delémont, Switzerland.
| | - Johnnie van den Berg
- IPM Program, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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Liu Y, Luo Z. Neighbouring crop diversity mediates the effect of Bt cotton on insect community and leaf damage in fields. Transgenic Res 2019; 28:357-367. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-019-00155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pereira JL, Galdino TVS, Silva GAR, Picanço MC, Silva AA, Corrêa AS, Martins JC. Effects of glyphosate on the non-target leaf beetle Cerotoma arcuata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in field and laboratory conditions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2018; 53:447-453. [PMID: 29624468 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2018.1455363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the glyphosate application effects on the Cerotoma arcuata Oliver (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) population in glyphosate-resistant soybean crops. Field studies were conducted with glyphosate and the insecticide endosulfan to observe the effects of these pesticides on C. arcuata, on its damages in the crop and on the populations of natural enemies in glyphosate-resistant soybean crops. Moreover, the lethal and behavioral sublethal response of C. arcuata to glyphosate and endosulfan was conducted in the laboratory. The results of the field and laboratory experiments showed that glyphosate caused moderate toxicity and high irritability in C. arcuata and that endosulfan caused high toxicity and irritability. Therefore, the direct effect of glyphosate on C. arcuata was negative and does not explain the population increases of this pest in glyphosate-resistant soybean. However, the glyphosate also decreased the density of predators. Thus, the negative effect of glyphosate on the predators may be related to population increases of C. arcuata in glyphosate-resistant soybean crops, however, more studies are needed to better evidence this relationship. This study suggests that glyphosate can impact other non-target organisms, such as herbivorous insects and natural enemies and that the use of this herbicide will need to be carefully stewarded to prevent potential disturbances in beneficial insect communities in agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jardel L Pereira
- a UniversidadeLuterana do Brasil (ULBRA) , Itumbiara , Goiás , Brazil
| | - Tarcísio V S Galdino
- b Departamento de Fitotecnia , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Geverson A R Silva
- c Departamento de Entomologia , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Marcelo C Picanço
- b Departamento de Fitotecnia , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa , Minas Gerais , Brazil
- c Departamento de Entomologia , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Antônio A Silva
- b Departamento de Fitotecnia , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Alberto S Corrêa
- d Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia , Universidade de São Paulo , Piracicaba , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Júlio C Martins
- e Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano , Teixeira de Freitas , Bahia , Brazil
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17
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Rowley C, Cherrill AJ, Leather SR, Hall DR, Pope TW. Factors affecting trap catch in pheromone-based monitoring of saddle gall midge Haplodiplosis marginata (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:406-412. [PMID: 28851123 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The saddle gall midge, Haplodiplosis marginata (von Roser) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is a pest of cereal crops in Europe. Outbreaks are difficult to predict and effective monitoring tools are required to ensure the effectiveness of pest management options. The female sex pheromone (R)-2-nonyl butyrate provides the basis of a highly effective lure for this insect. Here, we demonstrate how the success of this lure can be influenced by parameters such as trap location, lure age, and interference between traps fitted with these lures. RESULTS A pheromone lure containing (R)-2-nonyl butyrate attracted male midges for at least 9 weeks under field conditions. Pheromone-baited traps performed best when situated away from field margins and below the height of the crop. Interference between nearby traps was evident at distances <20 m. CONCLUSION The results presented here offer new insights into the behavioural responses of male H. marginata to the female sex pheromone and provide practical recommendations for the use of H. marginata pheromone traps in the field. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Rowley
- Centre for Integrated Pest Management, Harper Adams University, Newport, UK
| | - Andrew J Cherrill
- Centre for Integrated Pest Management, Harper Adams University, Newport, UK
| | - Simon R Leather
- Centre for Integrated Pest Management, Harper Adams University, Newport, UK
| | - David R Hall
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, UK
| | - Tom W Pope
- Centre for Integrated Pest Management, Harper Adams University, Newport, UK
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García-Ruiz E, Loureiro Í, Farinós GP, Gómez P, Gutiérrez E, Sánchez FJ, Escorial MC, Ortego F, Chueca MC, Castañera P. Weeds and ground-dwelling predators' response to two different weed management systems in glyphosate-tolerant cotton: A farm-scale study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191408. [PMID: 29351549 PMCID: PMC5774765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of glyphosate, as a post-emergence broad-spectrum herbicide in genetically modified glyphosate-tolerant (GT) cotton, supposes a big change in weed management programs with respect to a conventional regime. Thus, alterations in arable flora and arthropod fauna must be considered when evaluating their potential impacts. A 3-year farm-scale study was conducted in a 2-ha GT cotton crop, in southern Spain, to compare the effects of conventional and glyphosate herbicide regimes on weed abundance and diversity and their consequences for ground-dwelling predators. Surveys reveal that weed density was relatively low within all treatments with a few dominant species, with significantly higher weed densities and modifications of the floristic composition in glyphosate-treated plots that led to an increase in the abundance of Portulaca oleracea and to a reduction in plant diversity. The activity-density of the main predatory arthropod taxa (spiders, ground beetles, rove beetles and earwigs) varied among years, but no significant differences were obtained between conventional and glyphosate herbicide regimes. However, significant differences between treatments were obtained for ground beetles species richness and diversity, being higher under the glyphosate herbicide regime, and a positive correlation with weed density could be established for both parameters. The implications of these findings to weed control in GT cotton are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban García-Ruiz
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Laboratorio de Malherbología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Íñigo Loureiro
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Laboratorio de Malherbología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema P. Farinós
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Laboratorio de Interacción Planta–Insecto, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Gómez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Laboratorio de Malherbología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Gutiérrez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Laboratorio de Malherbología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Sánchez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Laboratorio de Malherbología, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Concepción Escorial
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Laboratorio de Malherbología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Ortego
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Laboratorio de Interacción Planta–Insecto, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Cristina Chueca
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Laboratorio de Malherbología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Castañera
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Laboratorio de Interacción Planta–Insecto, Madrid, Spain
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Martínez-Ghersa MA, Menéndez AI, Gundel PE, Folcia AM, Romero AM, Landesmann JB, Ventura L, Ghersa CM. Legacy of historic ozone exposure on plant community and food web structure. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182796. [PMID: 28796821 PMCID: PMC5552163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Information on whole community responses is needed to predict direction and magnitude of changes in plant and animal abundance under global changes. This study quantifies the effect of past ozone exposure on a weed community structure and arthropod colonization. We used the soil seed bank resulting from a long-term ozone exposure to reestablish the plant community under a new low-pollution environment. Two separate experiments using the same original soil seed bank were conducted. Plant and arthropod richness and species abundance was assessed during two years. We predicted that exposure to episodic high concentrations of ozone during a series of growing cycles would result in plant assemblies with lower diversity (lower species richness and higher dominance), due to an increase in dominance of the stress tolerant species and the elimination of the ozone-sensitive species. As a consequence, arthropod-plant interactions would also be changed. Species richness of the recruited plant communities from different exposure histories was similar (≈ 15). However, the relative abundance of the dominant species varied according to history of exposure, with two annual species dominating ozone enriched plots (90 ppb: Spergula arvensis, and 120 ppb: Calandrinia ciliata). Being consistent both years, the proportion of carnivore species was significantly higher in plots with history of higher ozone concentration (≈3.4 and ≈7.7 fold higher in 90 ppb and 120 ppb plots, respectively). Our study provides evidence that, past history of pollution might be as relevant as management practices in structuring agroecosystems, since we show that an increase in tropospheric ozone may influence biotic communities even years after the exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Analía I. Menéndez
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pedro E. Gundel
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana M. Folcia
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana M. Romero
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jennifer B. Landesmann
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Ventura
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudio M. Ghersa
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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20
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Dang C, Lu Z, Wang L, Chang X, Wang F, Yao H, Peng Y, Stanley D, Ye G. Does Bt rice pose risks to non-target arthropods? Results of a meta-analysis in China. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 15:1047-1053. [PMID: 28111920 PMCID: PMC5506656 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic Bt rice expressing the insecticidal proteins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) has been developed since 1989. Their ecological risks towards non-target organisms have been investigated; however, these studies were conducted individually, yielding uncertainty regarding potential agroecological risks associated with large-scale deployment of Bt rice lines. Here, we developed a meta-analysis of the existing literature to synthesize current knowledge of the impacts of Bt rice on functional arthropod guilds, including herbivores, predators, parasitoids and detritivores in laboratory and field studies. Laboratory results indicate Bt rice did not influence survival rate and developmental duration of herbivores, although exposure to Bt rice led to reduced egg laying, which correctly predicted their reduced abundance in Bt rice agroecosystems. Similarly, consuming prey exposed to Bt protein did not influence survival, development or fecundity of predators, indicating constant abundances of predators in Bt rice fields. Compared to control agroecosystems, parasitoid populations decreased slightly in Bt rice cropping systems, while detritivores increased. We draw two inferences. One, laboratory studies of Bt rice showing effects on ecological functional groups are mainly either consistent with or more conservative than results of field studies, and two, Bt rice will pose negligible risks to the non-target functional guilds in future large-scale Bt rice agroecosystems in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of AgricultureInstitute of Insect SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Zengbin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of AgricultureInstitute of Insect SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Institute of Plant ProtectionShandong Academy of Agricultural SciencesJinanChina
| | - Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of AgricultureInstitute of Insect SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xuefei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of AgricultureInstitute of Insect SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of AgricultureInstitute of Insect SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Hongwei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of AgricultureInstitute of Insect SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yufa Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - David Stanley
- Biological Control of Insects Research LaboratoryUSDA/Agricultural Research ServiceColumbiaMOUSA
| | - Gongyin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of AgricultureInstitute of Insect SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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Burks JM, Philpott SM. Local and Landscape Drivers of Parasitoid Abundance, Richness, and Composition in Urban Gardens. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:201-209. [PMID: 28334278 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization negatively affects biodiversity, yet some urban habitat features can support diversity. Parasitoid wasps, an abundant and highly diverse group of arthropods, can inhabit urban areas and do well in areas with higher host abundance, floral resources, or local or landscape complexity. Parasitoids provide biological control services in many agricultural habitats, yet few studies have examined diversity and abundance of parasitoids in urban agroecosystems to understand how to promote conservation and function. We examined the local habitat and landscape drivers of parasitoid abundance, superfamily and family richness, and parasitoid composition in urban gardens in the California central coast. Local factors included garden size, ground cover type, herbaceous plant species, and number of trees and shrubs. Landscape characteristics included land cover and landscape diversity around gardens. We found that garden size, mulch cover, and urban cover within 500 m of gardens predicted increases in parasitoid abundance within gardens. The height of herbaceous vegetation and tree and shrub richness predicted increases in superfamily and family richness whereas increases in urban cover resulted in declines in parasitoid richness. Abundance of individual superfamilies and families responded to a wide array of local and landscape factors, sometimes in opposite ways. Composition of parasitoid communities responded to changes in garden size, herbaceous plant cover, and number of flowers. Thus, both local scale management and landscape planning may impact the abundance, diversity, and community composition of parasitoids in urban gardens, and may result in differences in the effectiveness of parasitoids in biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Burks
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Stacy M Philpott
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
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Poeydebat C, Carval D, de Lapeyre de Bellaire L, Tixier P. Balancing competition for resources with multiple pest regulation in diversified agroecosystems: a process-based approach to reconcile diversification and productivity. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:8607-8616. [PMID: 28031811 PMCID: PMC5167016 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Agroecosystem plant diversification can enhance pest biological regulation and is a promising alternative to pesticide application. However, the costs of competition for resources between plants may exceed the benefits gained by pest regulation. To disentangle the interactions between pest regulation and competition, we developed a generic process‐based approach that accounts for the effects of an associated plant and leaf and root pests on biomass production. We considered three crop–plant associations that differ in competition profiles, and we simulated biomass production under wide ranges of both pest regulation rates and resources’ availability. We analyzed outputs to quantify the pest regulation service level that would be required to attain monoculture yield and other production goals. Results showed that pest regulation requirements were highly dependent on the profile of resource interception of the associated plant and on resources’ availability. Pest regulation and the magnitude of competition between plants interacted in determining the balance between nitrogen and radiation uptake by the crop. Our findings suggest that productivity of diversified agroecosystems relative to monoculture should be optimized by assembling plants whose characteristics balance crops’ resource acquisition. The theoretical insights from our study draw generic rules for vegetation assemblage to optimize trade‐offs between pest regulation and production. Our findings and approach may have implications in understanding, theorizing and implementing agroecosystem diversification. By its generic and adaptable structure, our approach should be useful for studying the effects of diversification in many agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Philippe Tixier
- UPR 26 GECO CIRAD Montpellier Cedex 5 France; Departamento de Agricultura y Agroforesteria CATIE Cartago Turrialba Costa Rica
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23
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Dainese M, Montecchiari S, Sitzia T, Sigura M, Marini L. High cover of hedgerows in the landscape supports multiple ecosystem services in Mediterranean cereal fields. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Dainese
- DAFNAE-Entomology; University of Padova; viale dell'Università 16 35020 Legnaro Padova Italy
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry; University of Padova; viale dell'Università 16 35020 Legnaro Padova Italy
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter; University of Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Silvia Montecchiari
- DAFNAE-Entomology; University of Padova; viale dell'Università 16 35020 Legnaro Padova Italy
| | - Tommaso Sitzia
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry; University of Padova; viale dell'Università 16 35020 Legnaro Padova Italy
| | - Maurizia Sigura
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science; University of Udine; via delle Scienze 206 33100 Udine Italy
| | - Lorenzo Marini
- DAFNAE-Entomology; University of Padova; viale dell'Università 16 35020 Legnaro Padova Italy
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Bourguet D, Guillemaud T. The Hidden and External Costs of Pesticide Use. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-26777-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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25
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Plant composition modulates arthropod pest and predator abundance: Evidence for culling exotics and planting natives. Basic Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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26
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Keren IN, Menalled FD, Weaver DK, Robison-Cox JF. Interacting agricultural pests and their effect on crop yield: application of a Bayesian decision theory approach to the joint management of Bromus tectorum and Cephus cinctus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118111. [PMID: 25692673 PMCID: PMC4333819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, the landscape homogeneity of extensive monocultures that characterizes conventional agriculture has resulted in the development of specialized and interacting multitrophic pest complexes. While integrated pest management emphasizes the need to consider the ecological context where multiple species coexist, management recommendations are often based on single-species tactics. This approach may not provide satisfactory solutions when confronted with the complex interactions occurring between organisms at the same or different trophic levels. Replacement of the single-species management model with more sophisticated, multi-species programs requires an understanding of the direct and indirect interactions occurring between the crop and all categories of pests. We evaluated a modeling framework to make multi-pest management decisions taking into account direct and indirect interactions among species belonging to different trophic levels. We adopted a Bayesian decision theory approach in combination with path analysis to evaluate interactions between Bromus tectorum (downy brome, cheatgrass) and Cephus cinctus (wheat stem sawfly) in wheat (Triticum aestivum) systems. We assessed their joint responses to weed management tactics, seeding rates, and cultivar tolerance to insect stem boring or competition. Our results indicated that C. cinctus oviposition behavior varied as a function of B. tectorum pressure. Crop responses were more readily explained by the joint effects of management tactics on both categories of pests and their interactions than just by the direct impact of any particular management scheme on yield. In accordance, a C. cinctus tolerant variety should be planted at a low seeding rate under high insect pressure. However as B. tectorum levels increase, the C. cinctus tolerant variety should be replaced by a competitive and drought tolerant cultivar at high seeding rates despite C. cinctus infestation. This study exemplifies the necessity of accounting for direct and indirect biological interactions occurring within agroecosystems and propagating this information from the statistical analysis stage to the management stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilai N. Keren
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington, United States of America
| | - Fabian D. Menalled
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - David K. Weaver
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - James F. Robison-Cox
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
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Hahn M, Geisthardt M, Brühl CA. Effects of herbicide-treated host plants on the development of Mamestra brassicae L. caterpillars. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:2633-8. [PMID: 25143001 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Herbicides are widely used pesticides that affect plants by changing their chemistry. In doing so, herbicides might also influence the quality of plants as food for herbivores. To study the effects of herbicides on host plant quality, 3 plant species (Plantago lanceolata L., P. major L., and Ranunculus acris L.) were treated with sublethal rates of either a sulfonylurea (Atlantis WG, Bayer CropScience) or a glyphosate (Roundup LB Plus, Monsanto) herbicide, and the development of caterpillars of the cabbage moth Mamestra brassicae L. that fed on these plants was observed. Of the 6 tested plant-herbicide combinations, 1 combination (R. acris + sulfonylurea herbicide) resulted in significantly lower caterpillar weight, increased time to pupation, and increased overall development time compared with larvae that were fed unsprayed plants. These results might be caused by a lower nutritional value of these host plants or increased concentrations of secondary metabolites that are involved in plant defense. The results of the present and other studies suggest potential risks to herbivores that feed on host plants treated with sublethal rates of herbicides. However, as the effects of herbicides on host plant quality appear to be species-specific and as there are numerous plant-herbicide-herbivore relationships in agricultural landscapes, a general reduction in herbicide contamination of nontarget habitats (e.g., field margins) might mitigate the negative effects of herbicides on host plant quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Hahn
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
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Testing the enemies hypothesis in peach orchards in two different geographic areas in eastern China: the role of ground cover vegetation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99850. [PMID: 24963719 PMCID: PMC4070891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have supported the enemies hypothesis, which suggests that natural enemies are more efficient at controlling arthropod pests in polyculture than in monoculture agro-ecosystems. However, we do not yet have evidence as to whether this hypothesis holds true in peach orchards over several geographic locations. In the two different geographic areas in eastern China (Xinchang a town in the Shanghai municipality, and Hudai, a town in Jiangsu Province) during a continuous three-year (2010–2012) investigation, we sampled arthropod pests and predators in Trifolium repens L. and in tree canopies of peach orchards with and without the ground cover plant T. repens. No significant differences were found in the abundances of the main groups of arthropod pests and predators in T. repens between Hudai and Xinchang. The abundance, richness, Simpson's index, Shannon-Wiener index, and Pielou evenness index of canopy predators in ground cover areas increased by 85.5, 27.5, 3.5, 16.7, and 7.9% in Xinchang, and by 87.0, 27.6, 3.5, 17.0 and 8.0% in Hudai compared to those in the controls, respectively. The average abundance of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera, true bugs and Acarina canopy pests in ground cover areas decreased by 9.2, 10.2, 17.2, 19.5 and 14.1% in Xinchang, and decreased by 9.5, 8.2, 16.8, 20.1 and 16.6% in Hudai compared to that in control areas, respectively. Our study also found a higher density of arthropod species resources in T. repens, as some omnivorous pests and predators residing in T. repens could move between the ground cover and the orchard canopy. In conclusion, ground cover in peach orchards supported the enemies hypothesis, as indicated by the fact that ground cover T. repens promoted the abundance and diversity of predators and reduced the number of arthropod pests in tree canopies in both geographical areas.
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Gossner MM, Weisser WW, Meyer ST. Invertebrate herbivory decreases along a gradient of increasing land-use intensity in German grasslands. Basic Appl Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Dahlin I, Ninkovic V. Aphid performance and population development on their host plants is affected by weed–crop interactions. J Appl Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Dahlin
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences PO Box 7044 Uppsala S‐750 07Sweden
| | - Velemir Ninkovic
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences PO Box 7044 Uppsala S‐750 07Sweden
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31
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Loeuille N, Barot S, Georgelin E, Kylafis G, Lavigne C. Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics of Agricultural Networks. ADV ECOL RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420002-9.00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Bennett AB, Gratton C. Floral diversity increases beneficial arthropod richness and decreases variability in arthropod community composition. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2013; 23:86-95. [PMID: 23495638 DOI: 10.1890/11-2029.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Declines in species diversity resulting from anthropogenic alterations of the environment heighten the need to develop management strategies that conserve species and ecosystem services. This study examined how native plant species and their diversity influence the abundance and richness of beneficial arthropods, a functionally important group that provides ecosystem services such as pollination and natural pest suppression. Beneficial arthropods were sampled in replicated study plots containing native perennials planted in one-, two-, and seven-species mixtures. We found plant diversity had a positive impact on arthropod richness but not on arthropod abundance. An analysis of arthropod community composition revealed that each flower species attracted a different assemblage of beneficial arthropods. In addition, the full seven-species mixture also attracted a distinct arthropod community compared to single-species monocultures. Using a multivariate approach, we determined whether arthropod assemblages in two- and seven-species plots were additive and could be predicted based on assemblages from their component single-species plots. On average, assemblages in diverse plots were nonadditive when compared to assemblages predicted using single-species plots. Arthropod assemblages in two-species plots most closely resembled those of only one of the flower species in the mixture. However, the arthropod assemblages in seven-species plots, although statistically deviating from the expectation of an additive model, more closely resembled predicted communities compared to the assemblages found in two-species plots, suggesting that variability in arthropod community composition decreased as planting diversity increased. Our study demonstrates that careful selection of plants in managed landscapes can augment beneficial arthropod richness and support a more predictable arthropod community, suggesting that planning and design efforts could shape arthropod assemblages in natural as well as managed landscapes to meet targeted conservation or management goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley B Bennett
- Department of Entomology, 1630 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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Measuring the host specificity of plant-feeding mites based on field data — a case study of the Aceria species. Biologia (Bratisl) 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-012-0025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Beuzelin JM, Mészáros A, Reagan TE, Wilson LT, Way MO, Blouin DC, Showler AT. Seasonal infestations of two stem borers (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in noncrop grasses of Gulf Coast rice agroecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 40:1036-1050. [PMID: 22251716 DOI: 10.1603/en11044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Infestations of two stem borers, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar) and Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), were compared in noncrop grasses adjacent to rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields. Three farms in the Texas rice Gulf Coast production area were surveyed every 6-8 wk between 2007 and 2009 using quadrat sampling along transects. Although D. saccharalis densities were relatively low, E. loftini average densities ranged from 0.3 to 5.7 immatures per m(2) throughout the 2-yr period. Early annual grasses including ryegrass, Lolium spp., and brome, Bromus spp., were infested during the spring, whereas the perennial johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., and Vasey's grass, Paspalum urvillei Steud., were infested throughout the year. Johnsongrass was the most prevalent host (41-78% relative abundance), but Vasey's grass (13-40% relative abundance) harbored as much as 62% of the recovered E. loftini immatures (during the winter). Young rice in newly planted fields did not host stem borers before June. April sampling in fallow rice fields showed that any available live grass material, volunteer rice or weed, can serve as a host during the spring. Our study suggests that noncrop grasses are year-round sources of E. loftini in Texas rice agroecosystems and may increase pest populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Beuzelin
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Rahman T, Ghani IBA, Noor MRM. Diurnal patterns of abundance of aphidophagous lady beetle species on chili (Capsicum annuum L.). JOURNAL OF ASIA-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 14:237-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aspen.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Walton NJ, Isaacs R. Influence of native flowering plant strips on natural enemies and herbivores in adjacent blueberry fields. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 40:697-705. [PMID: 22251649 DOI: 10.1603/en10288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Conservation plantings of native wildflowers were established adjacent to highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) fields to test the hypothesis that provision of resources for natural enemies increases their abundance in adjacent crop fields without increasing the abundance of pest insects. For two growing seasons, natural enemies and herbivorous insects were sampled in fields with flowering borders and in control fields where growers maintained standard mown grass perimeters. Insects were categorized according to their trophic level and their potential pest status, and their abundance was compared between years and between treatments. Syrphid flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) were significantly more abundant in fields with conservation strips, as were plant bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae), thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and hoppers (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae), thrips, fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), and pirate bugs (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) decreased significantly in abundance from 2007 to 2008. Beneficial insect abundance in crop fields increased in the latter half of the season in both years and this increase was more pronounced in fields adjacent to conservation plantings. We discuss the implications of these findings for pest management and conservation of biodiversity in farmland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J Walton
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Cervantes FA, Alvarez JM. Within plant distribution of Potato Virus Y in hairy nightshade (Solanum sarrachoides): an inoculum source affecting PVY aphid transmission. Virus Res 2011; 159:194-200. [PMID: 21601597 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) is vectored by several potato-colonizing and non-colonizing aphid species in a non-persistent manner and has a wide host range. It occurs naturally in several plant families. Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae are the most efficient potato-colonizing aphid vectors of PVY. Rhopalosiphum padi, a cereal aphid that migrates in large numbers through potato fields during the middle of the growing season, does not colonize potato plants but can transmit PVY. Hairy nightshade, Solanum sarrachoides, a prevalent annual solanaceous weed in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) of the United States, is an alternative host for PVY and a preferred host for M. persicae and M. euphorbiae. Hence, hairy nightshade plants might play an important role as an inoculum source in the epidemiology of PVY. We looked at titre accumulation and distribution of PVY(O), PVY(N:O) and PVY(NTN) in S. sarrachoides and potato after aphid inoculation with M. persicae and studied the transmission of PVY(O) and PVY(NTN), by M. persicae, M. euphorbiae and R. padi from hairy nightshade to potato plants. Virus titre at different positions on the plant was similar in S. sarrachoides and potato plants with strains PVY(O) and PVY(N:O). Titres of PVY(NTN) were similar in S. sarrachoides and potato but differences in titre were observed at different positions within the plant depending on the plant phenology. Percentage transmission of PVY(NTN) by M. persicae and M. euphorbiae was twice as high (46 and 34%, respectively) from hairy nightshade to potato than from potato to potato (20 and 14%). Percentage transmission of PVY(O) by M. persicae and M. euphorbiae was not affected by the inoculum source. No effect of the inoculum source was observed in the transmission of either PVY strain by R. padi. These results show that hairy nightshade may be an equal or better virus reservoir than potato and thus, important in the epidemiology of PVY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix A Cervantes
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
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Bigler F, Albajes R. Indirect effects of genetically modified herbicide tolerant crops on biodiversity and ecosystem services: the biological control example. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-011-0688-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pereira JL, Picanço MC, Pereira EJG, Silva AA, Jakelaitis A, Pereira RR, Xavier VM. Influence of crop management practices on bean foliage arthropods. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2010; 100:679-688. [PMID: 20504384 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485310000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Crop management practices can affect the population of phytophagous pest species and beneficial arthropods with consequences for integrated pest management. In this study, we determined the effect of no-tillage and crop residue management on the arthropod community associated with the canopy of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Abundance and species composition of herbivorous, detritivorous, predaceous and parasitoid arthropods were recorded during the growing seasons of 2003 and 2004 in Coimbra County, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Arthropod diversity and guild composition were similar among crop management systems, but their abundance was higher under no-tillage relative to conventional cultivation and where residues from the preceding crop were maintained in the field. Thirty-four arthropod species were recorded, and those most representative of the impact of the crop management practices were Hypogastrura springtails, Empoasca kraemeri and Circulifer leafhoppers, and Solenopsis ants. The infestation levels of major insect-pests, especially leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), was on average seven-fold lower under no-tillage with retention of crop residues relative to the conventional system with removal of residues, whereas the abundance of predatory ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and springtails (Collembola: Hypogastruridae) were, respectively, about seven- and 15-fold higher in that treatment. Importantly, a significant trophic interaction among crop residues, detritivores, predators and herbivores was observed. Plots managed with no-tillage and retention of crop residues had the highest bean yield, while those with conventional cultivation and removal of the crop residues yielded significantly less beans. This research shows that cropping systems that include zero tillage and crop residue retention can reduce infestation by foliar insect-pests and increase abundance of predators and detritivores, thus having direct consequences for insect pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, MG, Viçosa, 36571-000, Brazil
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Randlkofer B, Obermaier E, Hilker M, Meiners T. Vegetation complexity—The influence of plant species diversity and plant structures on plant chemical complexity and arthropods. Basic Appl Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Lipok J. Dual action of phosphonate herbicides in plants affected by herbivore--model study on black bean aphid Aphis fabae rearing on broad bean Vicia faba plants. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2009; 72:1701-6. [PMID: 19375799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between plants, herbicides and herbivore insects were studied as an aspect of possible side effect of the using of phosphonate herbicides. The experimental system was composed of phosphonate herbicides, broad bean Vicia faba (L.) plants and black bean aphid Aphis fabae (Scopoli). Two means of herbicide application, namely standard spraying and direct introduction of the herbicide into stem via glass capillary, were examined. The results obtained for N-2-piridylaminomethylene bisphosphonic acid and its derivatives show 10 times higher inhibition of the plant growth if glass capillary mode was used. When plants were infested by aphids 24h after the use of herbicide, a significant decrease in plant growth rate was observed in relation to plants treated with herbicides alone. Moreover, the sensitivity of aphids towards glyphosate, N-2-piridylaminomethylene bisphosphonic acid and its 3-methyl derivative introduced to artificial diet indicated that these herbicidal phosphonates possessed also insecticidal activity if applied in a systemic manner. Additionally, olfactometer measurements revealed that aphids preferred intact V. faba leaves over those that had been treated with sublethal doses of herbicides. The results achieved in these experiments indicate that the use of phosphonate herbicides decreases plant resistance and influences the number of aphids accompanied with treated plants. Regarding these facts it can be concluded that the combined effect of herbicide-induced stress and insect herbivory reduced plant fitness and thus should be considered as also a factor enabling the reduction of herbicide doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Lipok
- University of Opole, Oleska 48, Opole 45-052, Poland.
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Kahuthia-Gathu R, Löhr B, Poehling HM, Mbugua PK. Diversity, distribution and role of wild crucifers in major cabbage and kale growing areas of Kenya. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2009; 99:287-297. [PMID: 19063754 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485308006305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An investigation of the diversity and distribution of wild crucifer species and their importance for cultivated crucifers was conducted during 2005 and 2006 in the highland and mid-altitude semi-arid areas of Kenya. Thirteen species of wild crucifers in nine genera were recorded: Raphanus raphanistrum, Erucastrum arabicum, Sisymbrium officinale, Crambe kilimandscharica, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Rorippa nudiuscula, Ro. micrantha, Ro. microphylla, Lepidium bonariense, Coronopus didymus, Brassica rapa, B. juncea and an unidentified Brassica species. Highland areas had significantly higher species diversity and species richness than mid-altitude semi-arid areas. Species richness, diversity and evenness varied with season and location. Raphanus raphanistrum was the dominant non-cultivated species in the highlands followed by E. arabicum, which was also present and dominant in the semi-arid study sites. Diamondback moth (DBM) was recorded from ten wild crucifer species and R. raphanistrum and E. arabicum were the preferred host plant species. Overall, four larval, one larval-pupal and one pupal parasitoid of DBM were recorded: Diadegma semiclausum, D. mollipla, Apanteles sp., Cotesia plutellae, Oomyzus sokolowskii and Brachymeria species, respectively. Diadegma semiclausum was the most dominant species on all crucifers. We conclude that wild crucifers act as alternative hosts for DBM and provide refugia for DBM parasitoids, which risk local extinction through pesticide application or competition from introduced exotic parasitoid species. The wild crucifers also act as recolonization sites for DBM parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kahuthia-Gathu
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi
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Abstract
Globally, 1031 species of arthropods are associated with the intensively managed tea Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze monoculture. All parts of the plant, leaf, stem, root, flower, and seed, are fed upon by at least one pest species, resulting in an 11%-55% loss in yield if left unchecked. There has been heavy use of organosynthetic pesticides since the 1950s to defend the plant against these pests, leading to rapid conversion of innocuous species into pests, development of resistance, and undesirable pesticide residues in made tea. As a result of importer and consumer concerns, pesticide residues have become a major problem for the tea industry. Integrated pest management (IPM) may help to overcome the overuse of pesticides and subsequent residues. We review the advances made in our understanding of the biology and ecology of major insect and mite pests of tea, host plant resistance, cultural practices, biocontrol measures, and need-based application of botanicals and safer pesticides to understand the present status of IPM and to identify future challenges to improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi K Hazarika
- Department of Entomology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat 785013, Assam, India.
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Srinivasan R, Alvarez JM. Hairy nightshade as a potential Potato leafroll virus (Luteoviridae: Polerovirus) inoculum source in Pacific Northwest potato ecosystems. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2008; 98:985-991. [PMID: 18943736 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-98-9-0985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Hairy nightshade, Solanum sarrachoides, is a solanaceous weed found abundantly in Pacific Northwest potato ecosystems. It serves as a reservoir for one of the important potato viruses, Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) (Luteoviridae: Polerovirus), and its most important vector, the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae). Laboratory research indicated an increased green peach aphid settling and performance on S. sarrachoides than on potato. It also revealed that green peach aphids transmitted PLRV more efficiently from S. sarrachoides to potato than from potato to potato. To test the efficiency of S. sarrachoides as an inoculum source in the field, a two season (2004 and 2005) trial was conducted at Kimberly, Idaho. Two inoculum sources, PLRV-infected potato and PLRV-infected S. sarrachoides, were compared in this trial. Green peach aphid density and temporal and spatial PLRV spread were monitored at weekly intervals. Higher densities of green peach aphids were observed on plots with S. sarrachoides and inoculum sources (PLRV-infected S. sarrachoides and potato) than on plots without S. sarrachoides and inoculum sources. PLRV infection in plots with PLRV-infected S. sarrachoides was similar to or slightly higher than in plots with PLRV-infected potato as an inoculum source. Temporal and spatial PLRV spread was similar in plots with either inoculum source. Thus, S. sarrachoides is as efficient as or a better PLRV inoculum source than potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Srinivasan
- Department of Plant Soil and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, Aberdeen R&E Center, Aberdeen 83210
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Wolfenbarger LL, Naranjo SE, Lundgren JG, Bitzer RJ, Watrud LS. Bt crop effects on functional guilds of non-target arthropods: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2118. [PMID: 18461164 PMCID: PMC2346550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Uncertainty persists over the environmental effects of genetically-engineered crops that produce the insecticidal Cry proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). We performed meta-analyses on a modified public database to synthesize current knowledge about the effects of Bt cotton, maize and potato on the abundance and interactions of arthropod non-target functional guilds. Methodology/Principal Findings We compared the abundance of predators, parasitoids, omnivores, detritivores and herbivores under scenarios in which neither, only the non-Bt crops, or both Bt and non-Bt crops received insecticide treatments. Predators were less abundant in Bt cotton compared to unsprayed non-Bt controls. As expected, fewer specialist parasitoids of the target pest occurred in Bt maize fields compared to unsprayed non-Bt controls, but no significant reduction was detected for other parasitoids. Numbers of predators and herbivores were higher in Bt crops compared to sprayed non-Bt controls, and type of insecticide influenced the magnitude of the difference. Omnivores and detritivores were more abundant in insecticide-treated controls and for the latter guild this was associated with reductions of their predators in sprayed non-Bt maize. No differences in abundance were found when both Bt and non-Bt crops were sprayed. Predator-to-prey ratios were unchanged by either Bt crops or the use of insecticides; ratios were higher in Bt maize relative to the sprayed non-Bt control. Conclusions/Significance Overall, we find no uniform effects of Bt cotton, maize and potato on the functional guilds of non-target arthropods. Use of and type of insecticides influenced the magnitude and direction of effects; insecticde effects were much larger than those of Bt crops. These meta-analyses underscore the importance of using controls not only to isolate the effects of a Bt crop per se but also to reflect the replacement of existing agricultural practices. Results will provide researchers with information to design more robust experiments and will inform the decisions of diverse stakeholders regarding the safety of transgenic insecticidal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. LaReesa Wolfenbarger
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Steven E. Naranjo
- USDA-ARS Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jonathan G. Lundgren
- USDA-ARS North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Royce J. Bitzer
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Lidia S. Watrud
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
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Srinivasan R, Alvarez JM, Bosque-Pérez NA, Eigenbrode SD, Novy RG. Effect of an alternate weed host, hairy nightshade, Solanum sarrachoides, on the biology of the two most important potato leafroll virus (Luteoviridae: Polerovirus) vectors, Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Aphididae: Homoptera). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2008; 37:592-600. [PMID: 18419933 DOI: 10.1603/0046-225x(2008)37[592:eoaawh]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Hairy nightshade, Solanum sarrachoides (Sendtner), is a ubiquitous weed in potato agro-ecosystems and nonagricultural lands of southeastern Idaho and the Pacific Northwest. This weed increases the complexity of the Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) (Luteoviridae: Polervirus)-potato pathosystem by serving as aphid and virus reservoir. Previous field studies showed higher densities of green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), the two most important vectors of PLRV, on S. sarrachoides compared with potato plants in the same fields. Some of the S. sarrachoides plants sampled in these surveys tested positive for PLRV. Viral infections can alter the physiology of plant hosts and aphid performance on such plants. To understand better the potential effects of S. sarrachoides on the PLRV-potato-aphid pathosystem, the life histories of M. persicae and M. euphorbiae were compared on virus-free and PLRV-infected S. sarrachoides and potato. Individual nymphs of each aphid species were held in clip cages on plants from each treatment to monitor their development, survival, and reproductive output. Nymphal survival for both aphids across plant species was higher on S. sarrachoides than on potato, and, within plant species, it was higher on PLRV-infected plants than on noninfected plants. With a few exceptions, similar patterns occurred for fecundity, reproductive periods, adult longevity, and intrinsic rate of increase. The enhanced performance of aphids on S. sarrachoides and on PLRV-infected plants could alter the vector population dynamics and thus the PLRV-disease epidemiology in fields infested with this weed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan
- Department of Plant Soil and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, Aberdeen R & E Center, 1693 S. 2700 W. Aberdeen, ID 83210, USA
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Birkhofer K, Wise DH, Scheu S. Subsidy from the detrital food web, but not microhabitat complexity, affects the role of generalist predators in an aboveground herbivore food web. OIKOS 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2008.16361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
This paper discusses biotic interactions in agroecosystems and how they may be manipulated to support crop productivity and environmental health by provision of ecosystem services such as weed, pest and disease management, nutrient cycling and biodiversity conservation. Important elements for understanding biotic interactions include consideration of the effects of diversity, species composition and food web structure on ecosystem processes; the impacts of timing, frequency and intensity of disturbance; and the importance of multitrophic interactions. All of these elements need to be considered at multiple scales that depend in part on the range of the movement of the organisms involved. These issues are first discussed in general, followed by an examination of the application of these concepts in agricultural management. The potential for a greater use of ecological management approaches is high; however, owing to the nature of complex interactions in ecosystems, there is some inherent unpredictability about responses to management interventions under different conditions. Such uncertainty needs to be accommodated in the development of recommendations for farm management. This requires an increased emphasis on the effective synthesis of complex and often apparently contradictory information and on field-based adaptive research, monitoring and social learning by farmer/researcher collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Shennan
- Center for Agroecology and Sustainable Agriculture, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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Vialatte A, Simon JC, Dedryver CA, Fabre F, Plantegenest M. Tracing individual movements of aphids reveals preferential routes of population transfers in agroecosystems. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2006; 16:839-44. [PMID: 16826984 DOI: 10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[0839:timoar]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural pests are not restricted to crops, but often simultaneously or successively use different cultivated and uncultivated hosts. Nevertheless, the source-sink role of cultivated and uncultivated habitats in the life cycle of crop pests remains poorly understood. This is largely due to the difficulty of tracking displacements of small organisms in agricultural landscapes. We used stable-isotope ratios in order to infer the natal host plant of individuals of the English grain aphid Sitobion avenae colonizing wheat fields in autumn. We showed that among the numerous plant sources of S. avenae, maize, which has been intensively grown in western France since the 1960s, provided most aphids that attack wheat fields early in autumn. This study illustrates how insect pests respond to land-use changes within a relatively short period of time, rapidly acquiring a new host that in turn affected their population biology considerably by playing a pivotal role on their annual life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Vialatte
- INRA/Agrocampus Rennes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie des Organismes et des Populations appliqudées à la Protection des Plantes (UMR BiO3P), Domaine de la Motte, 35653 Le Rheu, France.
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