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Hsieh EM, Dolezal AG. Nutrition, pesticide exposure, and virus infection interact to produce context-dependent effects in honey bees (Apis mellifera). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:175125. [PMID: 39084359 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Declines in pollinator health are frequently hypothesized to be the combined result of multiple interacting biotic and abiotic stressors; namely, nutritional limitations, pesticide exposure, and infection with pathogens and parasites. Despite this hypothesis, most studies examining stressor interactions have been constrained to two concurrent factors, limiting our understanding of multi-stressor dynamics. Using honey bees as a model, we addressed this gap by studying how variable diet, field-realistic levels of multiple pesticides, and virus infection interact to affect survival, infection intensity, and immune and detoxification gene expression. Although we found evidence that agrochemical exposure (a field-derived mixture of chlorpyrifos and two fungicides) can exacerbate infection and increase virus-induced mortality, this result was nutritionally-dependent, only occurring when bees were provided artificial pollen. Provisioning with naturally-collected polyfloral pollen inverted the effect, reducing virus-induced mortality and suggesting a hormetic response. To test if the response was pesticide specific, we repeated our experiment with a pyrethroid (lambda-cyhalothrin) and a neonicotinoid (thiamethoxam), finding variable results. Finally, to understand the underpinnings of these effects, we measured viral load and expression of important immune and detoxification genes. Together, our results show that multi-stressor interactions are complex and highly context-dependent, but have great potential to affect bee health and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Hsieh
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin, Urbana, IL 61801-3795, USA.
| | - Adam G Dolezal
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin, Urbana, IL 61801-3795, USA
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2
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Mi H, Zhou Q, Li G, Tao Y, Wang A, Wang P, Yang T, Zhu J, Li Y, Wei C, Liu S. Molecular responses reveal that two glutathione S-transferase CsGSTU8s contribute to detoxification of glyphosate in tea plants (Camellia sinensis). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134304. [PMID: 39084443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is an important economical crop that frequently suffers from various herbicides, especially glyphosate. However, the molecular responses and regulatory mechanisms of glyphosate stress in tea plants remain poorly understood. Here, we reported a transcriptome dataset and identified large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under glyphosate exposure. Next, two glutathione S-transferase genes (CsGSTU8-1 and CsGSTU8-2) that upregulated significantly were screened as candidate genes. Tissue-specific expression patterns showed that both CsGSTU8-1 and CsGSTU8-2 had extremely high expression levels in the roots and were predominantly localized in the nucleus and plasma membrane based on subcellular localization. Both were significantly upregulated at different time points under various stressors, including drought, cold, salt, pathogen infections, and SA treatments. An enzymatic activity assay showed that CsGSTU8-1 catalyzes the conjugation of glutathione with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (CDNB). Functional analysis in yeast verified that the two genes significantly contributed to the detoxification of glyphosate, and CsGSTU8-1 had a stronger role in detoxification than CsGSTU8-2. Taken together, these findings provide insights into the molecular responses of tea plants to glyphosate and the functions of CsGSTU8s in glyphosate detoxification, which can be used as a promising genetic resource for improving herbicide resistance in tea cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongning Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Aoni Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Yeyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shengrui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China.
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Jin L, Yan K, Kong H, Li J, Fan C, Pan Y, Shang Q. The Fat Body-Specific GST Gene SlGSTe11 Enhances the Tolerance of Spodoptera litura to Cyantraniliprole and Nicotine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:19680-19688. [PMID: 39225316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c05747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Spodoptera litura is a significant agricultural pest, and its glutathione S-transferase (GST) plays a crucial role in insecticide resistance. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the SlGSTe11 gene of S. litura and resistance to cyantraniliprole and nicotine. Transcriptome analysis revealed that SlGSTe11 is highly expressed mainly in fat bodies, with a significant increase in SlGSTe11 gene expression under induction by cyantraniliprole and nicotine. The ectopic expression of the SlGSTe11 gene in transgenic fruit flies resulted in a 5.22-fold increase in the tolerance to cyantraniliprole. Moreover, compared to the UAS-SlGSTe11 line, the Act5C-UAS>SlGSTe11 line laid more eggs and had a lower mortality after nicotine exposure. RNAi-mediated inhibition of SlGSTe11 gene expression led to a significant increase in the mortality of S. litura under cyantraniliprole exposure. In vitro metabolism experiments demonstrated that the recombinant SlGSTe11 protein efficiently metabolizes cyantraniliprole. Molecular docking results indicated that SlGSTe11 has a strong affinity for both cyantraniliprole and nicotine. These findings suggest that SlGSTe11 is involved in the development of resistance to cyantraniliprole and nicotine in S. litura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Jin
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Kunpeng Yan
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Haoran Kong
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Jianyi Li
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Chengcheng Fan
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Yiou Pan
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Qingli Shang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
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4
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Zhang H, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Liu Z. CYP4CE1 Metabolized Nitenpyram through Two Types of Oxidation Reaction, Hydroxylation, and N-Demethylation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:20122-20129. [PMID: 39222380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c06273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Nitenpyram, taking the place of imidacloprid, is a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide to control Nilaparvata lugens in Asia. Two P450s, CYP4CE1 and CYP6ER1, are key factors in the metabolic resistance against nitenpyram and imidacloprid. In this study, we found that CYP4CE1 expression was strongly associated with nitenpyram resistance in 8 field-collected populations, whereas CYP6ER1 expression correlated with imidacloprid resistance. Hence, we focused on nitenpyram metabolism by CYP4CE1, due to that imidacloprid metabolism by CYP6ER1 has intensively investigated. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that recombinant CYP4CE1 metabolized nitenpyram into three products, N-desmethyl nitenpyram, hydroxy-nitenpyram, and N-desmethyl hydroxy-nitenpyram, with a preference for hydroxylation. In contrast, CYP6ER1 metabolized nitenpyram into a single product, N-desmethyl nitenpyram. These results provide new insights into the specific catalytic mechanisms of P450 enzymes in neonicotinoid metabolism and underscore the importance of different catalytic reactions in neonicotinoid insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zhang
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yixi Zhang
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zewen Liu
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
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Wen X, Chen Y, Chen Q, Tang X, Feng K, He L. UGT201H1 overexpression confers cyflumetofen resistance in Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:4675-4685. [PMID: 38775471 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetranychus cinnabarinus is one of the most common polyphagous arthropod herbivores, and is primarily controlled by the application of acaricides. The heavy use of acaricides has led to high levels of resistance to acaricides such as cyflumetofen, which poses a threat to global resistance management programs. Cyflumetofen resistance is caused by an increase in metabolic detoxification; however, the role of uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferase (UGT) genes in cyflumetofen resistance remains to be determined. RESULTS Synergist 5-nitrouracil (5-Nul) significantly enhanced cyflumetofen toxicity in T. cinnabarinus, which indicated that UGTs are involved in the development of cyflumetofen resistance. Transcriptomic analysis and quantitative (q)PCR assays demonstrated that the UGT genes, especially UGT201H1, were highly expressed in the YN-CyR strain, compared to those of the YN-S strain. The RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of UGT201H1 expression diminished the levels of cyflumetofen resistance in YN-CyR mites. The findings additionally revealed that the recombinant UGT201H1 protein plays a role in metabolizing cyflumetofen. Our results also suggested that the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) probably regulates the overexpression of the UGT201H1 detoxification gene. CONCLUSION UGT201H1 is involved in cyflumetofen resistance, and AhR may regulates the overexpression of UGT201H1. These findings provide deeper insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying UGT-mediated metabolic resistance to chemical insecticides. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yini Chen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuejing Tang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kaiyang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin He
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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6
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Chen L, Guo LX, Yu XY, Huo SM, Hoffmann AA, Zhou JY, Sun JT, Hong XY. Decoding plant-induced transcriptomic variability and consistency in two related polyphagous mites differing in host ranges. Mol Ecol 2024:e17521. [PMID: 39206937 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The diet breadth of generalist herbivores when compared to specialists tends to be associated with greater transcriptional plasticity. Here, we consider whether it may also contribute to variation in host range among two generalists with different levels of polyphagy. We examined two related polyphagous spider mites with different host ranges, Tetranychus urticae (1200 plants) and Tetranychus truncatus (90 plants). Data from multiple populations of both species domesticated on common beans and transferred to new plant hosts (cotton, cucumber, eggplant) were used to investigate transcriptional plasticity relative to population-based variation in gene expression. Compared to T. truncatus, T. urticae exhibited much higher transcriptional plasticity. Populations of this species also showed much more variable expression regulation in response to a plant host, particularly for genes related to detoxification, transport, and transcriptional factors. In response to the different plant hosts, both polyphagous species showed enriched processes of drug/xenobiotics metabolism, with T. urticae orchestrating a relatively broader array of biological pathways. Through co-expression network analysis, we identified gene modules associated with host plant response, revealing shared hub genes primarily involved in detoxification metabolism when both mites fed on the same plants. After silencing a shared hub CYP gene related to eggplant exposure, the performance of both species on the original bean host improved, but the fecundity of T. truncatus decreased when feeding on eggplant. The extensive transcriptomic variation shown by T. urticae might serve as a potential compensatory mechanism for a deficiency of hub genes in this species. This research points to nuanced differences in transcriptomic variability between generalist herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Xue Guo
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin-Yue Yu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shi-Mei Huo
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jia-Yi Zhou
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing-Tao Sun
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Hong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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7
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Tabuloc CA, Carlson CR, Ganjisaffar F, Truong CC, Chen CH, Lewald KM, Hidalgo S, Nicola NL, Jones CE, Sial AA, Zalom FG, Chiu JC. Transcriptome analysis of Drosophila suzukii reveals molecular mechanisms conferring pyrethroid and spinosad resistance. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19867. [PMID: 39191909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Drosophila suzukii lay eggs in soft-skinned, ripening fruits, making this insect a serious threat to berry production. Since its 2008 introduction into North America, growers have used insecticides, such as pyrethroids and spinosads, as the primary approach for D. suzukii management, resulting in development of insecticide resistance in this pest. This study sought to identify the molecular mechanisms conferring insecticide resistance in these populations. We sequenced the transcriptomes of two pyrethroid- and two spinosad-resistant isofemale lines. In both pyrethroid-resistant lines and one spinosad-resistant line, we identified overexpression of metabolic genes that are implicated in resistance in other insect pests. In the other spinosad-resistant line, we observed an overexpression of cuticular genes that have been linked to resistance. Our findings enabled the development of molecular diagnostics that we used to confirm persistence of insecticide resistance in California, U.S.A. To validate these findings, we leveraged D. melanogaster mutants with reduced expression of metabolic or cuticular genes that were found to be upregulated in resistant D. suzukii to demonstrate that these genes are involved in promoting resistance. This study is the first to characterize the molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance in D. suzukii and provides insights into how current management practices can be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Tabuloc
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - Curtis R Carlson
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - Fatemeh Ganjisaffar
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - Cindy C Truong
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - Ching-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - Kyle M Lewald
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - Sergio Hidalgo
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - Nicole L Nicola
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - Cera E Jones
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ashfaq A Sial
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Frank G Zalom
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - Joanna C Chiu
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, California, USA.
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Zhang Q, Wang F, Haq IU, Li C, Gou Y, Zhang K, Liu H, Liu C. Comparative toxicity and enzymatic detoxification responses in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to two insecticides. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 284:116917. [PMID: 39182280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), poses a significant threat to food security, necessitating effective management strategies. While chemical control remains a primary approach, understanding the toxicity and detoxification mechanisms of different insecticides is crucial. In this study, we conducted leaf-dipping bioassays to assess the toxicity of quinalphos and beta-cypermethrin·emamectin benzoate (β-cyp·EMB) on S. frugiperda larvae. Additionally, we assessed the response of alterations in CarE, GST, MFO, and AChE activities to sublethal concentrations of these insecticides over various treatment durations. Results indicated that β-cyp·EMB exhibited higher toxicity than quinalphos in S. frugiperda. Interestingly, the highest activities of GST, CarE, MFO, and AChE were observed at 6 h exposure to LC10 and LC25 of β-cyp·EMB, surpassing equivalent sublethal concentrations of quinalphos. Subsequently, GST and CarE activities exposure to β-cyp·EMB steadily decreased, while MFO and AChE activities exposure to both insecticides was initially decreased then increased. Conversely, two sublethal concentrations of quinalphos notably enhanced GST activity across all exposure durations, with significantly higher than β-cyp·EMB at 12-48 h. Similarly, CarE activity was also increased at various durations. Our research has exhibited significant alterations in enzyme activities exposure to both concentration and duration. Furthermore, Pearson correlation analysis showed significant correlations among these enzyme activities at different treatment durations. These findings contribute to a better understanding of detoxification mechanisms across different insecticides, providing valuable insights for the rational management of S. frugiperda populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangyan Zhang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Fawu Wang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Inzamam Ul Haq
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chunchun Li
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuping Gou
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Kexin Zhang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Huiping Liu
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Changzhong Liu
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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9
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Reis AB, Martínez LC, de Oliveira MS, Souza DDS, Gomes DS, Silva LLD, Serrão JE. Sublethal Effects Induced by a Cyflumetofen Formulation on Honeybee Apis mellifera L. Workers: Assessment of Midgut, Hypopharyngeal Glands, and Fat Body Integrity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 39171958 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Worldwide, both cultivated and wild plants are pollinated by the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Bee numbers are declining as a result of a variety of factors, including increased pesticide use. Cyflumetofen controls pest mites in some plantations pollinated by bees, which may be contaminated with residual sublethal concentrations of this pesticide, in nectar and pollen. We evaluated the effects of a sublethal concentration of a cyflumetofen formulation on the midgut, hypopharyngeal gland, and fat body of A. mellifera workers orally exposed for 72 h or 10 days. The midgut epithelium of treated bees presented digestive cells with cytoplasm vacuoles and some cell fragmentation, indicating autophagy and cell death. After being exposed to the cyflumetofen formulation for 72 h, the midgut showed a higher injury rate than the control bees, but after 10 days, the organs had recovered. In the hypopharyngeal gland of treated bees, the end apparatus was filled with secretion, suggesting that the acaricide interferes with the secretory regulation of this gland. Histochemical tests revealed differences in the treated bees in both exposure periods in the midgut and hypopharyngeal glands. The acaricide caused cytotoxic effects on the midgut digestive cells, with apical protrusions, plasma membrane rupture, and several vacuoles in the cytoplasm, features of cell degeneration. In the hypopharyngeal glands of the treated bees, the secretory cells presented small electron-dense and large electron-lucent secretory granules. The fat body cells had no changes in comparison with the control bees. In conclusion, the cyflumetofen formulation at sublethal concentrations causes damage to the midgut and the hypopharyngeal glands of honey bee, which may compromise the functions of these organs and colony fitness. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1-11. © 2024 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Beatriz Reis
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | | | | | - Diego Dos Santos Souza
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Davy Soares Gomes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Laryssa Lemos da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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10
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Moreira DC, Hermes-Lima M. Dynamics of Redox Metabolism during Complete Metamorphosis of Insects: Insights from the Sunflower Caterpillar Chlosyne lacinia (Lepidoptera). Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:959. [PMID: 39199204 PMCID: PMC11351957 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13080959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Complete insect metamorphosis requires substantial metabolic and physiological adjustments. Although oxidative stress has been implicated in metamorphosis, details on redox metabolism during larva-to-pupa and pupa-to-adult remain scarce. This study explores redox metabolism during metamorphosis of a lepidopteran (Chlosyne lacinia), focusing on core metabolism, antioxidant systems and oxidative stress. The larva-to-pupa transition was characterized by increased lactate dehydrogenase and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities, coupled with depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH), high disulfide-to-total-glutathione ratio (GSSG/tGSH), and increased lipid peroxidation. As metamorphosis progressed, metabolic enzyme activities, citrate synthase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase increased, indicating heightened oxidative metabolism associated with adult development. Concurrently, GSH and GPX levels returned to larval levels and GSSG/tGSH reached its most reduced state right before adult emergence. Adult emergence was marked by a further increase in oxidative metabolism, accompanied by redox imbalance and enhanced antioxidant mechanisms. These findings highlight a fluctuation in redox balance throughout metamorphosis, with periods of oxidative eustress followed by compensatory antioxidant responses. This study is the first to identify concurrent changes in metabolism, antioxidants, redox balance and oxidative stress throughout metamorphosis. Our findings extend knowledge on redox metabolism adjustments and highlight redox adaptations and oxidative stress as natural components of complete insect metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Moreira
- Research Center in Morphology and Applied Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
- Cell Biology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil;
| | - Marcelo Hermes-Lima
- Cell Biology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil;
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11
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Haberkorn C, Belgaïdi Z, Lasseur R, Vavre F, Varaldi J. Transcriptomic Response to Pyrethroid Treatment in Closely Related Bed Bug Strains Varying in Resistance. Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evae158. [PMID: 39031593 PMCID: PMC11376223 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evae158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, is one of the main human parasites. The world-wide resurgence of this pest is mainly due to globalization, and the spread of insecticide resistance. A few studies have compared the transcriptomes of susceptible and resistant strains; however, these studies usually relied on strains originating from distant locations, possibly explaining their extended candidate gene lists. Here, we compared the transcriptomes of 2 strains originating from the same location and showing low overall genetic differentiation (FST=0.018) but varying in their susceptibility to pyrethroids, before and after insecticide exposure. In sharp contrast with previous studies, only 24 genes showing constitutive differential expression between the strains were identified. Interestingly, most of the genes with increased expression in the resistant strain encoded cuticular proteins. However, those changes were not associated with significant difference in cuticular thickness, suggesting that they might be involved in qualitative changes in the cuticle. In contrast, insecticide exposure induced the expression of a multitude of genes, mostly involved in detoxification. Finally, our set of transcriptome candidate loci showed little overlap with a set of loci strongly genetically differentiated in a previous study using the same strains. Several hypothesis explaining this discrepancy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Haberkorn
- CNRS, VetAgro Sup, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Universite Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- IZInovation, 13 Rue des Émeraudes, Lyon 69006, France
| | - Zaïnab Belgaïdi
- CNRS, VetAgro Sup, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Universite Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Fabrice Vavre
- CNRS, VetAgro Sup, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Universite Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Julien Varaldi
- CNRS, VetAgro Sup, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Universite Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
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12
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Rattanapan A, Sujayanont P. Impact of Neem Seed Extract on Mortality, Esterase and Glutathione-S-Transferase Activities in Thai Polyvoltine Hybrid Silkworm, Bombyx mori L. INSECTS 2024; 15:591. [PMID: 39194796 DOI: 10.3390/insects15080591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Neem, a biopesticide, offers a safer alternative to the synthetic insecticides commonly used in mulberry cultivation, which can harm silkworms. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Thai neem seed extract on all instar larvae of the Thai polyvoltine hybrid silkworm, Bombyx mori L., Dok Bua strains, focusing on the mortality rate and the activities of esterase (EST) and glutathione S-transferases (GST) enzymes. Acute toxicity was assessed using the leaf-dipping method. Results showed that the mortality rate tended to be higher in younger instars than in older ones. The first instar larvae exhibited the highest mortality rate at 94%, whereas the LC50 was highest in the third instar at 5.23 mg L-1 at 72 h. This trend aligns with the activities of EST and GST, which were evaluated in the whole bodies of the first instar larvae and the midgut tissue of fifth instar larvae. As the extract concentration increased, EST activity decreased while GST activity increased in both the first and fifth instar larvae. These findings highlight that neem extract is toxic to all instar larvae, with GST playing a crucial role in detoxification, particularly in the whole body of the Thai polyvoltine hybrid silkworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajin Rattanapan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Kantharawichai District, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Mulberry and Silk, Mahasarakham University, Kantharawichai District, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Patcharawan Sujayanont
- Department of Preclinic, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Muang District, Mahasarakham 44000, Thailand
- Tropical Health Innovation Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Muang District, Mahasarakham 44000, Thailand
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Qu C, Yao J, Huang J, Che W, Fang Y, Luo C, Wang R. Tetraniliprole resistance in field-collected populations of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) from China: Baseline susceptibility, cross-resistance, inheritance, and biochemical mechanism. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 203:106019. [PMID: 39084779 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Tuta absoluta is one of the most destructive and invasive insect pests throughout the world. It feeds on numerous solanaceous plant species and has developed resistance to most types of popular insecticides. Tetraniliprole is a novel diamide chemical agent that acts as a modulator of the ryanodine receptor. To establish T. absoluta susceptibility to tetraniliprole and to understand potential mechanisms of resistance, we monitored 18 field populations of T. absoluta collected from northern China. One field-evolved resistant population, Huailai (HL), showed moderate resistance to tetraniliprole (36.2-fold) in comparison with susceptible strain YN-S. Assays of cross-resistance, synergism, metabolic enzyme activity, and inheritance of resistance were performed with YN-S strain and HL population. The latter displayed 12.2- and 6.7-fold cross-resistance to chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide, respectively, but little cross-resistance to broflanilide (1.6-fold), spinosad (2.1-fold), metaflumizone (1.5-fold), or indoxacarb (2.8-fold). Genetic analyses revealed that tetraniliprole resistance in HL population was autosomal, incompletely dominant, and polygenic. Piperonyl butoxide was found to significantly increase tetraniliprole toxicity, and enzymatic activities of P450 monooxygenase and glutathione S-transferase were significantly higher in HL than YN-S population. These results enhance our knowledge of the inheritance and mechanism of tetraniliprole resistance, enabling future optimization of resistance management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jiaqi Yao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Department of Plant Protection, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Jianlei Huang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Technology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Wunan Che
- Department of Pesticide Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yong Fang
- Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410128, China; Agriculture Biotechnology Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Chen Luo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
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14
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Wang J, Lu Z, Hu L, Zhong R, Xu C, Yang Y, Zeng R, Song Y, Sun Z. High nitrogen application in maize enhances insecticide tolerance of the polyphagous herbivore Spodoptera litura by induction of detoxification enzymes and intensification of cuticle. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 203:106002. [PMID: 39084798 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most intensively used fertilizers in cropping system and could exert a variety of bottom-up effects on the ecological fitness of herbivores. However, the effects of increased N inputs on insect pesticide tolerance have not been comprehensively understood. Bioassays showed that high N (HN) applied to maize plants significantly increased larval tolerance of Spodoptera litura to multiple insecticides. Activities of detoxification enzymes were significantly higher in the larvae fed on maize plants supplied with HN. RNA-seq analysis showed that numerous GST and cuticle-related genes were induced in the larvae fed on HN maize. RT-qPCR analysis further confirmed four GST genes and larval-specific cuticle gene LCP167. Furthermore, when injected with dsRNA specific to GSTe1, GSTs5, and LCP167, the mortality of larvae treated with methomyl was about 3-fold higher than that of dsGFP-injected larvae. Electron microscope observation showed that cuticle of the larvae fed on HN maize was thicker than the medium level of N. These findings suggest that increased application of N fertilizer enhances insecticide tolerance of lepidopteran pests via induction of detoxification enzymes and intensification of cuticle. Thus, overuse of N fertilizer may increase pest insecticide tolerance and usage of chemical insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Biological Breeding for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhihui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Lin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Environment Change and Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Runbin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Biological Breeding for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Cuicui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Biological Breeding for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yurui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Biological Breeding for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Rensen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Biological Breeding for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Biological Breeding for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhongxiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
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15
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Wang M, Yang N, Guo W, Yang Y, Bao B, Zhang X, Zhang D. RNAi-mediated glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) silencing inhibits ovarian development and enhances deltamethrin-treated energy depletion in Locusta migratoria. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 203:106014. [PMID: 39084805 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Energy metabolism is essential for insect development, reproduction and detoxification. Insects often reallocate energy and resources to manage external stress, balancing the demands of detoxification and reproduction. Glucose transport 4 (Glut4), a glucose transporter, is involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. However, the specific molecular mechanism of Glut4 in insect reproduction, and its role in the response to insecticide-induced oxidative stress remain unclear. In this study, LmGlut4 was identified and analyzed in Locusta migratoria. Silencing of LmGlut4 significantly reduced vitellogenin (Vg) biosynthesis in the fat body and Vg absorption by oocytes, ultimately hindering ovarian development and oocyte maturation. Knockdown of LmGlut4 also inhibited the biosynthesis of key insect hormones, such as juvenile hormone (JH), 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and insulin. Furthermore, LmGlut4 knockdown led to reduced triglyceride (TG) and glycogen content in the fat body and ovary, as well as decreased capacity for trehalose biosynthesis in adipocytes. Additionally, dsLmGlut4-treated locusts showed heightened sensitivity to deltamethrin, leading to increased triglyceride depletion during detoxification. This study sheds light on the biological function of LmGlut4 in the ovary and provides potential target genes for exploring biological pest management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application of Hebei Province, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Ningxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application of Hebei Province, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Wenhui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application of Hebei Province, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application of Hebei Province, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Bowen Bao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application of Hebei Province, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application of Hebei Province, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Daochuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application of Hebei Province, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
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Sun H, Li X, Yuan X, Tian Z, Li Y, Zhang Y, Liu J. Elucidating the detoxification efficacy of Periplaneta americana delta glutathione S-transferase 1 (PaGSTd1) against organophosphates. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 203:106013. [PMID: 39084777 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
As an important class of detoxifying enzymes, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are pivotal in decreasing insecticide toxicity to insects. Periplaneta americana GSTd1 (PaGSTd1) has been verified as a key enzyme in detoxifying pyrethroid insecticides, but its detoxification capability against a broader spectrum of insecticides has never been investigated. It is revealed that PaGSTd1 expression showed a rapid and significant increase upon exposure to various insecticides (organophosphates, neonicotinoids, and fipronil). Subsequent in vitro metabolic assays indicated that organophosphates, particularly chlorpyrifos-methyl, can be effectively metabolized by PaGSTd1. Further knockdown of PaGSTd1 via RNA interference significantly heightened the susceptibility of P. americana to chlorpyrifos-methyl, underscoring the enzyme's key role in detoxifying chlorpyrifos-methyl. Additionally, this study confirmed that PaGSTd1 cannot mitigate insecticide toxicity through countering oxidative stress. Collectively, these findings elucidate the involvement of PaGSTd1 in the detoxification processes for organophosphates, offering a comprehensive insight into the metabolic mechanisms mediated by GSTs in P. americana. This research provides a foundational understanding for managing GSTs-mediated metabolic resistance in this species, which is crucial for effective pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xinyue Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Jiyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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17
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Li WT, Lin JY, Liu JJ, Hafeez M, Deng SW, Chen HY, Ren RJ, Rana MS, Wang RL. Molecular insights into the functional analysis of P450 CYP321A7 gene in the involvement of detoxification of lambda-cyhalothrin in Spodoptera frugiperda. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 203:106009. [PMID: 39084775 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is a widely recognized global agricultural pest that has significantly reduced crop yields all over the world. S. frugiperda has developed resistance to various insecticides. Insect cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs or P450s) play an important role in detoxifying insecticides, leading to increased resistance in insect populations. However, the function of the specific P450 gene for lambda-cyhalothrin resistance in S. frugiperda was unclear. Herein, the expression patterns of 40 P450 genes in the susceptible and lambda-cyhalothrin-resistant populations were analyzed. Among them, CYP321A7 was found to be overexpressed in the resistant population, specifically LRS (resistance ratio = 25.38-fold) derived from a lambda-cyhalothrin-susceptible (SS) population and FLRS (a population caught from a field, resistance ratio = 63.80-fold). Elevated enzyme activity of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) was observed for LRS (2.76-fold) and the FLRS (4.88-fold) as compared to SS, while no significant differences were observed in the activities of glutathione S-transferases and esterases. Furthermore, the knockdown of CYP321A7 gene by RNA interference significantly increased the susceptibility to lambda-cyhalothrin. Remarkably, the knockdown of CYP321A7 reduced the enzymatic activity of P450 by 43.7%, 31.9%, and 22.5% in SS, LRS, and FLRS populations, respectively. Interestingly, fourth-instar larvae treated with lambda-cyhalothrin at the LC30 dosage had a greater mortality rate due to RNA interference-induced suppression of CYP321A7 (with increases of 61.1%, 50.0%, and 45.6% for SS, LRS, and FLRS populations, respectively). These findings suggest a link between lambda-cyhalothrin resistance and continual overexpression of CYP321A7 in S. frugiperda larvae, emphasizing the possible importance of CYP321A7 in lambda-cyhalothrin detoxification in S. frugiperda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ting Li
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Heyuan 517000, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jia-Yu Lin
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Heyuan 517000, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jia-Jie Liu
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Heyuan 517000, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Muhammad Hafeez
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; USDA-ARS Horticultural Crops Research Unit, 3420 NW Orchard Avenue, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
| | - Shi-Wen Deng
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Heyuan 517000, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hong-Yu Chen
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Heyuan 517000, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rong-Jie Ren
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Heyuan 517000, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Muhammad Shoaib Rana
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Heyuan 517000, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Rui-Long Wang
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Heyuan 517000, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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18
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Zhang J, Shi Y, Yang Y, Oakeshott JG, Wu Y. Differentiation in detoxification gene complements, including neofunctionalization of duplicated cytochrome P450 genes, between lineages of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17463. [PMID: 38984610 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Here we investigate the evolutionary dynamics of five enzyme superfamilies (CYPs, GSTs, UGTs, CCEs and ABCs) involved in detoxification in Helicoverpa armigera. The reference assembly for an African isolate of the major lineages, H. a. armigera, has 373 genes in the five superfamilies. Most of its CYPs, GSTs, UGTs and CCEs and a few of its ABCs occur in blocks and most of the clustered genes are in subfamilies specifically implicated in detoxification. Most of the genes have orthologues in the reference genome for the Oceania lineage, H. a. conferta. However, clustered orthologues and subfamilies specifically implicated in detoxification show greater sequence divergence and less constraint on non-synonymous differences between the two assemblies than do other members of the five superfamilies. Two duplicated CYPs, which were found in the H. a. armigera but not H. a. conferta reference genome, were also missing in 16 Chinese populations spanning two different lineages of H. a. armigera. The enzyme produced by one of these duplicates has higher activity against esfenvalerate than a previously described chimeric CYP mutant conferring pyrethroid resistance. Various transposable elements were found in the introns of most detoxification genes, generating diverse gene structures. Extensive resequencing data for the Chinese H. a. armigera and H. a. conferta lineages also revealed complex copy number polymorphisms in 17 CCE001s in a cluster also implicated in pyrethroid metabolism, with substantial haplotype differences between all three lineages. Our results suggest that cotton bollworm has a versatile complement of detoxification genes which are evolving in diverse ways across its range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianpeng Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, China
| | - Yu Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yihua Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - John G Oakeshott
- Applied Biosciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yidong Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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19
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Wang Y, Tian Y, Zhou D, Fang J, Cao J, Shi C, Lei Y, Fu K, Guo W, Jiang W. Expression and Functional Analysis of Two Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase Genes and a UDP-Glycosyltransferase Gene Linked with Thiamethoxam Resistance in the Colorado Potato Beetle. INSECTS 2024; 15:559. [PMID: 39194764 DOI: 10.3390/insects15080559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) and UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are involved in the evolution of insecticide resistance. Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), the Colorado potato beetle (CPB), is a notorious insect that has developed resistance to various insecticides including neonicotinoids. This study investigated whether the differentially expressed P450 genes CYP9Z140 and CYP9AY1 and UGT gene UGT321AP1, found in our transcriptome results, conferred resistance to thiamethoxam in L. decemlineata. Resistance monitoring showed that the sampled field populations of L. decemlineata adults collected from Urumqi City and Qapqal, Jimsar, and Mulei Counties of Xinjiang in 2021-2023 developed low levels of resistance to thiamethoxam with resistance ratios ranging from 6.66- to 9.52-fold. Expression analyses indicated that CYP9Z140, CYP9AY1, and UGT321AP1 were significantly upregulated in thiamethoxam-resistant populations compared with susceptible populations. The expression of all three genes also increased significantly after thiamethoxam treatment compared with the control. Spatiotemporal expression patterns showed that the highest expression of CYP9Z140 and CYP9AY1 occurred in pupae and the midgut, whereas UGT321AP1 was highly expressed in adults and Malpighian tubules. Knocking down all three genes individually or simultaneously using RNA interference increased the sensitivity of adult L. decemlineata to thiamethoxam. These results suggest that overexpression of CYP9Z140, CYP9AY1, and UGT321AP1 contributes to the development of thiamethoxam resistance in L. decemlineata and provides a scientific basis for improving new resistance management of CPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yitong Tian
- China State Farms Ecnomic Development Center/South Subtropical Crops Center Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100122, China
| | - Dongdi Zhou
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiayi Fang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jingwei Cao
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chengcheng Shi
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yixuan Lei
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kaiyun Fu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture/Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Wenchao Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture/Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Weihua Jiang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China
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20
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Aioub AAA, Moustafa MAM, Hashem AS, Sayed S, Hamada HM, Zhang Q, Abdel-Wahab SIZ. Biochemical and genetic mechanisms in Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) resistance under emamectin benzoate stress. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142887. [PMID: 39025308 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) poses a significant threat to Brassicaceae crops, leading to substantial losses annually. Repeated insecticide applications are widely used to protect crops and increase the resistance of P. rapae. Exploring the biochemical and molecular basis of insecticide tolerance in P. rapae is crucial for achieving effective insect suppuration and implementing resistance control strategies. In our research, emamectin benzoate (EBZ) resistance was developed in P. rapae strain through selective pressure over 15 generations. Moreover, the biochemical mechanisms underlying resistance to EBZ and its potential cross-resistance to other insecticides were studied. Additionally, the expression levels of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) genes in P. rapae were quantitatively assessed upon exposure to EBZ using real-time PCR. Our data exhibited that the LC50 value of susceptible strain (Sus) and EBZ resistance strain (EBZ-R) were 0.009 and 8.09 mg/L, with a resistance ratio (RR) reaching 898.8-fold. The EBZ-R stain displayed notably low cross-resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin, spinetoram, and cypermethrin. However, it demonstrated a moderate level of cross-resistance to deltamethrin. Conversely, no cross-resistance was noted to chlorantraniliprole and indoxacarb. Notably, enzyme inhibitors of detoxification enzymes revealed that piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM) enhanced the EBZ toxicity to the resistant strain, indicating the potential involvement of CYP450 and GST in avermectin resistance. A remarkable enhancement in CYP450 and GST activity was observed in the EBZ-R stain. CYP450 and GST genes are upregulated in the EBZ-R stain compared to the Sus strain, which serves as a basis for comprehending the mechanism behind P. rapae resistance to EBZ. The molecular docking analysis demonstrated that EBZ has a high binding affinity with CYP6AE120 and PrGSTS1 with docking energy values of -20.19 and -22.57 kcal/mol, respectively. Our findings offer valuable insights into crafting efficient strategies to monitor and manage resistance in P. rapae populations in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A A Aioub
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Moataz A M Moustafa
- Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Hashem
- Stored Product Pests Research Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Sakha, Kafr El-Sheikh 33717, Egypt
| | - Samy Sayed
- Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt; Department of Science and Technology, University College-Ranyah, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan M Hamada
- Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Qichun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Sarah I Z Abdel-Wahab
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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21
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Castellane TCL, Fernandes CC, Pinheiro DG, Lemos MVF, Varani AM. Exploratory comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals potential gene targets associated with Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 resistance in fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). Funct Integr Genomics 2024; 24:129. [PMID: 39039331 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-024-01408-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Genetically modified (GM) crops, expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal toxins, have substantially transformed agriculture. Despite rapid adoption, their environmental and economic benefits face scrutiny due to unsustainable agricultural practices and the emergence of resistant pests like Spodoptera frugiperda, known as the fall armyworm (FAW). FAW's adaptation to Bt technology in corn and cotton compromises the long-term efficacy of Bt crops. To advance the understanding of the genetic foundations of resistance mechanisms, we conducted an exploratory comparative transcriptomic analysis of two divergent FAW populations. One population exhibited practical resistance to the Bt insecticidal proteins Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2, expressed in the genetically engineered MON-89Ø34 - 3 maize, while the other population remained susceptible to these proteins. Differential expression analysis supported that Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 significantly affect the FAW physiology. A total of 247 and 254 differentially expressed genes were identified in the Cry-resistant and susceptible populations, respectively. By integrating our findings with established literature and databases, we underscored 53 gene targets potentially involved in FAW's resistance to Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2. In particular, we considered and discussed the potential roles of the differentially expressed genes encoding ABC transporters, G protein-coupled receptors, the P450 enzymatic system, and other Bt-related detoxification genes. Based on these findings, we emphasize the importance of exploratory transcriptomic analyses to uncover potential gene targets involved with Bt insecticidal proteins resistance, and to support the advantages of GM crops in the face of emerging challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Cristina L Castellane
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias E Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rod. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane km 5, Jaboticabal, CEP 14884-900, SP, Brasil.
| | - Camila C Fernandes
- Instituto de Pesquisa em Bioenergia, Laboratório Multiusuário de Sequenciamento em Larga Escala e Expressão Gênica, IPBEN, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Daniel G Pinheiro
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Agropecuária e Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias E Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rod. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane km 5, Jaboticabal, CEP 14884-900, SP, Brasil
| | - Manoel Victor Franco Lemos
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias E Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rod. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane km 5, Jaboticabal, CEP 14884-900, SP, Brasil
- Instituto de Pesquisa em Bioenergia, Laboratório Multiusuário de Sequenciamento em Larga Escala e Expressão Gênica, IPBEN, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Alessandro M Varani
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Agropecuária e Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias E Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rod. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane km 5, Jaboticabal, CEP 14884-900, SP, Brasil.
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22
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Lu Z, Lu K, Li Y, Xiao T, Zhou Z, Chen Y, Liu J, Sun Z, Gui F. Screening and functional validation of the core detoxification genes conferring broad-spectrum response to insecticides in Spodoptera frugiperda. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:3491-3503. [PMID: 38426637 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, a formidable agricultural pest, has developed resistance to various synthetic insecticides. However, how S. frugiperda utilizes its limited energy and resources to deal with various insecticides remains largely unexplored. RESULTS We utilized transcriptome sequencing to decipher the broad-spectrum adaptation mechanism of S. frugiperda to eight insecticides with distinct modes-of-action. Analysis of the Venn diagram revealed that 1014 upregulated genes and 778 downregulated genes were present in S. frugiperda treated with at least five different insecticides, compared to the control group. Exposure to various insecticides led to the significant upregulation of eight cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), four UDP glucosyltransferases (UGTs), two glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) and two ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCs). Among them, the sfCYP340AD3 and sfCYP4G74 genes were demonstrated to respond to stress from six different insecticides in S. frugiperda, as evidenced by RNA interference and toxicity bioassays. Furthermore, homology modeling and molecular docking analyses showed that sfCYP340AD3 and sfCYP4G74 possess strong binding affinities to a variety of insecticides. CONCLUSION Collectively, these findings showed that S. frugiperda utilizes a battery of core detoxification genes to cope with the exposure of synthetic insecticides. This study also sheds light on the identification of efficient insecticidal targets gene and the development of resistance management strategies in S. frugiperda, thereby facilitating the sustainable control of this serious pest. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Kai Lu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yahong Li
- Yunnan Plant Protection and Quarantine Station, Kunming, China
| | - Tianxiang Xiao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhonglin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yaping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- Yuxi Plant Protection and Quarantine Station in Yunnan, Yuxi, China
| | - Zhongxiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Furong Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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23
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Li J, Liu J, Peng L, Liu J, Xu L, He J, Sun L, Shen G, He L. Functional analysis of SDR112C1 associated with fenpropathrin tolerance in Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval). INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38926942 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDRs) are ubiquitously distributed across diverse organisms and play pivotal roles in the growth, as well as endogenous and exogenous metabolism of various substances, including drugs. The expression levels of SDR genes are reportedly upregulated in the fenpropathrin (FEN)-resistant (FeR) strain of Tetranychus cinnabarinus. However, the functions of these SDR genes in acaricide tolerance remain elusive. In this study, the activity of SDRs was found to be significantly higher (2.26-fold) in the FeR strain compared to the susceptible strain (SS) of T. cinnabarinus. A specific upregulated SDR gene, named SDR112C1, exhibited significant overexpression (3.13-fold) in the FeR population compared with that in the SS population. Furthermore, the expression of SDR112C1 showed a significant increase in the response to FEN induction. Additionally, knockdown of the SDR112C1 gene resulted in decreased SDR activity and reduced mite viability against FEN. Importantly, heterologous expression and in vitro incubation assays confirmed that recombinant SDR112C1 could effectively deplete FEN. Moreover, the overexpression of the SDR112C1 gene in Drosophila melanogaster significantly decreased the toxicity of FEN to transgenic fruit flies. These findings suggest that the overexpression of SDR SDR112C1 is a crucial factor contributing to FEN tolerance in T. cinnabarinus. This discovery not only enhances our understanding of SDR-mediated acaricide tolerance but also introduces a new family of detoxification enzymes to consider in practice, beyond cytochrome P450s, carboxyl/choline esterases and glutathione S-transferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhang Li
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jialu Liu
- Key Scientific Research Base of Pest and Mold Control of Heritage Collection (Chongqing China Three Gorges Museum), State Administration of Cultural Heritage, Chongqing, China
| | - Lishu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junfeng He
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Longjiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangmao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin He
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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24
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Sun X, Li W, Yang S, Ni X, Han S, Wang M, Zhen C, Huang X. Insecticidal activity and underlying molecular mechanisms of a phytochemical plumbagin against Spodoptera frugiperda. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1427385. [PMID: 38974516 PMCID: PMC11224519 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1427385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Plumbagin is an important phytochemical and has been reported to exhibit potent larvicidal activity against several insect pests, However, the insecticidal mechanism of plumbagin against pests is still poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the insecticidal activities of plumbagin and the underlying molecular mechanisms against a devastating agricultural pest, the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda. Methods The effects of plumbagin on S. frugiperda larval development and the activities of two detoxification enzymes were initially examined. Next, transcriptomic changes in S. frugiperda after plumbagin treatment were investigated. Furthermore, RNA-seq results were validated by qPCR. Results Plumbagin exhibited a high larvicidal activity against the second and third instar larvae of S. frugiperda with 72 h LC50 of 0.573 and 2.676 mg/g, respectively. The activities of the two detoxification enzymes carboxylesterase and P450 were significantly increased after 1.5 mg/g plumbagin treatment. Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis provided a comprehensive overview of complex transcriptomic changes in S. frugiperda larvae in response to 1.5 mg/g plumbagin exposure, and revealed that plumbagin treatment led to aberrant expression of a large number of genes related to nutrient and energy metabolism, humoral immune response, insect cuticle protein, chitin-binding proteins, chitin synthesis and degradation, insect hormone, and xenobiotic detoxification. The qPCR results further validated the reproducibility and reliability of the transcriptomic data. Discussion Our findings provide a valuable insight into understanding the insecticidal mechanism of the phytochemical plumbagin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Sun
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxuan Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqi Ni
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengjie Han
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Mengting Wang
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Cong’ai Zhen
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinzheng Huang
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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25
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Krestonoshina K, Melnichuk A, Kinareikina A, Maslakova K, Yangirova L, Silivanova E. The P450-Monooxygenase Activity and CYP6D1 Expression in the Chlorfenapyr-Resistant Strain of Musca domestica L. INSECTS 2024; 15:461. [PMID: 38921174 PMCID: PMC11203901 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The house fly Musca domestica L. is one of the most common insects of veterinary and medical importance worldwide; its ability to develop resistance to a large number of insecticides is well known. Many studies support the involvement of cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases (P450) in the development of resistance to pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, carbamates, and organophosphates among insects. In this paper, the monooxygenase activity and expression level of CYP6D1 were studied for the first time in a chlorfenapyr-resistant strain of house fly. Our studies demonstrated that P450 activity in adults of the susceptible strain (Lab TY) and chlorfenapyr-resistant strain (ChlA) was 1.56-4.05-fold higher than that in larvae. In females of the Lab TY and ChlA strains, this activity was 1.53- and 1.57-fold higher, respectively (p < 0.05), than that in males, and in contrast, the expression level of CYP6D1 was 21- and 8-fold lower, respectively. The monooxygenase activity did not vary between larvae of the susceptible strain Lab TY and the chlorfenapyr-resistant strain ChlA. Activity in females and males of the ChlA strain exceeded that in the Lab TY strain specimens by 1.54 (p = 0.08) and 1.83 (p < 0.05) times, respectively, with the same level of CYP6D1 expression. PCR-RFLP analysis revealed a previously undescribed mutation in the promoter region of the CYP6D1 gene in adults of the Lab TY and ChlA strains, and it did not affect the gene expression level. The obtained results show that the development of resistance to chlorfenapyr in M. domestica is accompanied by an increase in P450-monooxygenase activity without changes in CYP6D1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Elena Silivanova
- All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Veterinary Entomology and Arachnology—Branch of Federal State Institution Federal Research Centre Tyumen Scientific Centre of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ASRIVEA)—Branch of Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS Institutskaya St. 2, Tyumen 625041, Russia; (K.K.); (A.M.); (A.K.); (K.M.); (L.Y.)
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26
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Qian K, Guan D, Wu Z, Zhuang A, Wang J, Meng X. Functional Analysis of Insecticide Inhibition and Metabolism of Six Glutathione S-Transferases in the Rice Stem Borer, Chilo suppressalis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:12489-12497. [PMID: 38773677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are important detoxifying enzymes in insects. Our previous studies found that the susceptibility of Chilo suppressalis to abamectin was significantly increased when the CsGST activity was inhibited by glutathione (GSH) depletory. In this study, the potential detoxification mechanisms of CsGSTs to abamectin were explored. Six CsGSTs of C. suppressalis were expressed in vitro. Enzymatic kinetic parameters including Km and Vmax of recombinant CsGSTs were determined, and results showed that all of the six CsGSTs were catalytically active and displaying glutathione transferase activity. Insecticide inhibitions revealed that a low concentration of abamectin could effectively inhibit the activities of CsGSTs including CsGSTd1, CsGSTe4, CsGSTo2, CsGSTs3, and CsGSTu1. However, the in vitro metabolism assay found that the six CsGSTs could not metabolize abamectin directly. Additionally, the glutathione transferase activity of CsGSTs in C. suppressalis was significantly increased post-treatment with abamectin. Comprehensive analysis of the results in present and our previous studies demonstrated that CsGSTs play an important role in detoxification of abamectin by catalyzing the conjugation of GSH to abamectin in C. suppressalis, and the high binding affinities of CsGSTd1, CsGSTe4, CsGSTo2, CsGSTs3, and CsGSTu1 with abamectin might also suggest the involvement of CsGSTs in detoxification of abamectin via the noncatalytic passive binding and sequestration instead of direct metabolism. These studies are helpful to better understand the detoxification mechanisms of GSTs in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Qian
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Daojie Guan
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhaolu Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Anxiang Zhuang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiangkun Meng
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
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Zhang BZ, Jiang YT, Cui LL, Hu GL, Li XA, Zhang P, Ji X, Ma PC, Kong FB, Liu RQ. microRNA-3037 targeting CYP6CY2 confers imidacloprid resistance to Sitobion miscanthi (Takahashi). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 202:105958. [PMID: 38879340 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The wheat aphid Sitobion miscanthi is a dominant and destructive pest in agricultural production. Insecticides are the main substances used for effective control of wheat aphids. However, their extensive application has caused severe resistance of wheat aphids to some insecticides; therefore, exploring resistance mechanisms is essential for wheat aphid management. In the present study, CYP6CY2, a new P450 gene, was isolated and overexpressed in the imidacloprid-resistant strain (SM-R) compared to the imidacloprid-susceptible strain (SM-S). The increased sensitivity of S. miscanthi to imidacloprid after knockdown of CYP6CY2 indicates that it could be associated with imidacloprid resistance. Subsequently, the posttranscriptional regulation of CYP6CY2 in the 3' UTR by miR-3037 was confirmed, and CYP6CY2 participated in imidacloprid resistance. This finding is critical for determining the role of P450 in relation to the resistance of S. miscanthi to imidacloprid. It is of great significance to understand this regulatory mechanism of P450 expression in the resistance of S. miscanthi to neonicotinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Zhong Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Engineering Research Center of Biological Pesticide & Fertilizer Development and Synergistic Application, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; Hebi College of Engineering and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, China
| | - Yu-Tai Jiang
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Engineering Research Center of Biological Pesticide & Fertilizer Development and Synergistic Application, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Ling-Ling Cui
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Engineering Research Center of Biological Pesticide & Fertilizer Development and Synergistic Application, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Gui-Lei Hu
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Engineering Research Center of Biological Pesticide & Fertilizer Development and Synergistic Application, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Xin-An Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Engineering Research Center of Biological Pesticide & Fertilizer Development and Synergistic Application, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Engineering Research Center of Biological Pesticide & Fertilizer Development and Synergistic Application, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Hebi College of Engineering and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, China
| | - Ping-Chuan Ma
- Hebi College of Engineering and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, China
| | - Fan-Bin Kong
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Engineering Research Center of Biological Pesticide & Fertilizer Development and Synergistic Application, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Run-Qiang Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Engineering Research Center of Biological Pesticide & Fertilizer Development and Synergistic Application, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China.
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Ma C, Gu G, Chen S, Shi X, Li Z, Li-Byarlay H, Bai L. Impact of chronic exposure to field level glyphosate on the food consumption, survival, gene expression, gut microbiota, and metabolomic profiles of honeybees. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 250:118509. [PMID: 38408628 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Glyphosate (GLY) is among the most widely used pesticides in the world. However, there are a lot of unknowns about chronic exposure to GLY's effects on Honeybee (HB) behavior and physiology. To address this, we carried out five experiments to study the impact of chronic exposure to 5 mg/kg GLY on sugar consumption, survival, gene expression, gut microbiota, and metabolites of HB workers. Our results find a significant decrease in sugar consumption and survival probability of HB after chronic exposure to GLY. Further, genes associated with immune response, energy metabolism, and longevity were conspicuously altered. In addition, a total of seven metabolites were found to be differentially expressed in the metabolomic profiles, mainly related the sucrose metabolism. There was no significant difference in the gut microbiota. Results suggest that chronic exposure to field-level GLY altered the health of HB and the intricate toxic mechanisms. Our data provided insights into the chronic effects of GLY on HB behavior in food intake and health, which represents the field conditions where HB are exposed to pesticides over extended periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Ma
- Longping Branch Graduate School, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; Key laboratory of Pesticide Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Gaoying Gu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650223, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sihao Chen
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an-Jiaotong Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zuren Li
- Key laboratory of Pesticide Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Hongmei Li-Byarlay
- Agricultural Research and Development Program, Central State University, Wilberforce, OH 45384, USA.
| | - Lianyang Bai
- Longping Branch Graduate School, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; Key laboratory of Pesticide Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
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Ohnuki S, Tokishita S, Kojima M, Fujiwara S. Effect of chlorpyrifos-exposure on the expression levels of CYP genes in Daphnia magna and examination of a possibility that an up-regulated clan 3 CYP, CYP360A8, reacts with pesticides. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:3641-3653. [PMID: 38504311 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Daphnia magna is a test organism used for ecological risk assessments of pesticides, but little is known about the expression levels of cytochrome P450s (CYP)s and their changes after pesticide exposure in the less than 24-h-olds used for ecotoxicity tests. In this study, D. magna juveniles were exposed to 0.2 μg/L of chlorpyrifos under the conditions for acute immobilization test as specified by the OECD test guideline for 24 h, and then the gene expression was compared between the control and chlorpyrifos-exposure groups by RNA-sequencing analysis, with a focus on CYP genes. Among 38 CYP genes expressed in the control group, seven were significantly up-regulated while two were significantly down-regulated in the chlorpyrifos-exposure group. Although the sublethal concentration of chlorpyrifos did not change their expression levels so drastically (0.8 < fold change < 2.6), CY360A8 of D. magna (DmCYP360A8), which had been proposed to be responsible for metabolism of xenobiotics, was abundantly expressed in controls yet up-regulated by chlorpyrifos. Therefore, homology modeling of DmCYP360A8 was performed based on the amino acid sequence, and then molecular docking simulations with the insecticides that were indicated to be metabolized by CYPs in D. magna were conducted. The results indicated that DmCYP360A8 could contribute to the metabolism of diazinon and chlorfenapyr but not chlorpyrifos. These findings suggest that chlorpyrifos is probably detoxified by other CYP(s) including up-regulated and/or constitutively expressed one(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinpei Ohnuki
- Odawara Research Center, Nippon Soda Co., Ltd., Odawara, Japan
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Tokishita
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Kojima
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoko Fujiwara
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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Khurshid A, Inayat R, Basit A, Mobarak SH, Gui SH, Liu TX. Effects of thiamethoxam on physiological and molecular responses to potato plant (Solanum tuberosum), green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), and parasitoid (Aphidius gifuensis). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:3000-3009. [PMID: 38312101 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To improve integrated pest management (IPM) performance it is essential to assess pesticide side effects on host plants, insect pests, and natural enemies. The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) is a major insect pest that attacks various crops. Aphidius gifuensis is an essential natural enemy of M. persicae that has been applied effectively in controlling M. persicae. Thiamethoxam is a neonicotinoid pesticide widely used against insect pests. RESULTS The current study showed the effect of thiamethoxam against Solanum tuberosum, M. persicae, and A. gefiuensis and the physiological and molecular response of the plants, aphids, and parasitoids after thiamethoxam application. Thiamethoxam affected the physical parameters of S. tuberosum and generated a variety of sublethal effects on M. persicae and A. gefiuensis, including nymph development time, adult longevity, and fertility. Our results showed that different thiamethoxam concentrations [0.1, 0.5, and 0.9 μm active ingredient (a.i.)/L] on different time durations (2, 6, and 10 days) increased the antioxidant enzyme activities SOD, POD, and CAT of S. tuberosum, M. persicae, and A. gefiuensis significantly compared with the control. Our results also showed that different thiamethoxam concentrations (0.1, 0.5, and 0.9 μm a.i./L) on different time durations (2, 6, and 10 days) increased the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CarE) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) genes of S. tuberosum, M. persicae, and A. gefiuensis compared with the control. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal that using thiamethoxam at suitable concentrations and time durations for host plants and natural enemies may enhance natural control through the conservation of natural enemies by overcoming any fitness disadvantages. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rehan Inayat
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Abdul Basit
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | | | - Shun-Hua Gui
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Li SC, Cheng LY, Yang QQ, Huang ZH, Shao BB, Yu SJ, Ding LL, Pan Q, Lei S, Liu L, Cong L, Ran C. Overexpression of a nuclear receptor HR96 contributes to spirodiclofen susceptibility in Panonychus citri (McGregor). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 202:105952. [PMID: 38879306 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri, is one of the most notorious and devastating citrus pests around the world that has developed resistance to multiple chemical acaricides. In previous research, we found that spirodiclofen-resistant is related to overexpression of P450, CCE, and ABC transporter genes in P. citri. However, the regulatory mechanisms of these detoxification genes are still elusive. This study identified all hormone receptor 96 genes of P. citri. 8 PcHR96 genes contained highly conserved domains. The expression profiles showed that PcHR96h was significantly upregulated in spirodiclofen resistant strain and after exposure to spirodiclofen. RNA interference of PcHR96h decreased expression of detoxification genes and increased spirodiclofen susceptibility in P. citri. Furthermore, molecular docking, heterologous expression, and drug affinity responsive target stability demonstrated that PcHR96h can interact with spirodiclofen in vitro. Our research results indicate that PcHR96h plays an important role in regulating spirodiclofen susceptibility and provides theoretical support for the resistance management of P. citri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Chen Li
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Lu-Yan Cheng
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China; Chongqing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of Condiment Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Chongqing 401121, PR China
| | - Qi-Qi Yang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Ze-Hao Huang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bin-Bin Shao
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Shi-Jiang Yu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Li-Li Ding
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Qi Pan
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Shuang Lei
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Lin Cong
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Chun Ran
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China.
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Awad M, Alfuhaid NA, Amer A, Hassan NN, Moustafa MAM. Towards Sustainable Pest Management: Toxicity, Biochemical Effects, and Molecular Docking Analysis of Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae) Essential Oil on Agrotis ipsilon and Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 53:669-681. [PMID: 38478300 PMCID: PMC11074029 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-024-01137-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Over the last decade, essential oils (EOs) have become potential ingredients for insecticide formulations due to their widespread availability and perceived safety. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the toxicity and biochemical efficacy of basil (Ocimum basilicum) (Lamiaceae) against two destructive pests Noctuidae, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) and Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In addition, a molecular docking study was performed to gain insight into the binding pattern between glutathione S-transferase (GST) and linalool, the main component of EO. GC-MS analysis of O. basilicum EO revealed that linalool is the most abundant compound (29.34%). However, the toxicity tests showed no significant difference between the values of LC50 of O. basilicum EO to A. ipsilon and S. littoralis. On the other hand, the sublethal experiments indicated that treating the second instar larvae with LC15 or LC50 values of O. basilicum EO significantly prolonged the larval duration in both insects, compared to the control. Regarding the biochemical effect of O. basilicum EO, the treatments significantly impacted the activity of detoxification enzymes. A notable elevation in glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was recorded in A. ipsilon larvae compared with a reduction in S. littoralis larvae. The molecular docking analysis revealed that linalool bonded with the amino acid serine (SER 9) of GST, indicating its binding affinity with the enzyme. The obtained results could offer valuable insights into the mode of action of O. basilicum and can encourage the adoption of sustainable pest control practices that incorporate essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Awad
- Dept of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo Univ, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid
- Dept of Biology, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulziz Univ, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alia Amer
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Dept, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nancy N Hassan
- Dept of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo Univ, Giza, Egypt
| | - Moataz A M Moustafa
- Dept of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo Univ, Giza, Egypt.
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Pang R, Li S, Chen W, Yuan L, Xiao H, Xing K, Li Y, Zhang Z, He X, Zhang W. Insecticide resistance reduces the profitability of insect-resistant rice cultivars. J Adv Res 2024; 60:1-12. [PMID: 37499938 PMCID: PMC11156607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preventing crop yield loss caused by pests is critical for global agricultural production. Agricultural pest control has largely relied on chemical pesticides. The interaction between insecticide resistance and the adaptation of herbivorous pests to host plants may represent an emerging threat to future food security. OBJECTIVES This study aims to unveil genetic evidence for the reduction in the profitability of resistant cultivars derived from insecticide resistance in target pest insects. METHODS An experimental evolution system encompassing resistant rice and its major monophagous pest, the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens, was constructed. Whole genome resequencing and selective sweep analysis were utilized to identify the candidate gene loci related to the adaptation. RNA interference and induced expression assay were conducted to validate the function of the candidate loci. RESULTS We found that the imidacloprid-resistant population of N. lugens rapidly adapted to resistant rice IR36. Gene loci related to imidacloprid resistance may contribute to this phenomenon. Multiple alleles in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-7-like and P450 CYP4C61 were significantly correlated with changes in virulence to IR36 rice and insecticide resistance of N. lugens. One avirulent/susceptible genotype and two virulent/resistant genotypes could be inferred from the corresponding alleles. Importantly, we found that the virulent/resistant genotypes already exist in the wild in China, exhibiting increasing frequencies along with insecticide usage. We validated the relevance of these genotypes and the virulence to three more resistant rice cultivars. Knockdown of the above two genes in N. lugens significantly decreased both the resistance to imidacloprid and the virulence towards resistant rice. CONCLUSION Our findings provide direct genetic evidence to the eco-evolutionary consequence of insecticide resistance, and suggest an urgent need for the implementation of predictably sustainable pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Longyu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hanxiang Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ke Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenfei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xionglei He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Zhou M, Liu Y, Wang Y, Chang Y, Wu Q, Gong W, Du Y. Effect of High Temperature on Abamectin and Thiamethoxam Tolerance in Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). INSECTS 2024; 15:399. [PMID: 38921114 PMCID: PMC11203426 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is one of the most important invasive species in China, with strong insecticide resistance and thermotolerance. In this study, we investigated the effects of elevated temperature on the tolerance of B. tabaci MEMA1 to abamectin (AB) and thianethixam (TH) insecticides. We firstly cloned two new CYP450 genes from B. tabaci MEAM1, including one CYP6 family gene (BtCYP6k1) and one CYP305 family gene (BtCYP305a1). The expression patterns of the two BtCYP450 genes were compared in response to high-temperature stress and insecticide exposure, and RNAi was then used to demonstrate the role that these two genes play in insecticide tolerance. The results showed that expression of the two BtCYP450 genes could be induced by exposure to elevated temperature or insecticide, but this gene expression could be inhibited to a certain extent when insects were exposed to the combined effects of high temperature and insecticide treatment. For AB treatment, the expression of the two BtCYP450 genes reached the lowest level when insects were exposed to a temperature of 41 °C and treated with AB (combined effects of temperature and insecticide). In contrast, TH treatment showed a general decrease in the expression of the two BtCYP450 genes with exposure to elevated temperatures. These findings suggest that insecticide tolerance in B. tabaci MEAM1 could be mediated by high temperatures. This study provides a prospective method for the more effective application of insecticides for the control of B. tabaci in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhou
- Institute of Applied Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yuncai Liu
- Institute of Applied Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Institute of Applied Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yawen Chang
- Institute of Applied Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Weirong Gong
- Plant Protection and Quarantine Station of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210036, China;
| | - Yuzhou Du
- Institute of Applied Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Sharma N, Au V, Martin K, Edgley ML, Moerman D, Mains PE, Gilleard JS. Multiple UDP glycosyltransferases modulate benzimidazole drug sensitivity in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans in an additive manner. Int J Parasitol 2024:S0020-7519(24)00109-7. [PMID: 38806068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Xenobiotic biotransformation is an important modulator of anthelmintic drug potency and a potential mechanism of anthelmintic resistance. Both the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the ruminant parasite Haemonchus contortus biotransform benzimidazole drugs by glucose conjugation, likely catalysed by UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes. To identify C. elegans genes involved in benzimidazole drug detoxification, we first used a comparative phylogenetic analysis of UGTs from humans, C. elegans and H. contortus, combined with available RNAseq datasets to identify which of the 63 C. elegans ugt genes are most likely to be involved in benzimidazole drug biotransformation. RNA interference knockdown of 15 prioritized C. elegans genes identified those that sensitized animals to the benzimidazole derivative albendazole (ABZ). Genetic mutations subsequently revealed that loss of ugt-9 and ugt-11 had the strongest effects. The "ugt-9 cluster" includes these genes, together with six other closely related ugts. A CRISPR-Cas-9 deletion that removed seven of the eight ugt-9 cluster genes had greater ABZ sensitivity than the single largest-effect mutation. Furthermore, a double mutant of ugt-22 (which is not a member of the ugt-9 cluster) with the ugt-9 cluster deletion further increased ABZ sensitivity. This additivity of mutant phenotypes suggest that ugt genes act in parallel, which could have several, not mutually exclusive, explanations. ugt mutations have different effects with different benzimidazole derivatives, suggesting that enzymes with different specificities could together more efficiently detoxify drugs. Expression patterns of ugt-9, ugt-11 and ugt-22 gfp reporters differ and so likely act in different tissues which may, at least in part, explain their additive effects on drug potency. Overexpression of ugt-9 alone was sufficient to confer partial ABZ resistance, indicating increasing total UGT activity protects animals. In summary, our results suggest that the multiple UGT enzymes have overlapping but not completely redundant functions in benzimidazole drug detoxification and may represent "druggable" targets to improve benzimidazole drug potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Sharma
- Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vinci Au
- Department of Zoology, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kiana Martin
- Department of Zoology, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mark L Edgley
- Department of Zoology, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Don Moerman
- Department of Zoology, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paul E Mains
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - John S Gilleard
- Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Kaplanoglu E, Scott IM, Vickruck J, Donly C. Role of CYP9E2 and a long non-coding RNA gene in resistance to a spinosad insecticide in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304037. [PMID: 38787856 PMCID: PMC11125468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinosads are insecticides used to control insect pests, especially in organic farming where limited tools for pest management exist. However, resistance has developed to spinosads in economically important pests, including Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata. In this study, we used bioassays to determine spinosad sensitivity of two field populations of CPB, one from an organic farm exposed exclusively to spinosad and one from a conventional farm exposed to a variety of insecticides, and a reference insecticide naïve population. We found the field populations exhibited significant levels of resistance compared with the sensitive population. Then, we compared transcriptome profiles between the two field populations to identify genes associated primarily with spinosad resistance and found a cytochrome P450, CYP9E2, and a long non-coding RNA gene, lncRNA-2, were upregulated in the exclusively spinosad-exposed population. Knock-down of these two genes simultaneously in beetles of the spinosad-exposed population using RNA interference (RNAi) resulted in a significant increase in mortality when gene knock-down was followed by spinosad exposure, whereas single knock-downs of each gene produced smaller effects. In addition, knock-down of the lncRNA-2 gene individually resulted in significant reduction in CYP9E2 transcripts. Finally, in silico analysis using an RNA-RNA interaction tool revealed that CYP9E2 mRNA contains multiple binding sites for the lncRNA-2 transcript. Our results imply that CYP9E2 and lncRNA-2 jointly contribute to spinosad resistance in CPB, and lncRNA-2 is involved in regulation of CYP9E2 expression. These results provide evidence that metabolic resistance, driven by overexpression of CYP and lncRNA genes, contributes to spinosad resistance in CPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Kaplanoglu
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ian M. Scott
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica Vickruck
- Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Cam Donly
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Santovito A, Lambertini M, Schleicherová D, Mirone E, Nota A. Cellular and Genomic Instability Induced by the Herbicide Glufosinate-Ammonium: An In Vitro and In Vivo Approach. Cells 2024; 13:909. [PMID: 38891041 PMCID: PMC11172084 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Glufosinate-ammonium (GLA), an organophosphate herbicide, is released at high concentrations in the environment, leading to concerns over its potential genotoxic effects. However, few articles are available in the literature reporting the possible cellular and nuclear effects of this compound. We assessed, by in vitro and in vivo micronucleus assays, the genotoxicity of GLA on cultured human lymphocytes and Lymnaea stagnalis hemocytes at six concentrations: 0.010 (the established acceptable daily intake value), 0.020, 0.050, 0.100, 0.200, and 0.500 µg/mL. In human lymphocytes, our results reveal a significant and concentration-dependent increase in micronuclei frequency at concentrations from 0.100 to 0.500 μg/mL, while in L. stagnalis hemocytes, significant differences were found at 0.200 and 0.500 μg/mL. A significant reduction in the proliferation index was observed at all tested concentrations, with the only exception of 0.010 μg/mL, indicating that the exposure to GLA could lead to increased cytotoxic effects. In L. stagnalis, a significant reduction in laid eggs and body growth was also observed at all concentrations. In conclusion, we provided evidence of the genomic and cellular damage induced by GLA on both cultured human lymphocytes and a model organism's hemocytes; in addition, we also demonstrated its effects on cell proliferation and reproductive health in L. stagnalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Santovito
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy; (A.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Mattia Lambertini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Dáša Schleicherová
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy; (A.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Enrico Mirone
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Via Francesco De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Nota
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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38
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Chen Y, Cen Y, Liu Y, Peng Y, Lin Y, Feng Q, Xiao Y, Zheng S. P450 gene CYP6a13 is responsible for cross-resistance of insecticides in field populations of Spodoptera frugiperda. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38770715 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Continuous and long-term use of traditional and new pesticides can result in cross-resistance among pest populations in different fields. Study on the mechanism of cross-resistance and related genes will help resistance management and field pest control. In this study, the pesticide-resistance mechanism in Spodoptera frugiperda (FAW) was studied with field populations in 3 locations of South China. Field FAW populations were highly resistant to traditional insecticides, chlorpyrifos (organophosphate) and deltamethrin (pyrethroid), and had higher levels of cytochrome P450 activity than a non-resistant laboratory strain. Inhibition of P450 activity by piperonyl butoxide significantly increased the sensitivity of resistant FAW in 3 locations to chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin and chlorantraniliprole (amide), a new type of insecticide, suggesting that P450 detoxification is a critical factor for insecticide resistance in field FAW populations. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that 18 P450 genes were upregulated in the field FAW populations collected in 3 regions and in 2 consecutive years, with CYP6a13, the most significantly upregulated one. Knockdown of CYP6a13 messenger RNA by RNA interference resulted in an increased sensitivity to the 3 tested insecticides in the field FAW. Enzyme activity and molecular docking analyses indicated that CYP6a13 enzyme was able to metabolize the 3 tested insecticides and interact with 8 other types of insecticides, confirming that CYP6a13 is a key cross-resistance gene with a wide range of substrates in the field FAW populations across the different regions and can be used as a biomarker and target for management of FAW insecticide resistance in fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjie Cen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanan Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiguang Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qili Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Xiao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sichun Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Deng M, Xiao T, Xu X, Wang W, Yang Z, Lu K. Nicotinamide deficiency promotes imidacloprid resistance via activation of ROS/CncC signaling pathway-mediated UGT detoxification in Nilaparvata lugens. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:172035. [PMID: 38565349 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic alternation is a typical characteristic of insecticide resistance in insects. However, mechanisms underlying metabolic alternation and how altered metabolism in turn affects insecticide resistance are largely unknown. Here, we report that nicotinamide levels are decreased in the imidacloprid-resistant strain of Nilaparvata lugens, may due to reduced abundance of the symbiotic bacteria Arsenophonus. Importantly, the low levels of nicotinamide promote imidacloprid resistance via metabolic detoxification alternation, including elevations in UDP-glycosyltransferase enzymatic activity and enhancements in UGT386B2-mediated metabolism capability. Mechanistically, nicotinamide suppresses transcriptional regulatory activities of cap 'n' collar isoform C (CncC) and its partner small muscle aponeurosis fibromatosis isoform K (MafK) by scavenging the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and blocking the DNA binding domain of MafK. In imidacloprid-resistant N. lugens, nicotinamide deficiency re-activates the ROS/CncC signaling pathway to provoke UGT386B2 overexpression, thereby promoting imidacloprid detoxification. Thus, nicotinamide metabolism represents a promising target to counteract imidacloprid resistance in N. lugens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqing Deng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Tianxiang Xiao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiyue Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Wenxiu Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zhiming Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Kai Lu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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40
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Pereira Filho AA, do Vale VF, de Oliveira Monteiro CM, Barrozo MM, Stanton MA, Yamaguchi LF, Kato MJ, Araújo RN. Effects of Piper aduncum (Piperales: Piperaceae) Essential Oil and Its Main Component Dillapiole on Detoxifying Enzymes and Acetylcholinesterase Activity of Amblyomma sculptum (Acari: Ixodidae). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5420. [PMID: 38791458 PMCID: PMC11121842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Amblyomma sculptum is a species of tick in the family Ixodidae, with equids and capybaras among its preferred hosts. In this study, the acaricidal activity of the essential oil (EO) from Piper aduncum and its main component, Dillapiole, were evaluated against larvae of A. sculptum to establish lethal concentration values and assess the effects of these compounds on tick enzymes. Dillapiole exhibited slightly greater activity (LC50 = 3.38 mg/mL; 95% CI = 3.24 to 3.54) than P. aduncum EO (LC50 = 3.49 mg/mL; 95% CI = 3.36 to 3.62) against ticks. The activities of α-esterase (α-EST), β-esterase (β-EST), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzymes in A. sculptum larvae treated with Dillapiole showed a significant increase compared to the control at all concentrations (LC5, LC25, LC50 and LC75), similar results were obtained with P. aduncum EO, except for α-EST, which did not differ from the control at the highest concentration (LC75). The results of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity show an increase in enzyme activity at the two lower concentrations (LC5 and LC25) and a reduction in activity at the two higher, lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC75) compared to the control. These results suggest potential mechanisms of action for these natural acaricides and can provide guidance for the future development of potential plant-derived formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adalberto Alves Pereira Filho
- Laboratório de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Departamento de Parasitologia/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Vladimir Fazito do Vale
- Grupo de Pesquisa Triatomíneos, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte 30190-009, MG, Brazil;
| | - Caio Marcio de Oliveira Monteiro
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (C.M.d.O.M.); (M.M.B.)
| | - Mayara Macedo Barrozo
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (C.M.d.O.M.); (M.M.B.)
| | - Mariana Alves Stanton
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05424-140, SP, Brazil; (M.A.S.); (L.F.Y.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Lydia Fumiko Yamaguchi
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05424-140, SP, Brazil; (M.A.S.); (L.F.Y.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Massuo Jorge Kato
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05424-140, SP, Brazil; (M.A.S.); (L.F.Y.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Ricardo Nascimento Araújo
- Laboratório de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Departamento de Parasitologia/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
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Jing TX, Jiang SD, Tang XP, Guo PY, Wang L, Wang JJ, Wei DD. Overexpression of an Integument Esterase Gene LbEST-inte4 Infers the Malathion Detoxification in Liposcelis bostrychophila (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:11221-11229. [PMID: 38703356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Liposcelis bostrychophila, commonly known as booklouse, is an important stored-product pest worldwide. Studies have demonstrated that booklices have developed resistance to several insecticides. In this study, an integument esterase gene, LbEST-inte4, with upregulated expression, was characterized in L. bostrychophila. Knockdown of LbEST-inte4 resulted in a substantial increase in the booklice susceptibility to malathion. Overexpression of LbEST-inte4 in Drosophila melanogaster significantly enhanced its malathion tolerance. Molecular modeling and docking analysis suggested potential interactions between LbEST-inte4 and malathion. When overexpressed LbEST-inte4 in Sf9 cells, a notable elevation in esterase activity and malathion tolerance was observed. HPLC analysis indicated that the LbEST-inte4 enzyme could effectively degrade malathion. Taken together, the upregulated LbEST-inte4 appears to contribute to malathion tolerance in L. bostrychophila by facilitating the depletion of malathion. This study elucidates the molecular mechanism underlying malathion detoxification and provides the foundations for the development of effective prevention and control measures against psocids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Xing Jing
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shi-Die Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xin-Ping Tang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Peng-Yu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
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42
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Wang H, Song J, Hunt BJ, Zuo K, Zhou H, Hayward A, Li B, Xiao Y, Geng X, Bass C, Zhou S. UDP-glycosyltransferases act as key determinants of host plant range in generalist and specialist Spodoptera species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2402045121. [PMID: 38683998 PMCID: PMC11087754 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2402045121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytophagous insects have evolved sophisticated detoxification systems to overcome the antiherbivore chemical defenses produced by many plants. However, how these biotransformation systems differ in generalist and specialist insect species and their role in determining insect host plant range remains an open question. Here, we show that UDP-glucosyltransferases (UGTs) play a key role in determining the host range of insect species within the Spodoptera genus. Comparative genomic analyses of Spodoptera species that differ in host plant breadth identified a relatively conserved number of UGT genes in generalist species but high levels of UGT gene pseudogenization in the specialist Spodoptera picta. CRISPR-Cas9 knockouts of the three main UGT gene clusters of Spodoptera frugiperda revealed that UGT33 genes play an important role in allowing this species to utilize the poaceous plants maize, wheat, and rice, while UGT40 genes facilitate utilization of cotton. Further functional analyses in vivo and in vitro identified the UGT SfUGT33F32 as the key mechanism that allows generalist S. frugiperda to detoxify the benzoxazinoid DIMBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one), a potent insecticidal phytotoxin produced by poaceous plants. However, while this detoxification capacity is conserved in several generalist Spodoptera species, Spodoptera picta, which specializes on Crinum plants, is unable to detoxify DIMBOA due to a nonfunctionalizing mutation in SpUGT33F34. Collectively, these findings provide insight into the role of insect UGTs in host plant adaptation, the mechanistic basis of evolutionary transitions between generalism and specialism and offer molecular targets for controlling a group of notorious insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng475004, Henan, China
| | - Jing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng475004, Henan, China
| | - Benjamin J. Hunt
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, PenrynTR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Kairan Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng475004, Henan, China
| | - Huiru Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng475004, Henan, China
| | - Angela Hayward
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, PenrynTR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Bingbing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng475004, Henan, China
| | - Yajuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng475004, Henan, China
| | - Xing Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng475004, Henan, China
| | - Chris Bass
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, PenrynTR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Shutang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng475004, Henan, China
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Xu L, Liu H, Li B, Li G, Liu R, Li D. SlCarE054 in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) showed direct metabolic activity to β-cypermethrin with stereoselectivity. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38708572 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485324000282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Carboxylesterases (CarEs) is an important detoxification enzyme system in phase Ⅰ participating in insecticides resistance. In our previous study, SlCarE054, a CarEs gene from lepidoptera class, was screened out to be upregulated in a pyrethroids and organophosphates resistant population. Its overexpression was verified in two field-collected populations of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) resistant to pyrethroids and organophosphates by qRT-PCR. Spatiotemporal expression results showed that SlCarE054 was highly expressed in the pupae stage and the digestive tissue midgut. To further explore its role in pyrethroids and organophosphates resistance, its metabolism activity to insecticides was determined by UPLC. Its recombinant protein showed significant metabolism activity to cyhalothrin and fenvalerate, but not to phoxim or chlorpyrifos. The metabolic activity of SlCarE054 to β-cypermethrin showed stereoselectivity, with higher metabolic activity to θ-cypermethrin than the enantiomer α-cypermethrin. The metabolite of β-cypermethrin was identified as 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde. Further modelling and docking analysis indicated that β-cypermethrin, cyhalothrin and fenvalerate could bind with the catalytic triad of the 3D structure of SlCarE054. The interaction of β-cypermethrin with SlCarE054 also showed the lowest binding energy. Our work provides evidence that SlCarE054 play roles in β-cypermethrin resistance in S. litura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation & Intelligent Pesticide Residue Sensor Detection, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation & Intelligent Pesticide Residue Sensor Detection, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Bo Li
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation & Intelligent Pesticide Residue Sensor Detection, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Guangling Li
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation & Intelligent Pesticide Residue Sensor Detection, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Runqiang Liu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation & Intelligent Pesticide Residue Sensor Detection, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Dongzhi Li
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation & Intelligent Pesticide Residue Sensor Detection, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
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Xie X, Wang Q, Deng Z, Gu S, Liang G, Li X. Keap1 Negatively Regulates Transcription of Three Counter-Defense Genes and Susceptibility to Plant Toxin Gossypol in Helicoverpa armigera. INSECTS 2024; 15:328. [PMID: 38786884 PMCID: PMC11122223 DOI: 10.3390/insects15050328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Expressions of a wide range of cytoprotective counter-defense genes are mainly regulated by the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway in response to oxidative stress from xenobiotics. Gossypol is the major antiherbivore secondary metabolite of cotton, but how the polyphagous pest Helicoverpa armigera copes with this phytochemical to utilize its favorite host plant cotton remains largely elusive. In this study, we first suppressed the Keap1 gene in newly hatched larvae of cotton bollworm by feeding them the siRNA diet for 4 days. All of the larvae were subsequently fed the artificial diet supplied with gossypol or the control diet for 5 days. We identified that the knockdown of the Keap1 gene significantly decreased larval mortality and significantly increased the percentages of larval survival, reaching the fourth instar, compared with ncsiRNA when exposed to a diet containing gossypol. Three counter-defense genes CYP9A17, CYP4L11 and UGT41B3, which were related to the induction or metabolism of gossypol according to the report before, were all significantly up-regulated after the knockdown of the Keap1 gene. The Antioxidant Response Elements (AREs) were also detected in the promoter regions of the three counter-defense genes above. These data indicate that the suppression of the Keap1 gene activates the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway, up-regulates the expressions of counter-defense genes involved in the resistance of oxidative stress and finally contributes to reducing the susceptibility of gossypol. Our results provide more knowledge about the transcriptional regulation mechanisms of counter-defense genes that enable the cotton bollworm to adapt to the diversity of host plants including cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcheng Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.X.); (Q.W.)
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
- Department of Entomology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.X.); (Q.W.)
| | - Zhongyuan Deng
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
| | - Shaohua Gu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Gemei Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.X.); (Q.W.)
| | - Xianchun Li
- Department of Entomology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Tang J, Zhang Q, Qu C, Su Q, Luo C, Wang R. Knockdown of one cytochrome P450 gene CYP6DW4 increases the susceptibility of Bemisia tabaci to dimpropyridaz, a novel pyridazine pyrazolecarboxamide insecticide. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 201:105888. [PMID: 38685219 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci is a formidable insect pest worldwide, and it exhibits significant resistance to various insecticides. Dimpropyridaz is a novel pyridazine pyrazolecarboxamide insecticide used against sucking insect pests, but there is little information regarding its metabolic detoxification in arthropods or cross-resistance with other insecticides. In this study, we found that dimpropyridaz shows no cross-resistance with three other popular insecticides, namely abamectin, cyantraniliprole, and flupyradifurone. After treatment of B. tabaci adults with a high dose of dimpropyridaz, higher cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) activity was detected in the survivors, and the expression of the P450 gene CYP6DW4 was highly induced. Cloning and characterization of the full-length amino acid sequence of CYP6DW4 indicated that it contains conserved domains typical of P450 genes, phylogenetic analysis revealed that it was closely related to a B. tabaci protein, CYP6DW3, known to be involved in detoxification of imidacloprid. Silencing of CYP6DW4 by feeding insects with dsRNA significantly increased the susceptibility of B. tabaci to dimpropyridaz. In addition, homology modeling and molecular docking analyses showed the stable binding of dimpropyridaz to CYP6DW4, with binding free energy of -6.65 kcal/mol. Our findings indicate that CYP6DW4 plays an important role in detoxification of dimpropyridaz and possibly promotes development of resistance in B. tabaci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tang
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, China; Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit and Vegetable Pests in North China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Qinghe Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit and Vegetable Pests in North China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Cheng Qu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit and Vegetable Pests in North China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Qi Su
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, China.
| | - Chen Luo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit and Vegetable Pests in North China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit and Vegetable Pests in North China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100097, China.
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Liu J, Liao C, Li Z, Shi X, Wu X. Synergistic resistance of honeybee (Apis mellifera) and their gut microorganisms to fluvalinate stress. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 201:105865. [PMID: 38685241 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Fluvalinate is widely used in the control of Varroa destructor, but its residues in colonies threaten honeybees. The effect of fluvalinate-induced dysbiosis on honeybee-related gene expression and the gut microenvironment of honeybees has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, two-day-old larvae to seven-day-old adult worker bees were continuously fed different amounts of fluvalinate-sucrose solutions (0, 0.5, 5, and 50 mg/kg), after which the expression levels of two immune-related genes (Hymenoptaecin and Defensin1) and three detoxication-related genes (GSTS3, CAT, and CYP450) in worker bees (1, 7, and 20 days old) were measured. The effect of fluvalinate on the gut microbes of worker bees at seven days old also was explored using 16S rRNA Illumina deep sequencing. The results showed that exposure of honeybees to the insecticide fluvalinate affected their gene expression and gut microbial composition. As the age of honeybees increased, the effect of fluvalinate on the expression of Hymenoptaecin, CYP450, and CAT decreased, and the abundance of honeybee gut bacteria was affected by increasing the fluvalinate concentration. These findings provide insights into the synergistic defense of honeybee hosts against exogenous stresses in conjunction with honeybee gut microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Liu
- Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Chunhua Liao
- Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Zhen Li
- Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Xinxin Shi
- Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Wu
- Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China.
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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Xu K, Qin J, Wang D, Xu L, Wang C. Identification and biochemical characterization of a carboxylesterase gene associated with β-cypermethrin resistance in Dermanyssus gallinae. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103612. [PMID: 38492248 PMCID: PMC10959707 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Dermanyssus gallinae is a major hematophagous ectoparasite in layer hens. Although the acaricide β-cypermethrin has been used to control mites worldwide, D. gallinae has developed resistance to this compound. Carboxylesterases (CarEs) are important detoxification enzymes that confer resistance to β-cypermethrin in arthropods. However, CarEs associated with β-cypermethrin resistance in D. gallinae have not yet been functionally characterized. Here, we isolated a CarE gene (Deg-CarE) from D. gallinae and assayed its activity. The results revealed significantly higher expression of Deg-CarE in the β-cypermethrin-resistant strain (RS) than in the susceptible strain (SS) toward α-naphthyl acetate (α-NA) and β-naphthyl acetate (β-NA). These findings suggest that enhanced esterase activities might have contributed to β-cypermethrin resistance in D. gallinae. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that Deg-CarE expression levels were significantly higher in adults than in other life stages. Although Deg-CarE was upregulated in the RS, significant differences in gene copy numbers were not observed. Additionally, Deg-CarE expression was significantly induced by β-cypermethrin in both the SS and RS. Moreover, silencing Deg-CarE via RNA interference decreased the enzyme activity and increased the susceptibility of the RS to β-cypermethrin, confirming that Deg-CarE is crucial for β-cypermethrin detoxification. Finally, recombinant Deg-CarE (rDeg-CarE) expressed in Escherichia coli displayed high enzymatic activity toward α/β-NA. However, metabolic analysis indicated that rDeg-CarE did not directly metabolize β-cypermethrin. The collective findings indicate that D. gallinae resistance to β-cypermethrin is associated with elevated CarEs protein activity and increased Deg-CarE expression levels. These findings provide insights into the metabolic resistance of D. gallinae and offer scientific guidance for the management and control of D. gallinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Kai Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Jianhua Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Dehe Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Lijun Xu
- Baoding Livestock Husbandry workstation, Baoding 071023, Hebei, China
| | - Chuanwen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, China.
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48
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Gouesbet G, Renault D, Derocles SAP, Colinet H. Strong resistance to β-cyfluthrin in a strain of the beetle Alphitobius diaperinus: a de novo transcriptome analysis. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38632693 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus, is an invasive tenebrionid beetle and a vector of pathogens. Due to the emergence of insecticide resistance and consequent outbreaks that generate significant phytosanitary and energy costs for poultry farmers, it has become a major insect pest worldwide. To better understand the molecular mechanisms behind this resistance, we studied a strain of A. diaperinus from a poultry house in Brittany that was found to be highly resistant to the β-cyfluthrin. The strain survived β-cyfluthrin exposures corresponding to more than 100 times the recommended dose. We used a comparative de novo RNA-Seq approach to explore genes expression in resistant versus sensitive strains. Our de novo transcriptomic analyses showed that responses to β-cyfluthrin likely involved a whole set of resistance mechanisms. Genes related to detoxification, metabolic resistance, cuticular hydrocarbon biosynthesis and proteolysis were found to be constitutively overexpressed in the resistant compared to the sensitive strain. Follow-up enzymatic assays confirmed that the resistant strain exhibited high basal activities for detoxification enzymes such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and glutathione-S-transferase. The in-depth analysis of differentially expressed genes suggests the involvement of complex regulation of signaling pathways. Detailed knowledge of these resistance mechanisms is essential for the establishment of effective pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenola Gouesbet
- CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)-UMR 6553, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - David Renault
- CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)-UMR 6553, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, CEDEX 05, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane A P Derocles
- CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)-UMR 6553, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Hervé Colinet
- CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)-UMR 6553, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
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49
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Karanu SW, Ajene IJ, Lelmen EK, Ong'onge MA, Akutse KS, Khamis FM. Biochemistry and transcriptomic analyses of Phthorimaea absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) response to insecticides. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7931. [PMID: 38575641 PMCID: PMC10995152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58413-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Phthorimaea absoluta is an invasive solanaceous plant pest with highly devastating effects on tomato plant. Heavy reliance on insecticide use to tackle the pest has been linked to insecticide resistance selection in P. absoluta populations. To underline insights on P. absoluta insecticide resistance mechanisms to diamides and avermectins, we evaluated the transcriptomic profile of parental (field-collected) and F8 (lab-reared) populations. Furthermore, to screen for the presence of organophosphate and pyrethroid resistance, we assessed the gene expression levels of acetylcholinesterase (ace1) and para-type voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSG) genes in the F1 to F8 lab-reared progeny of diamide and avermectin exposed P. absoluta field-collected populations. The VGSG gene showed up-regulation in 12.5% and down-regulation in 87.5% of the screened populations, while ace1 gene showed up-regulation in 37.5% and down-regulation in 62.5% of the screened populations. Gene ontology of the differentially expressed genes from both parental and eighth generations of diamide-sprayed P. absoluta populations revealed three genes involved in the metabolic detoxification of diamides in P. absoluta. Therefore, our study showed that the detoxification enzymes found could be responsible for P. absoluta diamide-based resistance, while behavioural resistance, which is stimulus-dependent, could be attributed to P. absoluta avermectin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha W Karanu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Inusa J Ajene
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elijah K Lelmen
- Department of Biochemistry, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
| | | | - Komivi S Akutse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya.
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50
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Ding LL, Yu SJ, Lei S, Pan Q, Liu L, Li SC, Chen TY, Wang SQ, Wei ZT, Liu HQ, Cong L, Ran C. Identification and Functional Characterization of an Omega-Class Glutathione S-Transferase Gene PcGSTO1 Associated with Cyetpyrafen Resistance in Panonychus citri (McGregor). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:7010-7020. [PMID: 38529524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Cyetpyrafen is a recently developed acaricide. The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), has developed significant resistance to cyetpyrafen. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the cyetpyrafen resistance in P. citri remains unclear. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play a critical role in arthropod pesticide resistance. This study showed that GSTs were potentially related to the resistance of P. citri to cyetpyrafen through synergistic experiments and enzyme activity analysis. An omega-family GST gene, PcGSTO1, was significantly up-regulated in the egg, nymph, and adult stages of the cyetpyrafen-resistant strain. Additionally, silencing of PcGSTO1 significantly increased the mortality of P. citri to cyetpyrafen and recombinant PcGSTO1 demonstrated the ability to metabolize cyetpyrafen. Our results indicated that the overexpression of PcGSTO1 is associated with cyetpyrafen resistance in P. citri, and they also provided valuable information for managing resistance in P. citri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Ding
- Citrus Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Shi-Jiang Yu
- Citrus Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Shuang Lei
- Citrus Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Qi Pan
- Citrus Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Citrus Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Si-Chen Li
- Citrus Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Ting-Yu Chen
- Citrus Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Shu-Qi Wang
- Citrus Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Zhi-Tang Wei
- Citrus Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Hao-Qiang Liu
- Citrus Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Lin Cong
- Citrus Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Chun Ran
- Citrus Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
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