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Trius-Soler M, Moreno JJ. Bitter taste receptors: Key target to understand the effects of polyphenols on glucose and body weight homeostasis. Pathophysiological and pharmacological implications. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116192. [PMID: 38583811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Experimental and clinical research has reported beneficial effects of polyphenol intake on high prevalent diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. These phytochemicals are ligands of taste 2 receptors (T2Rs) that have been recently located in a variety of organs and extra-oral tissues. Therefore, the interaction between polyphenol and T2Rs in brain structures can play a direct effect on appetite/satiety regulation and food intake. T2Rs are also expressed along the digestive tract, and their interaction with polyphenols can induce the release of gastrointestinal hormones (e.g., ghrelin, GLP-1, CCK) influencing appetite, gastrointestinal functionally, and glycemia control. Intestinal microbiota can also influence on network effects of polyphenols-T2Rs interaction and vice versa, impacting innate immune responses and consequently on gut functionally. Furthermore, polyphenols binding to T2Rs present important effects on adipose tissue metabolism. Interestingly, T2R polymorphism could, at least partially, explain the inter-individual variability of the effects of polyphenols on glucose and body weight homeostasis. Together, these factors can contribute to understand the beneficial effects of polyphenol-rich diets but also might aid in identifying new pharmacological pathway targets for the treatment of diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Trius-Soler
- Department of Public Health and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juan José Moreno
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XIA, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety Research, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Jeruzal-Świątecka J, Borkowska EM, Borkowska M, Pietruszewska W. TAS2R38 Bitter Taste Receptor Polymorphisms in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps Preliminary Data in Polish Population. Biomedicines 2024; 12:168. [PMID: 38255273 PMCID: PMC10813606 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) affects 5-12% of the general population, and the most challenging patients are those with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP). Its complexity, unpredictability, and difficulties in selecting a treatment plan individually for each patient prompted scientists to look for possible genetic causes of this disease. It was proven that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TAS2R38 gene may affect the mobility and the activity of the ciliated epithelium of the upper respiratory tract what can contribute to individual differences in susceptibility to CRS. There are two common haplotypes: a "protective" type (PAV), and a "non-protective" type (AVI). CRS patients who are homozygous PAV/PAV are considered as less susceptible to the severe course of the disease, whereas patients with AVI/AVI haplotype are more vulnerable. The aim of this study was to examine TAS2R38 gene polymorphisms among CRSwNP patients and control group (N = 544) with the evaluation of the association between the distribution of studied polymorphic variants and the incidence as well as severity of CRSwNP in the study group. Whole blood samples from CRSwNP patients (N = 106) and the control group (N = 438) were analyzed for alleles of the TAS2R38 gene using real-time PCR single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping assays for rs713598, rs1726866, and rs10246939. PAV (SG: 41%; CG: 49%) and AVI (SG: 59%; CG: 51%) haplotypes were the only ones detected in the study. The AVI haplotypes were 1.5 times more frequent in the study group than in the control group (p = 0.0204; OR = 1.43). AVI/AVI individuals tended to have more severe symptoms in the VAS scale, less QoL in the SNOT-22 test, and a bigger nasal obstruction upon endoscopic examination. Patients with PAV/PAV were twice more likely to have minor changes in preoperative CT scans (p = 0.0158; OR = 2.1; Fi = 0.24). Our study confirmed that the PAV/PAV diplotype might have some protective properties and carrying the AVI haplotype might predispose to the development of CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jeruzal-Świątecka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, al. Tadeusza Kościuszki 4, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Edyta Marta Borkowska
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (E.M.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Martyna Borkowska
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (E.M.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Wioletta Pietruszewska
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, al. Tadeusza Kościuszki 4, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
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Yoo O, von Ungern-Sternberg BS, Lim LY. Paediatric Medicinal Formulation Development: Utilising Human Taste Panels and Incorporating Their Data into Machine Learning Training. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2112. [PMID: 37631326 PMCID: PMC10459634 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This review paper explores the role of human taste panels and artificial neural networks (ANNs) in taste-masking paediatric drug formulations. Given the ethical, practical, and regulatory challenges of employing children, young adults (18-40) can serve as suitable substitutes due to the similarity in their taste sensitivity. Taste panellists need not be experts in sensory evaluation so long as a reference product is used during evaluation; however, they should be screened for bitterness taste detection thresholds. For a more robust evaluation during the developmental phase, considerations of a scoring system and the calculation of an acceptance value may be beneficial in determining the likelihood of recommending a formulation for further development. On the technological front, artificial neural networks (ANNs) can be exploited in taste-masking optimisation of medicinal formulations as they can model complex relationships between variables and enable predictions not possible previously to optimise product profiles. Machine learning classifiers may therefore tackle the challenge of predicting the bitterness intensity of paediatric formulations. While advancements have been made, further work is needed to identify effective taste-masking techniques for specific drug molecules. Continuous refinement of machine learning algorithms, using human panellist acceptability scores, can aid in enhancing paediatric formulation development and overcoming taste-masking challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okhee Yoo
- Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Britta S. von Ungern-Sternberg
- Perioperative Medicine Team, Perioperative Care Program, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Lee Yong Lim
- Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
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Lin C, Jyotaki M, Quinlan J, Feng S, Zhou M, Jiang P, Matsumoto I, Huang L, Ninomiya Y, Margolskee RF, Reed DR, Wang H. Lipopolysaccharide increases bitter taste sensitivity via epigenetic changes in Tas2r gene clusters. iScience 2023; 26:106920. [PMID: 37283808 PMCID: PMC10239704 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T2R bitter receptors, encoded by Tas2r genes, are not only critical for bitter taste signal transduction but also important for defense against bacteria and parasites. However, little is known about whether and how Tas2r gene expression are regulated. Here, we show that in an inflammation model mimicking bacterial infection using lipopolysaccharide, the expression of many Tas2rs was significantly upregulated and mice displayed markedly increased neural and behavioral responses to bitter compounds. Using single-cell assays for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing (scATAC-seq), we found that the chromatin accessibility of Tas2rs was highly celltype specific and lipopolysaccharide increased the accessibility of many Tas2rs. scATAC-seq also revealed substantial chromatin remodeling in immune response genes in taste tissue stem cells, suggesting potential long-lasting effects. Together, our results suggest an epigenetic mechanism connecting inflammation, Tas2r gene regulation, and altered bitter taste, which may explain heightened bitter taste that can occur with infections and cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailu Lin
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Masafumi Jyotaki
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John Quinlan
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shan Feng
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Minliang Zhou
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peihua Jiang
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ichiro Matsumoto
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Liquan Huang
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute of Cellular and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yuzo Ninomiya
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Sensory Physiology, Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Device, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Oral Science Research Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Danielle R. Reed
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Aoki K, Mori K, Iijima S, Sakon M, Matsuura N, Kobayashi T, Takanashi M, Yoshimura T, Mori N, Katayama T. Association between Genetic Variation in the TAS2R38 Bitter Taste Receptor and Propylthiouracil Bitter Taste Thresholds among Adults Living in Japan Using the Modified 2AFC Procedure with the Quest Method. Nutrients 2023; 15:2415. [PMID: 37242298 PMCID: PMC10222862 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual taste sensitivity influences food preferences, nutritional control, and health, and differs greatly between individuals. The purpose of this study was to establish a method of measuring and quantifying an individual's taste sensitivity and to evaluate the relationship between taste variation and genetic polymorphisms in humans using agonist specificities of the bitter taste receptor gene, TAS2R38, with the bitter compound 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP). We precisely detected the threshold of PROP bitter perception by conducting the modified two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) procedure with the Bayesian staircase procedure of the QUEST method and examined genetic variation in TAS2R38 in a Japanese population. There were significant differences in PROP threshold between the three TAS2R38 genotype pairs for 79 subjects: PAV/PAV vs AVI/AVI, p < 0.001; PAV/AVI vs AVI/AVI, p < 0.001; and PAV/PAV vs PAV/AVI, p < 0.01. Our results quantified individual bitter perception as QUEST threshold values: the PROP bitter perception of individuals with the PAV/PAV or PAV/AVI genotypes was tens to fifty times more sensitive than that of an individual with the AVI/AVI genotype. Our analyses provide a basic model for the accurate estimation of taste thresholds using the modified 2AFC with the QUEST approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Aoki
- Department of Advanced Medical Treatment & Nutritional Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (K.M.); (N.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Kanetaka Mori
- Department of Advanced Medical Treatment & Nutritional Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (K.M.); (N.M.); (T.K.)
- Division of Math, Sciences, and Information Technology in Education, Osaka Kyoiku University, Kashiwara 582-8582, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shohei Iijima
- Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Chuo-ku 541-8567, Osaka, Japan; (S.I.); (M.S.)
| | - Masato Sakon
- Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Chuo-ku 541-8567, Osaka, Japan; (S.I.); (M.S.)
| | - Nariaki Matsuura
- Department of Advanced Medical Treatment & Nutritional Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (K.M.); (N.M.); (T.K.)
- Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Chuo-ku 541-8567, Osaka, Japan; (S.I.); (M.S.)
| | | | | | - Takeshi Yoshimura
- Department of Child Development and Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norio Mori
- Department of Advanced Medical Treatment & Nutritional Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (K.M.); (N.M.); (T.K.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Fukude Nishi Hospital, Iwata 437-1216, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Taiichi Katayama
- Department of Advanced Medical Treatment & Nutritional Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (K.M.); (N.M.); (T.K.)
- Department of Child Development and Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
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Cáceres P, Segovia L, Rivera C, Juretić N. Characterization of a sample of Chilean university students in terms of the bitter‐tasting phenotype and genotype and their preferences for basic flavours and associated foods. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cáceres
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine University of Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Luna Segovia
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine University of Chile Santiago Chile
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Constanza Rivera
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Nevenka Juretić
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Chile Santiago Chile
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Reasons for Adding Different Tastes: An Example of Sprinkling Salt on Watermelon and Its Relation to Subjective Taste Perception, Taste Preference, and Autistic Traits. J FOOD QUALITY 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/9945339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Each basic taste can be perceived differently due to stored knowledge and differences in receptor properties. Depending on how these tastes are perceived, eating behavior may change. In this study, we examined the relationships between subjective feelings of taste perception, taste preferences, and autistic traits with the behavior of adding flavor to food using an example of sprinkling salt on watermelon. From an online questionnaire survey among a general Japanese population, we found that salty and sour tastes could be subjectively perceived more quickly than sweet and umami tastes, in line with our expectations. Moreover, the hedonic responses to watermelon with salt were negatively correlated with a preference for bitter taste, i.e., those participants who dislike bitter taste sensations tended to enjoy watermelon with salt more. There was no correlation between the hedonic response to watermelon with salt and the subjective feeling of taste perceptions and autistic traits and no correlation between autistic traits, and the subjective feeling of taste perceptions and taste preferences. These results suggest that adding different tastes could be influenced by taste preferences; thus, the addition of a different taste was thought to be related to an unconscious motivation to reduce bitterness.
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Lin C, Jyotaki M, Quinlan J, Feng S, Zhou M, Jiang P, Matsumoto I, Huang L, Ninomiya Y, Margolskee RF, Reed DR, Wang H. Inflammation induces bitter taste oversensitization via epigenetic changes in Tas2r gene clusters. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.08.527520. [PMID: 36798225 PMCID: PMC9934667 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.08.527520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
T2R bitter receptors, encoded by Tas2r genes, are not only critical for bitter taste signal transduction but also important for defense against bacteria and parasites. However, little is known about whether and how Tas2r gene expression are regulated. Here we show that, in an inflammation model mimicking bacterial infection, the expression of many Tas2rs are significantly up-regulated and mice displayed markedly increased neural and behavioral responses to bitter compounds. Using single-cell assays for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing (scATAC-seq), we found that the chromatin accessibility of Tas2rs was highly cell type specific and inflammation increased the accessibility of many Tas2rs . scATAC-seq also revealed substantial chromatin remodeling in immune response genes in taste tissue stem cells, suggesting potential long-term effects. Together, our results suggest an epigenetic mechanism connecting inflammation, Tas2r gene regulation, and altered bitter taste, which may explain heightened bitter taste that can occur with infections and cancer treatments.
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Alenezi WM, Fierheller CT, Serruya C, Revil T, Oros KK, Subramanian DN, Bruce J, Spiegelman D, Pugh T, Campbell IG, Mes-Masson AM, Provencher D, Foulkes WD, Haffaf ZE, Rouleau G, Bouchard L, Greenwood CMT, Ragoussis J, Tonin PN. Genetic analyses of DNA repair pathway associated genes implicate new candidate cancer predisposing genes in ancestrally defined ovarian cancer cases. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1111191. [PMID: 36969007 PMCID: PMC10030840 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1111191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Not all familial ovarian cancer (OC) cases are explained by pathogenic germline variants in known risk genes. A candidate gene approach involving DNA repair pathway genes was applied to identify rare recurring pathogenic variants in familial OC cases not associated with known OC risk genes from a population exhibiting genetic drift. Whole exome sequencing (WES) data of 15 OC cases from 13 families tested negative for pathogenic variants in known OC risk genes were investigated for candidate variants in 468 DNA repair pathway genes. Filtering and prioritization criteria were applied to WES data to select top candidates for further analyses. Candidates were genotyped in ancestry defined study groups of 214 familial and 998 sporadic OC or breast cancer (BC) cases and 1025 population-matched controls and screened for additional carriers in 605 population-matched OC cases. The candidate genes were also analyzed in WES data from 937 familial or sporadic OC cases of diverse ancestries. Top candidate variants in ERCC5, EXO1, FANCC, NEIL1 and NTHL1 were identified in 5/13 (39%) OC families. Collectively, candidate variants were identified in 7/435 (1.6%) sporadic OC cases and 1/566 (0.2%) sporadic BC cases versus 1/1025 (0.1%) controls. Additional carriers were identified in 6/605 (0.9%) OC cases. Tumour DNA from ERCC5, NEIL1 and NTHL1 variant carriers exhibited loss of the wild-type allele. Carriers of various candidate variants in these genes were identified in 31/937 (3.3%) OC cases of diverse ancestries versus 0-0.004% in cancer-free controls. The strategy of applying a candidate gene approach in a population exhibiting genetic drift identified new candidate OC predisposition variants in DNA repair pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wejdan M. Alenezi
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Cancer Research Program, Centre for Translational Biology, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Caitlin T. Fierheller
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Cancer Research Program, Centre for Translational Biology, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Corinne Serruya
- Cancer Research Program, Centre for Translational Biology, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Timothée Revil
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kathleen K. Oros
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research of the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Deepak N. Subramanian
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Bruce
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dan Spiegelman
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Trevor Pugh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ian G. Campbell
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anne-Marie Mes-Masson
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal and Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Departement of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Diane Provencher
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal and Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - William D. Foulkes
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Cancer Research Program, Centre for Translational Biology, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research of the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zaki El Haffaf
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal and Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Service de Médecine Génique, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guy Rouleau
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Luigi Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of Medical Biology, Centres intégrés universitaires de santé et de services sociaux du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean hôpital Universitaire de Chicoutimi, Saguenay, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier l’Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Celia M. T. Greenwood
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research of the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patricia N. Tonin
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Cancer Research Program, Centre for Translational Biology, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Patricia N. Tonin,
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Wang X, Wang L, Xia M, Teng F, Chen X, Huang R, Zhou J, Xiao J, Zhai L. Variations in the TAS2R38 gene among college students in Hubei. Hereditas 2022; 159:46. [PMID: 36529808 PMCID: PMC9762079 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-022-00260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bitter taste receptor gene TAS2R38 is a member of the human TAS2R gene family. Polymorphisms in TAS2R38 affect the ability to taste the bitterness of phenylthiourea (PTC) compounds, thus affecting an individual's food preference and health status. METHODS We investigated polymorphisms in the TAS2R38 gene and the sensitivity to PTC bitterness among healthy Chinese college students in Hubei province. The association of TAS2R38 polymorphisms and PTC sensitivity with body mass index (BMI), food preference, and health status was also analyzed. A total of 320 healthy college students were enrolled (male: 133, female: 187; aged 18-23 years). The threshold value method was used to measure the perception of PTC bitterness, and a questionnaire was used to analyze dietary preferences and health status. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to analyze polymorphisms at three common TAS2R38 loci (rs713598, rs1726866, and rs10246939). RESULTS In our study population, 65.00% of individuals had medium sensitivity to the bitterness of PTC; in contrast, 20.94% were highly sensitive to PTC bitterness, and 14.06% were not sensitive. For the TAS2R38 gene, the PAV/PAV and PAV/AAI diplotypes were the most common (42.19% and 40.63%, respectively), followed by the homozygous AVI/AVI (8.75%) and PAV/AVI (5.00%) diplotypes. CONCLUSION There was a significant correlation between the sensitivity to PTC bitterness and sex, but there was no correlation between the common diplotypes of TAS2R38 and gender. Polymorphisms in the TAS2R38 gene were associated with the preference for tea, but not with one's native place, BMI, health status, or other dietary preferences. There was no significant correlation between the perception of PTC bitterness and one's native place, BMI, dietary preference, or health status. We hope to find out the relationship between PTC sensitivity and TAS2R38 gene polymorphisms and dietary preference and health status of Chinese population through this study, providing relevant guidance and suggestions for dietary guidance and prevention of some chronic diseases in Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Wang
- grid.412979.00000 0004 1759 225XSchool of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441053 China
| | - Lin Wang
- grid.412979.00000 0004 1759 225XXiangyang Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, 441003 Xiangyang, China
| | - Mengwei Xia
- grid.412979.00000 0004 1759 225XSchool of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441053 China
| | - Feng Teng
- grid.412979.00000 0004 1759 225XSchool of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441053 China
| | - Xuejiao Chen
- grid.412979.00000 0004 1759 225XSchool of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441053 China
| | - Rufeng Huang
- grid.412979.00000 0004 1759 225XSchool of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441053 China
| | - Jiahao Zhou
- grid.412979.00000 0004 1759 225XSchool of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441053 China
| | - Juan Xiao
- grid.412979.00000 0004 1759 225XSchool of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441053 China
| | - Lihong Zhai
- grid.412979.00000 0004 1759 225XSchool of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441053 China
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11
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Tian Y, Wang P, Du L, Wu C. Advances in gustatory biomimetic biosensing technologies: In vitro and in vivo bioelectronic tongue. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Cecati M, Vignini A, Borroni F, Pugnaloni S, Alia S, Sabbatinelli J, Nicolai G, Taus M, Santarelli A, Fabri M, Mazzanti L, Emanuelli M. TAS1R3 and TAS2R38 Polymorphisms Affect Sweet Taste Perception: An Observational Study on Healthy and Obese Subjects. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091711. [PMID: 35565677 PMCID: PMC9101038 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The inter-individual differences in taste perception find a possible rationale in genetic variations. We verified whether the presence of four different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding for bitter (TAS2R38; 145G > C; 785T > C) and sweet (TAS1R3; −1572C > T; −1266C > T) taste receptors influenced the recognition of the basic tastes. Furthermore, we tested if the allelic distribution of such SNPs varied according to BMI and whether the associations between SNPs and taste recognition were influenced by the presence of overweight/obesity. Methods: DNA of 85 overweight/obese patients and 57 normal weight volunteers was used to investigate the SNPs. For the taste test, filter paper strips were applied. Each of the basic tastes (sweet, sour, salty, bitter) plus pure rapeseed oil, and water were tested. Results: Individuals carrying the AV/AV diplotype of the TAS2R38 gene (A49P G/G and V262 T/T) were less sensitive to sweet taste recognition. These alterations remained significant after adjustment for gender and BMI. Moreover, a significant decrease in overall taste recognition associated with BMI and age was found. There was no significant difference in allelic distribution for the investigated polymorphisms between normal and overweight/obese patients. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that overall taste recognition depends on age and BMI. In the total population, the inter-individual ability to identify the sweet taste at different concentrations was related to the presence of at least one genetic variant for the bitter receptor gene but not to the BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monia Cecati
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (S.A.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (L.M.); (M.E.)
| | - Arianna Vignini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (S.A.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (L.M.); (M.E.)
- Research Center of Health Education and Health Promotion, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-071-2206058
| | - Francesca Borroni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Specialization in Clinical Nutrition, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Sofia Pugnaloni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (S.A.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (L.M.); (M.E.)
| | - Sonila Alia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (S.A.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (L.M.); (M.E.)
| | - Jacopo Sabbatinelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (S.A.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (L.M.); (M.E.)
| | - Giulia Nicolai
- Dietology and Clinical Nutrition, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.N.); (M.T.)
| | - Marina Taus
- Dietology and Clinical Nutrition, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.N.); (M.T.)
| | - Andrea Santarelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (S.A.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (L.M.); (M.E.)
| | - Mara Fabri
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Laura Mazzanti
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (S.A.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (L.M.); (M.E.)
- Fondazione Salesi, Ospedale G. Salesi, 60123 Ancona, Italy
| | - Monica Emanuelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (S.A.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (L.M.); (M.E.)
- New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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13
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Khimsuksri S, Paphangkorakit J, Pitiphat W, Coldwell SE. TAS2R38 polymorphisms and oral diseases in Thais: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:21. [PMID: 35090440 PMCID: PMC8796631 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Polymorphisms at positions 49, 262, and 296 in the TAS2R38 bitter taste receptor gene result in two common genetic haplotypes, PAV and AVI, named for the resulting amino acid substitutions. TAS2R38 genotype has been previously associated with caries risk in children. This study aimed to identify TAS2R38 polymorphisms among Thais and to explore any association between genotype and oral diseases.
Methods
Patients seeking care at Khon Kaen University Dental Hospital in Thailand were recruited to participate in the study. Saliva was collected for DNA extraction and genotyping. Patients completed a questionnaire to collect demographic variables and assess oral self-care behaviors. A calibrated dentist conducted an examination that included periodontal charting and recording of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT).
Results
A total of 250 patients (19–75 years) were enrolled in the study (116 males). Two haplotypes, PAV (67.2%) and AVI (32.8%) were found, resulting in 3 diplotypes; PAV/PAV (46.0%), PAV/AVI (42.4%) and AVI/AVI (11.6%). DMFT and periodontal status of 238 participants were recorded. The three diplotype groups were similar in age, sex, socio-economic indicators, oral self-care, and number of teeth. The odds of having periodontal disease, defined as at least one site with probing depth ≥ 5 mm, were lower in AVI/AVI and PAV/AVI compared with PAV/PAV. PAV/AVI tended to have less DMFT, while AVI/AVI tended to have more DMFT compared with PAV/PAV, however these trends did not reach statistical significance.
Conclusions
The frequency distribution of TAS2R38 genotypes was similar to that reported for other Asian populations. AVI/AVI genotype was associated with decreased prevalence of periodontal disease among Thai dental patients, whereas there was no significant association between TAS2R38 genotype and prevalence of tooth decay in this patient population.
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14
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Wooding SP, Ramirez VA. Worldwide diversity, association potential, and natural selection in the superimposed taste genes, CD36 and GNAT3. Chem Senses 2022; 47:6491270. [PMID: 34972209 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD36 and GNAT3 mediate taste responses, with CD36 acting as a lipid detector and GNAT3 acting as the α subunit of gustducin, a G protein governing sweet, savory, and bitter transduction. Strikingly, the genes encoding CD36 and GNAT3 are genomically superimposed, with CD36 completely encompassing GNAT3. To characterize genetic variation across the CD36-GNAT3 region, its implications for phenotypic diversity, and its recent evolution, we analyzed from ~2,500 worldwide subjects sequenced by the 1000 Genomes Project (1000GP). CD36-GNAT3 harbored extensive diversity including 8,688 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 414 indels, and other complex variants. Sliding window analyses revealed that nucleotide diversity and population differentiation across CD36-GNAT3 were consistent with genome-wide trends in the 1000GP (π = 0.10%, P = 0.64; FST = 9.0%, P = 0.57). In addition, functional predictions using SIFT and PolyPhen-2 identified 60 variants likely to alter protein function, and they were in weak linkage disequilibrium (r2 < 0.17), suggesting their effects are largely independent. However, the frequencies of predicted functional variants were low (P¯ = 0.0013), indicating their contributions to phenotypic variance on population scales are limited. Tests using Tajima's D statistic revealed that pressures from natural selection have been relaxed across most of CD36-GNAT3 during its recent history (0.39 < P < 0.67). However, CD36 exons showed signs of local adaptation consistent with prior reports (P < 0.035). Thus, CD36 and GNAT3 harbor numerous variants predicted to affect taste sensitivity, but most are rare and phenotypic variance on a population level is likely mediated by a small number of sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Wooding
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Vicente A Ramirez
- Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA
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15
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Pagliarini E, Proserpio C, Spinelli S, Lavelli V, Laureati M, Arena E, Di Monaco R, Menghi L, Gallina Toschi T, Braghieri A, Torri L, Monteleone E, Dinnella C. The role of sour and bitter perception in liking, familiarity and choice for phenol-rich plant-based foods. Food Qual Prefer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Does Responsiveness to Basic Tastes Influence Preadolescents' Food Liking? Investigating Taste Responsiveness Segment on Bitter-Sour-Sweet and Salty-Umami Model Food Samples. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082721. [PMID: 34444881 PMCID: PMC8401806 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between taste responsiveness and food liking in preadolescents. Model food samples of grapefruit juice (GF) and vegetable broth (VB) modified with four additions of sucrose and sodium chloride, respectively, were employed. Intensity perception for sweetness, sourness, and bitterness were measured in GF while saltiness and umami were measured in VB. The children (N = 148) also completed food choice, familiarity, stated liking and neophobia questionnaires. The test was conducted at school, with instructions provided remotely via video call. Four segments were defined differing in basic taste responsiveness. Segments and sucrose concentrations significantly affected liking for GF, while no significant effect of segments and sodium chloride concentrations occurred on liking for VB. An increasing sucrose concentration was positively associated with liking for GF only in the segment with low responsiveness to bitter and sour tastes. No significant differences across segments were found for food choice, familiarity, stated liking, and neophobia. Conclusively, relationships between taste responsiveness and liking are product and basic taste-dependent in addition to being subject-dependent. Strategies to improve acceptance by using sucrose as a suppressor for warning sensations of bitterness and sourness can be more or less effective depending on individual responsiveness to the basic tastes.
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17
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Immune Regulatory Roles of Cells Expressing Taste Signaling Elements in Nongustatory Tissues. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 275:271-293. [PMID: 33945029 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled taste receptors and their downstream signaling elements, including Gnat3 (also known as α-gustducin) and TrpM5, were first identified in taste bud cells. Subsequent studies, however, revealed that some cells in nongustatory tissues also express taste receptors and/or their signaling elements. These nongustatory-tissue-expressed taste receptors and signaling elements play important roles in a number of physiological processes, including metabolism and immune responses. Special populations of cells expressing taste signaling elements in nongustatory tissues have been described as solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs) and tuft cells, mainly based on their morphological features and their expression of taste signaling elements as a critical molecular signature. These cells are typically scattered in barrier epithelial tissues, and their functions were largely unknown until recently. Emerging evidence shows that SCCs and tuft cells play important roles in immune responses to microbes and parasites. Additionally, certain immune cells also express taste receptors or taste signaling elements, suggesting a direct link between chemosensation and immune function. In this chapter, we highlight our current understanding of the functional roles of these "taste-like" cells and taste signaling pathways in different tissues, focusing on their activities in immune regulation.
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18
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Sjöstrand AE, Sjödin P, Hegay T, Nikolaeva A, Shayimkulov F, Blum MGB, Heyer E, Jakobsson M. Taste perception and lifestyle: insights from phenotype and genome data among Africans and Asians. Eur J Hum Genet 2020; 29:325-337. [PMID: 33005019 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-020-00736-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste is essential for the interaction of animals with their food and has co-evolved with diet. Humans have peopled a large range of environments and present a wide range of diets, but little is known about the diversity and evolution of human taste perception. We measured taste recognition thresholds across populations differing in lifestyles (hunter gatherers and farmers from Central Africa, nomad herders, and farmers from Central Asia). We also generated genome-wide genotype data and performed association studies and selection scans in order to link the phenotypic variation in taste sensitivity with genetic variation. We found that hunter gatherers have lower overall sensitivity as well as lower sensitivity to quinine and fructose than their farming neighbors. In parallel, there is strong population divergence in genes associated with tongue morphogenesis and genes involved in the transduction pathway of taste signals in the African populations. We find signals of recent selection in bitter taste-receptor genes for all four populations. Enrichment analysis on association scans for the various tastes confirmed already documented associations and revealed novel GO terms that are good candidates for being involved in taste perception. Our framework permitted us to gain insight into the genetic basis of taste sensitivity variation across populations and lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès E Sjöstrand
- Department Organismal Biology, EBC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Université Grenoble Alpes, TIMC-IMAG UMR 5525, F-38000, Grenoble, France.,CNRS, TIMC-IMAG, F-38000, Grenoble, France.,Laboratoire d'Eco-Anthropologie UMR7206, CNRS, MNHN, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Per Sjödin
- Department Organismal Biology, EBC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tatyana Hegay
- Academy of Sciences, Institute of Immunology, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Anna Nikolaeva
- Academy of Sciences, Institute of Immunology, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | | | - Michael G B Blum
- Université Grenoble Alpes, TIMC-IMAG UMR 5525, F-38000, Grenoble, France. .,CNRS, TIMC-IMAG, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Evelyne Heyer
- Laboratoire d'Eco-Anthropologie UMR7206, CNRS, MNHN, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Mattias Jakobsson
- Department Organismal Biology, EBC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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19
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Ervina E, Berget I, L. Almli V. Investigating the Relationships between Basic Tastes Sensitivities, Fattiness Sensitivity, and Food Liking in 11-Year-Old Children. Foods 2020; 9:foods9091315. [PMID: 32961966 PMCID: PMC7554820 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the relationships between basic tastes and fattiness sensitivity and food liking in 11-year-old children. The basic taste sensitivity of 106 children was measured using different methods, namely detection (DT) and recognition (RT) thresholds, and taste responsiveness. Caffeine and quinine (bitter), sucrose (sweet), citric acid (sour), sodium chloride (salty), and monosodium glutamate (umami) were investigated for DT and RT at five concentrations in water solutions. In addition, taste responsiveness and liking were collected for the high-intensity concentrations. PROP (6-n-propylthiouracil) responsiveness was tested on paper strips. Fattiness sensitivity was measured by a paired comparison method using milk samples with varying fat content. Liking for 30 food items was recorded using a food-list questionnaire. The test was completed in a gamified “taste detective” approach. The results show that DT correlates with RT for all tastes while responsiveness to PROP correlates with overall taste responsiveness. Caffeine and quinine differ in bitterness responsiveness and liking. Girls have significantly lower DTs than boys for bitterness and sweetness. Food liking is driven by taste and fattiness properties, while fatty food liking is significantly influenced by fattiness sensitivity. These results contribute to a better holistic understanding of taste and fattiness sensitivity in connection to food liking in preadolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ervina Ervina
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 1433 Ås, Norway; (I.B.); (V.L.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science (KBM), The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
- Correspondence:
| | - Ingunn Berget
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 1433 Ås, Norway; (I.B.); (V.L.A.)
| | - Valérie L. Almli
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 1433 Ås, Norway; (I.B.); (V.L.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science (KBM), The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
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20
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Jeruzal-Świątecka J, Fendler W, Pietruszewska W. Clinical Role of Extraoral Bitter Taste Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5156. [PMID: 32708215 PMCID: PMC7404188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans can recognise five basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami. Sour and salty substances are linked to ion channels, while sweet, bitter and umami flavours are transmitted through receptors linked to the G protein (G protein-coupled receptors; GPCRs). There are two main types of GPCRs that transmit information about sweet, umami and bitter tastes-the Tas1r and TAS2R families. There are about 25 functional TAS2R genes coding bitter taste receptor proteins. They are found not only in the mouth and throat, but also in the intestines, brain, bladder and lower and upper respiratory tract. The determination of their purpose in these locations has become an inspiration for much research. Their presence has also been confirmed in breast cancer cells, ovarian cancer cells and neuroblastoma, revealing a promising new oncological marker. Polymorphisms of TAS2R38 have been proven to have an influence on the course of chronic rhinosinusitis and upper airway defensive mechanisms. TAS2R receptors mediate the bronchodilatory effect in human airway smooth muscle, which may lead to the creation of another medicine group used in asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The discovery that functionally compromised TAS2R receptors negatively impact glucose homeostasis has produced a new area of diabetes research. In this article, we would like to focus on what facts have been already established in the matter of extraoral TAS2R receptors in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jeruzal-Świątecka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Fendler
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wioletta Pietruszewska
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
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21
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Identification of an Amygdala-Thalamic Circuit That Acts as a Central Gain Mechanism in Taste Perceptions. J Neurosci 2020; 40:5051-5062. [PMID: 32371606 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2618-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral sources of individual variation in taste intensity perception have been well described. The existence of a central source has been proposed but remains unexplored. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging in healthy human participants (20 women, 8 men) to evaluate the hypothesis that the amygdala exerts an inhibitory influence that affects the "gain" of the gustatory system during tasting. Consistent with the existence of a central gain mechanism (CGM), we found that central amygdala response was correlated with mean intensity ratings across multiple tastants. In addition, psychophysiological and dynamic causal modeling analyses revealed that the connection strength between inhibitory outputs from amygdala to medial dorsal and ventral posterior medial thalamus predicted individual differences in responsiveness to taste stimulation. These results imply that inhibitory inputs from the amygdala to the thalamus act as a CGM that influences taste intensity perception.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Whether central circuits contribute to individual variation in taste intensity perception is unknown. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging in healthy human participants to identify an amygdala-thalamic circuit where network dynamics and connectivity strengths during tasting predict individual variation in taste intensity ratings. This finding implies that individual differences in taste intensity perception do not arise solely from variation in peripheral gustatory factors.
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22
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Fotsing JR, Darmohusodo V, Patron AP, Ching BW, Brady T, Arellano M, Chen Q, Davis TJ, Liu H, Servant G, Zhang L, Williams M, Saganich M, Ditschun T, Tachdjian C, Karanewsky DS. Discovery and Development of S6821 and S7958 as Potent TAS2R8 Antagonists. J Med Chem 2020; 63:4957-4977. [PMID: 32330040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In humans, bitter taste is mediated by 25 TAS2Rs. Many compounds, including certain active pharmaceutical ingredients, excipients, and nutraceuticals, impart their bitter taste (or in part) through TAS2R8 activation. However, effective TAS2R8 blockers that can either suppress or reduce the bitterness of these compounds have not been described. We are hereby reporting a series of novel 3-(pyrazol-4-yl) imidazolidine-2,4-diones as potent and selective TAS2R8 antagonists. In human sensory tests, S6821 and S7958, two of the most potent analogues from the series, demonstrated efficacy in blocking TAS2R8-mediated bitterness and were selected for development. Following data evaluation by expert panels of a number of national and multinational regulatory bodies, including the US, the EU, and Japan, S6821 and S7958 were approved as safe under conditions of intended use as bitter taste blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Fotsing
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Vincent Darmohusodo
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Andrew P Patron
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brett W Ching
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Thomas Brady
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Melissa Arellano
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Qing Chen
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Timothy J Davis
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Hanghui Liu
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Guy Servant
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Lan Zhang
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mark Williams
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michael Saganich
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tanya Ditschun
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Catherine Tachdjian
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Donald S Karanewsky
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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23
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Keating AV, Soto J, Forbes C, Zhao M, Craig DQM, Tuleu C. Multi-Methodological Quantitative Taste Assessment of Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs to Support the Development of Palatable Paediatric Dosage Forms. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12040369. [PMID: 32316692 PMCID: PMC7238065 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The unpalatability of antituberculosis drugs is often cited as a major cause of non-adherence in children, yet limited quantitative taste assessment data are available. The aim of this research was to quantify the bitterness of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol dihydrochloride using two in vivo (a human taste panel and a rat brief-access taste aversion (BATA) model) and one in vitro (sensor) method. The response of the Insent TS-5000Z electronic tongue was compared to the in vivo drug concentration found to elicit and suppress half the maximum taste response (EC50 in human and IC50 in rats). Using dose-relevant concentrations, an overarching rank order of bitterness was derived (rifampicin > ethambutol > pyrazinamid~isoniazid). In vitro, only ethambutol exhibited a linear response for all sensors/concentrations. Based on the EC50/IC50 generated, a ‘taste index’ was proposed to allow for anticipation of the likelihood of taste issues in practice, taking in account the saturability in the saliva and therapeutic doses; ethambutol and isoniazid were found to be the worst tasting using this measure. The study presents the first quantitative taste analysis of these life-saving drugs and has allowed for a comparison of three methods of obtaining such data. Such information allows the operator to identify and prioritise the drugs requiring taste masking to produce palatable formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison V. Keating
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (A.V.K.); (J.S.); (D.Q.M.C.)
| | - Jessica Soto
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (A.V.K.); (J.S.); (D.Q.M.C.)
| | - Claire Forbes
- Pfizer R&D UK Ltd., Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9ND, UK;
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK;
| | - Duncan Q. M. Craig
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (A.V.K.); (J.S.); (D.Q.M.C.)
| | - Catherine Tuleu
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (A.V.K.); (J.S.); (D.Q.M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-207-753-5857
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Abstract
The events leading up to the discovery of genetically controlled polymorphic metabolism of xenobiotics and pharmaceutical chemicals are briefly summarised with the salient historical features being emphasised. Especial attention has been given to seminal works in the then emerging field.The evolving knowledge of such polymorphic metabolism and its role in the quest for personalised medicine and the individualisation of patient drug therapy are appraised. Opinion is offered as to whether or not the full potential has been exploited and if the practical application of this information may be regarded as a success or failure within the present clinical arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Smith
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen C Mitchell
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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25
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Nayak AP, Shah SD, Michael JV, Deshpande DA. Bitter Taste Receptors for Asthma Therapeutics. Front Physiol 2019; 10:884. [PMID: 31379597 PMCID: PMC6647873 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has primarily relied on the use of beta 2 adrenergic receptor agonists (bronchodilators) and corticosteroids, and more recently, monoclonal antibody therapies (biologics) targeting specific cytokines and their functions. Although these approaches provide relief from exacerbations, questions remain on their long-term efficacy and safety. Furthermore, current therapeutics do not address progressive airway remodeling (AR), a key pathological feature of severe obstructive lung disease. Strikingly, agonists of the bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) deliver robust bronchodilation, curtail allergen-induced inflammatory responses in the airways and regulate airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell proliferation and mitigate features of AR in vitro and in animal models. The scope of this review is to provide a comprehensive and systematic insight into our current understanding of TAS2Rs with an emphasis on the molecular events that ensue TAS2R activation in distinct airway cell types and expand on the pleiotropic effects of TAS2R targeting in mitigating various pathological features of obstructive lung diseases. Finally, we will discuss specific opportunities that could help the development of selective agonists for specific TAS2R subtypes in the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay P Nayak
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sushrut D Shah
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - James V Michael
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Deepak A Deshpande
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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26
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Vinuthalakshmi K, Sheik N, Mustak MS. TAS2R38 gene polymorphism and its association with taste perception, alcoholism and tobacco chewing among the Koraga -a primitive tribal population of Southwest coast of India. Meta Gene 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2019.100549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Cattaneo C, Riso P, Laureati M, Gargari G, Pagliarini E. Exploring Associations between Interindividual Differences in Taste Perception, Oral Microbiota Composition, and Reported Food Intake. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051167. [PMID: 31137674 PMCID: PMC6567015 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of taste perception, its relationship with oral microbiota composition, and their putative link with eating habits and food intake were the focus of the present study. A sample of 59 reportedly healthy adults (27 male, 32 female; age: 23.3 ± 2.6 years) were recruited for the study and taste thresholds for basic tastes, food intake, and oral microbiota composition were evaluated. Differences in taste perception were associated with different habitual food consumption (i.e., frequency) and actual intake. Subjects who were orally hyposensitive to salty taste reported consuming more bakery and salty baked products, saturated-fat-rich products, and soft drinks than hypersensitive subjects. Subjects hyposensitive to sweet taste reported consuming more frequently sweets and desserts than the hypersensitive group. Moreover, subjects hypersensitive to bitter taste showed higher total energy and carbohydrate intakes compared to those who perceived the solution as less bitter. Some bacterial taxa on tongue dorsum were associated with gustatory functions and with vegetable-rich (e.g., Prevotella) or protein/fat-rich diets (e.g., Clostridia). Future studies will be pivotal to confirm the hypothesis and the potential exploitation of oral microbiome as biomarker of long-term consumption of healthy or unhealthy diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Cattaneo
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Riso
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Monica Laureati
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Gargari
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Ella Pagliarini
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Armstrong B, Meskin A, Blundell-Birtill P. Delicious but Immoral? Ethical Information Influences Consumer Expectations and Experience of Food. Front Psychol 2019; 10:843. [PMID: 31105613 PMCID: PMC6499174 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that information about ethically relevant factors in production can affect both the expectation and experience of foods. However, evidence on these issues is inconsistent. We begin by discussing recent philosophical work on the interaction of ethical and aesthetic values in the domain of food, which is inspired by a similar debate about art. Some philosophers have suggested that ethical factors in production that leave a ‘trace’ on a product, i.e., make a perceivable difference to it, will affect the aesthetic quality of the food. There has also been the suggestion that these sorts of ethical/aesthetic interactions may vary across different kinds of food. In two studies we examined the expected experience and the actual experience of eating various foods, when participants had been given ethically relevant information about those foods. We examined people’s ethical values and the effect that had on the ratings. We found strong evidence to suggest that ethically relevant information affects expected experience of food and that the valence of the information is a significant factor. We found an effect of ethical values on expectations of food. Most notably, we found evidence that suggests that ‘trace’ may be a relevant factor mediating the effect of ethically relevant information on expectations and experience of food. Future research should further explore the factor of trace, look at the effect of ethical information in a wider range of foods, and investigate these phenomena in distinct populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Armstrong
- School of Philosophy, Religion and History of Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Meskin
- School of Philosophy, Religion and History of Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Cornelis MC. Genetic determinants of beverage consumption: Implications for nutrition and health. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2019; 89:1-52. [PMID: 31351524 PMCID: PMC7047661 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Beverages make important contributions to nutritional intake and their role in health has received much attention. This review focuses on the genetic determinants of common beverage consumption and how research in this field is contributing insight to what and how much we consume and why this genetic knowledge matters from a research and public health perspective. The earliest efforts in gene-beverage behavior mapping involved genetic linkage and candidate gene analysis but these approaches have been largely replaced by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). GWAS have identified biologically plausible loci underlying alcohol and coffee drinking behavior. No GWAS has identified variants specifically associated with consumption of tea, juice, soda, wine, beer, milk or any other common beverage. Thus far, GWAS highlight an important behavior-reward component (as opposed to taste) to beverage consumption which may serve as a potential barrier to dietary interventions. Loci identified have been used in Mendelian randomization and gene×beverage interaction analysis of disease but results have been mixed. This research is necessary as it informs the clinical relevance of SNP-beverage associations and thus genotype-based personalized nutrition, which is gaining interest in the commercial and public health sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn C Cornelis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.
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Cavazzana A, Knaapila A, Roßkopf F, Han P, Hummel T. Detection thresholds for quinine, PTC, and PROP measured using taste strips. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 276:753-759. [PMID: 30604062 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-018-05266-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In clinical practice, when ability to perceive bitter taste is studied, quinine is preferred to phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) as taste stimulus, because many subjects are genetically non-tasters for PTC/PROP. However, it is poorly known how sensitive anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts of the tongue are to different bitter tastants that are detected by different bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs). In the present study, we aimed to characterize sensitivity to bitter taste at front and back parts of tongue. METHODS We measured thresholds for quinine, PTC, and PROP using the "taste strips", employing seven concentrations of each stimulus both at front and back parts of tongue in 203 healthy participants (56% females, mean age 28 years). RESULTS Our data confirmed the hypothesis that the inability to perceive quinine was less frequent than the inability to perceive PTC and PROP: People can still perceive the bitter taste of quinine even if they are "non-tasters" for PROP/PTC. As expected, strong correlations between PTC and PROP thresholds were observed. Interestingly, correlations between thresholds for quinine and PTC/PROP also emerged. Overall, the detection thresholds were lower when measured at front part of the tongue. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that determining taster status for quinine using paper "taste strips", applied to front part of the tongue, represents a suitable method for the screening for ageusia for bitter taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annachiara Cavazzana
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, Technical University of Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Antti Knaapila
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Florian Roßkopf
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, Technical University of Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pengfei Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, Technical University of Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, Technical University of Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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31
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Gupta V, Kumar A, Sharma L, Bhatia K, Walia GK. Association of TAS2R38 polymorphism with measures of adiposity in Indian population. Meta Gene 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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32
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The Relationship between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Taste Receptor Genes, Taste Function and Dietary Intake in Preschool-Aged Children and Adults in the Guelph Family Health Study. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10080990. [PMID: 30060620 PMCID: PMC6115723 DOI: 10.3390/nu10080990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste is a fundamental determinant of food selection, and inter-individual variations in taste perception may be important risk factors for poor eating habits and obesity. Characterizing differences in taste perception and their influences on dietary intake may lead to an improved understanding of obesity risk and a potential to develop personalized nutrition recommendations. This study explored associations between 93 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in sweet, fat, bitter, salt, sour, and umami taste receptors and psychophysical measures of taste. Forty-four families from the Guelph Family Health Study participated, including 60 children and 65 adults. Saliva was collected for genetic analysis and parents completed a three-day food record for their children. Parents underwent a test for suprathreshold sensitivity (ST) and taste preference (PR) for sweet, fat, salt, umami, and sour as well as a phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taste status test. Children underwent PR tests and a PTC taste status test. Analysis of SNPs and psychophysical measures of taste yielded 23 significant associations in parents and 11 in children. After adjusting for multiple hypothesis testing, the rs713598 in the TAS2R38 bitter taste receptor gene and rs236514 in the KCNJ2 sour taste-associated gene remained significantly associated with PTC ST and sour PR in parents, respectively. In children, rs173135 in KCNJ2 and rs4790522 in the TRPV1 salt taste-associated gene remained significantly associated with sour and salt taste PRs, respectively. A multiple trait analysis of PR and nutrient composition of diet in the children revealed that rs9701796 in the TAS1R2 sweet taste receptor gene was associated with both sweet PR and percent energy from added sugar in the diet. These findings provide evidence that for bitter, sour, salt, and sweet taste, certain genetic variants are associated with taste function and may be implicated in eating patterns. (Support was provided by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs).
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33
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Rowan NR, Soler ZM, Othieno F, Storck KA, Smith TL, Schlosser RJ. Impact of bitter taste receptor phenotype upon clinical presentation in chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2018; 8:1013-1020. [PMID: 29972727 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variation of the bitter taste receptor T2R38 has been associated with recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Specific T2R38 polymorphisms, correlating with bitter taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), have been identified as an independent risk factor for surgical intervention in CRS patients without polyps; however, the exact role of PTC tasting ability in clinical practice remains unknown. In this investigation we characterize PTC taste sensitivity in a tertiary care rhinology practice with pertinent clinical measures of disease and quality of life (QOL). METHODS Adult CRS patients were prospectively assessed for their ability to taste PTC and categorized as nontasters, tasters, or supertasters. Objective taste was assessed with strips for bitter, sweet, sour, and salty, whereas olfactory testing was measured with Sniffin' Sticks. Correlation was performed between PTC tasting ability and patient demographics, endoscopy scores, validated QOL surveys, and both subjective and objective measures of taste and olfaction. RESULTS Sixty-seven patients were enrolled. Fifty-two percent were identified as nontasters, 34% as tasters, and 13% as supertasters. Nontasters were more likely to be non-Hispanic (p = 0.018), white (p = 0.027), without nasal polyposis (p = 0.004), and nonasthmatics (p = 0.019). There were no other statistical differences in patients' demographics, QOL measures, and subjective or objective olfactory and taste scores when compared with patients' oral PTC-sensing ability. CONCLUSION Oral PTC-sensing ability may serve as a convenient marker of increased disease severity in white CRS patients without polyps and vary among regional populations. PTC tasting ability appears to provide unique phenotypic information not obtained using other subjective or objective measures of smell and taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Rowan
- Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Zachary M Soler
- Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Florence Othieno
- Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Kristina A Storck
- Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Timothy L Smith
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology and Sinus/Skull Base Surgery, Portland, OR
| | - Rodney J Schlosser
- Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC.,Department of Surgery, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC
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Abstract
Nutrient-sensing mechanisms have emerged as the fringe articulating nutritional needs with dietary choices. Carbohydrate, amino acid, fatty acid, mineral, and water-sensing receptors are highly conserved across mammals and birds, consisting of a repertoire of 22 genes known to date. In contrast, bitter receptors are highly divergent and have a high incidence of polymorphisms within and between mammals and birds and are involved in the adaptation of species to specific environments. In addition, the expression of nutrient-sensing genes outside the oral cavity seems to mediate the required decision-making dialogue between the gut and the brain by translating exogenous chemical stimuli into neuronal inputs, and vice versa, to translate the endogenous signals relevant to the nutritional status into specific appetites and the control of feed intake. The relevance of these sensors in nondigestive systems has uncovered fascinating potential as pharmacological targets relevant to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugeni Roura
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Simon R. Foster
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Taste Receptor Genes Are Associated with Snacking Patterns of Preschool-Aged Children in the Guelph Family Health Study: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020153. [PMID: 29385734 PMCID: PMC5852729 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Snacking is an integral component of eating habits in young children that is often overlooked in nutrition research. While snacking is a substantial source of calories in preschoolers' diets, there is limited knowledge about the factors that drive snacking patterns. The genetics of taste may help to better understand the snacking patterns of children. The rs1761667 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the CD36 gene has been linked to fat taste sensitivity, the rs35874116 SNP in the TAS1R2 gene has been related to sweet taste preference, and the rs713598 SNP in the TAS2R38 gene has been associated with aversion to bitter, green leafy vegetables. This study seeks to determine the cross-sectional associations between three taste receptor SNPs and snacking patterns among preschoolers in the Guelph Family Health Study. Preschoolers' snack quality, quantity, and frequency were assessed using three-day food records and saliva was collected for SNP genotyping (n = 47). Children with the TT genotype in TAS1R2 consumed snacks with significantly more calories from sugar, and these snacks were consumed mostly in the evening. Total energy density of snacks was highest in the CC and CG genotypes compared to the GG genotype in TAS2R38, and also greater in the AA genotype in CD36 compared to G allele carriers, however this difference was not individually attributable to energy from fat, carbohydrates, sugar, or protein. Genetic variation in taste receptors may influence snacking patterns of preschoolers.
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Factors Influencing the Phenotypic Characterization of the Oral Marker, PROP. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9121275. [PMID: 29168731 PMCID: PMC5748726 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last several decades, the genetic ability to taste the bitter compound, 6-n-propyltiouracil (PROP) has attracted considerable attention as a model for understanding individual differences in taste perception, and as an oral marker for food preferences and eating behavior that ultimately impacts nutritional status and health. However, some studies do not support this role. This review describes common factors that can influence the characterization of this phenotype including: (1) changes in taste sensitivity with increasing age; (2) gender differences in taste perception; and (3) effects of smoking and obesity. We suggest that attention to these factors during PROP screening could strengthen the associations between this phenotype and a variety of health outcomes ranging from variation in body composition to oral health and cancer risk.
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38
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Chamoun E, Mutch DM, Allen-Vercoe E, Buchholz AC, Duncan AM, Spriet LL, Haines J, Ma DWL. A review of the associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms in taste receptors, eating behaviors, and health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:194-207. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1152229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Genetic variation in bitter taste receptor gene TAS2R38, PROP taster status and their association with body mass index and food preferences in Indian population. Gene 2017; 627:363-368. [PMID: 28652185 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in bitter taste receptor gene TAS2R38 alter the ability to sense the intensity of bitterness of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP). Genetic variation in sensitivity towards PTC and PROP may affect food preferences and susceptibility to certain diseases. This is the first study aimed at investigating frequency and distribution of TAS2R38 haplotypes in an Indian cohort. Additionally, we studied the association of TAS2R38 and PROP taster status with BMI and food preference. Three hundred and ninety three healthy adults who were 19-55years of age were selected as a convenience sample from 4 geographical regions of India. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TAS2R38 (rs713598, s1726866 and rs10246939) were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The prevalence of PAV/PAV diplotype was 9.9% and that of AVI/AVI diplotype was 43.76% among this Indian population. PROP status was determined on the basis of its threshold concentration of detecting bitterness, as evaluated by one-solution test. The PROP status revealed 25.95% supertasters, 32.06% medium tasters and 41.98% non-tasters (NT). BMI neither significantly (p>0.05) correlated with TAS2R38 genotypes nor with PROP taster status. Food preferences did not significantly (p>0.05) correlate with TAS2R38 diplotypes or PROP phenotypes.
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Melis M, Tomassini Barbarossa I. Taste Perception of Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, and Umami and Changes Due to l-Arginine Supplementation, as a Function of Genetic Ability to Taste 6-n-Propylthiouracil. Nutrients 2017; 9:E541. [PMID: 28587069 PMCID: PMC5490520 DOI: 10.3390/nu9060541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioral reaction to different taste qualities affects nutritional status and health. 6-n-Propylthiouracil (PROP) tasting has been reported to be a marker of variation in taste perception, food preferences, and eating behavior, but results have been inconsistent. We showed that l-Arg can enhance the bitterness intensity of PROP, whilst others have demonstrated a suppression of the bitterness of quinine. Here, we analyze the taste perception of sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami and the modifications caused by l-Arg supplementation, as a function of PROP-taster status. Taste perception was assessed by testing the ability to recognize, and the responsiveness to, representative solutions of the five primary taste qualities, also when supplemented with l-Arg, in subjects classified as PROP-tasting. Super-tasters, who showed high papilla density, gave higher ratings to sucrose, citric acid, caffeine, and monosodium l-glutamate than non-tasters. l-Arg supplementation mainly modified sucrose perception, enhanced the umami taste, increased NaCl saltiness and caffeine bitterness only in tasters, and decreased citric acid sourness. Our findings confirm the role of PROP phenotype in the taste perception of sweet, sour, and bitter and show its role in umami. The results suggest that l-Arg could be used as a strategic tool to specifically modify taste responses related to eating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari 09042, Italy.
| | - Iole Tomassini Barbarossa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari 09042, Italy.
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41
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Soares S, Brandão E, Mateus N, de Freitas V. Sensorial properties of red wine polyphenols: Astringency and bitterness. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:937-948. [PMID: 25897713 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.946468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols have been the subject of numerous research over the past years, being referred as the nutraceuticals of modern life. The healthy properties of these compounds have been associated to a natural chemoprevention of 21st century major diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. Parkinson's and Alzheimer's). This association led to an increased consumption of foodstuffs rich in these compounds such as red wine. Related to the ingestion of polyphenols are the herein revised sensorial properties (astringency and bitterness) which are not still pleasant. This review intends to be an outline both at a sensory as a molecular level of the mechanisms underlying astringency and bitterness of polyphenols. Up-to-date knowledge of this matter is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Soares
- a Centro de Investigação em Química, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto , Departamento de Química e Bioquímica , Porto , Portugal
| | - Elsa Brandão
- a Centro de Investigação em Química, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto , Departamento de Química e Bioquímica , Porto , Portugal
| | - Nuno Mateus
- a Centro de Investigação em Química, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto , Departamento de Química e Bioquímica , Porto , Portugal
| | - Victor de Freitas
- a Centro de Investigação em Química, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto , Departamento de Química e Bioquímica , Porto , Portugal
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42
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Kook JH, Kim HK, Kim HJ, Kim KW, Kim TH, Kang KR, Oh DJ, Lee SH. Increased expression of bitter taste receptors in human allergic nasal mucosa and their contribution to the shrinkage of human nasal mucosa. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:584-601. [PMID: 26931803 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are expressed in the extraoral tissues, where they possess various physiological functions. This study is to characterize TAS2Rs expression in normal and allergic nasal mucosa and analyse nasal symptom after challenge with bitter tastes to evaluate their pathophysiological function in normal and allergic nasal mucosa. METHODS The expression levels of TAS2Rs (TAS2R4, 5, 7, 10, 14, 39, and 43) in nasal mucosa were investigated by real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. The expression levels of TAS2Rs and Ca(2+) imaging in cultured epithelial cells were measured after stimulation with type 2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) or bitter tastes. Nasal symptoms in control subjects and allergic rhinitis patients using visual analogue score and acoustic rhinometry were evaluated before and after stimulation with bitter tastes. Vascular diameter of rat nasal septum was measured before and after treatment with bitter tastes. RESULTS TAS2Rs tested here were expressed in nasal mucosa where they were commonly distributed in superficial epithelium, submucosal glands, and endothelium. Their expression levels are increased in allergic nasal mucosa and up-regulated in cultured epithelial cells simulated with type 2 cytokines. After treatment with bitter tastes, intracellular Ca(2+) signalling was increased in cultured epithelial cells, and vascular constriction was found in rat nasal septum. Increased nasal patency was observed in human nasal mucosa without pain or sneezing. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE TAS2Rs are constitutively expressed in human nasal mucosa and their expression levels are increased in allergic nasal mucosa, where they could potentially contribute to shrinkage of normal and allergic nasal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kook
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Hallym University, ChunCheon, South Korea
| | - H K Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - H J Kim
- College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - K W Kim
- College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - T H Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - K R Kang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - D J Oh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - S H Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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43
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Ribani A, Bertolini F, Schiavo G, Scotti E, Utzeri VJ, Dall'Olio S, Trevisi P, Bosi P, Fontanesi L. Next generation semiconductor based sequencing of bitter taste receptor genes in different pig populations and association analysis using a selective DNA pool-seq approach. Anim Genet 2016; 48:97-102. [PMID: 27435880 DOI: 10.1111/age.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Taste perception in animals affects feed intake and may influence production traits. In particular, bitter is sensed by receptors encoded by the family of TAS2R genes. In this research, using a DNA pool-seq approach coupled with next generation semiconductor based target resequencing, we analysed nine porcine TAS2R genes (TAS2R1, TAS2R3, TAS2R4, TAS2R7, TAS2R9, TAS2R10, TAS2R16, TAS2R38 and TAS2R39) to identify variability and, at the same time, estimate single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) allele frequencies in several populations and testing differences in an association analysis. Equimolar DNA pools were prepared for five pig breeds (Italian Duroc, Italian Landrace, Pietrain, Meishan and Casertana) and wild boars (5-10 individuals each) and for two groups of Italian Large White pigs with extreme and divergent back fat thickness (50 + 50 pigs). About 1.8 million reads were obtained by sequencing amplicons generated from these pools. A total of 125 SNPs were identified, of which 37 were missense mutations. Three of them (p.Ile53Phe and p.Trp85Leu in TAS2R4; p.Leu37Ser in TAS2R39) could have important effects on the function of these bitter taste receptors, based on in silico predictions. Variability in wild boars seems lower than that in domestic breeds potentially as a result of selective pressure in the wild towards defensive bitter taste perception. Three SNPs in TAS2R38 and TAS2R39 were significantly associated with back fat thickness. These results may be important to understand the complexity of taste perception and their associated effects that could be useful to develop nutrigenetic approaches in pig breeding and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ribani
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Division of Animal Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - F Bertolini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Division of Animal Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Schiavo
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Division of Animal Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - E Scotti
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Division of Animal Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - V J Utzeri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Division of Animal Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Dall'Olio
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Division of Animal Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - P Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Division of Animal Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - P Bosi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Division of Animal Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - L Fontanesi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Division of Animal Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
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44
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Doty RL, De Fonte TP. Relationship of Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) Taster Status to Olfactory and Gustatory Function in Patients with Chemosensory Disturbances. Chem Senses 2016; 41:685-96. [PMID: 27402661 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjw070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor sensitivity to the bitter taste of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and related substances has been associated with a number of diseases. We determined, in patients with chemosensory dysfunction from multiple etiologies, whether PTC "tasters" (n = 511) exhibit less smell and taste dysfunction than their non-PTC-tasting counterparts (n = 432) on a comprehensive battery of olfactory and gustatory tests. The proportion of tasters (54%) in our study population was much lower than that calculated from 11 North American population studies (76.5%; P < 0.0001). This taster/nontaster ratio was maintained across a range of etiologic categories. More women (60.7%) than men (45.5%) were PTC tasters (P < 0.0001). Although PTC tasting status was unrelated to scores on the olfactory tests (which included tests of odor identification, detection threshold, and odor memory/discrimination), tasters significantly outperformed nontasters on suprathreshold identification and intensity taste tests employing both bitter (caffeine) and nonbitter (sucrose, citric acid, sodium chloride) tasting stimuli. Regardless of PTC taster status, women outperformed men on the taste tests. Our findings suggest the possibility that the T2R38 gene may protect against significant olfactory dysfunction, but once such dysfunction becomes manifest at a level where professional help is sought, such protection is not evident. However, other hypotheses for this phenomenon are possible. This study demonstrates that patients with chemosensory disturbances who are PTC tasters outperform their non-PTC taster counterparts in both identifying and perceiving the intensity of a range of suprathreshold tastants, including ones that do not taste bitter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 5 Ravdin Pavilion, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA and
| | - Tatiana Prosini De Fonte
- Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Camaragibe, PE 54753-020, Brazil
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45
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Shen Y, Kennedy OB, Methven L. Exploring the effects of genotypical and phenotypical variations in bitter taste sensitivity on perception, liking and intake of brassica vegetables in the UK. Food Qual Prefer 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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46
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Guido D, Perna S, Carrai M, Barale R, Grassi M, Rondanelli M. Multidimensional Evaluation of Endogenous and Health Factors Affecting Food Preferences, Taste and Smell Perception. J Nutr Health Aging 2016; 20:971-981. [PMID: 27925136 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-016-0703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study, by taking a holistic approach, investigates the relationships between taste, smell sensitivity and food preference with prognostic (endogenous and health) factors including age, gender, genetic taste markers, body mass, cigarette smoking, and number of drugs used. DESIGN Cross sectional study. SETTING Northern Italy. PARTICIPANTS 203 healthy subjects (160 women/43 men; mean age: 58.2±19.8 years) were examined. MEASUREMENTS Individual taste sensitivity was determined by saccharose, sodium chloride, acetic acid and caffeine solutions and by 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) responsiveness test. Olfactory sensitivity has been assessed by «Sniffin' Sticks». Four tag Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in regions of interest were genotyped. Factor analysis and multivariate regression were performed for scaling food preferences and screening prognostic factors, respectively. RESULTS Increasing age is associated with decreased responsiveness to NaCl (P=0.001), sweet solutions (P=0.044), and smell perception (P<0.001). Concerning the food preferences, elderly like the "vegetables" and "fruits" but dislike "spicy" more than younger. Regarding number of drugs taken, there is a significant negative effect on smell perception (P<0.001). In addition, drugs reduce both the "vegetables foods" score (P=0.002) and the "milk-product foods" score (P=0.027). With respect to Body Mass Index (BMI), only a significant effect was shown, on sweet perception (P=0.006). Variation in taste receptor genes can give rise to differential perception of sweet, acid and bitter tastes. No effect of gender and smoking was observed. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggested that age, genetic markers, BMI and drugs use are the factors which affect taste and smell perception and food preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Guido
- Simone Perna, University of Pavia, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition, Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona, Pavia, Italy,
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47
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Adappa ND, Workman AD, Hadjiliadis D, Dorgan DJ, Frame D, Brooks S, Doghramji L, Palmer JN, Mansfield C, Reed DR, Cohen NA. T2R38 genotype is correlated with sinonasal quality of life in homozygous ΔF508 cystic fibrosis patients. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2015; 6:356-61. [PMID: 26678226 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is very prevalent in the cystic fibrosis (CF) patient population, and leads to high morbidity and markedly decreased quality of life (QOL). Identification of genetic markers that contribute to CRS symptoms in these patients can allow for risk stratification and tailoring of medical and surgical treatments. T2R38 is a bitter taste receptor expressed in the sinonasal tract, and nonfunctional alleles of this receptor have been implicated in treatment-refractory CRS in non-CF patients. The purpose of this study is to investigate the significance of T2R38 genotype in the variability of sinonasal QOL and CRS disease severity in a sample of CF patients. METHODS ΔF508 homozygous CF patients were recruited from the University of Pennsylvania Cystic Fibrosis Center and were genotyped for the TAS2R38 locus. To assess sinonasal symptom severity, a 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) was collected from each patient. Additional demographic and medical history data was obtained at the time of patient enrollment. RESULTS A total of 49 ΔF508 homozygous CF patients aged 18 to 32 years were included in the final SNOT-22 score analysis. Individuals with 2 functional T2R38 alleles (PAV/PAV) had significantly lower SNOT-22 scores (n = 49, p < 0.05). On further breakdown of SNOT-22 subcategories, rhinologic symptoms specifically were less severe in PAV/PAV patients than patients with other genotypes (n = 47, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our investigation indicates that T2R38 genotype correlates both with SNOT-22 scores and rhinologic-specific QOL in ΔF508 homozygous CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithin D Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alan D Workman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Denis Hadjiliadis
- Paul F. Harron Jr. Lung Center, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Daniel J Dorgan
- Paul F. Harron Jr. Lung Center, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Danielle Frame
- Paul F. Harron Jr. Lung Center, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Steven Brooks
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laurel Doghramji
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - James N Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Noam A Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Monell Smell and Taste Center, Philadelphia, PA.,Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
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48
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol intake has been associated with the bitter taste receptor T2R38. TAS2R38 gene expresses two common haplotypes: PAV and AVI. It has been reported that AVI homozygotes consume more alcohol than heterozygotes and PAV homozygotes. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the TAS2R38 haplotypes among Mexican-Mestizo population and to analyze its association with alcohol intake. MATERIAL AND METHODS In a cross-sectional study, a total of 375 unrelated Mestizo individuals were genotyped for TAS2R38 polymorphisms (A49P, V262A and I296V) by a Real-Time PCR System (TaqMan). Haplotype frequencies were calculated. Association of TAS2R38 haplotypes with alcohol intake was estimated in drinkers (DRS) and nondrinkers (NDRS). RESULTS Two haplotypes accounted for over 96% of all haplotypes(AVV, 60%, and PAI, 36.5%). The frequency of AVV homozygotes was significantly higher in DRS than NDRS(47.2 vs. 32.2%, respectively; p < 0.05). Additionally, the AVV/AVV genotype was associated with alcohol intake when compared with heterozygotes and PAI homozygotes (OR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.13-2.84, p < 0.05 and OR = 2.23, 95% CI 1.11-4.48; p < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, two TAS2R38 haplotypes(AVV and PAI) prevailed in Mexican-Mestizo population. The novel AVV haplotype was associated with alcohol intake. The high prevalence of this allelic profile in our population could help to explain, at least in part, the preference for alcohol among the Mexicans.
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Fujikura K. Multiple loss-of-function variants of taste receptors in modern humans. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12349. [PMID: 26307445 PMCID: PMC4549710 DOI: 10.1038/srep12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the knowledge of interindividual taste differences, the underlying genetic backgrounds have remained to be fully elucidated. Much of the taste variation among different mammalian species can be explained by pseudogenization of taste receptors. Here I investigated whether the most recent disruptions of taste receptor genes segregate with their intact forms in modern humans by analyzing 14 ethnically diverse populations. The results revealed an unprecedented prevalence of 25 segregating loss-of-function (LoF) taste receptor variants, identifying one of the most pronounced cases of functional population diversity in the human genome. LoF variant frequency in taste receptors (2.10%) was considerably higher than the overall LoF frequency in human genome (0.16%). In particular, molecular evolutionary rates of candidate sour (14.7%) and bitter (1.8%) receptors were far higher in humans than those of sweet (0.02%), salty (0.05%), and umami (0.17%) receptors compared with other carnivorous mammals, although not all of the taste receptors were identified. Many LoF variants are population-specific, some of which arose even after population differentiation, not before divergence of the modern and archaic human. I conclude that modern humans might have been losing some sour and bitter receptor genes because of high-frequency LoF variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Fujikura
- Kobe University School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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50
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Beckett EL, Martin C, Yates Z, Veysey M, Duesing K, Lucock M. Bitter taste genetics--the relationship to tasting, liking, consumption and health. Food Funct 2015; 5:3040-54. [PMID: 25286017 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00539b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bitter is the most complex of human tastes, and is arguably the most important. Aversion to bitter taste is important for detecting toxic compounds in food; however, many beneficial nutrients also taste bitter and these may therefore also be avoided as a consequence of bitter taste. While many polymorphisms in TAS2R genes may result in phenotypic differences that influence the range and sensitivity of bitter compounds detected, the full extent to which individuals differ in their abilities to detect bitter compounds remains unknown. Simple logic suggests that taste phenotypes influence food preferences, intake and consequently health status. However, it is becoming clear that genetics only plays a partial role in predicting preference, intake and health outcomes, and the complex, pleiotropic relationships involved are yet to be fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Beckett
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Brush Rd, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
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